CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "life.ieee.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '921790ef8e18f88a',cH: 'CBSsSINUy1n43t3dWuMs8Ql0.m7EIDB1zrkIvGka4A0-1742162874-1.2.1.1-aKmUwMVHzd4UHMscNLB3ni5TQd4yPFY22dYca2AR9Eyr.Vn8X3FUNY36YzzeDI0j',cUPMDTk: "\/resources\/?__cf_chl_tk=dqE5dqGCIZRMVzn.0J5LN.bjFMGBJ1DC8j8Z0ImSSkg-1742162874-1.0.1.1-FkuxgiA9Dl.zPLQ3R2EewdOerT4h7TIcedKXeMNuRM8",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1742162874',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/resources\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=dqE5dqGCIZRMVzn.0J5LN.bjFMGBJ1DC8j8Z0ImSSkg-1742162874-1.0.1.1-FkuxgiA9Dl.zPLQ3R2EewdOerT4h7TIcedKXeMNuRM8",md: "oaBbRw33ayEf3qAjNIiQ5b8eoF7OZ3PqI6aPCU4L424-1742162874-1.2.1.1-mh6SVR49qblQXIzjXyDOCKf35MsUfoFo_nHmLHb.6K.pePzdPwz3Kx.qb47AUeX.Hth4ZVb8ccivq0TguuACbiDP_WuoAxVhbWe7ZtzRLunUXB3G3EAJ2e4MtbrsBjf7T71lGn.n1gN43FjLcGVDtMGPnDe7FZWeRebywKsy7l_fVDH8o9pIfM57wV_laRF6F0ebEdt7euleU8ZY3HOo7Zdsz.BVHmhuvcojCAhBJWwDpPAmpuFBs9yP_GVEkU3EkOwzAhBldwpbYyF7WfHwH9OO1fcqeZfZ6NgcuJA_v4PLTPEuFsiueonb.4Tb7MW7JGz9_u3reJ0NRhp0TWhC12Pi6lRwj3Ao4ARDAyXrONf.zEbqQ6RelX106_qqJ.RmLxil6oRxHlvKwv0kIkgvLt9PCm_DOzVydEKhLqPqBzr08E5V3gkHAWxoLstJe_n6Sgbr4ha8rRom5J58wC4mv03q8vR_sby4MA.dNgr6hpNTO_ohuL3b7wMuxIfHH_YI_Fz6AfFPZbZ2EfqdmQ6Vt_5f03EdzG8bDzQ1IXkKsGtc6jOLcad7KFz3asI_G9Fi_WR.qzj5hCGNzsKhE93TrFLAgXqCYONPB8Alt5beaRzDilXCw9GhvmAD1QsiHL5XAisOUUniO14C67uiWKH322200cjiUMpZsGuwESkhC7Y5Ss2F7zJhVtchaSWR3ihuYCttjClgPnPAY2oue6Ce621xzrzX6AeJN08xifyiPFegHj0ndDHh8JijSHu0wIMTxOJHtY3W2Jn1garEkJUnmIKtlDzm4LvxxrLyYAVAddI0cupVyPUPJ6WaSfTx0KkzgdT20q4KJrVk8tb99AoYfcpvJJVexA1bUagCXFtQ1dYkAxI3721ySU53oDZZ17adV6QKPTN3ZRSxSPt0G_Nga8pQ69VmBHwsqBQfkRT9UZrwhgECFA0Nsy4PsK5PaGCmQY9XjCZafN0U9hWJkiq7Gjp4DKPrBlDQZVLyD4iVeEYZgWvHWcWdnFrcKKxF3M.NjWQhaEh2CCSjzj2lhlW4iigkf00sti2jfShHHDxJO_VPj_cRk3P8bb7sV5w9DX.u14PshpaQkTvrrfv0oVIEIcQ8FX5jF5gMpKZs6a.XqnSSMA6RBmoP2RrxR..LoQ4sIbceUDhre312NOkhV0yAWd83LDqxEPASuKcLLFJEAYN9jMVcMbvj7OqexS9PSKovyevkohUw0.mj825pLedIXqO2gur51BXDh3tDFqcbk.w",mdrd: "iCUwINPXw6fPugxu2iGpqI1BIwAd6leIH2HYsrV9l9U-1742162874-1.2.1.1-9ARQlwdzISnZAF1SbxpP54LwZRxZLMdQz4hN2N106rbPJCfA6HDzFC8cMtaAOcpmR1rW9NK_vhLPZ1sPpQQ5_nJop6ttipkSlmpG3cK2UpKO0k96Xrw5KJ_x2KyhIddCflUDJZ.eGBdrWtQgVcGQui6MpueA5Go2fLGE8ciCW.A0gldvfonHbClNKLNKkcubg6.fPKjoFm1WzAt0NOsA8Irp8kfm0qII2I7cVEXTO9Qhe6qnYEhC.oOx1cprlLu2bSfjlj6xAcVbqIiP7jJfOsClsMU_1spk41qrCgsLgYyxOogLCbayONDzfmTDwO4bU_cxNOZhSCQlLKbG.dt9H1I42fSfEehjjH6DxLKdFB_9CaGhACUUK9v.UEDbfxwwG32bUUiqmA1GOE82dCZPtkTcTm4Q1VSDXLgWovX1VlRmbYbGlzRi3i1qL4V9zv21kNUJKZJeq_MIQ.S7YLn7iH.GO3iycCJfkpvL01pa4jiJ58tnM7SxXUoLGzmuezxX59l_tMWOW9HvCHOwovaMZaGFYor3YLXiwoOtgsVpPGUcAlRV0ATzgVHum4XqrVJDuiEtEvLU42FE1Vhdje7Oa.33_lELch57xexQxCOmj1jPRg37sI6EL8WP6Mhc12RpwqlPURsifXCUlZVr2omkFds6cUAUJOgRkw2ZLIXASACJMh1Ifg7b4Psb.aMBUmVq96Zmlj92X1ejSefZC_YcnUI66rBxU_epcxPnlfHe4LLRIiEGRKTjqt.1ZA_1C6GHMrLQy5IS_oTRBJ6CzhexpKRCMk5iFdsWqH5SLEf_DwKb39Q9WVZiwO4OOBG7qWuEm5RvEHxf2G1cax6ueQeAousJJ8dUGKSFx4YGlY.sGVuvvR3osc5Va9P5GQJYjBe_czQ.8_.jW3ROFsU2NOPd1qAFdQGuKCLgph_n0EaDSIY__5MDPATXOly2NTowyZpJG55FPlJB1u41NSJyS1PJ_B9PR7hq3l9lwaozBJY4VyTiwC4vw4VD78_KpPY6aoco2WmSpV.Wgk08SfmLAluKUIK7g53CyRAWqqEXIy.oecGNnMCZGrPYJPbLeOsE4Xmc_95RKdcwQUvk1uBx55WMoIPg7E_so_SLlRY9qJSrRZgiZPvd2DusarAEwdXQNRX2.8ew_Jq70gtYYs2K_P5tPMWDCdBRl9R0dHQASSCyCZxYdYjUGU0_1hR9PIVspzkL_9YuSRjp0OJBNzoUe8tK2vLHfnHgUieCOi3GOnISN0C1Hb9X8fnZmQwMDrTFKjV1EuDceYmD6MUH9cbhrq8m8warnvpDbYnmFHc6LJdyuTVcbjryNq55yjHY4dHyClBqurkWSzZPlRJsxRcZwtsdU1QWi2_5NOEwJNQtuJd8oAdBNVvYxbVQ76VnmzNSxDJFzEcwxo2pGwHO.t82kNREVwAkO7JBsugK.HhumyYpxE72.nxhwXzBjlpiohrQYfTIBN9HPaTQwjzuvRCRyz47E1vdDSEDFTDE_bg30yT4nlXxxun8TGGN3Q8WFSeM2G10gYPKurns61j27Q6Eae3ckh6uSLpo3cBsZkv.ByxrTFXtbTl_O_uZv7aM4K7QRHNF5GFy8priWKebPN_bnzIGJl4zDaiI6h6Y7bdT7amg7o9SOzGeaCnltzeBLo08mZoJXR1Yt0sy5AE_6k.bRyk5YZLYm32GQnuNzxG6oiy8odna3K3.8TqIpUDlxLrUcv3oqd0ufUyKXvvKo3o5_cbAnyxz1yilWq49PV6vCZehdQJCf3wyVBddldt9o5Jq6opd.a0hHcXbaBvnW9WcsKoYxvoHjAUjJcMOUPacIztU8KM9OxP6RbjJdCcgmRDxCZ9LxIodVcW7BGbKhbdLVuLkzR7s4.lz7fgTMfFOGtV5jST71.vMZIpMUvS8h9OUIHhCFimVeps8LSUS4HHYfIZH_Xx6iHsAn8czhCQr9vl1iXhlucCtKzfRZmeQ09vzvMp9A8c75XFDOUf8IDnob8AoY10NS.2RixlAYK0aRVqa.zcctp3Pk_5DckftyC4pjs0TTwLb9ggepB2rX7GKARVetQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=921790ef8e18f88a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/resources\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=dqE5dqGCIZRMVzn.0J5LN.bjFMGBJ1DC8j8Z0ImSSkg-1742162874-1.0.1.1-FkuxgiA9Dl.zPLQ3R2EewdOerT4h7TIcedKXeMNuRM8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>