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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namputhiri_settlers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namputhiri_settlers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Namputhiri settlers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namputhiri_settlers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peruvanam_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peruvanam_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Peruvanam Temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peruvanam_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peruvanam_Grama_Utsavam_(Pooram)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peruvanam_Grama_Utsavam_(Pooram)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Peruvanam Grama Utsavam (Pooram)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peruvanam_Grama_Utsavam_(Pooram)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gramam_administration_in_the_medieval_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gramam_administration_in_the_medieval_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gramam administration in the medieval times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gramam_administration_in_the_medieval_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_from_Peruvanam_Gramam_in_Kerala_Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_from_Peruvanam_Gramam_in_Kerala_Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>People from Peruvanam Gramam in Kerala Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_from_Peruvanam_Gramam_in_Kerala_Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peruvanam_Ward!" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peruvanam_Ward!"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Peruvanam Ward!</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peruvanam_Ward!-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Additional reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Peruvanam&params=10.4374_N_76.2120_E_type:city_region:IN"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°26′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°12′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.4374°N 76.2120°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.4374; 76.2120</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Neighbourhood in Thrissur, Kerala, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Peruvanam</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">Neighbourhood</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Kerala_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peruvanam is located in Kerala"><img alt="Peruvanam is located in Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/250px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/375px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/500px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1274" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.252%;left:48.914%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Peruvanam"><img alt="Peruvanam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Peruvanam</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Peruvanam, <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Peruvanam&params=10.4374_N_76.2120_E_type:city_region:IN"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°26′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°12′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.4374°N 76.2120°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.4374; 76.2120</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_Territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and Territories of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Kerala.png/23px-Flag_of_Kerala.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Kerala.png/35px-Flag_of_Kerala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Kerala.png/45px-Flag_of_Kerala.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of India">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">41.37 m (135.73 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Languages</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Speech</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">PIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">680561</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data">+91487*******</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">LS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency">Thrissur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidhan Sabha">VS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nattika_Assembly_constituency" title="Nattika Assembly constituency">Nattika</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Peruvanam</b> (<b>Peruvanam Gramam</b>) is a historical area of <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> settlement in central <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thampu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thampu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kerala Sanskrit literature, the name "Peruvanam" is often Sanskritized as <i>Puruvana</i> meaning the forest where a sage named Puru lived and meditated.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "<b>Perumanam</b>" is also used instead of Peruvanam.