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Reproduction</span></div><div class="d-inline-block col-md-11 p-0"><h1 class="entry-title">Human Reproduction</h1></div><div class="float-md-right position-sm-absolute pt-md-4"><g:sharetoclassroom size=32 url="https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/human-reproduction"></g:sharetoclassroom></div><div class=st-container> <img fetchpriority=high width=640 height=507 src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20507'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Human-Reproduction-768x608.jpg class="st-img wp-post-image lazy" alt="Human Reproduction" decoding=async data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Human-Reproduction-768x608.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Human-Reproduction-212x168.jpg 212w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Human-Reproduction-728x576.jpg 728w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Human-Reproduction-1536x1216.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Human-Reproduction.jpg 1980w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><p>Male and female reproductive systems</p></div><div id=ez-toc-container class="ez-toc-v2_0_68_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction"><p class=ez-toc-title>Table of Contents</p> <label for=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-674f9ee507c93 class=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label><span class><span class=eztoc-hide style=display:none;>Toggle</span><span class=ez-toc-icon-toggle-span><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg class=list-377408 width=20px height=20px viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill=none><path d="M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z" fill=currentColor></path></svg><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" class=arrow-unsorted-368013 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg width=10px height=10px viewBox="0 0 24 24" version=1.2 baseProfile=tiny><path d="M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z"/></svg></span></span></label><input type=checkbox id=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-674f9ee507c93 checked aria-label=Toggle><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1" href=#Terminology_and_Concepts title="Terminology and Concepts">Terminology and Concepts</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2" href=#Gametogenesis title=Gametogenesis>Gametogenesis</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3" href=#Male_Reproductive_Physiology title="Male Reproductive Physiology">Male Reproductive Physiology</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4" href=#Spermatogenesis title=Spermatogenesis>Spermatogenesis</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5" href=#Sperm_Transport title="Sperm Transport">Sperm Transport</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6" href=#Erection title=Erection>Erection</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7" href=#Ejaculation title=Ejaculation>Ejaculation</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8" href=#Hormonal_control_of_male_reproductive_functions title="Hormonal control of male reproductive functions">Hormonal control of male reproductive functions</a></li></ul></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9" href=#Female_Reproductive_Physiology title="Female Reproductive Physiology">Female Reproductive Physiology</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10" href=#Ovarian_function title="Ovarian function">Ovarian function</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11" href=#Control_of_ovarian_function title="Control of ovarian function">Control of ovarian function</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12" href=#Pregnancy title=Pregnancy>Pregnancy</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13" href=#Contraception title=Contraception>Contraception</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14" href=#Puberty title=Puberty>Puberty</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15" href=#Menopause title=Menopause>Menopause</a></li></ul></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16" href=#Quiz title=Quiz>Quiz</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17" href=#Send_Your_Results_Optional title="Send Your Results (Optional)">Send Your Results (Optional)</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Terminology_and_Concepts></span>Terminology and Concepts<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Primary reproductive organs are called gonads – testes in the male and ovaries in the female. Gonads (1) produce reproductive cells called gametes – spermatozoa in males and ova in females, the process is called gametogenesis, and (2) secrete steroid hormones called sex hormones – testosterone in male, estradiol, and progesterone in females.</p><div class='code-block code-block-8 code-block-block-8' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'> <script language=javascript src="https://live.primis.tech/live/liveView.php?s=106005&cbuster=%%CACHEBUSTER%%"></script> </div><p>Testosterone belongs to a class of hormones that have masculinizing actions called androgens and estradiol belongs to a class of hormones called estrogens. Androgens are not unique to males and estrogens are not unique to females.</p><p>GnRH stimulates the release of pituitary gonadotropins – FSH and LH, which act upon the gonads to stimulate the development of sperm and ova and secretion of sex hormones. The sex hormones exert negative feedback on the secretion of GnRH, LH, and FSH.</p><p>Accessory reproductive organs consist of ducts through which sperm and ova are transported and the glands emptying into these ducts. Secondary sexual characteristics comprise the external differences between males and females.