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Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE)_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AC" title="মুসলিম নারী (বিচ্ছেদে অধিকার সুরক্ষা) আইন ১৯৮৬ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুসলিম নারী (বিচ্ছেদে অধিকার সুরক্ষা) আইন ১৯৮৬" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3)_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE,_1986" title="मुस्लिम स्त्री (विवाह विच्छेद पर अधिकार संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 1986 – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुस्लिम स्त्री (विवाह विच्छेद पर अधिकार संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 1986" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="വിവാഹമുക്തകളായ മുസ്ലിം വനിതകളുടെ അവകാശ സംരക്ഷണ നിയമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിവാഹമുക്തകളായ മുസ്ലിം വനിതകളുടെ അവകാശ സംരക്ഷണ നിയമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3)_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC" title="मुस्लिम महिला (घटस्फोट अधिकारांचे रक्षण) कायदा, १९८६ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुस्लिम महिला (घटस्फोट अधिकारांचे रक्षण) कायदा, १९८६" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_(%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86)_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F_1986" title="ਮੁਸਲਿਮ ਔਰਤਾਂ (ਤਲਾਕ ਬਾਰੇ ਅਧਿਕਾਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ) ਐਕਟ 1986 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਸਲਿਮ ਔਰਤਾਂ (ਤਲਾਕ ਬਾਰੇ ਅਧਿਕਾਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ) ਐਕਟ 1986" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7752788#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed">Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><b><a href="/wiki/Long_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Long title">Long title</a></b></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">An Act to protect the right of Muslim women who have been divorced by, or have obtained divorce from, their husbands and to provide for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1873/1/198625.pdf">Act No. 25 of 1986</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#AAF0D1;"><b>Status:</b> In force</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act</b> was an act passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> in 1986 to protect the rights of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> women who have been divorced from their husband and to provide for related matters. The Act was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> government, with its absolute majority, to nullify the decision in the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Bano" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Bano">Shah Bano</a> case,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and diluted the secular judgement of the Supreme Court. </p><p>It is administered by any magistrate of the first class exercising jurisdiction under the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Criminal_Procedure,_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973">Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973</a>. As per the Act, a divorced Muslim woman is entitled to reasonable and fair provision and maintenance from her former husband, and this should be paid within the period of <a href="/wiki/Iddat" class="mw-redirect" title="Iddat">iddat</a>. </p><p>According to the Statement of Objects and Reasons of this Act, when a Muslim divorced woman is unable to support herself after the iddat period that she must observe after the death of her spouse or after a divorce, during which she may not marry another man, the magistrate is empowered to make an order for the payment of maintenance by her relatives who would be entitled to inherit her property on her death according to <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Law">Muslim Law</a>. But when a divorced woman has no such relatives, and does not have the means to pay the maintenance, the magistrate would order the State <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a> Board to pay the maintenance. The liability of the husband to pay the maintenance was thus restricted to the period of the iddah only.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOn_violence:_a_reader2007262-265_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOn_violence:_a_reader2007262-265-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_politics_of_autonomy_:_Indian_experiences200560-63_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_politics_of_autonomy_:_Indian_experiences200560-63-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_laws">Personal laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Women_(Protection_of_Rights_on_Divorce)_Act_1986&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High Courts have interpreted "just and fair provision" that a woman is entitled to during her <a href="/wiki/Iddat" class="mw-redirect" title="Iddat">iddat</a> period very broadly to include amounts worth hundreds of thousands of rupees. More recently, the Supreme Court in <i>Danial Latifi v. Union of India</i> read the Act with Articles 14 and 15 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, which prevent discrimination on the basis of sex, and held that the intention of the framers could not have been to deprive Muslim women of their rights. Further, the Supreme Court construed the statutory provision in such a manner that it does not fall foul of Articles 14 and 15. </p><p>The provision in question is Section 3(1)(a) of the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 which states that "a reasonable and fair provision and maintenance to be made and paid to her within the iddah period by her former husband".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court held this provision means that reasonable and fair provision and maintenance is not limited for the iddah period (as evidenced by the use of word "within" and not "for"). It extends for the entire life of the divorced wife until she remarries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Shabana Bano v Imran Khan</i>, the Supreme Court held that a Muslim divorced woman who has no means to maintain herself is entitled to get maintenance from her former husband even after the period of iddah and she can claim the same under S.125 CrPC.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Divorced women are entitled to maintenance from their former husband not only for the iddat period but also to reasonable and fair provisions for future maintenance. S.3 of the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act has to be given under the liberal interpretation to help divorced women. K. Zunaideen v. Ameena Begum (1998) 1 ctc 566.