Sensors | Special Issue : The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications

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class="qlst"> <ul> <li><a href="#editors"> Special Issue Editors </a></li> <li><a href="#info"> Special Issue Information </a></li> <li><a href="#keywords">Keywords</a></li> <li><a href="#benefits">Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue</a></li> <li><a href="#published">Published Papers</a></li> </ul> </span> <p>A special issue of <a href="/journal/sensors"><i>Sensors</i></a> (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "<a href="/journal/sensors/sections/chemicalsensors">Chemical Sensors</a>".<span data-section-id="9"></span></p> <p style="padding:0.5em 0;"> <span class="si-deadline"> Deadline for manuscript submissions: <b>closed (31 July 2016)</b> | Viewed by 114531 </span> <br/> </p> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="sharingLinks"> <h2>Share This Special Issue</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=The+Use+of+New+and%2For+Improved+Materials+for+Sensing+Applications&hashtags=mdpisensors&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fsi%2F5248&via=Sensors_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); 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air quality & environmental engineering; material engineering; coordination polymers; metal-organic frameworks (mofs)"> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> <div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop230' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/data/editors/editor_230.png?1722230806" style= "width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Ki-Hyun Kim </span></div></div> </div> <div id="profile-card-drop230" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="profile-card__title "> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/data/editors/editor_230.png?1722230806" style= "width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Ki-Hyun Kim </span></div></div> </div> <div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/77936?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Ki-Hyun%20Kim" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Ki-Hyun%20Kim&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ki-Hyun%20Kim" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a> </div> </div> <br class="show-for-small-only" /> <a title="Highly Cited - Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) 2023, 2022, 2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href=" https://recognition.webofsciencegroup.com/awards/highly-cited/2020/ "> <i class="material-icons yellow-star">grade</i> </a> <a class="inline-spacer toEncode emailCaptcha" href="" data-editor-id="230">E-Mail</a> <a class="inline-spacer" href="http://civil.hanyang.ac.kr/eng/staff_view01.html?id_no=73&PHPSESSID=8320f1b708f5a15e2fe138bb30360252" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Website</a> <br/> <i>Guest Editor</i><br> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea<br> <b>Interests:</b> environmental & biomedical monitoring; air quality & environmental engineering; material engineering; coordination polymers; metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)<br> <a href="#" id="editor_contrib_230" onclick="div_toggle(this.id); return false;">Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals</a> <div id="div_editor_contrib_230" style="display: none"> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/odorous_compounds"> <i>Sensors</i>: Monitoring of Odorous Compounds in the Environment</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_sensing"> <i>Sensors</i>: Direct and Indirect Sensing of Odor and VOCs and Their Control</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/toxic_metal"> <i>Sensors</i>: Sensing of Toxic and Hazardous Metals in Various Environmental Media</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/odor_detection"> <i>Sensors</i>: Odor Detection: Electronic Nose, Olfactometer, and Advanced Instrumentation</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso"> <i>Sensors</i>: Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/sensing-pollution"> <i>Sensors</i>: Modern Technologies for Sensing Pollution in Air, Water, and Soil</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/environments/special_issues/VOC"> <i>Environments</i>: Volatile Organic Compounds in Environment</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/environments/special_issues/odor"> <i>Environments</i>: Odor and VOCs: Human Perception, Sensing, and Treatment</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/MOFVSA"> <i>Sensors</i>: Metal-Organic Frameworks for Various Sensing Applications</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/applsci/special_issues/Advanced_or_Conventional_Materials_as_Sorbent"> <i>Applied Sciences</i>: Advanced or Conventional Materials as Sorbent</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/NEBM"> <i>Sensors</i>: Nanomaterials for Environmental and Biological Monitoring</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/applsci/special_issues/Conventional_Materials_as_Sorbent"> <i>Applied Sciences</i>: Advanced or Conventional Materials as Sorbent Ⅱ</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/mof_based"> <i>Nanomaterials</i>: MOF-Based Nanostructured Materials: Synthesis and Applications</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/sensors/special_issues/SAHE6A0M7Q"> <i>Sensors</i>: Metal-Organic Frameworks Based Advanced Sensors for Pollutant Detection</a><br> Topics: <a href="/topics/Metals_Metal_Oxide">Synthesis and Applications of Nanostructured Metals and Metal Oxides</a><br> Topics: <a href="/topics/Advanced_Nanomaterials_for_Sensing">Advanced Nanomaterials for Sensing Applications</a><br> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2><a name="info"></a>Special Issue Information</h2> <div> <p>Dear Colleagues,</p> <p>During the last few decades, there has been enormous progress in research on the synthesis and/or production of new and improved materials (e.g., imprinted polymers (IP), metal organic frameworks (MOF), carbon nanotubes (CNT), quantum dots (QD), metal oxides (MO), and their diverse derivatives). The application of these materials has been extensively directed to meet various sensing goals. The demand for such materials has been continuously increasing, as each of these materials can be synthesized or modified to add more potent selectivity properties for the sensitive detection of target species (e.g., porosity, surface area, pore volume, receptor sites, thermal and chemical stability, selectivity, low toxicity, luminescence nature, and chemical functionality). For instance, the potential for chemosensing by metal organic frameworks (MOFs) has been recognized in light of their useful properties (possible postsynthetic modifications, incorporation of appropriate signal transduction capability, activation of pendent groups, biofunctionalization, and integration with digital devices).<sup> </sup>This Special Issue will be dedicated to highlight the major advancements in diverse materials for sensing applications of specific targets (chemical species) in various media in relation to material properties (structures, synthesis methods, versatilities, <em>etc</em>.).</p> <p>Prof. Ki-Hyun Kim<br /> <em>Guest Editor</em></p> <p><p><strong>Manuscript Submission Information</strong><p> <p>Manuscripts should be submitted online at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/">www.mdpi.com</a> by <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/user/register/">registering</a> and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/user/login/">logging in to this website</a>. Once you are registered, <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload/?journal=sensors">click here to go to the submission form</a>. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.</p> <p>Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> page. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors/"><em>Sensors</em></a> is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.</p> <p> Please visit the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> page before submitting a manuscript. The <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/apc/">Article Processing Charge (APC)</a> for publication in this <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess/">open access</a> journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/authors/english">English editing service</a> prior to publication or during author revisions. </p><em><br /></em></p> </div> <h2><a name="keywords"></a>Keywords</h2> <div><ul> <li>Materials</li> <li>Sensing</li> <li>Functionality</li> <li>Synthesis</li> <li>Modification</li> </ul></div> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><h2><a name="benefits"></a>Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue</h2> <ul> <li>Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.</li> <li>Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.</li> <li>Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.</li> <li>External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.</li> <li>e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found</strong> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/special_issues_guidelines">here</a>.</p><script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e8fa1ad5b264088',t:'MTczMjY4NDQzNC4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body></html> <div> <div> <h2><a name="published"></a>Published Papers (15 papers) </h2> </div> <div class="download_si" style="text-align: right;"> <a id="js-si-papers-download-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/download/journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications/download" class="accessCaptcha">Download All Papers</a> <div style="display: inline;" class="download_si_separate"></div> </div> </div> <div> <form id="exportArticles" method="post" style="margin: 0em 0px 1em 0px;" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="JGfr_s9q6kgaHtbgWNV7JeImfjq-zP0HT4HZf5VsM6s"> <div class="ui-tabs-panel article-listing" style="padding: 0px;border: 0;"> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ "HTML-CSS": { availableFonts: ["TeX"], preferredFonts: "TeX", webFont:"TeX", imageFont:"TeX", undefinedFamily:"'Arial Unicode MS',serif", scale: 80, linebreaks: { automatic: true, width: "container" } }, "TeX": { extensions: ["noErrors.js"], noErrors: { inlineDelimiters: ["",""], multiLine: true, style: { "font-size": "90%", "text-align": "left", "color": "black", "padding": "1px 3px", "border": "1px solid" } } } }); 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margin-right: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px;">Export citation of selected articles as:</span> <br class="show-for-medium-down" /> <div class="listing-export"> <select class="chosen-select inline" name="format_top"> <option value="plaintext"> Plain Text </option> <option value="bibtex"> BibTeX </option> <option value="bibtex_no_abstract"> BibTeX (without abstracts) </option> <option value="endnote"> Endnote </option> <option value="endnote_no_abstract"> Endnote (without abstracts) </option> <option value="tab_delimited"> Tab-delimited </option> <option value="ris"> RIS </option> </select> </div> <input type="submit" value="Export" class="articleBrowserSubmit button button--color-inversed" id="articleBrowserExport_top"> </div> </div> <a id="link-export-modal-nothing-selected" data-reveal-id="export-modal-nothing-selected" style="display: none;"></a> <div id="export-modal-nothing-selected" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Error</h2> Oops... you haven't selected anything for export. </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal-new').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item type-section" id=Research> <h2>Research</h2> <div style="margin-top: 15px;"> <p>Jump to: <a href="#Review">Review</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="81839" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 5892 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/16/11/1830/pdf?version=1477987619" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Gas Sensing Analysis of Ag-Decorated Graphene for Sulfur Hexafluoride Decomposition Products Based on the Density Functional Theory" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/16/11/1830">Gas Sensing Analysis of Ag-Decorated Graphene for Sulfur Hexafluoride Decomposition Products Based on the Density Functional Theory</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaoxing Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rong Huang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yingang Gui</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hong Zeng</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>16</em>(11), 1830; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111830">https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111830</a> - 1 Nov 2016 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/16/11/1830#metrics">Cited by 26</a> | Viewed by 7571 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Detection of decomposition products of sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>) is one of the best ways to diagnose early latent insulation faults in gas-insulated equipment, and the occurrence of sudden accidents can be avoided effectively by finding early latent faults. Recently, functionalized graphene, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/11/1830/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Detection of decomposition products of sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>) is one of the best ways to diagnose early latent insulation faults in gas-insulated equipment, and the occurrence of sudden accidents can be avoided effectively by finding early latent faults. Recently, functionalized graphene, a kind of gas sensing material, has been reported to show good application prospects in the gas sensor field. Therefore, calculations were performed to analyze the gas sensing properties of intrinsic graphene (Int-graphene) and functionalized graphene-based material, Ag-decorated graphene (Ag-graphene), for decomposition products of SF<sub>6</sub>, including SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>, SOF<sub>2</sub>, and SO<sub>2</sub>, based on density functional theory (DFT). We thoroughly investigated a series of parameters presenting gas-sensing properties of adsorbing process about gas molecule (SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>, SOF<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>) and double gas molecules (2SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>, 2SOF<sub>2</sub>, 2SO<sub>2</sub>) on Ag-graphene, including adsorption energy, net charge transfer, electronic state density, and the highest and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The results showed that the Ag atom significantly enhances the electrochemical reactivity of graphene, reflected in the change of conductivity during the adsorption process. SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> gas molecules on Ag-graphene presented chemisorption, and the adsorption strength was SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub> > SO<sub>2</sub>, while SOF<sub>2</sub> absorption on Ag-graphene was physical adsorption. Thus, we concluded that Ag-graphene showed good selectivity and high sensitivity to SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>. The results can provide a helpful guide in exploring Ag-graphene material in experiments for monitoring the insulation status of SF<sub>6</sub>-insulated equipment based on detecting decomposition products of SF<sub>6</sub>. <a href="/1424-8220/16/11/1830">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/11/1830/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev81839"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next81839"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next81839" data-cycle-prev="#prev81839" data-cycle-progressive="#images81839" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-81839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g001-550.jpg?1480628588" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images81839" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-81839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g002-550.jpg?1480628588'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-81839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g003-550.jpg?1480628588'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-81839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g004-550.jpg?1480628588'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-81839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g005-550.jpg?1480628588'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-81839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g006-550.jpg?1480628588'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-81839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g007a-550.jpg?1480628588'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-81839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g007b-550.jpg?1480628588'><p>Figure 7 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-81839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g008a-550.jpg?1480628588'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-81839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g008b-550.jpg?1480628588'><p>Figure 8 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-81839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g009-550.jpg?1480628588'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-81839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g010-550.jpg?1480628588'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-81839-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g011-550.jpg?1480628588'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-81839-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g001-550.jpg?1480628588" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Geometric structures after optimization in (<b>a</b>) SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub> molecule; (<b>b</b>) SOF<sub>2</sub> molecule; and (<b>c</b>) SO<sub>2</sub> molecule and (<b>d</b>) Int-graphene.