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-64762656' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-64762656 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code=PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2OCcgY2xhc3M9J2FkeWIgc2hvdy1hZC1sYWJlbCBteC1tZC1uMycgZGF0YS1hZC1tYXBwaW5nPSdtaWQnIGRhdGEtYWQtc2xvdD0nQk9fYXJ0aWNsZScgZGF0YS1hZC10YXJnZXRpbmdwb3M9ICdtaWQnID48L2Rpdj48L2Rpdj4K data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Gametogenesis></span>Gametogenesis<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Developing gametes are called germ cells and the first stage in their development is the proliferation of primordial germ cells by mitosis or cell division in which each daughter cell receives a full set of chromosomes identical to those of the original cell. In females, this mitotic activity occurs only during embryonic development while in males it begins at puberty and continues throughout life. Although this is currently an area of research and new things are coming to light with regards to mitotic activity in female gonads. The second stage of development occurs by meiosis or cell division in which each daughter cell receives half of the chromosomes of the original cell.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Male_Reproductive_Physiology></span>Male Reproductive Physiology<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Testes are suspended in sacs called the scrotum. Spermatogenesis or sperm formation occurs in seminiferous tubules in the testes. Walls of these tubules are composed of developing germ cells, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells that lie between the tubules secrete testosterone. Seminiferous tubules empty into a duct called the epididymis, which leads to the vas deferens. Ducts from the two glands – the seminal vesicles join the vas deferens to form two ejaculatory ducts, which then enter the prostate gland and the paired bulbourethral glands before joining the urethra. Prostate glands and seminal vesicles secrete a fluid in which sperm cells are suspended, and this fluid together with the sperm cells is called semen. The glandular secretions contain nutrients, buffers that protect the sperm from vaginal acidity, chemicals that increase sperm motility and mucus for lubrication.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-93576529' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-93576529 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code=PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2OScgY2xhc3M9J2FkeWIgc2hvdy1hZC1sYWJlbCBteC1tZC1uMycgZGF0YS1hZC1tYXBwaW5nPSdtaWQnIGRhdGEtYWQtc2xvdD0nQk9fYXJ0aWNsZScgZGF0YS1hZC10YXJnZXRpbmdwb3M9ICdtaWQnID48L2Rpdj48L2Rpdj4K data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Spermatogenesis></span>Spermatogenesis<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Undifferentiated germ cells, termed spermatogonia, divide by mitosis and differentiate to produce primary spermatocytes, which grow and undergo first meiotic division to form secondary spermatocytes, which undergo second meiotic division to form spermatids. Spermatids then develop into spermatozoa.<br> The head of a sperm consists of DNA nucleus and a tip, which is covered by the acrosome, a vesicle containing many enzymes that play an important role in sperm’s penetration of egg. Most of the tail is a flagellum that propels the sperm.</p><p>Leydig cells secrete testosterone and Sertoli cells divide the tubules into separate compartments with separate environments where different stages of spermatogenesis can take place. They also secrete androgen binding protein, which binds testosterone and act as intermediaries between germ cells and hormones.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Sperm_Transport></span>Sperm Transport<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>The vas deferens and epididymis store the sperm until ejaculation. Sperms are non-motile at this time. During passage through the epididymis, they are concentrated by fluid absorption.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-70667042' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-70667042 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTAnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Erection></span>Erection<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>The penis consists of vascular compartments and arteries supplying them are normally constricted so that there is little blood in them, and the penis is flaccid. Sexual excitation in higher brain centers, stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the penis, inhibition of sympathetic fibers and release of nitric oxide dilate these arteries, cause these compartments to become engorged with blood at high pressure, making the penis elongated and rigid. Erectile dysfunction is the inability to achieve an erection due to various physiological and/or psychological causes. Viagra, and related products, block the breakdown of cGMP; a messenger involved in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle, which promotes erection.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Ejaculation></span>Ejaculation<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Stimulation of sympathetic nerves contracts the smooth muscles lining the ducts and discharges semen through urethra. The sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder is closed so that sperm cannot enter the bladder nor can urine be expelled. Heart rate and blood pressure increase and skeletal muscles contract throughout the body and this event is called orgasm.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-31523633' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-31523633 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTEnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Hormonal_control_of_male_reproductive_functions></span>Hormonal control of male reproductive functions<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><ul> <li>FSH: acts on Sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis.</li> <li>LH: acts on Leydig cells to stimulate testosterone secretion.</li> <li>Testosterone: Stimulates spermatogenesis, induces differentiation of male accessory reproductive organs and maintains their function, induces male secondary sex characteristics, stimulates protein anabolism, bone growth, erythropoietin secretion, and required for sex drive and may enhance aggressive behavior.</li></ul><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Female_Reproductive_Physiology></span>Female Reproductive Physiology<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Production of the female gamete, the egg, followed by its release from the ovary is called ovulation. Ovulation is cyclical and predictable. These cycles are called menstrual cycles in humans. Cyclical changes in hormone secretion by ovaries cause changes in the entire female reproductive tract, including the uterus, which is made ready to receive and nourish the gamete. There is no menstruation during pregnancy.