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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Extent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrography_and_bathymetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrography_and_bathymetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Hydrography and bathymetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrography_and_bathymetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legislative status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna_and_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna_and_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fauna and economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna_and_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">White Sea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witsee" title="Witsee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Witsee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cw%C4%93ns%C7%A3" title="Cwēnsǣ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cwēnsǣ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="البحر الأبيض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البحر الأبيض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Blancu" title="Mar Blancu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mar Blancu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F_d%C9%99niz" title="Ağ dəniz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağ dəniz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="آغ دنیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آغ دنیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara_Putih" title="Segara Putih – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Segara Putih" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="শ্বেত সাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্বেত সাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byeloye_H%C3%A1i" title="Byeloye Hái – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Byeloye Hái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" title="Аҡ диңгеҙ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡ диңгеҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Белае мора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Белае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Белае мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Белае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Бяло море (Русия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бяло море (Русия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijelo_more" title="Bijelo more – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bijelo more" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Gwenn" title="Mor Gwenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mor Gwenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Blanca" title="Mar Blanca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mar Blanca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81" title="Шурă тинĕс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шурă тинĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="White Sea" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e" title="Bílé moře – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bílé moře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Gwyn" title="Môr Gwyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Môr Gwyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvidehavet" title="Hvidehavet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hvidehavet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fes_Meer" title="Weißes Meer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weißes Meer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%9B%C5%82e_m%C3%B3rjo" title="Běłe mórjo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Běłe mórjo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valge_meri" title="Valge meri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valge meri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Λευκή Θάλασσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λευκή Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Blanco" title="Mar Blanco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mar Blanco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanka_maro" title="Blanka maro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blanka maro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsaso_Zuria" title="Itsaso Zuria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsaso Zuria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="دریای سفید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریای سفید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Samundar" title="White Samundar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="White Samundar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Blanche" title="Mer Blanche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mer Blanche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wite_See" title="Wite See – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wite See" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vooir_Vane" title="Yn Vooir Vane – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vooir Vane" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Branco" title="Mar Branco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mar Branco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%ED%95%B4" title="백해 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Սպիտակ ծով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպիտակ ծով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="श्वेत सागर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्वेत सागर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%9B%C5%82e_morjo" title="Běłe morjo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Běłe morjo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijelo_more" title="Bijelo more – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bijelo more" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanka_maro" title="Blanka maro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Blanka maro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay_Puraw" title="Baybay Puraw – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baybay Puraw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Putih" title="Laut Putih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laut Putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Урс денджыз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Урс денджыз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADtahaf" title="Hvítahaf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hvítahaf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Bianco" title="Mar Bianco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mar Bianco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9F" title="הים הלבן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הים הלבן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="თეთრი ზღვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეთრი ზღვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Ақ теңізі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақ теңізі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari_Nyeupe" title="Bahari Nyeupe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari Nyeupe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Еджыд саридз – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Еджыд саридз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Ак деңиз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ак деңиз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Album" title="Mare Album – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mare Album" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balt%C4%81_j%C5%ABra" title="Baltā jūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baltā jūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltoji_j%C5%ABra" title="Baltoji jūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baltoji jūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witte_Zie%C3%AB" title="Witte Zieë – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Witte Zieë" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienanmeri" title="Vienanmeri – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vienanmeri" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feh%C3%A9r-tenger" title="Fehér-tenger – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fehér-tenger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Бело Море (Русија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бело Море (Русија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80" title="വൈറ്റ് സീ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈറ്റ് സീ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%A7ar_l-Abjad" title="Baħar l-Abjad – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Baħar l-Abjad" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="श्वेत समुद्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="श्वेत समुद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="ჩე ზუღა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩე ზუღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="البحر الابيض – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البحر الابيض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اسپه دریا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسپه دریا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Putih" title="Laut Putih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laut Putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Цагаан тэнгис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цагаан тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witte_Zee" title="Witte Zee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Witte Zee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E6%B5%B7" title="白海 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="白海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="КӀайн хӀорд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="КӀайн хӀорд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witj_Sia" title="Witj Sia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Witj Sia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvitsj%C3%B8en" title="Kvitsjøen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kvitsjøen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvitsj%C3%B8en" title="Kvitsjøen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvitsjøen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Blanca" title="Mar Blanca – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mar Blanca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oq_dengiz_(Shimoliy_muz_okeani)" title="Oq dengiz (Shimoliy muz okeani) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oq dengiz (Shimoliy muz okeani)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0" title="ਚਿੱਟਾ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਿੱਟਾ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%B9%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="چٹا سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چٹا سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witte_See" title="Witte See – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Witte See" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morze_Bia%C5%82e" title="Morze Białe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Morze Białe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Branco" title="Mar Branco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mar Branco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Alb%C4%83" title="Marea Albă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marea Albă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Белое море – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белое море" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deti_i_Bardh%C3%AB" title="Deti i Bardhë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deti i Bardhë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="White Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%87%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="اڇو سمنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اڇو سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biele_more" title="Biele more – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biele more" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo_morje" title="Belo morje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Belo morje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Бело море – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бело море" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijelo_more" title="Bijelo more – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bijelo more" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienanmeri" title="Vienanmeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vienanmeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_havet" title="Vita havet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vita havet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Puti" title="Dagat Puti – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dagat Puti" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வெள்ளைக் கடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெள்ளைக் கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Ак диңгез – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ак диңгез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="తెల్ల సముద్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తెల్ల సముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="ทะเลขาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเลขาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Баҳри сафед – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баҳри сафед" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyazdeniz" title="Beyazdeniz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beyazdeniz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Біле море – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біле море" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B6" title="بحیرہ ابیض – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحیرہ ابیض" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauged_meri" title="Vauged meri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vauged meri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n_Tr%E1%BA%AFng" title="Biển Trắng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=White_Sea&params=65_30_N_37_30_E_type:waterbody_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">65°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">37°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">65.500°N 37.