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1830'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g002-550.jpg?1480628588" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Three possible doping sites for an Ag atom.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1830'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g003-550.jpg?1480628588" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Partial atomic structure of (<b>a</b>) side view and (<b>b</b>) top view for the Ag-C<sub>T</sub> doping graphene surface.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1830'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g004-550.jpg?1480628588" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The most stable optimized geometric of single gas molecules interacting with Int-graphene in (<b>a</b>) Int-graphene/SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>; (<b>b</b>) Int-graphene/SOF<sub>2</sub>; and (<b>c</b>) Int-graphene/SO<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1830'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g005-550.jpg?1480628588" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The most stable optimized geometric of single gas molecules interacting with Ag-graphene in (<b>a</b>) Ag-graphene/SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>; (<b>b</b>) Ag-graphene/SOF<sub>2</sub>; and (<b>c</b>) Ag-graphene/SO<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1830'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g006-550.jpg?1480628588" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>DOS for Ag-graphene with and without single-molecule adsorption in (<b>a</b>) SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>; (<b>b</b>) SOF<sub>2</sub>; and (<b>c</b>) SO<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1830'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g007a-550.jpg?1480628588" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>PDOS for Ag-graphene with and without single molecule adsorption; (<b>a</b>) PDOS for 4d of Ag atom, 3p of S atom, 2p of O atom, and 2p of F atom in SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>; (<b>b</b>) PDOS for 4d of Ag atom, 3p and 3d of S atom, and 2p of F atom in SOF<sub>2</sub>; and (<b>c</b>) PDOS for 3p of S atom and 2p of O in SO<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1830'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g007b-550.jpg?1480628588" title=" <strong>Figure 7 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>PDOS for Ag-graphene with and without single molecule adsorption; (<b>a</b>) PDOS for 4d of Ag atom, 3p of S atom, 2p of O atom, and 2p of F atom in SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>; (<b>b</b>) PDOS for 4d of Ag atom, 3p and 3d of S atom, and 2p of F atom in SOF<sub>2</sub>; and (<b>c</b>) PDOS for 3p of S atom and 2p of O in SO<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1830'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g008a-550.jpg?1480628588" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>HOMO and LUMO: (<b>a1</b>,<b>a2</b>) Ag-graphene; (<b>b1</b>,<b>b2</b>) single SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>; (<b>c1</b>,<b>c2</b>) single SOF<sub>2</sub>; (<b>d1</b>,<b>d2</b>) single SO<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1830'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g008b-550.jpg?1480628588" title=" <strong>Figure 8 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>HOMO and LUMO: (<b>a1</b>,<b>a2</b>) Ag-graphene; (<b>b1</b>,<b>b2</b>) single SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>; (<b>c1</b>,<b>c2</b>) single SOF<sub>2</sub>; (<b>d1</b>,<b>d2</b>) single SO<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1830'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g009-550.jpg?1480628588" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The most stable optimized geometries of double gas molecules interacting with Ag-graphene in (<b>a</b>) Ag-graphene/2SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>; (<b>b</b>) Ag-graphene/2SOF<sub>2</sub>; and (<b>c</b>) Ag-graphene/2SO<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1830'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g010-550.jpg?1480628588" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>HOMO and LUMO: (<b>a1</b>, <b>a2</b>) double SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>; (<b>b1</b>, <b>b2</b>) double SOF<sub>2</sub>; (<b>c1</b>, <b>c2</b>) double SO<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1830'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01830/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01830-g011-550.jpg?1480628588" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>DOS for Ag-graphene with and without double molecule adsorption in (<b>a</b>) SO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>; (<b>b</b>) SOF<sub>2</sub>; and (<b>c</b>) SO<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1830'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="81282" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 4093 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/16/11/1777/pdf?version=1477380788" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Low Noise CMOS Readout Based on a Polymer-Coated SAW Array for Miniature Electronic Nose" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/16/11/1777">A Low Noise CMOS Readout Based on a Polymer-Coated SAW Array for Miniature Electronic Nose</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cheng-Chun Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Szu-Chieh Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shih-Wen Chiu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kea-Tiong Tang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>16</em>(11), 1777; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111777">https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111777</a> - 25 Oct 2016 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/16/11/1777#metrics">Cited by 4</a> | Viewed by 6717 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> An electronic nose (E-Nose) is one of the applications for surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors. In this paper, we present a low-noise complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) readout application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) based on an SAW sensor array for achieving a miniature E-Nose. The center <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/11/1777/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> An electronic nose (E-Nose) is one of the applications for surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors. In this paper, we present a low-noise complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) readout application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) based on an SAW sensor array for achieving a miniature E-Nose. The center frequency of the SAW sensors was measured to be approximately 114 MHz. Because of interference between the sensors, we designed a low-noise CMOS frequency readout circuit to enable the SAW sensor to obtain frequency variation. The proposed circuit was fabricated in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18 μm 1P6M CMOS process technology. The total chip size was nearly 1203 × 1203 μm<sup>2</sup>. The chip was operated at a supply voltage of 1 V for a digital circuit and 1.8 V for an analog circuit. The least measurable difference between frequencies was 4 Hz. The detection limit of the system, when estimated using methanol and ethanol, was 0.1 ppm. Their linearity was in the range of 0.1 to 26,000 ppm. The power consumption levels of the analog and digital circuits were 1.742 mW and 761 μW, respectively. <a href="/1424-8220/16/11/1777">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/11/1777/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev81282"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next81282"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next81282" data-cycle-prev="#prev81282" data-cycle-progressive="#images81282" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-81282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g001-550.jpg?1480627024" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images81282" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-81282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g002-550.jpg?1480627024'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-81282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g003-550.jpg?1480627024'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-81282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g004-550.jpg?1480627024'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-81282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g005-550.jpg?1480627024'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-81282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g006-550.jpg?1480627024'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-81282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g007-550.jpg?1480627024'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-81282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g008-550.jpg?1480627024'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-81282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g009-550.jpg?1480627024'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-81282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g010-550.jpg?1480627024'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-81282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g011-550.jpg?1480627024'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-81282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g012-550.jpg?1480627024'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-81282-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g001-550.jpg?1480627024" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Surface acoustic wave (SAW) array and its interface application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) block diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1777'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g002-550.jpg?1480627024" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Equivalent circuit model of the SAW sensor.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1777'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g003-550.jpg?1480627024" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) cross-coupled pair.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1777'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g004-550.jpg?1480627024" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Substrate noise interference between oscillators.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1777'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g005-550.jpg?1480627024" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>N-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) deep N-well technique.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1777'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g006-550.jpg?1480627024" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Postlayout simulation of the SAW sensor output spectrum.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1777'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g007-550.jpg?1480627024" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Frequency mixer and low-pass filter (<b>a</b>) before the gas enters; and (<b>b</b>) after the gas enters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1777'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g008-550.jpg?1480627024" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Control clock of the eight-channel multiplexer.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1777'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g009-550.jpg?1480627024" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Block diagram of the transferred signal from multiplexer output to digital signal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1777'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g010-550.jpg?1480627024" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Die photograph of the four-channel continuous-type interface circuit.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1777'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g011-550.jpg?1480627024" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>ASIC measurement setup.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1777'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01777/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01777-g012-550.jpg?1480627024" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Experimental results for methanol and ethanol gases.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/11/1777'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="79222" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2632 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/16/10/1490/pdf?version=1475046971" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Phosphor-Doped Thermal Barrier Coatings Deposited by Air Plasma Spray for In-Depth Temperature Sensing" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/16/10/1490">Phosphor-Doped Thermal Barrier Coatings Deposited by Air Plasma Spray for In-Depth Temperature Sensing</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Di Peng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lixia Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tao Cai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yingzheng Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaofeng Zhao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhiqi Yao</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>16</em>(10), 1490; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s16101490">https://doi.org/10.3390/s16101490</a> - 28 Sep 2016 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/16/10/1490#metrics">Cited by 13</a> | Viewed by 6185 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)-based thermal barrier coating (TBC) has been integrated with thermographic phosphors through air plasma spray (APS) for in-depth; non-contact temperature sensing. This coating consisted of a thin layer of Dy-doped YSZ (about 40 µm) on the bottom and a regular YSZ <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/10/1490/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)-based thermal barrier coating (TBC) has been integrated with thermographic phosphors through air plasma spray (APS) for in-depth; non-contact temperature sensing. This coating consisted of a thin layer of Dy-doped YSZ (about 40 µm) on the bottom and a regular YSZ layer with a thickness up to 300 µm on top. A measurement system has been established; which included a portable; low-cost diode laser (405 nm); a photo-multiplier tube (PMT) and the related optics. Coating samples with different topcoat thickness were calibrated in a high-temperature furnace from room temperature to around 900 °C. The results convincingly showed that the current sensor and the measurement system was capable of in-depth temperature sensing over 800 °C with a YSZ top layer up to 300 µm. The topcoat thickness was found to have a strong effect on the luminescent signal level. Therefore; the measurement accuracy at high temperatures was reduced for samples with thick topcoats due to strong light attenuation. However; it seemed that the light transmissivity of YSZ topcoat increased with temperature; which would improve the sensor’s performance at high temperatures. The current sensor and the measurement technology have shown great potential in on-line monitoring of TBC interface temperature. <a href="/1424-8220/16/10/1490">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/10/1490/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev79222"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next79222"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next79222" data-cycle-prev="#prev79222" data-cycle-progressive="#images79222" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-79222-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g001-550.jpg?1477892587" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images79222" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-79222-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g002-550.jpg?1477892587'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-79222-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g003-550.jpg?1477892587'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-79222-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g004-550.jpg?1477892587'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-79222-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g005-550.jpg?1477892587'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-79222-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g006-550.jpg?1477892587'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-79222-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g007-550.jpg?1477892587'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-79222-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g008-550.jpg?1477892587'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-79222-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g001-550.jpg?1477892587" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Microstructure of phosphor-doped TBC: (<b>a</b>) no excitation and (<b>b</b>) excited by UV-LED.