</p><p>The ovaries end close to the uterine tubes (oviducts or fallopian tubes), which are attached to the uterus. The uterus is a hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ that houses the fetus during pregnancy and is the source of bleeding during menstruation. The lower portion of the uterus is called the cervix, and the canal leading from the cervix to the outside is the vagina. These are the structures of the female internal genitalia.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-41022328' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-41022328 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTInIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Ovarian_function></span>Ovarian function<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p><strong>Oogenesis. </strong>Primitive germ cells, called oogonia undergo mitosis and develop into primary oocytes (with 46 chromosomes) and remain at a state of meiotic arrest (they begin the first meiotic development but do not complete it). All the germ cells in a female are at this developmental stage at birth. Although this is an area currently being studied further.</p><p>At puberty, primary oocytes destined for ovulation complete meiosis, each daughter cell receiving 23 chromosomes. One of the two daughter cells retains all the cytoplasm and is called the secondary oocyte while the other, called the first polar body, is nonfunctional. The second meiotic division occurs in the uterine tube after ovulation, ONLY IF the secondary oocyte is fertilized. Again, one daughter cell retains all the cytoplasm and is called ovum while the other cell, called the second polar body, is nonfunctional and is later absorbed by the body.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Control_of_ovarian_function></span>Control of ovarian function<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Three Phases: (1) Follicular Phase of Ovary (corresponding to the Proliferative Phase of the Uterus), (2) Luteal Phase of Ovary (corresponding to Secretory Phase of the Uterus), and (3) Beginning of new cycle (corresponding to Menstrual Phase of the Uterus).</p><ol> <li><strong>Follicular Phase of Ovary. </strong>FSH and LH increase during the follicular phase because estrogen concentration is low and therefore negative feedback on these pituitary hormones is low. FSH and LH stimulate primary follicles (containing primary oocytes) to grow and stimulate their theca cells to produce estrogen. Estrogen leads to a thickening of the uterine epithelium, the endometrium. Estrogen begins to exert a negative feedback on FSH. As FSH goes down, all the follicles cannot be maintained and all but one follicle degenerates. The one dominant follicle (Graafian follicle) survives because (a) it is hyperresponsive to FSH and can maintain itself even under low FSH, and (b) it also becomes sensitive to LH. In the meanwhile, LH does not drop but shoots up (LH surge) because increased estrogen exerts a positive feedback effect on the LH releasing mechanism of the pituitary. LH surge leads to the release of the primary oocyte (ovulation).</li> <li><strong>Luteal Phase of Ovary.</strong> The now-empty follicle, corpus luteum, starts secreting estrogen and progesterone. These hormones exert a negative feedback on secretion from LH and FSII, preventing new follicles from maturing. Progesterone converts the endometrium into a secretory tissue full of glycogen and blood vessels, ready to receive a fertilized egg.</li> <li><strong>Beginning of new cycle.</strong> (If the egg is not fertilized) If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and estrogen and progesterone levels recede. The lack of estrogen and progesterone leads to the collapse of the vascular endometrium, which in turn leads to menstruation.</li></ol><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-31437207' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-31437207 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTMnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Pregnancy></span>Pregnancy<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p><strong>Egg and Sperm Transport. </strong>At ovulation, the egg enters the uterine tube. Sperm enters the uterus during intercourse and moves into the uterine tube through its own rhythmic propulsions. Most of the sperm cells die in the acidic vaginal environment and/or due to the exhaustion of their energy supply.</p><p><strong>Fertilization.</strong> The sperm binds to the egg by complementary surface proteins. The binding triggers the acrosome reaction in the sperm and its enzymes digest the egg membrane. The sperm then passes into the cytoplasm of the egg. The fertilized egg (zygote) releases enzymes that harden the egg membrane and inactivate the sperm binding sites to prevent additional sperms from fusing.</p><p><strong>Implantation and Placentation. </strong>The zygote undergoes mitotic cell divisions (without cell growth) called cleavage, becoming a blastocyst, which embeds in the endometrium, in a process called implantation. If the zygote divides into two completely separate masses, it results in identical (monozygotic) twins. Fraternal twins result from two ovulated eggs being fertilized. The outer layer of the blastocyst, the trophoblast gives rise to the fetal part of the placenta while the inner cell mass develops into the embryo proper. Fetal blood and maternal blood both flow through the placenta (without mixing), exchanging gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes through a structure called the placenta. The placenta is a combination of fetal and maternal tissues. Blood vessels enter and leave the placenta through the umbilical cord, which is connected, to the baby at the site of the belly button. The fetus is surrounded by a space called the amniotic cavity filled with a fluid called amniotic fluid, providing a buffer to mechanical and other disturbances. A number of genetic disorders can be diagnosed by sampling this amniotic fluid (amniocentesis) for the presence or absence of certain chemicals.