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvanam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;border-color:LightGray"><div style="position:relative;width:275px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ThrissurDistrictMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peruvanam is located in Thrissur"><img alt="Peruvanam is located in Thrissur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ThrissurDistrictMap.jpg/275px-ThrissurDistrictMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ThrissurDistrictMap.jpg/413px-ThrissurDistrictMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ThrissurDistrictMap.jpg/550px-ThrissurDistrictMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="807" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.622%;left:27.542%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Oozham"><img alt="Oozham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Oozham</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.885%;left:33.886%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Akamala"><img alt="Akamala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Akamala</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.59%;left:22.363%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Edathiruthy"><img alt="Edathiruthy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Edathiruthy</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.331%;left:44.126%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kuthiran"><img alt="Kuthiran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Kuthiran</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.315%;left:28.778%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple"><img alt="Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:15em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:lightgreen">Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ThrissurDistrictMap.jpg" title="File:ThrissurDistrictMap.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The four Sastha temples bounding Peruvanam Gramam</div></div></div> <p>According to legends, Peruvanam was one of the 64 villages (<i>Gramam</i>-s) created by the mythological character <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>, the sixth avatar of Lord Vishnu, in the land reclaimed by him from the sea in the south-west coast of the Indian peninsula and donated to the Brahmins he had brought from other parts of India. As many as 32 of these Gramams are situated in the area between <a href="/wiki/Gokarna,_Karnataka" title="Gokarna, Karnataka">Gokarna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandragiri_River" title="Chandragiri River">Chandragiri River</a> (also known as Payasvini or Perumpuzha river) in <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a> district in Kerala. The remaining 32 Gramams are located in the region between Chandragiri River river and <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. This region overlaps most areas of present-day Kerala state.<sup id="cite_ref-NambuGramam_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NambuGramam-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Veluthat_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veluthat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peruvanam Gramam is nearly in the middle of the region in Kerala where the 32 Gramams lying to the south of the Chandragiri river are located. </p><p>The area referred to as Peruvanam has no clearly defined geographical boundaries. The area in Kerala bounded in the north by Bharathapuzha river and in the south by Periyar river is sometimes considered as the geographical extent of the traditional Peruvanam Gramam.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ola_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ola-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are other accounts about the boundaries of the Gramam. In these accounts, the Gramam is bounded in the east by the Sri Dharmasastha Temple at <a href="/wiki/Kuthiran" title="Kuthiran">Kuthiran</a> in the mountainous terrain in the eastern part of Thrissur district, in the north by the Sri Dharmasastha Temple at <a href="/wiki/Akamala_Machad_Mountain_Ranges" title="Akamala Machad Mountain Ranges">Akamala</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wadakkanchery" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadakkanchery">Wadakkanchery</a>, in the west by the Ayyappan Kavu Temple at <a href="/wiki/Edathiruthy" title="Edathiruthy">Edathiruthy</a> near <a href="/wiki/Thriprayar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thriprayar">Thriprayar</a> and in the south by the Sastha Temple at Oozham near <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thampu_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thampu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvanam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The antiquity of the Peruvanam Gramam has been attested by several historical documents. The earliest historical reference to Peruvanam occurs in a Peruvanam Granthavari. This document refers to the year of starting of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvanam_Pooram" title="Peruvanam Pooram">Peruvanam Pooram</a> as 583 CE. The year is indicated in the Kalidina of the starting of the Pooram which itself is encoded as "<i>Ayathu Shivalokam Nah</i>" in the famous <a href="/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system"><i>Katapayadi</i> system</a>. Decoding this one gets the day of the starting of the Pooram as <i>Kalidina</i> 1345610 which translates to Kali year 3684 <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Meenam</a> 27. As indication of antiquity, six <a href="/wiki/Vattezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vattezhuthu">Vattezhuthu</a> and Malayalam inscriptions have been found in the temple. An 11th century inscription from <a href="/wiki/Thiruvattoor" title="Thiruvattoor">Thiruvattoor</a> in North Kerala refers to seven persons originally belonging to Peruvanam Gramam. A document dated 1169 CE containing a reference to a Brahmin from this Graman has been recovered from <a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor" title="Kilimanoor">Kilimanoor</a>. Peruvanam Kottam, the abode of the Lord of Peruvanam, figures along with nearby Oorakam in