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/10/1490'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g002-550.jpg?1477892587" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Absorption and emission spectrum of YSZ:Dy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/10/1490'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g003-550.jpg?1477892587" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Principle of lifetime-based temperature sensing using phosphors.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/10/1490'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g004-550.jpg?1477892587" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of TBC temperature sensing system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/10/1490'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g005-550.jpg?1477892587" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Decay curves of YSZ:Dy at different temperatures: (<b>a</b>) normalized intensity; (<b>b</b>) logarithm of normalized intensity.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/10/1490'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g006-550.jpg?1477892587" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Calibration results of Dy-doped TBC with different topcoat thickness.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/10/1490'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g007-550.jpg?1477892587" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Calibration uncertainty of Dy-doped TBC with different topcoat thickness.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/10/1490'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01490/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01490-g008-550.jpg?1477892587" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Effects of YSZ topcoat thickness on SBR: (<b>a</b>) temperature vs. SBR; (<b>b</b>) topcoat thickness (<span class="html-italic">h</span>) vs signal attenuation (<span class="html-italic">I</span>/<span class="html-italic">I<sub>h</sub></span><sub>=0</sub>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/10/1490'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="76813" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2452 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/16/9/1371/pdf?version=1472212027" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Embedded Ceria Nanoparticles in Crosslinked PVA Electrospun Nanofibers as Optical Sensors for Radicals" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/16/9/1371">Embedded Ceria Nanoparticles in Crosslinked PVA Electrospun Nanofibers as Optical Sensors for Radicals</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nader Shehata</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Effat Samir</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Soha Gaballah</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aya Hamed</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Asmaa Elrasheedy</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>16</em>(9), 1371; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s16091371">https://doi.org/10.3390/s16091371</a> - 26 Aug 2016 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/16/9/1371#metrics">Cited by 18</a> | Viewed by 5503 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This work presents a new nanocomposite of cerium oxide (ceria) nanoparticles embedded in electrospun PVA nanofibers for optical sensing of radicals in solutions. Our ceria nanoparticles are synthesized to have O-vacancies which are the receptors for the radicals extracted from peroxide in water <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/9/1371/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This work presents a new nanocomposite of cerium oxide (ceria) nanoparticles embedded in electrospun PVA nanofibers for optical sensing of radicals in solutions. Our ceria nanoparticles are synthesized to have O-vacancies which are the receptors for the radicals extracted from peroxide in water solution. Ceria nanoparticles are embedded <i>insitu</i> in PVA solution and then formed as nanofibers using an electrospinning technique. The formed nanocomposite emits visible fluorescent emissions under 430 nm excitation, due to the active ceria nanoparticles with fluorescent Ce<sup>3+</sup> ionization states. When the formed nanocomposite is in contact with peroxide solution, the fluorescence emission intensity peak has been found to be reduced with increasing concentration of peroxide or the corresponding radicals through a fluorescence quenching mechanism. The fluorescence intensity peak is found to be reduced to more than 30% of its original value at a peroxide weight concentration up to 27%. This work could be helpful in further applications of radicals sensing using a solid mat through biomedical and environmental monitoring applications. <a href="/1424-8220/16/9/1371">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/9/1371/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev76813"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next76813"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next76813" data-cycle-prev="#prev76813" data-cycle-progressive="#images76813" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-76813-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01371/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01371-g001-1024.png?1472212117" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images76813" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-76813-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01371/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01371-g002-1024.png?1472212117'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-76813-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01371/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01371-g003-1024.png?1472212117'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-76813-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01371/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01371-g004-1024.png?1472212117'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-76813-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01371/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01371-g005-1024.png?1472212117'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-76813-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01371/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01371-g006-1024.png?1472212117'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-76813-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01371/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01371-g007-1024.png?1472212117'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-76813-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01371/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01371-g001-1024.png?1472212117" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Fluorescence intensity home-made spectroscopy setup.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/9/1371'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01371/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01371-g002-1024.png?1472212117" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>PVA NFs with in-situ embedded ceria NPs. (<b>a</b>) Absorbance curve; (<b>b</b>) Band gap curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/9/1371'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01371/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01371-g003-1024.png?1472212117" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Fluorescence intensity PVA NFs with in-situ embedded different concentrations ceria NPs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/9/1371'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01371/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01371-g004-1024.png?1472212117" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) TEM image of ceria NPs; (<b>b</b>) SEM image of our synthesized nanocomposite of PVA nanofibers embedded with ceria NPs; (<b>c</b>) SEM image of the nanocomposite after crosslinking; (<b>d</b>) STEM image of some agglomerated nanoparticles inside the fiber; and (<b>e</b>) macroscopic photo of the synthesized electrospun nanofibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/9/1371'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01371/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01371-g005-1024.png?1472212117" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectroscopy pattern of crosslinked PVA with embedded ceria NPs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/9/1371'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01371/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01371-g006-1024.png?1472212117" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Fluorescence intensity peak degradation with increased peroxide weight concentrations (normalized to the fluorescence intensity peak of the synthesized nanocomposite in the presence of peroxide).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/9/1371'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01371/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01371-g007-1024.png?1472212117" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Relative intensity change, compared to the fluorescence intensity peak of nanocomposite in absence of peroxide, versus the variable molar concentrations of peroxide.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/9/1371'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="72475" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2073 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/16/6/935/pdf?version=1466578971" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Electrochemical Sensing toward Trace As(III) Based on Mesoporous MnFe2O4/Au Hybrid Nanospheres Modified Glass Carbon Electrode" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/16/6/935">Electrochemical Sensing toward Trace As(III) Based on Mesoporous MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au Hybrid Nanospheres Modified Glass Carbon Electrode</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shaofeng Zhou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaojuan Han</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Honglei Fan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yaqing Liu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>16</em>(6), 935; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s16060935">https://doi.org/10.3390/s16060935</a> - 22 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/16/6/935#metrics">Cited by 39</a> | Viewed by 6531 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Au nanoparticles decorated mesoporous MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocrystal clusters (MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au hybrid nanospheres) were used for the electrochemical sensing of As(III) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Modified on a cheap glass carbon electrode, these MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub></sub> <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/6/935/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Au nanoparticles decorated mesoporous MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocrystal clusters (MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au hybrid nanospheres) were used for the electrochemical sensing of As(III) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Modified on a cheap glass carbon electrode, these MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au hybrid nanospheres show favorable sensitivity (0.315 μA/ppb) and limit of detection (LOD) (3.37 ppb) toward As(III) under the optimized conditions in 0.1 M NaAc-HAc (pH 5.0) by depositing for 150 s at the deposition potential of −0.9 V. No obvious interference from Cd(II) and Hg(II) was recognized during the detection of As(III). Additionally, the developed electrode displayed good reproducibility, stability, and repeatability, and offered potential practical applicability for electrochemical detection of As(III) in real water samples. The present work provides a potential method for the design of new and cheap sensors in the application of electrochemical determination toward trace As(III) and other toxic metal ions. <a href="/1424-8220/16/6/935">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/6/935/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev72475"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next72475"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next72475" data-cycle-prev="#prev72475" data-cycle-progressive="#images72475" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-72475-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-ag-550.jpg?1581067941" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images72475" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-72475-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-g001-1024.png?1467191529'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-72475-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-g002-1024.png?1467191529'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-72475-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-g003-1024.png?1467191529'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-72475-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-g004-1024.png?1467191529'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-72475-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-g005-1024.png?1467191529'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-72475-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-g006-1024.png?1467191529'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-72475-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-g007-1024.png?1467191529'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-72475-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-sch001-1024.png?1467191529'><p>Scheme 1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-72475-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-ag-550.jpg?1581067941" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/935'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-g001-1024.png?1467191529" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Characterization of mesoporous MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au hybrid nanospheres: (<b>a</b>) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NCs; (<b>b</b>) and (<b>c</b>) The High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) images of MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NCs, inset in panel b is the corresponding selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern; (<b>d</b>) SEM image of MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au hybrid nanospheres; (<b>e</b>) TEM image of MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au hybrid nanospheres, inset in panel e is the TEM image of Au nanoparticle decorated on the surface of MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NCs; (<b>f</b>) Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS) of MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NCs and MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au hybrid nanospheres.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/935'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-g002-1024.png?1467191529" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Cyclic voltammograms (<b>a</b>) and Nyquist diagram of electrochemical impedance spectra (<b>b</b>) for bare glass carbon electrode (GCE), Au nanoparticles (NPs), MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NCs, MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au hybrid nanospheres modified GCE in the solution of 5 mM Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub><sup>3−/4−</sup> containing 0.1 M KCl. (<b>c</b>) SWASVs (square wave anodic stripping voltammetries) for 50 ppb As(III) on the MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NCs, Au NPs, MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au hybrid nanospheres modified GCE in 0.1 M HAc-NaAc (pH 5.0). Deposition potential: −0.9 V, deposition time: 150 s, step potential: 4 mV, amplitude: 25 mV, frequency: 25 Hz, <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> Ag/AgCl.