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Women_(Protection_of_Rights_on_Divorce)_Act_1986&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Act is declaratory and retrospective in its operation. Even if the wife is divorced prior to the commencement of the Act, her former husband is liable to provide reasonable and fair provision and maintenance to her. Hyder Khan v. Mehrunnisa(1993)1 APLJ 82 DNC (KER)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Women_(Protection_of_Rights_on_Divorce)_Act_1986&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150902123704/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/07/stories/05072524.htm">"Maintenance for Muslim women"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 7 August 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/07/stories/05072524.htm">the original</a> on 2 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Maintenance+for+Muslim+women&rft.date=2000-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2F2000%2F08%2F07%2Fstories%2F05072524.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/from-shah-bano-to-salma/520890/">"From Shah Bano to Salma - Indian Express"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Shah+Bano+to+Salma+-+Indian+Express&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Ffrom-shah-bano-to-salma%2F520890%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstpost.com/india/triple-talaq-abolishing-the-practice-will-grant-muslim-men-divorce-with-dignity-3043272.html">"Triple Talaq: Abolishing the practice will grant Muslim men divorce with dignity"</a>. 10 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Triple+Talaq%3A+Abolishing+the+practice+will+grant+Muslim+men+divorce+with+dignity&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Findia%2Ftriple-talaq-abolishing-the-practice-will-grant-muslim-men-divorce-with-dignity-3043272.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOn_violence:_a_reader2007262-265-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOn_violence:_a_reader2007262-265_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOn_violence:_a_reader2007">On violence: a reader 2007</a>, p. 262-265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_politics_of_autonomy_:_Indian_experiences200560-63-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_politics_of_autonomy_:_Indian_experiences200560-63_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_politics_of_autonomy_:_Indian_experiences2005">The politics of autonomy : Indian experiences 2005</a>, p. 60-63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/730642/arif-mohammad-khan-on-shah-bano-case-najma-heptullah-was-key-influence-on-rajiv-gandhi">"Arif Mohammad Khan on Shah Bano case: 'Najma Heptullah was key influence on Rajiv Gandhi'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arif+Mohammad+Khan+on+Shah+Bano+case%3A+%27Najma+Heptullah+was+key+influence+on+Rajiv+Gandhi%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F730642%2Farif-mohammad-khan-on-shah-bano-case-najma-heptullah-was-key-influence-on-rajiv-gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=30336"><i>Danial Lathifi Vs Union of India</i></a>. supreme court judgment. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danial+Lathifi+Vs+Union+of+India&rft.pub=supreme+court+judgment&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudis.nic.in%2Fsupremecourt%2Fimgs1.aspx%3Ffilename%3D30336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgst.aspx?filename=35771">"Shabana Bano Vs Imran Khan"</a>. <i>supreme court</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=supreme+court&rft.atitle=Shabana+Bano+Vs+Imran+Khan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudis.nic.in%2Fsupremecourt%2Fimgst.aspx%3Ffilename%3D35771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/808289/how-the-indian-left-lost-the-plot-on-the-uniform-civil-code">"How the Indian Left lost the plot on the uniform civil code"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Indian+Left+lost+the+plot+on+the+uniform+civil+code&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F808289%2Fhow-the-indian-left-lost-the-plot-on-the-uniform-civil-code&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Muslim Women (Prot. of Rights on Div.) Act, 1986 with Rules - (Bare Act)</i> (2015 ed.). EBC. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Women+%28Prot.+of+Rights+on+Div.%29+Act%2C+1986+with+Rules+-+%28Bare+Act%29&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=2015&rft.pub=EBC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Muslim Women Protection of Rights on Divorce Act 1986" (2015). Eastern Book Company: 1–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Muslim+Women+Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce+Act+1986&rft.issue=2015&rft.pages=1-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Women_(Protection_of_Rights_on_Divorce)_Act_1986&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOn_violence:_a_reader2007" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Bruce B.; Karim, Aisha, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32SGA4EV9EEC&pg=PA264"><i>On violence: a reader</i></a>. Durham [NC]: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822390169" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822390169"><bdi>978-0822390169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+violence%3A+a+reader&rft.place=Durham+%5BNC%5D&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0822390169&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32SGA4EV9EEC%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInscribing_South_Asian_Muslim_women2008" class="citation book cs1">Aftab, Tahera (2008). <i>Inscribing South Asian Muslim women : an annotated bibliography & research guide</i> ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004158498" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004158498"><bdi>978-9004158498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscribing+South+Asian+Muslim+women+%3A+an+annotated+bibliography+%26+research+guide&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004158498&rft.aulast=Aftab&rft.aufirst=Tahera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_politics_of_autonomy_:_Indian_experiences2005" class="citation book cs1">Samaddar, Ranabir, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kcVh_QInSD0C"><i>The politics of autonomy : Indian experiences</i></a> (1. publ. ed.). New Delhi: Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0761934537" title="Special:BookSources/0761934537"><bdi>0761934537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+autonomy+%3A+Indian+experiences&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0761934537&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkcVh_QInSD0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_RSS_and_the_BJP_:_a_division_of_labour2001" class="citation book cs1">Noorani, A. G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC"><i>The RSS and the BJP : a division of labour</i></a> (Repr., with updated epilogue. ed.). New Delhi: Left Word. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8187496134" title="Special:BookSources/8187496134"><bdi>8187496134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+RSS+and+the+BJP+%3A+a+division+of+labour&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=Repr.%2C+with+updated+epilogue.&rft.pub=Left+Word&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=8187496134&rft.aulast=Noorani&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6PnBFW7cdtsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.P._Jindal1995" class="citation book cs1">Jindal, T.P. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GfO7k7scSsC&q=Jindal%2C%20T.P.%20(1995).%20Ayodhya%20imbroglio&pg=PA129"><i>Ayodhya imbroglio</i></a>. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170246792" title="Special:BookSources/8170246792"><bdi>8170246792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayodhya+imbroglio&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Ashish+Pub.+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=8170246792&rft.aulast=Jindal&rft.aufirst=T.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GfO7k7scSsC%26q%3DJindal%252C%2520T.P.%2520%281995%29.%2520Ayodhya%2520imbroglio%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Muslims_of_India_:_a_documentary_record2003" class="citation book cs1">Noorani, Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed (2003). <i>The Muslims of India : a documentary record</i>. New Delhi [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195661583" title="Special:BookSources/0195661583"><bdi>0195661583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslims+of+India+%3A+a+documentary+record&rft.place=New+Delhi+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0195661583&rft.aulast=Noorani&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Gafoor+Abdul+Majeed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_brief_history_of_India2006" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Judith E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin0000wals"><i>A brief history of India</i></a>. New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1438108257" title="Special:BookSources/1438108257"><bdi>1438108257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1438108257&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Judith+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofin0000wals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyla_Benhabib2002" class="citation book cs1">Benhabib, Seyla (2002). <i>The claims of culture equality and diversity in the global era</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691048630" title="Special:BookSources/0691048630"><bdi>0691048630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+claims+of+culture+equality+and+diversity+in+the+global+era&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0691048630&rft.aulast=Benhabib&rft.aufirst=Seyla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltered_Destinations:_Self,_Society,_and_Nation_in_India2009" class="citation book cs1">Makarand R Paranjape (2009). <i>Altered Destinations: Self, Society, and Nation in India</i>. Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-797-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-797-5"><bdi>978-1-84331-797-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altered+Destinations%3A+Self%2C+Society%2C+and+Nation+in+India&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-797-5&rft.au=Makarand+R+Paranjape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Women_(Protection_of_Rights_on_Divorce)_Act_1986&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbree1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Embree" title="Ainslie Embree">Embree, Ainslie Thomas</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gFI5RMh_R8C&pg=PA107"><i>Utopias in Conflict: Religion and Nationalism in Modern India</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 107–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520068667" title="Special:BookSources/9780520068667"><bdi>9780520068667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utopias+in+Conflict%3A+Religion+and+Nationalism+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=107-111&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780520068667&rft.aulast=Embree&rft.aufirst=Ainslie+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7gFI5RMh_R8C%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+Women+%28Protection+of+Rights+on+Divorce%29+Act+1986" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Women_(Protection_of_Rights_on_Divorce)_Act_1986&oldid=1252160263">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Women_(Protection_of_Rights_on_Divorce)_Act_1986&oldid=1252160263</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_India_1986" title="Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1986">Acts of the Parliament of India 1986</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_in_India" title="Category:Islam in India">Islam in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_in_India" title="Category:Women's rights in India">Women's rights in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_legislation" title="Category:Women's rights legislation">Women's rights legislation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rajiv_Gandhi_administration" title="Category:Rajiv Gandhi administration">Rajiv Gandhi administration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_politics_in_India" title="Category:Muslim politics in India">Muslim politics in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_about_religion_in_India" title="Category:Law about religion in India">Law about religion in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1986_in_women%27s_history" title="Category:1986 in women's history">1986 in women's history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Divorce_law_in_India" title="Category:Divorce law in India">Divorce law in India</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_January_2014" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2014">Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2016">Use dmy dates from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_October_2016" title="Category:Use Indian English from October 2016">Use Indian English from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 October 2024, at 02:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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