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">65.500; 37.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Southern inlet of the Barents Sea in northwest Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the inlet of the Barents Sea. For the Turkish term Akdeniz (White Sea), see <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. For the part of the Mediterranean called White Sea in some South Slavic languages, see <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. For the American solo music project, see <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Kibby" title="Morgan Kibby">Morgan Kibby</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Белое море">the corresponding article</a> in Russian</b>.  <i><small>(August 2019)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. 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font-size: 125%;">White Sea</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_Ocean_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="White Sea is located in Arctic"><img alt="White Sea is located in Arctic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Arctic_Ocean_relief_location_map.png/256px-Arctic_Ocean_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Arctic_Ocean_relief_location_map.png/384px-Arctic_Ocean_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Arctic_Ocean_relief_location_map.png/512px-Arctic_Ocean_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.296%;left:68.643%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="White Sea"><img alt="White Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>White Sea</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Sea_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/White_Sea_map.png/256px-White_Sea_map.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/White_Sea_map.png/384px-White_Sea_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/White_Sea_map.png/512px-White_Sea_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="930" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=White_Sea&params=65_30_N_37_30_E_type:waterbody_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">65°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">37°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">65.500°N 37.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">65.500; 37.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">90,000 km<sup>2</sup> (34,700 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">60 m (197 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">340 m (1,115 ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data note"><sup id="cite_ref-bse_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>White Sea</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Белое море</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Beloye more</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">Vienanmeri</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Dvina Sea'; <a href="/wiki/Nenets_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets language">Nenets</a>: <span lang="yrk">Сэрако ямʼ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Nenets-language romanization"><i lang="yrk-Latn">Serako yam</i></span>) is a southern <a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">inlet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> located on the northwest coast of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. It is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a> to the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Kanin_Peninsula" title="Kanin Peninsula">Kanin Peninsula</a> to the northeast. The whole of the White Sea is under Russian sovereignty and considered to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_waters" title="Internal waters">internal waters</a> of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administratively, it is divided between the <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk</a> oblasts and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Arkhangelsk" title="Port of Arkhangelsk">major port</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a> is located on the White Sea. For much of Russia's history this was Russia's main centre of international maritime trade, conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a> ("seaside settlers") from <a href="/wiki/Kholmogory,_Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Kholmogory, Arkhangelsk Oblast">Kholmogory</a>. In the modern era it became an important <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> naval and submarine base. The <a href="/wiki/White_Sea%E2%80%93Baltic_Canal" title="White Sea–Baltic Canal">White Sea–Baltic Canal</a> connects the White Sea with the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. </p><p>The White Sea is one of the four seas named (not only in English) after common <a href="/wiki/Colour_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour term">colour terms</a>—the others being the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a> seas. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Sea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/White_Sea_Rift_System" title="White Sea Rift System">White Sea Rift System</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extent">Extent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Sea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> defines the northern limit of the White Sea as "A line joining <a href="/wiki/Cape_Svyatoy_Nos,_Murmansk_Oblast" title="Cape Svyatoy Nos, Murmansk Oblast">Svyatoy Nos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk</a> Coast, 39°47'E) and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Kanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Kanin">Cape Kanin</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Sea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Severodvinsk_Yagry_Island_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Severodvinsk_Yagry_Island_Beach.jpg/220px-Severodvinsk_Yagry_Island_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Severodvinsk_Yagry_Island_Beach.jpg/330px-Severodvinsk_Yagry_Island_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Severodvinsk_Yagry_Island_Beach.jpg/440px-Severodvinsk_Yagry_Island_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Summer day on a beach near <a href="/wiki/Severodvinsk" title="Severodvinsk">Severodvinsk</a>, on