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/935'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-g003-1024.png?1467191529" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Influence of (<b>a</b>) supporting electrolytes; (<b>b</b>) pH value; (<b>c</b>) deposition potential; and (<b>d</b>) deposition time on the voltammetric response of the MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au hybrid nanospheres modified GCE. Data were evaluated by SWASV of 50 ppb As(III).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/935'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-g004-1024.png?1467191529" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SWASV responses (<b>a</b>) and the corresponding calibration plot (<b>b</b>) of the MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au hybrid nanospheres modified GCE toward As(III) over a concentration range of 10 to 110 ppb by depositing for 150 s in 0.1 M HAc-NaAc (pH 5.0). Deposition potential: −0.9V, step potential: 4 mV, amplitude: 25 mV, and frequency: 25 Hz.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/935'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-g005-1024.png?1467191529" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>SWASV responses of the MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au hybrid nanospheres modified GCE containing 50 ppb As(III) in the presence of Cd(II), Hg(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) over a concentration range of 0 to 500 ppb, respectively. (Insets in panel a, b, c, and d are the corresponding peak currents toward 50 ppb As(III) over a concentration range of 0 to 500 ppb of interfering ions.) Electrochemical stripping conditions are identical to those in <a href="#sensors-16-00935-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/935'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-g006-1024.png?1467191529" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Repeatability measurements of 50 ppb As(III) on MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au hybrid nanospheres modified GCE towards As(III) in 0.1 M HAc-NaAc (pH 5.0). Data are collected from every SWASV response shown in the inset. Experimental conditions are identical to those in <a href="#sensors-16-00935-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/935'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-g007-1024.png?1467191529" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>SWASV responses of standard additions of As(II) into a real water sample diluted with 0.1 M NaAc-HAc solution (pH 5.0) in a ratio of 1:9 and the corresponding calibration plot of peak current against As(II) concentrations. The dash dotted line is the baseline in the solution of 0.1 M NaAc-HAc (pH 5.0) containing 1.0 mL of the real sample. The dotted line is the SWASV response toward 10 ppb As(III) in the solution of 0.1 M NaAc-HAc (pH 5.0) containing 1.0 mL of the real sample. The inset table is the recovery calculation. Error bars are the standard deviation for three consecutive measurements. SWASV conditions are identical to those in <a href="#sensors-16-00935-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/935'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00935/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00935-sch001-1024.png?1467191529" title=" <strong>Scheme 1</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of the preparation of mesoporous MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Au hybrid nanospheres.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/935'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="71616" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2714 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/16/6/839/pdf?version=1465303919" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="High Sensitivity pH Sensor Based on Porous Silicon (PSi) Extended Gate Field-Effect Transistor" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/16/6/839">High Sensitivity pH Sensor Based on Porous Silicon (PSi) Extended Gate Field-Effect Transistor</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Naif H. Al-Hardan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Muhammad Azmi Abdul Hamid</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Naser M. Ahmed</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Azman Jalar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Roslinda Shamsudin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Norinsan Kamil Othman</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lim Kar Keng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Weesiong Chiu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hamzah N. Al-Rawi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>16</em>(6), 839; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s16060839">https://doi.org/10.3390/s16060839</a> - 7 Jun 2016 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/16/6/839#metrics">Cited by 69</a> | Viewed by 9998 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this study, porous silicon (PSi) was prepared and tested as an extended gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) for pH sensing. The prepared PSi has pore sizes in the range of 500 to 750 nm with a depth of approximately 42 µm. The results <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/6/839/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this study, porous silicon (PSi) was prepared and tested as an extended gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) for pH sensing. The prepared PSi has pore sizes in the range of 500 to 750 nm with a depth of approximately 42 µm. The results of testing PSi for hydrogen ion sensing in different pH buffer solutions reveal that the PSi has a sensitivity value of 66 mV/pH that is considered a super Nernstian value. The sensor considers stability to be in the pH range of 2 to 12. The hysteresis values of the prepared PSi sensor were approximately 8.2 and 10.5 mV in the low and high pH loop, respectively. The result of this study reveals a promising application of PSi in the field for detecting hydrogen ions in different solutions. <a href="/1424-8220/16/6/839">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/6/839/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev71616"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next71616"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next71616" data-cycle-prev="#prev71616" data-cycle-progressive="#images71616" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-71616-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g001-1024.png?1467189361" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images71616" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-71616-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g002-1024.png?1467189361'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-71616-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g003-1024.png?1467189361'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-71616-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g004-1024.png?1467189360'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-71616-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g005-1024.png?1467189361'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-71616-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g006-1024.png?1467189360'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-71616-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g007-1024.png?1467189361'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-71616-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g008-1024.png?1467189361'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-71616-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g009-1024.png?1467189360'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-71616-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g001-1024.png?1467189361" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Experimental setup for PSi (<b>a</b>) and cross section of the etching cell (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/839'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g002-1024.png?1467189361" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The fabricated PSi sensor on a copper-clad sheet.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/839'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g003-1024.png?1467189361" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The pH-EGFET measurement setup. The measurement configuration of (<b>a</b>) I-V characteristics and (<b>b</b>) the hysteresis effect.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/839'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g004-1024.png?1467189360" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>FE-SEM image of the surface: (<b>a</b>) inset depicts the optical image of the PSi surface and (<b>b</b>) cross section of the prepared PSi.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/839'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g005-1024.png?1467189361" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The <span class="html-italic">I<sub>DS</sub></span> – <span class="html-italic">V<sub>REF</sub></span> for the prepared PSi EGFET in the linear region for different pH buffer solutions (pH = 2 to 12). The <span class="html-italic">V<sub>DS</sub></span> was kept constant at 300 mV.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/839'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g006-1024.png?1467189360" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Sensitivity and linearity of prepared PSi EGFET <span class="html-italic">vs</span>. different pH buffer solutions (pH = 2 to 12). Black dots are measured data, and dashed line shows linear fit. I<sub>DS</sub> was kept constant at 300 µA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/839'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g007-1024.png?1467189361" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Plot of the I<sub>DS</sub> <span class="html-italic">vs.</span> the V<sub>DS</sub> of the prepared PSi pH sensor. V<sub>REF</sub> was kept constant at 3 V. Buffer solutions were pH = 2–12.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/839'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g008-1024.png?1467189361" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Plot of the <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mo>√</mo> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics> </math> as a function of pH for the prepared PSi pH sensor. <span class="html-italic">V<sub>DS</sub></span> and <span class="html-italic">V<sub>REF</sub></span> = 3 V. Black squares are measured data, and dashed line shows linear fit.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/839'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00839/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00839-g009-1024.png?1467189360" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Hysteresis characteristics for prepared PSi membrane EGFET pH sensor.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/6/839'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="69030" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 3176 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/16/5/606/pdf?version=1461749816" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Sorption and Diffusion of Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide in Sulfonated Polyaniline as Chemical Sensing Materials" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/16/5/606">Sorption and Diffusion of Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide in Sulfonated Polyaniline as Chemical Sensing Materials</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qiuhua Liang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Junke Jiang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huaiyu Ye</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ning Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Miao Cai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jing Xiao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xianping Chen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>16</em>(5), 606; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s16050606">https://doi.org/10.3390/s16050606</a> - 27 Apr 2016 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/16/5/606#metrics">Cited by 18</a> | Viewed by 6366 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A hybrid quantum mechanics (QM)/molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is performed to investigate the effect of an ionizable group (–SO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>Na<sup>+</sup>) on polyaniline as gas sensing materials. Polymers considered for this work include emeraldine base of polyaniline (EB-PANI) and its <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/5/606/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A hybrid quantum mechanics (QM)/molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is performed to investigate the effect of an ionizable group (–SO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>Na<sup>+</sup>) on polyaniline as gas sensing materials. Polymers considered for this work include emeraldine base of polyaniline (EB-PANI) and its derivatives (Na-SPANI (I), (II) and (III)) whose rings are partly monosubstituted by –SO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>Na<sup>+</sup>. The hybrid simulation results show that the adsorption energy, Mulliken charge and band gap of analytes (CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O) in polyaniline are relatively sensitive to the position and the amounts of –SO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>Na<sup>+</sup>, and these parameters would affect the sensitivity of Na-SPANI/EB-PANI towards CO<sub>2</sub>. The sensitivity of Na-SPANI (III)/EB-PANI towards CO<sub>2</sub> can be greatly improved by two orders of magnitude, which is in agreement with the experimental study. In addition, we also demonstrate that introducing –SO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>Na<sup>+</sup> groups at the rings can notably affect the gas transport properties of polyaniline. Comparative studies indicate that the effect of ionizable group on polyaniline as gas sensing materials for the polar gas molecule (H<sub>2</sub>O) is more significant than that for the nonpolar gas molecule (CO<sub>2</sub>). These findings contribute in the functionalization-induced variations of the material properties of polyaniline for CO<sub>2</sub> sensing and the design of new polyaniline with desired sensing properties. <a href="/1424-8220/16/5/606">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/5/606/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev69030"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next69030"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next69030" data-cycle-prev="#prev69030" data-cycle-progressive="#images69030" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-69030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-ag-550.jpg?1581058333" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images69030" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-69030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-g001-1024.png?1464330312'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-69030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-g002-1024.png?1464330311'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-69030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-g003-1024.png?1464330312'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-69030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-g004-1024.png?1464330312'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-69030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-g005-1024.png?1464330312'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-69030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-g006-1024.png?1464330312'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-69030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-g007-1024.png?1464330312'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-69030-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-ag-550.jpg?1581058333" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/5/606'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-g001-1024.png?1464330312" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) schematic diagram of sensing mechanism of an example polyaniline (PANI) coated nanowire field-effect transistor (NanoFET) as CO<sub>2</sub> sensor; (<b>b</b>) examples of CO<sub>2</sub> react with H<sub>2</sub>O adsorbing in the sites of PANI to form H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/5/606'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-g002-1024.png?1464330311" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The monomers and adsorption sites of EB-PANI, Na-SPANI (I), Na-SPANI (II) and Na-SPANI (III) in periodic structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/5/606'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-g003-1024.png?1464330312" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) the atomistic modeling of EB-PANI, Na-SPANI (I), Na-SPANI (II) and Na-SPANI (III); (<b>b</b>) CO<sub>2</sub> diffusion in the EB-PANI and Na-SPANI (III).