the <a href="/wiki/Thrikkakkara" title="Thrikkakkara">Thrikkakkara</a> inscription of Ko Indu Kothai Varman of tenth century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Namb_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ola_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ola-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namputhiri_settlers">Namputhiri settlers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvanam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Namputhiri settlers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Presently, as many as 133 Namputhiri <i><a href="/wiki/Illam" title="Illam">Illam</a></i>-s or <i>Mana</i>-s (a <i>mana</i> or <i>illam</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a> <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> of Naṃpūtiri-s or Malayali Brahmins all of whose members share the name of the <i>Mana</i> as the common family name; the word is also used to denote the <a href="/wiki/Illam" title="Illam">house</a> of a Naṃpūtiri or Malayali Brahmin), whose members live scattered across different parts of central Kerala, have been identified as descendants of the original settler families of the Peruvanam village. A few of the original settler <i>Illam</i>-s have become extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-Namb_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a sharp division among these families with regard to the rituals and customs they practice. Of the 133 <i>Mana</i>-s, the members of as many as 79 <i>Mana</i>-s are followers of the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a> and associated rituals and the members of the remaining <i>Mana</i>-s pursue <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> and associated rituals. </p><p>The members of Peruvanam Gramam along with the members of Sukapuram Gramam (another Brahmin settlement legendarily created by Parashurama) enjoy a higher social ranking in certain matters. For example, the qualifications for the appointment of the <i>Melsanthi</i> (Chief Priest) of the great <a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Sri Krishna Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a> stipulate that the candidate should be from Peruvanam or <a href="/wiki/Sukapuram" title="Sukapuram">Sukapuram</a> Gramams with <i>Agnihotram</i> and <i>Bhattavrthi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This modern-day stipulation is proof enough that the myth and legend of the Peruvanam Gramam is a living tradition that influences and interferes in the life and times of contemporary Kerala society in a very concrete way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peruvanam_Temple">Peruvanam Temple</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvanam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peruvanam Temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peruvanam_Shiva_temple_DSC_0304.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Peruvanam_Shiva_temple_DSC_0304.JPG/250px-Peruvanam_Shiva_temple_DSC_0304.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Peruvanam_Shiva_temple_DSC_0304.JPG/375px-Peruvanam_Shiva_temple_DSC_0304.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Peruvanam_Shiva_temple_DSC_0304.JPG/500px-Peruvanam_Shiva_temple_DSC_0304.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple</figcaption></figure> <p>One very important fact about Brahmin settlements in Kerala was that they were centered around <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a> and the temple was synonymous with the settlement and vice-versa. Peruvanam Gramam was no exception to this general rule and it got its name from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Peruvanam_Mahadeva_Temple" title="Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple">Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple</a> located nearly at the center of the geographical area of the Gramam. This temple, where God Shiva is worshiped, is now situated in <a href="/wiki/Cherpu" title="Cherpu">Cherpu</a> <a href="/wiki/Gramapanchayath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramapanchayath">Gramapanchayath</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur</a> district in Kerala. </p><p>There are several iconographic, archtectural and other specialties in this temple. The temple has two <i>srikovil</i>-s (sanctum sanctora). In one of these, the idol is in the form twin <i><a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">linga</a></i>-s installed on the same pedestal which, according to one tradition, are assumed to represent Siva and Parvathi as Ardhanareesvara and which, according to another tradition, represent Sankara (Siva) and Narayana (Vishnu). The presiding deity of this sanctum sanctorum is locally referred to as <i>Erattayappan</i> ("Twin God"). The second <i>srikovil</i> is situated in the first floor of a three-storey structure, a <i>tri-tala-vimana</i>, adjacent to the other <i>srikovil</i>. The deity here is also Siva locally referred to as <i>Madathilappan</i> which may be loosely translated as the "God in the Tree House".<sup id="cite_ref-Ola_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ola-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peruvanam_Grama_Utsavam_(Pooram)"><span id="Peruvanam_Grama_Utsavam_.28Pooram.29"></span>Peruvanam Grama Utsavam (Pooram)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvanam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peruvanam Grama Utsavam (Pooram)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PeruvanamPooram.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PeruvanamPooram.JPG/250px-PeruvanamPooram.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PeruvanamPooram.JPG/375px-PeruvanamPooram.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PeruvanamPooram.JPG/500px-PeruvanamPooram.