</p><p><strong>Hormonal Changes during Pregnancy. </strong>The uterus is maintained during pregnancy by progesterone and estrogen that initially comes from the corpus luteum, which in turn is maintained by the hormone, chorionic gonadotropin that is produced by the trophoblast. Corpus luteum later regresses and the placenta itself produces the required estrogen and progesterone. High levels of these hormones inhibit the secretion of GnRH and gonadotropins, thus eliminating menstrual cycles during pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Parturition. </strong>A normal pregnancy lasts for 38 weeks from the day of ovulation and conception. Delivery occurs by rhythmical contractions of the uterus, stimulated by oxytocin. The cervix dilates and the infant moves out through the vagina.</p><p><strong>Lactation. </strong>Lactation is the secretion of milk by the mammary glands, or breasts. Estrogen and progesterone secretion at the onset of puberty leads to breast enlargement due to the development of the duct system. During pregnancy, estrogen stimulates the secretion of prolactin and placental lactogen, which stimulate the development of the glands (alveoli) in the breasts. However, milk secretion is inhibited by estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy. A decline in the levels of these two hormones as a result of placental removal during childbirth removes the inhibitory effect. Milk secretion is maintained by prolactin release as a result of afferent input from nipple receptors to the hypothalamus during suckling which also inhibits dopamine secretion. Milk ejection from the alveoli to the ducts is stimulated by the action of oxytocin, released as a result of the suckling reflex. Suckling also inhibits the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian hormone chain, which in effect blocking ovulation.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Contraception></span>Contraception<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Oral contraceptives are made of synthetic progesterone and estrogen combinations that inhibit pituitary gonadotropin release and thereby prevent ovulation. Postcoital contraceptives include progesterone antagonists that prevent progesterone from binding to the uterine wall, leading to erosion of the endometrium.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-14433325' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-14433325 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code='PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MTQnIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+PC9kaXY+Cg==' data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Puberty></span>Puberty<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Puberty is the period during which reproductive organs mature and reproduction becomes possible. This process is initiated by the secretion of adrenal androgens which is stimulated by ACTH. In females, the first menstrual period is called menarche.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Menopause></span><strong>Menopause</strong><span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Menopause is the cessation of menstrual periods with age, as a result of a decrease in the number of ovarian follicles and their hyporesponsiveness to gonadotropins. Plasma estrogen levels decrease resulting in high gonadotropin secretion. A decrease in bone mass called osteoporosis occurs as well as hot flashes or the sudden dilation of arterioles, an increase in body temperature, and sweating.</p><p> </p><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2;"><iframe src=https://www.youtube.com/embed/QSN5gfbzgwc width=560 height=315 frameborder=0 allowfullscreen=allowfullscreen></iframe></div><div style="vertical-align: top; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2;">Credit: <a href=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEik-U3T6u6JA0XiHLbNbOw data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">Bozeman Science</a></div> <script>if(window.qmn_quiz_data===undefined){window.qmn_quiz_data=new Object();}</script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data["91"]={"quiz_id":"91","quiz_name":"Human Reproduction - Quiz","disable_answer":"0","ajax_show_correct":"0","progress_bar":"1","contact_info_location":"1","qpages":{"1":{"id":"1","quizID":"91","pagekey":"5fa24be9d223c","hide_prevbtn":"0"}},"skip_validation_time_expire":"1","timer_limit_val":0,"disable_scroll_next_previous_click":"0","disable_first_page":0,"enable_result_after_timer_end":"0","enable_quick_result_mc":"0","end_quiz_if_wrong":0,"form_disable_autofill":0,"disable_mathjax":0,"enable_quick_correct_answer_info":0,"quick_result_correct_answer_text":"Correct! 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You have selected wrong answer.","quiz_processing_message":"","quiz_limit_choice":"Limit of choice is reached.","not_allow_after_expired_time":0,"scheduled_time_end":false,"error_messages":{"email_error_text":"Not a valid e-mail address!","number_error_text":"This field must be a number!","incorrect_error_text":"The entered text is not correct!","empty_error_text":"Please complete all required fields!","url_error_text":"The entered URL is not valid!","minlength_error_text":"Required atleast %minlength% characters.","maxlength_error_text":"Maximum %maxlength% characters allowed.","recaptcha_error_text":"ReCaptcha is missing"},"first_page":false}</script><style id=qmn_quiz_template-css>.qsm-pagination{border:none !important}</style><div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-91 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz quiz_theme_default '><form name=quizForm91 id=quizForm91 action=/tutorials/human-reproduction method=POST class="qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form" novalidate enctype=multipart/form-data> <input type=hidden name=qsm_hidden_questions id=qsm_hidden_questions value> <input type=hidden name=qsm_nonce id=qsm_nonce_91 value=4f20d9cf33> <input type=hidden name=qsm_unique_key id=qsm_unique_key_91 value=674f9ee4bb588><div id=mlw_error_message class="qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section"></div> <span id=mlw_top_of_quiz></span><section class="qsm-page "><div class="quiz_section quiz_begin"><div class='qsm-before-message mlw_qmn_message_before'><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Quiz></span>Quiz<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p><strong>Select the best answer.</strong></p></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-462 " data-qid=462><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>1. Which of the following is correct?</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question462-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question462 id=question462_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question462_1> The male reproductive organ produces ova. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question462-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question462 id=question462_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question462_2> Testes are female gonads. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question462-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question462 id=question462_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question462_3> Gametogenesis occurs in the gonads. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question462-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question462 id=question462_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question462_4> Sex hormones, testosterone and estradiol, are produced by the neurons in the brain. </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question462 id=question462_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-463 " data-qid=463><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>2. Which of the following is correct?</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question463-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question463 id=question463_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question463_1> Testorerone induces female secondary sex characteristics </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question463-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question463 id=question463_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question463_2> Estrogen is produced exclusively by females. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question463-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question463 id=question463_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question463_3> Females do not produce testosterone. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question463-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question463 id=question463_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question463_4> Females produce androgen. </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question463 id=question463_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-464 " data-qid=464><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>3. Which of the following is NOT correct?</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question464-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question464 id=question464_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question464_1> Spermatogonia and oogonia divide by mitosis. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question464-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question464 id=question464_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question464_2> Primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes undergo first meiotic division. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question464-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question464 id=question464_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question464_3> Secondary spermatocytes and secondary oocytes undergo Meiosis II. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question464-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question464 id=question464_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question464_4> Male and female gametes are produced by a series of mitotic divisions </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question464 id=question464_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-465 " data-qid=465><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>4. Which of the following is NOT correct?</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question465-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question465 id=question465_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question465_1> Oogenesis is the gametogenesis in females. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question465-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question465 id=question465_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question465_2> If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question465-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question465 id=question465_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question465_3> Ovulation refers to the shedding of the uterine wall. </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question465-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question465 id=question465_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question465_4> Only the secondary oocyte, not the polar body, will develop into an ovum. </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question465 id=question465_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-466 " data-qid=466><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>5. All of the following occur during pregnancy except for:</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question466-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question466 id=question466_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question466_1> Fertilization </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question466-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question466 id=question466_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question466_2> Implantation </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question466-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question466 id=question466_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question466_3> Placentation </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question466-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question466 id=question466_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question466_4> Menopause </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question466 id=question466_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class=quiz_section><div class='qsm-after-message mlw_qmn_message_end'><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Send_Your_Results_Optional></span>Send Your Results (Optional)<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3></div><div class="qsm_contact_div qsm-contact-type-text"> <span class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_question'>Your Name</span> <input type=text class