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/5/606'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-g004-1024.png?1464330312" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The computed sorption isotherms of CO<sub>2</sub> in (<b>a</b>) EB-PANI; (<b>b</b>) Na-SPANI (I); (<b>c</b>) Na-SPANI (II); (<b>d</b>) Na-SPANI (III) at 298 K.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/5/606'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-g005-1024.png?1464330312" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The computed sorption isotherms of H<sub>2</sub>O in (<b>a</b>) EB-PANI; (<b>b</b>) Na-SPANI (I); (<b>c</b>) Na-SPANI (II); (<b>d</b>) Na-SPANI (III) at 298 K.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/5/606'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-g006-1024.png?1464330312" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Mean-square displacement (MSD) of CO<sub>2</sub> in (<b>a</b>) EB-PANI and (<b>b</b>) Na-SPANI (III) as a function of simulation time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/5/606'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00606/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00606-g007-1024.png?1464330312" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The relationship between log (MSD) and log (t) of CO<sub>2</sub> diffusion in (<b>a</b>) EB-PANI and (<b>b</b>) Na-SPANI (III).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/5/606'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="67893" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 4350 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/16/4/498/pdf?version=1460114772" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Cotton Fabric Coated with Conducting Polymers and its Application in Monitoring of Carnivorous Plant Response" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/16/4/498">Cotton Fabric Coated with Conducting Polymers and its Application in Monitoring of Carnivorous Plant Response</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Václav Bajgar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marek Penhaker</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lenka Martinková</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrej Pavlovič</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Patrycja Bober</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Miroslava Trchová</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jaroslav Stejskal</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>16</em>(4), 498; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040498">https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040498</a> - 8 Apr 2016 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/16/4/498#metrics">Cited by 36</a> | Viewed by 9609 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The paper describes the electrical plant response to mechanical stimulation monitored with the help of conducting polymers deposited on cotton fabric. Cotton fabric was coated with conducting polymers, polyaniline or polypyrrole, <i>in situ</i> during the oxidation of respective monomers in aqueous medium. Thus, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/4/498/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The paper describes the electrical plant response to mechanical stimulation monitored with the help of conducting polymers deposited on cotton fabric. Cotton fabric was coated with conducting polymers, polyaniline or polypyrrole, <i>in situ</i> during the oxidation of respective monomers in aqueous medium. Thus, modified fabrics were again coated with polypyrrole or polyaniline, respectively, in order to investigate any synergetic effect between both polymers with respect to conductivity and its stability during repeated dry cleaning. The coating was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The resulting fabrics have been used as electrodes to collect the electrical response to the stimulation of a Venus flytrap plant. This is a paradigm of the use of conducting polymers in monitoring of plant neurobiology. <a href="/1424-8220/16/4/498">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/4/498/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev67893"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next67893"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next67893" data-cycle-prev="#prev67893" data-cycle-progressive="#images67893" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-67893-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-ag-550.jpg?1581055327" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images67893" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-67893-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g001-1024.png?1461897809'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-67893-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g002-1024.png?1461897809'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-67893-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g003-1024.png?1461897809'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-67893-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g004-1024.png?1461897809'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-67893-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g005-1024.png?1461897809'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-67893-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g006-1024.png?1461897809'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-67893-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g007-1024.png?1461897809'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-67893-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g008-1024.png?1461897809'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-67893-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g009-1024.png?1461897809'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-67893-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-ag-550.jpg?1581055327" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/4/498'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g001-1024.png?1461897809" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Conducting (<b>a</b>) polyaniline and (<b>b</b>) polypyrrole salts. A<sup>−</sup> is an arbitrary anion.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/4/498'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g002-1024.png?1461897809" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Cotton fabrics before and after the coating with polyaniline or polypyrrole (from left to right).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/4/498'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g003-1024.png?1461897809" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron micrographs of cotton fabric (<b>left</b>) and its individual fiber (<b>right</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/4/498'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g004-1024.png?1461897809" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron micrographs of cotton fibers coated with: (<b>a</b>) PANI; (<b>b</b>) PPy; (<b>c</b>) PANI+PPy; and (<b>d</b>) PPy+PANI.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/4/498'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g005-1024.png?1461897809" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>ATR FTIR spectra of cotton fabrics coated with polyaniline (C+PANI) or polypyrrole (C+PPy). Polyaniline-coated cotton was again coated with polypyrrole (C+PANI+PPy) or <span class="html-italic">vice versa</span> (C+PPy+PANI). The spectrum of uncoated textile cotton is included.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/4/498'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g006-1024.png?1461897809" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Raman spectra of cotton fabrics coated with polyaniline (C+PANI) or polypyrrole (C+PPy). Polyaniline-coated cotton was again coated with polypyrrole (C+PANI+PPy) or <span class="html-italic">vice versa</span> (C+PPy+PANI). Laser excitation wavelength 633 nm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/4/498'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g007-1024.png?1461897809" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The layout of the electrodes used for recording of action potentials: clip electrode with cotton fabric coated with conducting polymer (<b>A</b>); non-polarizable Ag/AgCl surface electrode connected to the protruding strip of cotton fabrics coated with conducting polymer (<b>B</b>); and reference electrode (<b>C</b>); A plastic stick was used for stimulation of trigger hairs inside closed trap of Venus flytrap (<b>D</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/4/498'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g008-1024.png?1461897809" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Action potentials recorded by electrode (<b>A</b>) and PANI-coated cotton fabric (<b>B</b>) in response to touching of trigger hair in Venus flytrap.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/4/498'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00498/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00498-g009-1024.png?1461897809" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>A series of action potentials of Venus flytrap in response to 15 touches of trigger hairs recorded by cotton fabrics coated with PPy+PANI.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/4/498'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="65662" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 4882 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/16/3/369/pdf?version=1457941216" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Bismuth Oxide on the Microstructure and Electrical Conductivity of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/16/3/369">Effect of Bismuth Oxide on the Microstructure and Electrical Conductivity of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liwei Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zheng Zhou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>He Tian</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jixue Li</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>16</em>(3), 369; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s16030369">https://doi.org/10.3390/s16030369</a> - 14 Mar 2016 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/16/3/369#metrics">Cited by 11</a> | Viewed by 8193 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Bismuth oxide (Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)-doped yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were prepared via the solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction spectroscopy results indicate that doping with 2 mol% Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and adding 10 mol% yttria result in a <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/3/369/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Bismuth oxide (Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)-doped yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were prepared via the solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction spectroscopy results indicate that doping with 2 mol% Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and adding 10 mol% yttria result in a stable zirconia cubic phase. Adding Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> as a dopant increases the density of zirconia to above 96%, while reducing its normal sintering temperature by approximately 250 °C. Moreover, electrical impedance analyses show that adding Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> enhances the conductivity of zirconia, improving its capability as a solid electrolyte for intermediate or even lower temperatures. <a href="/1424-8220/16/3/369">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/3/369/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev65662"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next65662"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next65662" data-cycle-prev="#prev65662" data-cycle-progressive="#images65662" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-65662-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g001-1024.png?1459317121" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images65662" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-65662-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g002-1024.png?1459317122'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-65662-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g003-1024.png?1459317122'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-65662-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g004-1024.png?1459317122'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-65662-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g005-1024.png?1459317121'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-65662-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g006-1024.png?1459317122'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-65662-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g007-1024.png?1459317121'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-65662-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g008-1024.png?1459317122'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-65662-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g009-1024.png?1459317122'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-65662-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g010-1024.png?1459317122'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-65662-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g001-1024.png?1459317121" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>XRD pattern: (<b>a</b>) 8YSZ 1550 °C; (<b>b</b>) 2Bi-8YSZ 1100 °C; (<b>c</b>) 2Bi-8YSZ 1200 °C; (<b>d</b>) 2Bi-8YSZ 1300 °C; (<b>e</b>) 2Bi-8YSZ 1400 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/3/369'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g002-1024.png?1459317122" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>XRD pattern: (<b>a</b>) 10YSZ 1550 °C; (<b>b</b>) 2Bi-10YSZ 1100 °C; (<b>c</b>) 2Bi-10YSZ 1200 °C; (<b>d</b>) 2Bi-10YSZ 1300 °C; (<b>e</b>) 2Bi-10YSZ 1400 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/3/369'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g003-1024.png?1459317122" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron microscope images of 2Bi-8YSZ at various temperatures: (<b>a</b>) 1100 °C; (<b>b</b>) 1200 °C; (<b>c</b>) 1300 °C; (<b>d</b>) 1400 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/3/369'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g004-1024.png?1459317122" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron microscope images of 2Bi-10YSZ at various temperatures: (<b>a</b>) 1100 °C; (<b>b</b>) 1200 °C; (<b>c</b>) 1300 °C; (<b>d</b>) 1400 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/3/369'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g005-1024.png?1459317121" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>2Bi-10YSZ sample sintered at 1300 °C: (<b>a</b>) HADDF-STEM image; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) high-resolution images of grain boundaries.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/3/369'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g006-1024.png?1459317122" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Selected area electron diffraction pattern of 2Bi-10YSZ sampled sintered at 1300 °C: (<b>a</b>) FCC zone axis [011]; (<b>b</b>) FCC zone axis [001].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/3/369'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g007-1024.png?1459317121" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) HADDF-STEM image of 2Bi-10YSZ; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) EDS energy spectrum.