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A view of Peruvanam Pooram</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peruvanam_Pooram_Black_and_White.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Peruvanam_Pooram_Black_and_White.jpg/250px-Peruvanam_Pooram_Black_and_White.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Peruvanam_Pooram_Black_and_White.jpg/375px-Peruvanam_Pooram_Black_and_White.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Peruvanam_Pooram_Black_and_White.jpg/500px-Peruvanam_Pooram_Black_and_White.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>A old view of Peruvanam Pooram</figcaption></figure> <p>Peruvanam Poooram, even though it is now known and celebrated as only a local temple festival sans the glory and fame of a mega-<i>pooram</i> like the <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Pooram" title="Thrissur Pooram">Thrissur Pooram</a>, was in the olden days a mega spectacle and the grand festival of Peruvanam Gramam. It was not just a temple Pooram with only one day's festivities, it was a festival, the Spring festival (<i>Vasanthotsavam</i>) lasting 28 days with the participation of all people in Peruvanam Gramam. Tradition has it that the festival used to commence with <i>Koțiyēt</i> on <i>Utram</i> <i>nakṣatram</i> in the <i>Kuṃbhaṃ</i> month with a <i>Valiya Viḷakk</i> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Peruvanam_Pooram" title="Peruvanam Pooram">Peruvanam Pooram</a>) in Perumanam Mahadeva Temple on <i>Pūyaṁ</i> <i>nakṣatram</i> and <i>Ārāțț</i> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Arattupuzha_Pooram" title="Arattupuzha Pooram">Arattupuzha Pooram</a>) on <i>Pūraṃ</i> <i>nakṣatram</i>. The 28 days commencing from <i>Utram</i> <i>nakṣatram</i> in the <i>Kuṃbhaṃ</i> month is even now observed as the festival season (<i>Utsavakkālaṃ</i>) in Perumanam Gramam with the performance of special rituals in temples. All the nooks and corners of Peruvanam Gramam, represented by the presiding deities of the local village temples, used to be participants of the festival. The number of such participating deities used be as high as 108. That the festival was a Gramam-wide affair is corroborated by another legend which asserts all residents of Peruvanam Gramam are mandatorily obliged to attend the <i>Ārāțț</i> and that if a resident of the Gramam was not found attending the <i>Ārāțț</i>, he could definitely be deemed to be dead and his post-death rituals should be carried out immediately!<sup id="cite_ref-Aryan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aryan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a Peruvanam Granthavari, the year of starting of the <a href="/wiki/Peruvanam_Pooram" title="Peruvanam Pooram">Peruvanam Pooram</a> was 583 CE. As already indicated earlier, the year is indicated by the words "<i>āyātu śivalokaṃ naḥ</i>" which is an encoding of a number in the <a href="/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system"><i>Katapayadi</i> system</a>. Decoding this one gets the day of the starting of the Pooram as <i>Kalidina</i> 1345610 which translates to Kali year 3684 <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Meenam</a> 27. The full verse runs as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Aryan_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aryan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>āyātu śivalokaṃ naḥ kalāviti vilokanāt</i></dd> <dd><i>cintayā satbhirāraṃbhī devapūramahotsavaḥ</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"With the thoughts that every be happy and contented, on <i>Kali</i> day <i>āyātu śivalokaṃ naḥ</i> (13,45,610), commenced the Peruvanam Pooram Utsavam."</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Thus, as per this document, the Peruvanam Grama Utsavam has a history of more than fourteen centuries. Historical records chronicling the rise and decline of the Peruvanam Grama Utsavam are scanty. One event that dealt the near death blow to the Utsavam was the starting of the <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Pooram" title="Thrissur Pooram">Thrissur Pooram</a> in the year 1796 under the direction and control of <a href="/wiki/Sakthan_Thampuran" title="Sakthan Thampuran">Sakthan Thampuran</a>, the then ruler of the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Kingdom">Cochin Kingdom</a>. Royal patronage and support, and the fact it was being held in the middle of a town, added more glamor and prestige to Thrissur Pooram leading to a decline in importance to Peruvanam Pooram. However, during the last quarter of the twentieth century, with the support and encouragement of the State government, the Pruvanam and Arattupuzha Pooram-s witnessed a resurgence and now they are organised with much grandeur and huge popular participation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gramam_administration_in_the_medieval_times">Gramam administration in the medieval times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvanam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gramam administration in the medieval times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no written records regarding how the affairs of Peruvanam Gramam were managed during various historical periods. For that matter, there are no such records regarding any of the remaining 63 Gramams that are supposed to have been created by Parashurama. However, from bits and pieces of information collected together from various sources like inscriptions on temple walls, few copper plate records and allusions in literary works historians have attempted to present a coherent account how a Gramam might have been administered in medieval times. The situation of Peruvanam Gramam was unlikely to different from this general pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-Veluthat_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veluthat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The activities in a Gramam, a Brahmin settlement, revolved around the temple. The Gramam property, whose collateral ownership was vested with the temples, was virtually the property of the Brahmins. The property of the temples, called Devasvam, and other temple affiars were looked after jointly by the Brahmin population of the Gramam. The Brahmin population of the Gramam constituted the "General Body" of the Gramam Administration. This was called <i>Uralar</i> a term even now used to denote the administrators/trustees of privately owned ancient temples in Kerala. Meetings of the General Body are convened to deliberate on very important matters affecting the administration. However, a group of <i>Uralar</i>-s, called <i>Paratai</i> (a corrupt form of the Sanskrit word <i>Parishad</i>), used to function like an executive committee and look after the day-to-day affairs of the temple. The exact nature of the constitution of this committee is not known. Kinship affiliation, property qualification, educational achievements and adherence to moral codes seem to have been the eligibity for being members of this committee. Although these bodies were largely autonomous, there was nominal control over them from above and at times of exigency, the control was exercised. The decisions of these bodies are followed strictly and those who violate the rules are punished severely. Punishments included ex-communication and confiscatio of all properties. The functions of the bodies include management of the properties belonging to the temple, proper utilisation of the income accrued from the properties, settlement of disputes among <i>Uralar</i>-s and between <i>Urala</i>-s and tenants and collection of revenue and its remittance to the royal treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-Veluthat_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veluthat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People_from_Peruvanam_Gramam_in_Kerala_Literature">People from Peruvanam Gramam in Kerala Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvanam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: People from Peruvanam Gramam in Kerala Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peruvanam Gramam was a fertile ground for the pursuit of intellectual and literary activities. This is evidenced by the popularity and spread of the large number of literary, astronomical, astrological and other creative works composed by persons who have identified themselves as belonging to this Gramam. One can see several references to such works in the classic multi-volume history of Kerala literature written by late Ulloor S. Paramevara Ayyar. The following is a necessarily incomplete compilation of such references. </p> <ol><li>Pattathu Vasudeva Bhattathiri (9th century CE) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-1-ulloor-1953-ku/page/112/mode/2up?view=theater">Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol I, pp.113-124</a>), believed to be a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Kulasekhara_Alvar" title="Kulasekhara Alvar">Kulasekhara Alvar</a>: <i>Yudhiṣṭhiravijayaṃ</i>, <i>Tripuradahanaṃ</i>, <i>Śourīkatha</i>, <i>Vāsudevavijayaṃ</i>, <i>Gajendramokṣaṃ</i>, <i>Naḷodayaṃ</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhama%E1%B9%85gala%E1%B9%83_%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karan_Na%E1%B9%83p%C5%ABtiri" title="Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Śaṅkaran Naṃpūtiri">Mazhamangalam Sankaran Namputhiri</a> (1494-1570) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-2-ulloor-1954-ku/page/268/mode/2up?view=theater">Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. II, pp.269-272</a>): <i>Gaṇitasāra</i> (astronomy), <i>Candragaṇitakrama</i> (astronomy), <i>Ayanacalanādigaṇitakrama</i> (astronomy), <i>Jāatakakrama</i> (horoscopy), <i>Praśnamāla</i> with <i>Bhāṣā</i> (astrological query), <i>Ceriya Kāaladīpakaṃ</i> (short <i>Kāaladīpakaṃ</i>), <i>Valiya Kāaladīpakaṃ</i> (long <i>Kāaladīpakaṃ</i>), <i>Jātakasāra</i> in Sanskrit (astrology), <i>Jātakasāra</i> in Malayalam (astrology), Commentaries on <i>Pañjabodha</i>, <i>Laghubhāskarīya</i>, <i>Muhūrtapadavī</i> (all called <i>Bālasaṅkaraṃ</i>), <i>Pañjabodhārthadarpaṇa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhamangalam_Narayanan_Namboodiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazhamangalam Narayanan Namboodiri">Mazhamangalam Narayanan Namboodiri</a> (son of Mazhamangalam Sankaran Namputhiri) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-2-ulloor-1954-ku/page/292/mode/2up?view=theater">Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. II pp.293-301</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-2-ulloor-1954-ku/page/416/mode/2up?view=theater">Vol. II, pp.417-431</a>): <b>Books</b> - <i>Dārikavadham</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vyavah%C4%81ram%C4%81l%C4%81" title="Vyavahāramālā">Vyavahāramālā</a></i>, <i>Pārvathīstuti</i>, <i>Rāja Ratnāvalīyaṃ</i>, <i>Rāsakrīdā Kāvyaṃ</i>, <i>Mahiṣamangalaṃ Bhāņaṃ</i>, <i>Uttararāmāyaṇa Caṃpu</i>, <i>Uparāga Kriyākramaṃ</i>, <i>Smārta Prāyaśchitta Vimarśanaṃ</i>. <b> <i>Caṃpu</i>-s</b> - <i>Naishadham</i>, <i>Rajarathnāvalīyaṃ</i>, <i>Kotiyavirahaṃ</i>, <i>Bāṇayudhhaṃ</i>. <b> <i>Brāhmaṇi</i> songs</b> - <i>Rāsakrīda</i>, <i>Thirunṛttaṃ</i>, <i>Dārikavadhaṃ</i>, <i>Viṣṇumāyācritaṃ</i>, <i>Pārvatistuti</i>, <i>Satīsvayaṃvaraṃ</i>.</li> <li>Kirangattu Jayanthan Namputhirippad (c.1650 CE) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-3-ulloor-1955-ku/page/209/mode/2up?view=theater">Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.210-213</a>): <i>Ṣoḍaśakriyākārikā</i>, <i>Āśoucakeraļī</i>.