name=contact_field_0 id=contact_field_0 value placeholder='Your Name'></div><div class="qsm_contact_div qsm-contact-type-email"> <span class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_question'>To Email</span> <input type=email class='mlwEmail ' name=contact_field_1 id=contact_field_1 value placeholder='To Email'></div></div></section> <input type=hidden name=qmn_question_list value=462Q463Q464Q465Q466Q><div id=mlw_error_message_bottom class="qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section"></div> <input type=hidden name=qmn_all_questions_count id=qmn_all_questions_count value=5> <input type=hidden name=total_questions id=total_questions value=5> <input type=hidden name=timer id=timer value=0> <input type=hidden name=timer_ms id=timer_ms value=0> <input type=hidden class=qmn_quiz_id name=qmn_quiz_id id=qmn_quiz_id value=91> <input type=hidden name=complete_quiz value=confirmation></form></div><div style="display: none;" class="qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide" id=modal-4 aria-hidden=false><div class=qsm-popup__overlay tabindex=-1 data-micromodal-close><div class="qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container" role=dialog aria-modal=true><div class=qsm-popup__content><img class=lazy decoding=async src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/plugins/quiz-master-next/assets/clock.png alt=clock.png><p class=qsm-time-up-text> Time's up</p></div><footer class=qsm-popup__footer><button class="qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn" data-micromodal-close aria-label="Close this dialog window" onclick=location.reload();>Cancel</button></footer></div></div></div><div class='heateor_sss_sharing_container heateor_sss_vertical_sharing' style='width:44px;right: -10px;top: 200px;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;' data-heateor-sss-href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/human-reproduction><div class=heateor_sss_sharing_ul><a aria-label=Facebook class=heateor_sss_facebook href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologyonline.com%2Ftutorials%2Fhuman-reproduction" title=Facebook rel="nofollow noopener" target=_blank style=font-size:32px!important;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle data-wpel-link=internal><span class=heateor_sss_svg style="background-color:#0765FE;width:40px;height:40px;margin:0;display:inline-block;opacity:1;float:left;font-size:32px;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;font-size:16px;padding:0 4px;vertical-align:middle;background-repeat:repeat;overflow:hidden;padding:0;cursor:pointer;box-sizing:content-box"><svg style=display:block; 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C",SamsungTablet:"SAMSUNG.*Tablet|Galaxy.*Tab|SC-01C|GT-P1000|GT-P1003|GT-P1010|GT-P3105|GT-P6210|GT-P6800|GT-P6810|GT-P7100|GT-P7300|GT-P7310|GT-P7500|GT-P7510|SCH-I800|SCH-I815|SCH-I905|SGH-I957|SGH-I987|SGH-T849|SGH-T859|SGH-T869|SPH-P100|GT-P3100|GT-P3108|GT-P3110|GT-P5100|GT-P5110|GT-P6200|GT-P7320|GT-P7511|GT-N8000|GT-P8510|SGH-I497|SPH-P500|SGH-T779|SCH-I705|SCH-I915|GT-N8013|GT-P3113|GT-P5113|GT-P8110|GT-N8010|GT-N8005|GT-N8020|GT-P1013|GT-P6201|GT-P7501|GT-N5100|GT-N5105|GT-N5110|SHV-E140K|SHV-E140L|SHV-E140S|SHV-E150S|SHV-E230K|SHV-E230L|SHV-E230S|SHW-M180K|SHW-M180L|SHW-M180S|SHW-M180W|SHW-M300W|SHW-M305W|SHW-M380K|SHW-M380S|SHW-M380W|SHW-M430W|SHW-M480K|SHW-M480S|SHW-M480W|SHW-M485W|SHW-M486W|SHW-M500W|GT-I9228|SCH-P739|SCH-I925|GT-I9200|GT-P5200|GT-P5210|GT-P5210X|SM-T311|SM-T310|SM-T310X|SM-T210|SM-T210R|SM-T211|SM-P600|SM-P601|SM-P605|SM-P900|SM-P901|SM-T217|SM-T217A|SM-T217S|SM-P6000|SM-T3100|SGH-I467|XE500|SM-T110|GT-P5220|GT-I9200X|GT-N5110X|GT-N5120|SM-P905|SM-T111|SM-T2105|SM-T315|SM-T320|SM-T320X|SM-T321|SM-T520|SM-T525|SM-T530NU|SM-T230NU|SM-T330NU|SM-T900|XE500T1C|SM-P605V|SM-P905V|SM-T337V|SM-T537V|SM-T707V|SM-T807V|SM-P600X|SM-P900X|SM-T210X|SM-T230|SM-T230X|SM-T325|GT-P7503|SM-T531|SM-T330|SM-T530|SM-T705|SM-T705C|SM-T535|SM-T331|SM-T800|SM-T700|SM-T537|SM-T807|SM-P907A|SM-T337A|SM-T537A|SM-T707A|SM-T807A|SM-T237|SM-T807P|SM-P607T|SM-T217T|SM-T337T|SM-T807T|SM-T116NQ|SM-T116BU|SM-P550|SM-T350|SM-T550|SM-T9000|SM-P9000|SM-T705Y|SM-T805|GT-P3113|SM-T710|SM-T810|SM-T815|SM-T360|SM-T533|SM-T113|SM-T335|SM-T715|SM-T560|SM-T670|SM-T677|SM-T377|SM-T567|SM-T357T|SM-T555|SM-T561|SM-T713|SM-T719|SM-T813|SM-T819|SM-T580|SM-T355Y?|SM-T280|SM-T817A|SM-T820|SM-W700|SM-P580|SM-T587|SM-P350|SM-P555M|SM-P355M|SM-T113NU|SM-T815Y|SM-T585|SM-T285|SM-T825|SM-W708|SM-T835|SM-T830|SM-T837V|SM-T720|SM-T510|SM-T387V|SM-P610|SM-T290|SM-T515|SM-T590|SM-T595|SM-T725|SM-T817P|SM-P585N0|SM-T395|SM-T295|SM-T865|SM-P610N|SM-P615|SM-T970|SM-T380|SM-T5950|SM-T905|SM-T231|SM-T500|SM-T860",Kindle:"Kindle|Silk.*Accelerated|Android.*\\b(KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFOTE|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|WFJWAE|KFSAWA|KFSAWI|KFASWI|KFARWI|KFFOWI|KFGIWI|KFMEWI)\\b|Android.*Silk/[0-9.]+ like Chrome/[0-9.]+ (?!Mobile)",SurfaceTablet:"Windows NT [0-9.]+; ARM;.*(Tablet|ARMBJS)",HPTablet:"HP Slate (7|8|10)|HP ElitePad 900|hp-tablet|EliteBook.*Touch|HP 8|Slate 21|HP SlateBook 10",AsusTablet:"^.*PadFone((?!Mobile).)*$|Transformer|TF101|TF101G|TF300T|TF300TG|TF300TL|TF700T|TF700KL|TF701T|TF810C|ME171|ME301T|ME302C|ME371MG|ME370T|ME372MG|ME172V|ME173X|ME400C|Slider SL101|\\bK00F\\b|\\bK00C\\b|\\bK00E\\b|\\bK00L\\b|TX201LA|ME176C|ME102A|\\bM80TA\\b|ME372CL|ME560CG|ME372CG|ME302KL| K010 | K011 | K017 | K01E |ME572C|ME103K|ME170C|ME171C|\\bME70C\\b|ME581C|ME581CL|ME8510C|ME181C|P01Y|PO1MA|P01Z|\\bP027\\b|\\bP024\\b|\\bP00C\\b",BlackBerryTablet:"PlayBook|RIM Tablet",HTCtablet:"HTC_Flyer_P512|HTC Flyer|HTC Jetstream|HTC-P715a|HTC EVO View 4G|PG41200|PG09410",MotorolaTablet:"xoom|sholest|MZ615|MZ605|MZ505|MZ601|MZ602|MZ603|MZ604|MZ606|MZ607|MZ608|MZ609|MZ615|MZ616|MZ617",NookTablet:"Android.*Nook|NookColor|nook browser|BNRV200|BNRV200A|BNTV250|BNTV250A|BNTV400|BNTV600|LogicPD Zoom2",AcerTablet:"Android.*; \\b(A100|A101|A110|A200|A210|A211|A500|A501|A510|A511|A700|A701|W500|W500P|W501|W501P|W510|W511|W700|G100|G100W|B1-A71|B1-710|B1-711|A1-810|A1-811|A1-830)\\b|W3-810|\\bA3-A10\\b|\\bA3-A11\\b|\\bA3-A20\\b|\\bA3-A30|A3-A40",ToshibaTablet:"Android.*(AT100|AT105|AT200|AT205|AT270|AT275|AT300|AT305|AT1S5|AT500|AT570|AT700|AT830)|TOSHIBA.*FOLIO",LGTablet:"\\bL-06C|LG-V909|LG-V900|LG-V700|LG-V510|LG-V500|LG-V410|LG-V400|LG-VK810\\b",FujitsuTablet:"Android.