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/3/369'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g008-1024.png?1459317122" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Nyquist plot of 8YSZ sintered at 1550°C and 2Bi-10YSZ sintered at various temperatures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/3/369'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g009-1024.png?1459317122" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Arrhenius curve of 8YSZ sintered at 1550 °C and 2Bi-10YSZ sintered at 1300 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/3/369'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00369/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00369-g010-1024.png?1459317122" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Grain and grain boundary Arrhenius curve of 8YSZ sintered at 1550 °C and 2Bi-10YSZ sintered at 1300 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/3/369'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="64040" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1269 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/16/2/244/pdf?version=1455793639" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Determination and Visualization of pH Values in Anaerobic Digestion of Water Hyacinth and Rice Straw Mixtures Using Hyperspectral Imaging with Wavelet Transform Denoising and Variable Selection" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/16/2/244">Determination and Visualization of pH Values in Anaerobic Digestion of Water Hyacinth and Rice Straw Mixtures Using Hyperspectral Imaging with Wavelet Transform Denoising and Variable Selection</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chu Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hui Ye</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fei Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yong He</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenwen Kong</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kuichuan Sheng</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 244; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s16020244">https://doi.org/10.3390/s16020244</a> - 18 Feb 2016 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/16/2/244#metrics">Cited by 27</a> | Viewed by 5722 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Biomass energy represents a huge supplement for meeting current energy demands. A hyperspectral imaging system covering the spectral range of 874–1734 nm was used to determine the pH value of anaerobic digestion liquid produced by water hyacinth and rice straw mixtures used for <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/2/244/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Biomass energy represents a huge supplement for meeting current energy demands. A hyperspectral imaging system covering the spectral range of 874–1734 nm was used to determine the pH value of anaerobic digestion liquid produced by water hyacinth and rice straw mixtures used for methane production. Wavelet transform (WT) was used to reduce noises of the spectral data. Successive projections algorithm (SPA), random frog (RF) and variable importance in projection (VIP) were used to select 8, 15 and 20 optimal wavelengths for the pH value prediction, respectively. Partial least squares (PLS) and a back propagation neural network (BPNN) were used to build the calibration models on the full spectra and the optimal wavelengths. As a result, BPNN models performed better than the corresponding PLS models, and SPA-BPNN model gave the best performance with a correlation coefficient of prediction (<i>r<sub>p</sub></i>) of 0.911 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.0516. The results indicated the feasibility of using hyperspectral imaging to determine pH values during anaerobic digestion. Furthermore, a distribution map of the pH values was achieved by applying the SPA-BPNN model. The results in this study would help to develop an on-line monitoring system for biomass energy producing process by hyperspectral imaging. <a href="/1424-8220/16/2/244">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/2/244/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev64040"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next64040"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next64040" data-cycle-prev="#prev64040" data-cycle-progressive="#images64040" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-64040-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00244/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00244-g001-1024.png?1456881858" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images64040" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-64040-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00244/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00244-g002-1024.png?1456881858'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-64040-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00244/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00244-g003-1024.png?1456881858'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-64040-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00244/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00244-g001-1024.png?1456881858" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The unpreprocessed of spectra of (<b>a</b>) five randomly selected pixels; (<b>b</b>) the spectra of the five pixels preprocessed by WT; and (<b>c</b>) the average spectra of each sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/2/244'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00244/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00244-g002-1024.png?1456881858" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The results of SPA-BPNN model (<b>a</b>) calibration set; (<b>b</b>) prediction set.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/2/244'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00244/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00244-g003-1024.png?1456881858" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The pseudo color image of (<b>a</b>) a hyperspectral image and (<b>b</b>) the corresponding distribution map of pH obtained by SPA-BPNN.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/2/244'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="62207" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 1526 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/16/1/91/pdf?version=1452766522" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="An Assessment of Three Different In Situ Oxygen Sensors for Monitoring Silage Production and Storage" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/16/1/91">An Assessment of Three Different <i>In Situ</i> Oxygen Sensors for Monitoring Silage Production and Storage</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guilin Shan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yurui Sun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Menghua Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kerstin H. Jungbluth</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christian Maack</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wolfgang Buescher</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kai-Benjamin Schütt</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter Boeker</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter Schulze Lammers</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haiyang Zhou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qiang Cheng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daokun Ma</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>16</em>(1), 91; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010091">https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010091</a> - 14 Jan 2016 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/16/1/91#metrics">Cited by 8</a> | Viewed by 8034 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) concentration inside the substrate is an important measurement for silage-research and-practical management. In the laboratory gas chromatography is commonly employed for O<sub>2</sub> measurement. Among sensor-based techniques, accurate and reliable <i>in situ</i> measurement is rare because of high levels <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/1/91/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) concentration inside the substrate is an important measurement for silage-research and-practical management. In the laboratory gas chromatography is commonly employed for O<sub>2</sub> measurement. Among sensor-based techniques, accurate and reliable <i>in situ</i> measurement is rare because of high levels of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) generated by the introduction of O<sub>2</sub> in the silage. The presented study focused on assessing three types of commercial O<sub>2</sub> sensors, including Clark oxygen electrodes (COE), galvanic oxygen cell (GOC) sensors and the Dräger chip measurement system (DCMS). Laboratory cross calibration of O<sub>2</sub> <i>versus</i> CO<sub>2</sub> (each 0–15 vol.%) was made for the COE and the GOC sensors. All calibration results verified that O<sub>2</sub> measurements for both sensors were insensitive to CO<sub>2</sub>. For the O<sub>2</sub> <i>in situ</i> measurement in silage, all O<sub>2</sub> sensors were first tested in two sealed barrels (diameter 35.7 cm; height: 60 cm) to monitor the O<sub>2</sub> depletion with respect to the ensiling process (Test-A). The second test (Test-B) simulated the silage unloading process by recording the O<sub>2</sub> penetration dynamics in three additional barrels, two covered by dry ice (0.6 kg or 1.2 kg of each) on the top surface and one without. Based on a general comparison of the experimental data, we conclude that each of these <i>in situ</i> sensor monitoring techniques for O<sub>2</sub> concentration in silage exhibit individual advantages and limitations. <a href="/1424-8220/16/1/91">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/1/91/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev62207"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next62207"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next62207" data-cycle-prev="#prev62207" data-cycle-progressive="#images62207" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-62207-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g001-1024.png?1454029659" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images62207" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-62207-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g002-1024.png?1454029659'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-62207-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g003-1024.png?1454029659'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-62207-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g004-1024.png?1454029659'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-62207-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g005-1024.png?1454029658'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-62207-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g006-1024.png?1454029658'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-62207-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g007-1024.png?1454029659'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-62207-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g008-1024.png?1454029659'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-62207-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g001-1024.png?1454029659" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Photos and dimensions of the three types of oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) sensors, (<b>a</b>) Dräger chip measurement system (DCMS); (<b>b</b>) the Clark oxygen electrodes(COE); (<b>c</b>) galvanic oxygen cell (GOC).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/1/91'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g002-1024.png?1454029659" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of the physical structure, measurement principle and operating process of the DCMS.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/1/91'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g003-1024.png?1454029659" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Setup of the cross calibration system used for the COE and the GOC. The mixture in gas chamber consists of O<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> in volumetric ratio required.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/1/91'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g004-1024.png?1454029659" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Setup of material preparation for Test-A with respect to ensiling process: Harvested maize was fed into a chopper. Then the chopped maize material was packed into a barrel using a hydraulic ram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/1/91'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g005-1024.png?1454029658" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The cross calibration results with four levels of CO<sub>2</sub> from the COE (<b>a</b>) and the GOC (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/1/91'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g006-1024.png?1454029658" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Measurements of the three types of O<sub>2</sub> sensor came from Test-A, which mimic the ensiling phase related to O<sub>2</sub> depletion process. (<b>a</b>) O<sub>2</sub> variation at the low density packed (500 kg·m<sup>−3</sup>); and (<b>b</b>) that at the high density packed (800 kg·m<sup>−3</sup>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/1/91'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g007-1024.png?1454029659" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Measurement comparison between the DCMS <span class="html-italic">versus</span> the COE (<b>a</b>), and that between the DCMS <span class="html-italic">versus</span> the GOC (<b>b</b>) in Test-A.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/1/91'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-00091/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-00091-g008-1024.png?1454029659" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Measurements of the three types of O<sub>2</sub> sensor came from the three barrels in Test-B, one barrel with an opened face (<b>a</b>) and the other two whose face was covered with 0.6 kg dry ice; (<b>b</b>) or 1.2 kg; (<b>c</b>). The silage temperature (T<sub>si</sub>) trace in each plot was recorded from the temperature sensor of the COE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/1/91'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="60908" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-60908" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-60908" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-60908" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/1424-8220/15/12/29902/s1?version=1450506934"> Supplementary File 1 (PDF, 4105 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2332 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/15/12/29902/pdf?version=1450691089" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Synthesis and Sensing Applications of Fluorescent 3-Cinnamoyl Coumarins" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/15/12/29902">Synthesis and Sensing Applications of Fluorescent 3-Cinnamoyl Coumarins</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Preeti Yadav</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hardeep Singh Gill</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karam Chand</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lian Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jayant Kumar</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sunil K. Sharma</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2015</b>, <em>15</em>(12), 31987-31998; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s151229902">https://doi.org/10.3390/s151229902</a> - 19 Dec 2015 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/15/12/29902#metrics">Cited by 7</a> | Viewed by 7714 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> We have synthesized two novel fluorescent 3-(4-diethylaminocinnamoyl) coumarins that exhibit fluorescence quenching upon exposure to a nerve agent simulant, diethylchlorophosphate (DCP), providing a basis for rapid and sensitive DCP chemosensing. Furthermore, these coumarin derivatives display two-photon fluorescence upon illumination with near-infrared laser pulses <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/12/29902/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> We have synthesized two novel fluorescent 3-(4-diethylaminocinnamoyl) coumarins that exhibit fluorescence quenching upon exposure to a nerve agent simulant, diethylchlorophosphate (DCP), providing a basis for rapid and sensitive DCP chemosensing. Furthermore, these coumarin derivatives display two-photon fluorescence upon illumination with near-infrared laser pulses and their two-photon (TP) absorption cross-section was evaluated. The potential for TP bio-imaging of these compounds was investigated by their cellular uptake in HeLa cells by TP confocal microscopy. <a