the southeastern shore of the sea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kandalaksha_Gulf" title="Kandalaksha Gulf">Kandalaksha Gulf</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiy-island_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kiy-island_Russia.jpg/220px-Kiy-island_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kiy-island_Russia.jpg/330px-Kiy-island_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kiy-island_Russia.jpg/440px-Kiy-island_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Shore of Onega Bay on <a href="/wiki/Kiy_Island" title="Kiy Island">Kiy Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are four main bays or gulfs on the White Sea. These bays connect with the funnel-shaped opening to the Barents Sea via a <a href="/wiki/White_Sea_Throat" title="White Sea Throat">narrow strait</a> called "<a href="/wiki/White_Sea_Throat" title="White Sea Throat">Gorlo</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Горло</span>, meaning "throat"). <a href="/wiki/Kandalaksha_Gulf" title="Kandalaksha Gulf">Kandalaksha Gulf</a> lies in the western part of the White Sea; it is the deepest part of the sea, reaching 340 metres (1,115 feet). On the south, <a href="/wiki/Onega_Bay" title="Onega Bay">Onega Bay</a> receives the <a href="/wiki/Onega_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Onega River">Onega River</a>. To the southeast, the <a href="/wiki/Dvina_Bay" title="Dvina Bay">Dvina Bay</a> receives the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dvina" title="Northern Dvina">Northern Dvina</a> at the major port of <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>. On the east side of the 'gorlo', opposite to the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Mezen_Bay" title="Mezen Bay">Mezen Bay</a>. It receives the <a href="/wiki/Mezen_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezen River">Mezen River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuloy_River_(White_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuloy River (White Sea)">Kuloy River</a>. Other major rivers flowing into the sea are the <a href="/wiki/Vyg_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyg River">Vyg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Niva River">Niva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umba_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Umba River (Russia)">Umba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varzuga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Varzuga River">Varzuga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponoy_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponoy River">Ponoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seabed of the central part and Dvina Bay is covered in <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> and sand, whereas the bottom of the northern part, the <a href="/wiki/Kandalaksha_Gulf" title="Kandalaksha Gulf">Kandalaksha Gulf</a> and Onega Bay is a mixture of sand and stones. Ice age deposits often emerge near the sea shores. Northwestern coasts are tall and rocky but the slope is much weaker at the southeastern side.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The White Sea contains a large number of islands, but most of them are small. The main island group is the <a href="/wiki/Solovetsky_Islands" title="Solovetsky Islands">Solovetsky Islands</a>, located almost in the middle of the sea, near the entrance to Onega Bay. <a href="/wiki/Kiy_Island" title="Kiy Island">Kiy Island</a> in Onega Bay is significant due to a historic monastery. Velikiy Island, located close to the shore, is the largest island in the Kandalaksha Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrography_and_bathymetry">Hydrography and bathymetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Sea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hydrography and bathymetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The White Sea is a water-filled depression in the block of a continental shelf known as the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Shield" title="Baltic Shield">Baltic Shield</a>. Its bottom is very uneven and contains the Kandalaksha Hollow in the northwest and the Solovetsky Islands in the south. Also, the Onega Bay has many small underwater elevations. The opening and the <i>gorlo</i> of the sea are rather shallow, with depths about 50 metres or less. There is an underwater ridge in the northern part of the <i>gorlo</i>, resulting in maximum depths of 40 metres in that part. This hinders water exchange between the White and Barents seas.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rev_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exchange is assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>, which are semidiurnal (rising twice a day), with the amplitude increasing from 1 metre on the south to 10 metres in Mezen Bay. Currents are rather weak in the open seas with the speed below 1 km/h, but they significantly strengthen in the bays.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tidal waves are much faster than the regular currents and reach the speeds of 9 km/h in Mezen Bay, 3.6 km/h in Onega Bay and 1.3 km/h in the Kandalaksha Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rivers bring annually about 215 km<sup>3</sup> of fresh water, on average, mostly to the Onega, Mezen and Dvina bays. The Northern Dvina alone may contribute up to 171 km<sup>3</sup> in some years, with the Mezen, Onega, Kem and Vyg rivers adding up to 38.5, 27.0, 12.5 and 11.5 km<sup>3</sup>, respectively. About 40% of this volume is brought during the snow melting in May, and the inflow is minimal in February–March. This inflow raises and lowers the sea level that promotes the water exchange with the Barents Sea. As a result, annually, about 2,000 km<sup>3</sup> and 2,200 km<sup>3</sup> flow in and out of the White Sea, respectively. The inflow of fresh water in spring decreases the surface salinity in the top 5–10-metre layer to 23‰ (parts per thousand) in the eastern and 26–27‰ in the western parts of the sea, reaching 10–12‰ in Dvina Bay; it also increases the content of <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a> in water, which is a characteristic feature of the White Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Storms are the strongest in October–November. Shallow sea depths reduce the wave height to the average of 1 metre, sometimes reaching 3–5 metres. The sea is quiet in July–August.