*\\b(F-01D|F-02F|F-05E|F-10D|M532|Q572)\\b",PrestigioTablet:"PMP3170B|PMP3270B|PMP3470B|PMP7170B|PMP3370B|PMP3570C|PMP5870C|PMP3670B|PMP5570C|PMP5770D|PMP3970B|PMP3870C|PMP5580C|PMP5880D|PMP5780D|PMP5588C|PMP7280C|PMP7280C3G|PMP7280|PMP7880D|PMP5597D|PMP5597|PMP7100D|PER3464|PER3274|PER3574|PER3884|PER5274|PER5474|PMP5097CPRO|PMP5097|PMP7380D|PMP5297C|PMP5297C_QUAD|PMP812E|PMP812E3G|PMP812F|PMP810E|PMP880TD|PMT3017|PMT3037|PMT3047|PMT3057|PMT7008|PMT5887|PMT5001|PMT5002",LenovoTablet:"Lenovo TAB|Idea(Tab|Pad)( A1|A10| K1|)|ThinkPad([ ]+)?Tablet|YT3-850M|YT3-X90L|YT3-X90F|YT3-X90X|Lenovo.*(S2109|S2110|S5000|S6000|K3011|A3000|A3500|A1000|A2107|A2109|A1107|A5500|A7600|B6000|B8000|B8080)(-|)(FL|F|HV|H|)|TB-X103F|TB-X304X|TB-X304F|TB-X304L|TB-X505F|TB-X505L|TB-X505X|TB-X605F|TB-X605L|TB-8703F|TB-8703X|TB-8703N|TB-8704N|TB-8704F|TB-8704X|TB-8704V|TB-7304F|TB-7304I|TB-7304X|Tab2A7-10F|Tab2A7-20F|TB2-X30L|YT3-X50L|YT3-X50F|YT3-X50M|YT-X705F|YT-X703F|YT-X703L|YT-X705L|YT-X705X|TB2-X30F|TB2-X30L|TB2-X30M|A2107A-F|A2107A-H|TB3-730F|TB3-730M|TB3-730X|TB-7504F|TB-7504X|TB-X704F|TB-X104F|TB3-X70F|TB-X705F|TB-8504F|TB3-X70L|TB3-710F|TB-X704L",DellTablet:"Venue 11|Venue 8|Venue 7|Dell Streak 10|Dell Streak 7",YarvikTablet:"Android.*\\b(TAB210|TAB211|TAB224|TAB250|TAB260|TAB264|TAB310|TAB360|TAB364|TAB410|TAB411|TAB420|TAB424|TAB450|TAB460|TAB461|TAB464|TAB465|TAB467|TAB468|TAB07-100|TAB07-101|TAB07-150|TAB07-151|TAB07-152|TAB07-200|TAB07-201-3G|TAB07-210|TAB07-211|TAB07-212|TAB07-214|TAB07-220|TAB07-400|TAB07-485|TAB08-150|TAB08-200|TAB08-201-3G|TAB08-201-30|TAB09-100|TAB09-211|TAB09-410|TAB10-150|TAB10-201|TAB10-211|TAB10-400|TAB10-410|TAB13-201|TAB274EUK|TAB275EUK|TAB374EUK|TAB462EUK|TAB474EUK|TAB9-200)\\b",MedionTablet:"Android.*\\bOYO\\b|LIFE.*(P9212|P9514|P9516|S9512)|LIFETAB",ArnovaTablet:"97G4|AN10G2|AN7bG3|AN7fG3|AN8G3|AN8cG3|AN7G3|AN9G3|AN7dG3|AN7dG3ST|AN7dG3ChildPad|AN10bG3|AN10bG3DT|AN9G2",IntensoTablet:"INM8002KP|INM1010FP|INM805ND|Intenso Tab|TAB1004",IRUTablet:"M702pro",MegafonTablet:"MegaFon V9|\\bZTE V9\\b|Android.*\\bMT7A\\b",EbodaTablet:"E-Boda (Supreme|Impresspeed|Izzycomm|Essential)",AllViewTablet:"Allview.*(Viva|Alldro|City|Speed|All TV|Frenzy|Quasar|Shine|TX1|AX1|AX2)",ArchosTablet:"\\b(101G9|80G9|A101IT)\\b|Qilive 97R|Archos5|\\bARCHOS (70|79|80|90|97|101|FAMILYPAD|)(b|c|)(G10| Cobalt| TITANIUM(HD|)| Xenon| Neon|XSK| 2| XS 2| PLATINUM| CARBON|GAMEPAD)\\b",AinolTablet:"NOVO7|NOVO8|NOVO10|Novo7Aurora|Novo7Basic|NOVO7PALADIN|novo9-Spark",NokiaLumiaTablet:"Lumia 2520",SonyTablet:"Sony.*Tablet|Xperia Tablet|Sony Tablet S|SO-03E|SGPT12|SGPT13|SGPT114|SGPT121|SGPT122|SGPT123|SGPT111|SGPT112|SGPT113|SGPT131|SGPT132|SGPT133|SGPT211|SGPT212|SGPT213|SGP311|SGP312|SGP321|EBRD1101|EBRD1102|EBRD1201|SGP351|SGP341|SGP511|SGP512|SGP521|SGP541|SGP551|SGP621|SGP641|SGP612|SOT31|SGP771|SGP611|SGP612|SGP712",PhilipsTablet:"\\b(PI2010|PI3000|PI3100|PI3105|PI3110|PI3205|PI3210|PI3900|PI4010|PI7000|PI7100)\\b",CubeTablet:"Android.*(K8GT|U9GT|U10GT|U16GT|U17GT|U18GT|U19GT|U20GT|U23GT|U30GT)|CUBE 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\\b(E3A|T3X|T5C|T5B|T3E|T3C|T3B|T1J|T1F|T2A|T1H|T1i|E1C|T1-E|T5-A|T4|E1-B|T2Ci|T1-B|T1-D|O1-A|E1-A|T1-A|T3A|T4i)\\b ",DanyTechTablet:"Genius Tab G3|Genius Tab S2|Genius Tab Q3|Genius Tab G4|Genius Tab Q4|Genius Tab G-II|Genius TAB GII|Genius TAB GIII|Genius Tab S1",GalapadTablet:"Android [0-9.]+; [a-z-]+; \\bG1\\b",MicromaxTablet:"Funbook|Micromax.*\\b(P250|P560|P360|P362|P600|P300|P350|P500|P275)\\b",KarbonnTablet:"Android.*\\b(A39|A37|A34|ST8|ST10|ST7|Smart Tab3|Smart Tab2)\\b",AllFineTablet:"Fine7 Genius|Fine7 Shine|Fine7 Air|Fine8 Style|Fine9 More|Fine10 Joy|Fine11 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7004|FreeTAB 7800|FreeTAB 2096|FreeTAB 7.5|FreeTAB 1014|FreeTAB 1001 |FreeTAB 8001|FreeTAB 9706|FreeTAB 9702|FreeTAB 7003|FreeTAB 7002|FreeTAB 1002|FreeTAB 7801|FreeTAB 1331|FreeTAB 1004|FreeTAB 8002|FreeTAB 8014|FreeTAB 9704|FreeTAB 1003",VoninoTablet:"\\b(Argus[ _]?S|Diamond[ _]?79HD|Emerald[ _]?78E|Luna[ _]?70C|Onyx[ _]?S|Onyx[ _]?Z|Orin[ _]?HD|Orin[ _]?S|Otis[ _]?S|SpeedStar[ _]?S|Magnet[ _]?M9|Primus[ _]?94[ _]?3G|Primus[ _]?94HD|Primus[ _]?QS|Android.*\\bQ8\\b|Sirius[ _]?EVO[ _]?QS|Sirius[ _]?QS|Spirit[ _]?S)\\b",ECSTablet:"V07OT2|TM105A|S10OT1|TR10CS1",StorexTablet:"eZee[_']?(Tab|Go)[0-9]+|TabLC7|Looney Tunes Tab",VodafoneTablet:"SmartTab([ ]+)?[0-9]+|SmartTabII10|SmartTabII7|VF-1497|VFD 1400",EssentielBTablet:"Smart[ ']?TAB[ ]+?[0-9]+|Family[ ']?TAB2",RossMoorTablet:"RM-790|RM-997|RMD-878G|RMD-974R|RMT-705A|RMT-701|RME-601|RMT-501|RMT-711",iMobileTablet:"i-mobile i-note",TolinoTablet:"tolino tab [0-9.]+|tolino shine",AudioSonicTablet:"\\bC-22Q|T7-QC|T-17B|T-17P\\b",AMPETablet:"Android.* A78 ",SkkTablet:"Android.* (SKYPAD|PHOENIX|CYCLOPS)",TecnoTablet:"TECNO P9|TECNO DP8D",JXDTablet:"Android.* \\b(F3000|A3300|JXD5000|JXD3000|JXD2000|JXD300B|JXD300|S5800|S7800|S602b|S5110b|S7300|S5300|S602|S603|S5100|S5110|S601|S7100a|P3000F|P3000s|P101|P200s|P1000m|P200m|P9100|P1000s|S6600b|S908|P1000|P300|S18|S6600|S9100)\\b",iJoyTablet:"Tablet (Spirit 7|Essentia|Galatea|Fusion|Onix 7|Landa|Titan|Scooby|Deox|Stella|Themis|Argon|Unique 7|Sygnus|Hexen|Finity 7|Cream|Cream X2|Jade|Neon 7|Neron 7|Kandy|Scape|Saphyr 7|Rebel|Biox|Rebel|Rebel 8GB|Myst|Draco 7|Myst|Tab7-004|Myst|Tadeo Jones|Tablet Boing|Arrow|Draco Dual Cam|Aurix|Mint|Amity|Revolution|Finity 9|Neon 9|T9w|Amity 4GB Dual Cam|Stone 4GB|Stone 8GB|Andromeda|Silken|X2|Andromeda II|Halley|Flame|Saphyr 9,7|Touch 8|Planet|Triton|Unique 10|Hexen 10|Memphis 4GB|Memphis 8GB|Onix 10)",FX2Tablet:"FX2 PAD7|FX2 PAD10",XoroTablet:"KidsPAD 701|PAD[ ]?712|PAD[ ]?714|PAD[ ]?716|PAD[ ]?717|PAD[ ]?718|PAD[ ]?720|PAD[ ]?721|PAD[ ]?722|PAD[ ]?790|PAD[ ]?792|PAD[ ]?900|PAD[ ]?9715D|PAD[ ]?9716DR|PAD[ ]?9718DR|PAD[ ]?9719QR|PAD[ ]?9720QR|TelePAD1030|Telepad1032|TelePAD730|TelePAD731|TelePAD732|TelePAD735Q|TelePAD830|TelePAD9730|TelePAD795|MegaPAD 1331|MegaPAD 1851|MegaPAD 2151",ViewsonicTablet:"ViewPad 10pi|ViewPad 10e|ViewPad 10s|ViewPad E72|ViewPad7|ViewPad E100|ViewPad 7e|ViewSonic VB733|VB100a",VerizonTablet:"QTAQZ3|QTAIR7|QTAQTZ3|QTASUN1|QTASUN2|QTAXIA1",OdysTablet:"LOOX|XENO10|ODYS[ -](Space|EVO|Xpress|NOON)|\\bXELIO\\b|Xelio10Pro|XELIO7PHONETAB|XELIO10EXTREME|XELIOPT2|NEO_QUAD10",CaptivaTablet:"CAPTIVA PAD",IconbitTablet:"NetTAB|NT-3702|NT-3702S|NT-3702S|NT-3603P|NT-3603P|NT-0704S|NT-0704S|NT-3805C|NT-3805C|NT-0806C|NT-0806C|NT-0909T|NT-0909T|NT-0907S|NT-0907S|NT-0902S|NT-0902S",TeclastTablet:"T98 4G|\\bP80\\b|\\bX90HD\\b|X98 Air|X98 Air 3G|\\bX89\\b|P80 