href="/1424-8220/15/12/29902">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/12/29902/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev60908"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next60908"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next60908" data-cycle-prev="#prev60908" data-cycle-progressive="#images60908" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-60908-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-ag-550.jpg?1581038826" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images60908" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-60908-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g001-1024.png?1451965581'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-60908-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g002-1024.png?1451965581'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-60908-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g003-1024.png?1451965581'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-60908-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g004-1024.png?1451965581'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-60908-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g005-1024.png?1451965581'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-60908-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g006-1024.png?1451965581'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-60908-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g007-1024.png?1451965581'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-60908-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g008-1024.png?1451965581'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-60908-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g009-1024.png?1451965581'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-60908-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g010-1024.png?1451965581'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-60908-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-ag-550.jpg?1581038826" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29902'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g001-1024.png?1451965581" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>TPF spectra (<b>a</b>) for compound <b>7</b> and (<b>b</b>) for compound <b>8</b>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29902'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g002-1024.png?1451965581" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Quadratic dependence of TPF (<b>a</b>) for compound <b>7</b> and (<b>b</b>) for compound <b>8</b>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29902'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g003-1024.png?1451965581" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>TP confocal images of HeLa cells (<b>a</b>) with compound <b>7</b> and (<b>b</b>) compound <b>8</b>. FL: coumarin fluorescence images; DIC: (differential interference contrast images); and MERGE: Fluorescence images merged with DIC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29902'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g004-1024.png?1451965581" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Color change observed on addition of DCP (4 eq.) to a solution of compound <b>8</b> in CHCl<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29902'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g005-1024.png?1451965581" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>UV-Vis absorption spectra upon titration of compounds 7 (<b>a</b>) and 8 (<b>b</b>) with DCP.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29902'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g006-1024.png?1451965581" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Fluorescence spectra upon titration of compounds <b>7</b> (<b>a</b>) and 8 (<b>b</b>) with DCP.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29902'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g007-1024.png?1451965581" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p><sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectra of compound <b>8</b> in CDCl<sub>3</sub> showed shifts in aromatic protons on the addition of DCP (0–4 eq.).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29902'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g008-1024.png?1451965581" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Synthesis of compounds <b>5</b>–<b>8</b>. <span class="html-italic">Reagents and conditions</span>: i. NaH, diethyl carbonate; ii. acetic acid, phosphorus oxychloride, reflux; iii. 4-diethylaminobenzaldehyde, two drops of piperidine, ethanol, reflux.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29902'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g009-1024.png?1451965581" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Synthesis of compounds <b>11</b>–<b>13</b>. <span class="html-italic">Reagents and conditions</span>: i. 4-dialkylamino-benzaldehyde, two drops of piperidine, ethanol, reflux; ii. CH<sub>3</sub>I, dimethylformamide, K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, 30 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29902'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29902-g010-1024.png?1451965581" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Interaction of DCP with compound <b>8</b>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29902'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="60782" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 3984 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/15/12/29895/pdf?version=1450353644" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Formation of High-Purity Indium Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Application to Sensitive Detection of Ammonia" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/15/12/29895">Formation of High-Purity Indium Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Application to Sensitive Detection of Ammonia</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sanjeev K. Bhardwaj</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Neha Bhardwaj</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Manil Kukkar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Amit L. Sharma</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ki-Hyun Kim</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Akash Deep</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2015</b>, <em>15</em>(12), 31930-31938; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s151229895">https://doi.org/10.3390/s151229895</a> - 17 Dec 2015 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/15/12/29895#metrics">Cited by 13</a> | Viewed by 6176 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> High-purity In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles were recovered from scrap indium tin oxide substrates in a stepwise process involving acidic leaching, liquid-liquid extraction with a phosphine oxide extractant, and combustion of the organic phase. The morphological and structural parameters of the recovered nanoparticles <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/12/29895/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> High-purity In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles were recovered from scrap indium tin oxide substrates in a stepwise process involving acidic leaching, liquid-liquid extraction with a phosphine oxide extractant, and combustion of the organic phase. The morphological and structural parameters of the recovered nanoparticles were investigated to support the formation of the desired products. These In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles were used for sensitive sensing of ammonia gas using a four-probe electrode device. The proposed sensor offered very quick response time (around 10 s) and highly sensitive detection of ammonia (at a detection limit of 1 ppm). <a href="/1424-8220/15/12/29895">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/12/29895/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev60782"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next60782"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next60782" data-cycle-prev="#prev60782" data-cycle-progressive="#images60782" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-60782-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g001-1024.png?1451965427" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images60782" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-60782-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g002-1024.png?1451965427'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-60782-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g003-1024.png?1451965427'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-60782-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g004-1024.png?1451965427'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-60782-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g005-1024.png?1451965427'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-60782-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g006-1024.png?1451965427'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-60782-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g007-1024.png?1451965427'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-60782-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g008-1024.png?1451965427'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-60782-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g001-1024.png?1451965427" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the ammonia sensing setup.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29895'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g002-1024.png?1451965427" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>FE-SEM and EDX analysis of the solution obtained after the leaching step on scrap ITO substrates.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29895'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g003-1024.png?1451965427" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>FE-SEM and EDX analyses of the synthesized In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29895'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g004-1024.png?1451965427" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) TEM analysis and (<b>b</b>) Particle size distribution (DLS) of the synthesized In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29895'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g005-1024.png?1451965427" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>XRD analysis of the synthesized In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29895'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g006-1024.png?1451965427" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>FTIR analysis of the synthesized In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29895'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g007-1024.png?1451965427" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Sensitivity of the In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticle sensor at different concentrations of ammonia.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29895'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29895/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29895-g008-1024.png?1451965427" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Response and recovery of the In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticle sensor at low (A: 1 ppm) and high concentrations of ammonia (B: 60 ppm) during successive cycles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29895'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="59655" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2610 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/15/12/29778/pdf?version=1448879938" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Pore Size and Film Thickness on Gold-Coated Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensor" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/15/12/29778">Effect of Pore Size and Film Thickness on Gold-Coated Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensor</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aschalew Kassu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carlton Farley</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anup Sharma</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wonkyu Kim</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Junpeng Guo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2015</b>, <em>15</em>(12), 29924-29937; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s151229778">https://doi.org/10.3390/s151229778</a> - 30 Nov 2015 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/15/12/29778#metrics">Cited by 21</a> | Viewed by 7740 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A sensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering chemical sensor is demonstrated by using inexpensive gold-coated nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide substrates. To optimize the performance of the substrates for sensing by the Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique, the size of the nanopores is varied from <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/12/29778/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A sensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering chemical sensor is demonstrated by using inexpensive gold-coated nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide substrates. To optimize the performance of the substrates for sensing by the Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique, the size of the nanopores is varied from 18 nm to 150 nm and the gold film thickness is varied from 30 nm to 120 nm. The sensitivity of gold-coated nanoporous surface enhanced Raman scattering sensor is characterized by detecting low concentrations of Rhodamine 6G laser dye molecules. The morphology of the SERS substrates is characterized by atomic force microscopy. Optical properties of the nanoporous SERS substrates including transmittance, reflectance, and absorbance are also investigated. Relative signal enhancement is plotted for a range of substrate parameters and a detection limit of 10<sup>−6</sup> M is established. <a href="/1424-8220/15/12/29778">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/12/29778/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev59655"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next59655"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next59655" data-cycle-prev="#prev59655" data-cycle-progressive="#images59655" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-59655-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g001-1024.png?1451963442" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images59655" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-59655-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g002-1024.png?1451963442'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-59655-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g003-1024.png?1451963442'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-59655-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g004-1024.png?1451963442'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-59655-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g005-1024.png?1451963442'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-59655-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g006-1024.png?1451963442'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-59655-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g007-1024.png?1451963442'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-59655-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g008-1024.png?1451963442'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-59655-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g009-1024.png?1451963442'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-59655-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g010-1024.png?1451963442'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-59655-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g011-1024.png?1451963442'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-59655-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g012-1024.png?1451963442'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-59655-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g001-1024.png?1451963442" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>SERS spectra of 8 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M solution of Rh6G dye adsorbed on the surface of 18 nm NAAO substrate coated with 50, 60, 70 and 80 nm gold films measured with a single scan averaging and an integration time of 3 s.