</li> <li>Arur Madhavan Atithiri (1765 - 1838) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-3-ulloor-1955-ku/page/481/mode/2up?view=theater">Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.482-484</a>): <i>Uttaranaişadhaṃ</i>, <i>Subhadrāharaṇaṃ</i>.</li> <li>Kallur Neelakanthan Namputhirippad (1726 - 1835) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-3-ulloor-1955-ku/page/543/mode/2up?view=theater">Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Kerala Sahithya Charithram Vol. III pp.543-547</a>): <i>Bālivijayaṃ</i>, <i>Madhukaiṭabhavadhaṃ</i>, <i>Svāhāsvayaṃvaraṃ</i>, <i>Sumukhīsvayaṃvaraṃ</i> (all <a href="/wiki/Aattakatha_(performance)" title="Aattakatha (performance)"><i>Āttakatha</i>-s</a>), <i>Ajāmiḷmokșaṃ</i> (<i>Kaikoṭṭikkaḷppāṭṭ</i>).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peruvanam_Ward!"><span id="Peruvanam_Ward.21"></span>Peruvanam Ward!</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvanam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Peruvanam Ward!"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contemporary times, a small geographical area in a Grama Panchayath in Thrissur district has been named after the legendary sprawling Peruvanam Gramam! Ward 9 of Cherpu Gramapanchayath in Thrissur district is now known as Peruvanam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_reading">Additional reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvanam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Additional reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A meticulously detailed account of the architecture, rituals, history and legends of Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple is available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ola.in/articles/peruvanam/article_tcr_peruvanam.html">Peruvanam Shiva temple</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvanam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thampu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thampu_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thampu_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFN._V._Krishna_Varier1979" class="citation book cs1">N. V. Krishna Varier (April 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peruvanam-naveekarana-kalasopaharam/page/101/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Peruvanam Mahadeva Kshethra Naveekarana Kalasopaharam</i></a>. Cherpu, Thrissur, Kerala: Souvenir Committee. pp. 101–103<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peruvanam+Mahadeva+Kshethra+Naveekarana+Kalasopaharam&rft.place=Cherpu%2C+Thrissur%2C+Kerala&rft.pages=101-103&rft.pub=Souvenir+Committee&rft.date=1979-04&rft.au=N.+V.+Krishna+Varier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperuvanam-naveekarana-kalasopaharam%2Fpage%2F101%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeruvanam" class="Z3988"></span> (This is a souvenir published by the Organizing Committee for the renovation of Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple. The reference is to an article in Malayalam in the Souvenir, titled "Peruvanam Gramam", authored by Kotungallur Kunhikuttan Thampuran.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._S._Ramanatha_Ayyar1926" class="citation journal cs1">A. S. Ramanatha Ayyar (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367511/page/n123/mode/2up?view=theater">"A Further Note on the Author of the Nalodaya"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society</i>. <b>16</b>: 135<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Aryan Namputhiri.)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyannur_Umbrellas" title="Ariyannur Umbrellas">Ariyannur Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudakkallu_Parambu" title="Kudakkallu Parambu">Kudakkallu Parambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovvanur_burial_cave" title="Chovvanur burial cave">Chovvanur burial cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad Swaroopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kingdom of Cannanore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Kulachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quilon" title="Battle of Quilon">Battle of Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikom Satyagraham">Vaikom Satyagraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Royal Family">Perumpadapu Swaroopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Migration" title="Malabar Migration">Malabar Migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Kerala" title="Category:Politics of Kerala">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kerala_State_Government_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kerala State Government Organizations">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Kerala">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Kerala">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Body_Election_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Body Election in Kerala"><i>Panchayat</i> elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptakakshi_Munnani" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptakakshi Munnani">Saptakakshi Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Front (Kerala)">Aikya Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">Left Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">United Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of politicians of Kerala">Politicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Incidents">Incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruman_railway_accident" title="Peruman railway accident">1988 Perumon tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_train_derailment" title="Kadalundi train derailment">2001 Kadalundi Train derailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puttingal_temple_fire" title="Puttingal temple fire">2016 Paravur temple fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Kerala_floods" title="2018 Kerala floods">2018 Kerala floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavvayi_Backwaters" title="Kavvayi Backwaters">Kavvayi Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Backwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Backwaters">Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Kerala">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravikulam_National_Park" title="Eravikulam National Park">Eravikulam National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and fauna of Kerala">Flora and fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Marayoor">Marayoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelliampathi" title="Nelliampathi">Nelliampathi Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiri Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Kerala">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamcotta_Lake" title="Sasthamcotta Lake">Sasthamcotta Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembanad_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Vembanad Lake">Vembanad Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions of Kerala">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namboothiri_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Namboothiri Brahmin">Namboothiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavasi" title="Ambalavasi">Ambalavasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanta_Kshatriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanta Kshatriya">Samanthas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairs">Nairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Mappila">Mappilas</a></li> <li>Thiyyas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Iyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Iyers">Kerala Iyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhava" title="Ezhava">Ezhavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Jainism in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulayar" title="Pulayar">Pulayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India#Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in India">Scheduled Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="Kerala model">Kerala model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Colleges in Kerala">colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kerala" title="Architecture of Kerala">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Kerala">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalarippayattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalarippayattu">Kalarippayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpam_Thullal" title="Sarpam Thullal">Sarpam Thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_poets_of_modern_Malayalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumvirate poets of modern Malayalam">Triumvirate poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dance / Drama / Cinema</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margamkali" title="Margamkali">Margamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottamthullal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottamthullal">Ottamthullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Cinema of Kerala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooram" title="Pooram">Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kerala" title="Music of Kerala">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thayambaka" title="Thayambaka">Thayambaka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchari_melam" title="Panchari melam">Panchari melam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchavadyam" title="Panchavadyam">Panchavadyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopanam">Sopanam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Organisations/Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nair_Service_Society" title="Nair Service Society">Nair Service Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Dharma_Paripalana_Yogam_(SNDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)">Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam</a></li> <li>Samastha <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(1926%E2%80%931989)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989) (page does not exist)">Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(1989%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)">Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Nadvathul_Mujahideen" title="Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen">Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Kollam#Tourism.2C_Places_of_interest_and_historical_significance" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district#Places_of_Interest" title="Malappuram district">Places of Interest in Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_attractions_in_Kannur" title="Tourist attractions in Kannur">Tourist attractions in Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Kollam" title="Islands of Kollam">Islands of Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Tourist attractions of Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Kasaragod" title="List of tourist attractions in Kasaragod">Tourism in Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad_Beach" title="Muzhappilangad Beach">Muzhappilangad Beach</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peruvanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Kozhikode" title="List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode">List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuaries_of_Paravur" title="Estuaries of Paravur">Estuaries of Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram">Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, 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