3G|\\bX80h\\b|P98 Air|\\bX89HD\\b|P98 3G|\\bP90HD\\b|P89 3G|X98 3G|\\bP70h\\b|P79HD 3G|G18d 3G|\\bP79HD\\b|\\bP89s\\b|\\bA88\\b|\\bP10HD\\b|\\bP19HD\\b|G18 3G|\\bP78HD\\b|\\bA78\\b|\\bP75\\b|G17s 3G|G17h 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\\b4G\\b",JaytechTablet:"TPC-PA762",BlaupunktTablet:"Endeavour 800NG|Endeavour 1010",DigmaTablet:"\\b(iDx10|iDx9|iDx8|iDx7|iDxD7|iDxD8|iDsQ8|iDsQ7|iDsQ8|iDsD10|iDnD7|3TS804H|iDsQ11|iDj7|iDs10)\\b",EvolioTablet:"ARIA_Mini_wifi|Aria[ _]Mini|Evolio X10|Evolio X7|Evolio X8|\\bEvotab\\b|\\bNeura\\b",LavaTablet:"QPAD E704|\\bIvoryS\\b|E-TAB IVORY|\\bE-TAB\\b",AocTablet:"MW0811|MW0812|MW0922|MTK8382|MW1031|MW0831|MW0821|MW0931|MW0712",MpmanTablet:"MP11 OCTA|MP10 OCTA|MPQC1114|MPQC1004|MPQC994|MPQC974|MPQC973|MPQC804|MPQC784|MPQC780|\\bMPG7\\b|MPDCG75|MPDCG71|MPDC1006|MP101DC|MPDC9000|MPDC905|MPDC706HD|MPDC706|MPDC705|MPDC110|MPDC100|MPDC99|MPDC97|MPDC88|MPDC8|MPDC77|MP709|MID701|MID711|MID170|MPDC703|MPQC1010",CelkonTablet:"CT695|CT888|CT[\\s]?910|CT7 Tab|CT9 Tab|CT3 Tab|CT2 Tab|CT1 Tab|C820|C720|\\bCT-1\\b",WolderTablet:"miTab \\b(DIAMOND|SPACE|BROOKLYN|NEO|FLY|MANHATTAN|FUNK|EVOLUTION|SKY|GOCAR|IRON|GENIUS|POP|MINT|EPSILON|BROADWAY|JUMP|HOP|LEGEND|NEW AGE|LINE|ADVANCE|FEEL|FOLLOW|LIKE|LINK|LIVE|THINK|FREEDOM|CHICAGO|CLEVELAND|BALTIMORE-GH|IOWA|BOSTON|SEATTLE|PHOENIX|DALLAS|IN 101|MasterChef)\\b",MediacomTablet:"M-MPI10C3G|M-SP10EG|M-SP10EGP|M-SP10HXAH|M-SP7HXAH|M-SP10HXBH|M-SP8HXAH|M-SP8MXA",MiTablet:"\\bMI PAD\\b|\\bHM NOTE 1W\\b",NibiruTablet:"Nibiru M1|Nibiru Jupiter One",NexoTablet:"NEXO NOVA|NEXO 10|NEXO AVIO|NEXO FREE|NEXO GO|NEXO EVO|NEXO 3G|NEXO SMART|NEXO KIDDO|NEXO MOBI",LeaderTablet:"TBLT10Q|TBLT10I|TBL-10WDKB|TBL-10WDKBO2013|TBL-W230V2|TBL-W450|TBL-W500|SV572|TBLT7I|TBA-AC7-8G|TBLT79|TBL-8W16|TBL-10W32|TBL-10WKB|TBL-W100",UbislateTablet:"UbiSlate[\\s]?7C",PocketBookTablet:"Pocketbook",KocasoTablet:"\\b(TB-1207)\\b",HisenseTablet:"\\b(F5281|E2371)\\b",Hudl:"Hudl HT7S3|Hudl 2",TelstraTablet:"T-Hub2",GenericTablet:"Android.*\\b97D\\b|Tablet(?!.*PC)|BNTV250A|MID-WCDMA|LogicPD Zoom2|\\bA7EB\\b|CatNova8|A1_07|CT704|CT1002|\\bM721\\b|rk30sdk|\\bEVOTAB\\b|M758A|ET904|ALUMIUM10|Smartfren Tab|Endeavour 1010|Tablet-PC-4|Tagi Tab|\\bM6pro\\b|CT1020W|arc 10HD|\\bTP750\\b|\\bQTAQZ3\\b|WVT101|TM1088|KT107"},oss:{AndroidOS:"Android",BlackBerryOS:"blackberry|\\bBB10\\b|rim tablet os",PalmOS:"PalmOS|avantgo|blazer|elaine|hiptop|palm|plucker|xiino",SymbianOS:"Symbian|SymbOS|Series60|Series40|SYB-[0-9]+|\\bS60\\b",WindowsMobileOS:"Windows CE.*(PPC|Smartphone|Mobile|[0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})|Windows Mobile|Windows Phone [0-9.]+|WCE;",WindowsPhoneOS:"Windows Phone 10.0|Windows Phone 8.1|Windows Phone 8.0|Windows Phone OS|XBLWP7|ZuneWP7|Windows NT 6.[23]; ARM;",iOS:"\\biPhone.*Mobile|\\biPod|\\biPad|AppleCoreMedia",iPadOS:"CPU OS 13",SailfishOS:"Sailfish",MeeGoOS:"MeeGo",MaemoOS:"Maemo",JavaOS:"J2ME/|\\bMIDP\\b|\\bCLDC\\b",webOS:"webOS|hpwOS",badaOS:"\\bBada\\b",BREWOS:"BREW"},uas:{Chrome:"\\bCrMo\\b|CriOS|Android.*Chrome/[.0-9]* (Mobile)?",Dolfin:"\\bDolfin\\b",Opera:"Opera.*Mini|Opera.*Mobi|Android.*Opera|Mobile.*OPR/[0-9.]+$|Coast/[0-9.]+",Skyfire:"Skyfire",Edge:"\\bEdgiOS\\b|Mobile Safari/[.0-9]* Edge",IE:"IEMobile|MSIEMobile",Firefox:"fennec|firefox.*maemo|(Mobile|Tablet).*Firefox|Firefox.*Mobile|FxiOS",Bolt:"bolt",TeaShark:"teashark",Blazer:"Blazer",Safari:"Version((?!\\bEdgiOS\\b).)*Mobile.*Safari|Safari.*Mobile|MobileSafari",WeChat:"\\bMicroMessenger\\b",UCBrowser:"UC.*Browser|UCWEB",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser",DiigoBrowser:"DiigoBrowser",Mercury:"\\bMercury\\b",ObigoBrowser:"Obigo",NetFront:"NF-Browser",GenericBrowser:"NokiaBrowser|OviBrowser|OneBrowser|TwonkyBeamBrowser|SEMC.*Browser|FlyFlow|Minimo|NetFront|Novarra-Vision|MQQBrowser|MicroMessenger",PaleMoon:"Android.*PaleMoon|Mobile.*PaleMoon"},props:{Mobile:"Mobile/[VER]",Build:"Build/[VER]",Version:"Version/[VER]",VendorID:"VendorID/[VER]",iPad:"iPad.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPhone:"iPhone.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPod:"iPod.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",Kindle:"Kindle/[VER]",Chrome:["Chrome/[VER]","CriOS/[VER]","CrMo/[VER]"],Coast:["Coast/[VER]"],Dolfin:"Dolfin/[VER]",Firefox:["Firefox/[VER]","FxiOS/[VER]"],Fennec:"Fennec/[VER]",Edge:"Edge/[VER]",IE:["IEMobile/[VER];","IEMobile [VER]","MSIE [VER];","Trident/[0-9.]+;.*rv:[VER]"],NetFront:"NetFront/[VER]",NokiaBrowser:"NokiaBrowser/[VER]",Opera:[" OPR/[VER]","Opera Mini/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],"Opera Mini":"Opera Mini/[VER]","Opera Mobi":"Version/[VER]",UCBrowser:["UCWEB[VER]","UC.*Browser/[VER]"],MQQBrowser:"MQQBrowser/[VER]",MicroMessenger:"MicroMessenger/[VER]",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp/[VER]",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser/[VER]",SamsungBrowser:"SamsungBrowser/[VER]",Iron:"Iron/[VER]",Safari:["Version/[VER]","Safari/[VER]"],Skyfire:"Skyfire/[VER]",Tizen:"Tizen/[VER]",Webkit:"webkit[ /][VER]",PaleMoon:"PaleMoon/[VER]",SailfishBrowser:"SailfishBrowser/[VER]",Gecko:"Gecko/[VER]",Trident:"Trident/[VER]",Presto:"Presto/[VER]",Goanna:"Goanna/[VER]",iOS:" \\bi?OS\\b [VER][ ;]{1}",Android:"Android [VER]",Sailfish:"Sailfish [VER]",BlackBerry:["BlackBerry[\\w]+/[VER]","BlackBerry.*Version/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],BREW:"BREW [VER]",Java:"Java/[VER]","Windows Phone OS":["Windows Phone OS [VER]","Windows Phone [VER]"],"Windows Phone":"Windows Phone [VER]","Windows CE":"Windows CE/[VER]","Windows NT":"Windows NT [VER]",Symbian:["SymbianOS/[VER]","Symbian/[VER]"],webOS:["webOS/[VER]","hpwOS/[VER];"]},utils:{Bot:"Googlebot|facebookexternalhit|Google-AMPHTML|s~amp-validator|AdsBot-Google|Google Keyword Suggestion|Facebot|YandexBot|YandexMobileBot|bingbot|ia_archiver|AhrefsBot|Ezooms|GSLFbot|WBSearchBot|Twitterbot|TweetmemeBot|Twikle|PaperLiBot|Wotbox|UnwindFetchor|Exabot|MJ12bot|YandexImages|TurnitinBot|Pingdom|contentkingapp|AspiegelBot",MobileBot:"Googlebot-Mobile|AdsBot-Google-Mobile|YahooSeeker/M1A1-R2D2",DesktopMode:"WPDesktop",TV:"SonyDTV|HbbTV",WebKit:"(webkit)[ /]([\\w.]+)",Console:"\\b(Nintendo|Nintendo WiiU|Nintendo 3DS|Nintendo Switch|PLAYSTATION|Xbox)\\b",Watch:"SM-V700"}},g.detectMobileBrowsers={fullPattern:/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino/i,shortPattern:/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g 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