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29778'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g002-1024.png?1451963442" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SERS spectra of 8 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M solution of Rh6G dye adsorbed on the surface of 35 nm NAAO substrate coated with 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and120 nm gold films measured with 3 s integration time (<b>a</b>); Figure (<b>b</b>) shows the relative enhancement of the weak Raman signals after removing the spectra for the 70 and 80 nm gold coated 35 nm pore size substrate measured with 3 s integration time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29778'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g003-1024.png?1451963442" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Peak SERS intensities measured at about 1361 cm<sup>−1</sup> measured from 8 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M solution of Rh6G dye adsorbed on the surface of 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 120 nm gold films deposited on 35 nm nanoporous SERS substrate with 3 s integration time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29778'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g004-1024.png?1451963442" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SERS spectra of 8 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M solution of Rh6G dye adsorbed on the surfaces of 55 nm nanoporous substrate coated with 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 120 nm gold films, measured with 3 s integration time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29778'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g005-1024.png?1451963442" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>SERS spectra of 8 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M solution of Rh6G dye adsorbed on the surface of 80 nm NAAO nanoporous substrate coated with 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120 nm gold films measured with 3 s integration time (<b>a</b>); Figure (<b>b</b>) shows the relative enhancement of the weak Raman signals after removing the spectra for the 90, 100, and 120 nm gold coated 80 nm pore size substrate measured with 3 s integration time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29778'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g006-1024.png?1451963442" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Peak SERS intensities measured at about 1361 cm<sup>−1</sup> measured from 8 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M solution of Rh6G dye adsorbed on the surface of 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90, 100 and 120 nm gold films deposited on 80 nm NAAO nanoporous substrate with 3 s integration time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29778'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g007-1024.png?1451963442" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>SERS spectra of 8 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M solution of Rh6G dye adsorbed on the surface of 150 nm nanoporous substrate coated with 50, 60, 70 and 80 nm gold films measured with 3 s integration time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29778'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g008-1024.png?1451963442" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>SERS spectra of 8 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M solution of Rh6G dye adsorbed on the surface of 120 nm thick gold film deposited on 35, 55, 80, 100, and 150 nm nanoporous substrates measured at 3 s integration time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29778'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g009-1024.png?1451963442" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of SERS intensities at about 1361 cm<sup>−1</sup> measured from 8 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M solution of Rh6G dye adsorbed on the surface of 120 nm gold films deposited on 35, 55, 80, 100, and 150 nm NAAO SERS substrate at 3 s integration time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29778'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g010-1024.png?1451963442" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Peak SERS intensities measured at 1361 cm<sup>−1</sup> measured from 8 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M solution of Rh6G dye adsorbed on the surface of 50–80 nm thick gold films deposited on 35, 55, 80, 100, and 150 nm pore size substrate at 3 s integration time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29778'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g011-1024.png?1451963442" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Normalized absorption spectra for 35 nm pore size coated with 70, 80, 90 and 120 nm thick gold films measured at normal incidence.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29778'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-15-29778/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-15-29778-g012-1024.png?1451963442" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>AFM micrographs of 80 nm pore size NAAO substrate before (<b>a</b>); and after depositing 70 nm thick gold film using the sputtering technique (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/15/12/29778'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item type-section" id=Review> <h2>Review</h2> <div style="margin-top: 15px;"> <p>Jump to: <a href="#Research">Research</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="74762" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 8740 KiB   </span> <a href="/1424-8220/16/8/1172/pdf?version=1469534327" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Recent Progress on Cellulose-Based Electro-Active Paper, Its Hybrid Nanocomposites and Applications" data-journal="sensors"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1424-8220/16/8/1172">Recent Progress on Cellulose-Based Electro-Active Paper, Its Hybrid Nanocomposites and Applications</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Asif Khan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zafar Abas</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Heung Soo Kim</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jaehwan Kim</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sensors</em> <b>2016</b>, <em>16</em>(8), 1172; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s16081172">https://doi.org/10.3390/s16081172</a> - 26 Jul 2016 </div> <a href="/1424-8220/16/8/1172#metrics">Cited by 65</a> | Viewed by 11469 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> We report on the recent progress and development of research into cellulose-based electro-active paper for bending actuators, bioelectronics devices, and electromechanical transducers. The cellulose electro-active paper is characterized in terms of its biodegradability, chirality, ample chemically modifying capacity, light weight, actuation capability, and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/8/1172/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> We report on the recent progress and development of research into cellulose-based electro-active paper for bending actuators, bioelectronics devices, and electromechanical transducers. The cellulose electro-active paper is characterized in terms of its biodegradability, chirality, ample chemically modifying capacity, light weight, actuation capability, and ability to form hybrid nanocomposites. The mechanical, electrical, and chemical characterizations of the cellulose-based electro-active paper and its hybrid composites such as blends or coatings with synthetic polymers, biopolymers, carbon nanotubes, chitosan, and metal oxides, are explained. In addition, the integration of cellulose electro-active paper is highlighted to form various functional devices including but not limited to bending actuators, flexible speaker, strain sensors, energy harvesting transducers, biosensors, chemical sensors and transistors for electronic applications. The frontiers in cellulose paper devices are reviewed together with the strategies and perspectives of cellulose electro-active paper and cellulose nanocomposite research and applications. <a href="/1424-8220/16/8/1172">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sensors/special_issues/Materials_SensingApplications ">The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/8/1172/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev74762"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next74762"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next74762" data-cycle-prev="#prev74762" data-cycle-progressive="#images74762" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g001-1024.png?1472464153" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images74762" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g002-1024.png?1472464152'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g003-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g004-1024.png?1472464152'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g005-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g006-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g007-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g008-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g009-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g010-1024.png?1472464152'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g011-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g012-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g013-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g014-1024.png?1472464152'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g015-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g016-1024.png?1472464154'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g017-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g018-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g019-1024.png?1472464154'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g020-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g021-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-74762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g022-1024.png?1472464153'><p>Figure 22</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-74762-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g001-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Concept of electro-active paper actuator: (<b>a</b>) EAPap is made from cellulose paper on which gold electrodes are deposited on both sides; (<b>b</b>) cellulose microfibril has ordered crystalline regions and disordered regions; (<b>c</b>) water molecules are bonded with hydroxyls on the cellulose surface (bound water) or clustered in free (free water) [<a href="#B28-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">28</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g002-1024.png?1472464152" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Variation of elastic modulus with electric excitation [<a href="#B31-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">31</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g003-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Typical pull test results of cellulose EAPap [<a href="#B32-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">32</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g004-1024.png?1472464152" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Orientation of cellulose film and schematic of EAPap [<a href="#B40-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">40</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g005-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Schematic structure of aligned M/C composite actuator [<a href="#B48-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">48</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g006-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Chemical structures of chitosan and cellulose [<a href="#B58-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">58</a>]; (<b>b</b>) Scanning electron microscope image at the cross section of the laminated film [<a href="#B55-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">55</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g007-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Surface SEM images of cellulose (<b>a</b>) and SnO<sub>2</sub>-cellulose hybrid thin films as a function of SnO<sub>2</sub> concentration: 10 wt % (<b>b</b>) 20 wt % (<b>c</b>) and 30 wt % (<b>d</b>) [<a href="#B70-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">70</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g008-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of association of PEO-PEG with cellulose and its disruption under the excitation of an electric field under high humidity conditions [<a href="#B86-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">86</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g009-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the resonance frequency and the bending displacement as a function of the normalized length of the unimorph EAPap actuator for haptic applications [<a href="#B98-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">98</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g010-1024.png?1472464152" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of microwave power transmission test setup [<a href="#B101-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">101</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g011-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Effects of the charge dissipation resistance on the bending displacement of the CPIL-EAPap actuator: Bending displacements at 10 and 100 s [<a href="#B101-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">101</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g012-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Average peak to peak open circuit voltage output for 400 mm<sup>2</sup>, 800 mm<sup>2</sup>, and 1200 mm<sup>2</sup> gold, silver and aluminum electrodes coated on EAPap [<a href="#B108-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">108</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g013-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the detection mechanism of a cellulose-SnO<sub>2</sub> hybrid nanocomposite glucose biosensor [<a href="#B111-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">111</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g014-1024.png?1472464152" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Glucose detection as a function of time using PCB modified and unmodified cellulose paper-based analytical devices. Glucose was spiked (5.0 mM) into (<b>a</b>) PBS; and (<b>b</b>) undiluted human serum [<a href="#B118-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">118</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g015-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Preparation of paper disk and integration with SPCE [<a href="#B119-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">119</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g016-1024.png?1472464154" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of NH<sub>3</sub> CTM sensor (<b>b</b>) Sensitivity curve [<a href="#B124-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">124</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g017-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Procedures employed for the inkjet printing of gold electrode arrays on MCE membranes to fabricate paper-based solid-state electrochemical oxygen sensors: (<b>1</b>) Inkjet printing of GNP patterns; (<b>2</b>) growth of GNP patterns into gold electrode arrays; (<b>3</b>) cutting a PGEA from its ensembles; (<b>4</b>) electric connection and size control of a PGEA; and (<b>5</b>) addition of BMIMPF6 from the back MCE side of a PGEA to fabricate the oxygen sensor [<a href="#B132-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">132</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g018-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Shows an optical photograph of a p-type paper transistor (<b>b</b>) architecture of the paper transistor (<b>c</b>) scanning electron microscopy cross section image of the gate electrode IZO [<a href="#B136-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">136</a>,<a href="#B137-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">137</a>] and (<b>d</b>) with a higher magnification to see the detail of the good step coverage of the oxide semiconductor over the cellulose fibers [<a href="#B135-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">135</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g019-1024.png?1472464154" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Schematics of the process of fabrication of FETs using NCC as the gate dielectric, and the corresponding staggered-bottom gate structure [<a href="#B140-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">140</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g020-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic illustration of the humidity sensor built on a cellulose paper substrate; (<b>b</b>) networks of CNTs on the paper showing that the device is flexible and custom-cut; (<b>c</b>) SEM image of the cellulose paper (scale bar 250 μm); and (<b>d</b>) magnified image of the cross-linked CNTs (scale bar 100 nm) [<a href="#B148-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">148</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g021-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Capacitance of cellulose-PPy nanocomposite sensor (CP-16) as a function of temperature and humidity [<a href="#B150-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">150</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-16-01172/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-16-01172-g022-1024.png?1472464153" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>The acoustic performance of the circular plate EAPap speaker. A maximum sound pressure of up to 53 dB was achieved at 13 kHz. The inset shows the electrode size on the piezoelectric cellulose EAPap film [<a href="#B152-sensors-16-01172" class="html-bibr">152</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1424-8220/16/8/1172'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="checkbox" class="selector selectUnselectAll bb-checkbox" id="selectUnselectAll" data-select-all="article-listing"> <div class="indented bb-indented"> 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Sensors | Special Issue : The Use of New and/or Improved Materials for Sensing Applications