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Sea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modis_white_sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Modis_white_sea.jpg/220px-Modis_white_sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Modis_white_sea.jpg/330px-Modis_white_sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Modis_white_sea.jpg/440px-Modis_white_sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption>Two satellite photos of the White Sea taken on 23 April 2000 (top) and 3 May 2001 (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <p>The climate varies between <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">polar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic</a> with frequent fogs and clouds. Winds are predominantly southwestern in winter with speeds of 4–8 m/s. They bring cold air from the south, establishing the temperature of about −15 °C (February) over most of the sea. The northern part is warmer at about −9 °C, sometimes reaching −6 °C, due to the warm air masses from the Atlantic. Arctic anticyclones, however, change winds to the northeastern ones, bringing much colder weather with temperatures of about −25 °C. Summers are cold, cloudy and relatively humid, with northeastern winds and frequent rains. Average July temperatures are 8–10 °C. Occasional southeastern winds bring warm air from Europe, raising the temperature to 17–19 °C and sometimes even to 30 °C. Annual precipitations increase from 282 mm in the north 529 in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rev_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In winter, from October–November to April–May, the sea freezes, with the average January water temperatures of −1.9 °C in the north, between −1.3 and −1.7 °С in the centre, and between −0.5 and −0.7 °С in the bays. These variations are due to the distribution of water salinity across the sea, which increases from 24 to 26‰ in the centre to 30.5‰ in the <i>gorlo</i>, reaching 34.0–34.5‰ toward the Barents Sea. The freezing period varies from year to year as shown in the satellite image to the right.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ice is not stationary, but 90% of it is floating and is continuously removed to the Barents Sea. Ice thickness is usually about 40 cm but may reach 150 cm in cold winters.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In summer, surface water warms up to 15 °С in the central part, but remains relatively cold in the north, at 7–8 °С, due to the water exchange between the surface and the cold bottom part which is enhanced by the shallow depths in the northern parts. Deep sea (about 100 m or more) is characterised by stable temperature (−1.4 °С) and salinity (30‰).<sup id="cite_ref-bse_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rev_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depth distribution of water temperature is very inhomogeneous across the sea. For example, at the exit from Dvina Bay, water temperature drops to 0 °C at the depth of only 12–15 m, but the same temperature is reached at 65 m at the exit from the Kandalaksha Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-rev_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Sea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whiteseamap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Whiteseamap.jpg/220px-Whiteseamap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Whiteseamap.jpg/330px-Whiteseamap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Whiteseamap.jpg/440px-Whiteseamap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>A map of the White Sea (1635)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/330px-%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/440px-%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2936" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solovetsky_Monastery" title="Solovetsky Monastery">Solovetsky Monastery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Residents of <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a> knew of the White Sea from at least the 11th century and rapidly explored its commercial significance for navigation and its coastal forests rich in <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur animals</a>. One of the earliest settlements near the sea shores grew up in the late 14th century at <a href="/wiki/Kholmogory,_Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Kholmogory, Arkhangelsk Oblast">Kholmogory</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dvina" title="Northern Dvina">Northern Dvina</a>. From there, in 1492, a merchant fleet laden with grain and carrying ambassadors of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III of Russia</a> sailed to Denmark, marking the establishment of the first international seaport in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-h1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first foreign ship to arrive in Kholmogory was the English <i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bonaventure" title="Edward Bonaventure">Edward Bonaventure</a></i> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Richard Chancellor</a> in 1553.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with two other ships under the command of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Hugh Willoughby</a>, his crew had sought a northern route to the <a href="/wiki/Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indies">Indies</a>, especially India and China. The expedition, sponsored by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a> and a group of about 240 English merchants, had London's authorisation to establish trade connections. The ships of Willoughby were separated and the other two were lost at sea, but <i>Edward Bonaventure</i> managed to pass the White Sea and reach Kholmogory, from where Chancellor was escorted to Moscow to meet the Russian <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a>. Returning from Russia in 1554, Chancellor brought back a detailed description of Moscow and the Russian north, which were largely unknown to Europe, as well as a letter from the Tsar expressing desire to establish trade relations with England. In 1555 <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary</a> issued a charter authorising the <a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Company" title="Muscovy Company">Muscovy Company</a> to trade with Russia via the White Sea route.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dutch ships soon followed the English, and the port of Kholmogory became busy with shipments of fur and fish. Local and foreign shops and factories were established in the city at that time. The port was reinforced with a fortress which sustained a siege by the Polish-Lithuanian army in 1613. Increasing traffic overloaded the port, which relied on shallow river-waters and had limited ship-capacity. However, instead of expanding the old port, Ivan IV established a new one down-river in 1584, called New Kholmogory, which from 1596 began to become known as Arkhangelsk.<sup id="cite_ref-h1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 15th and early 18th centuries, the White Sea served as the major trade route in and out of Russia. This role decreased later after the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> (1703), which opened a more direct ice-free connection between Russia and the bulk of Western Europe via the Baltic Sea. From the 1920s, most northern Russian sea shipments diverted from the White Sea to the new port of <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> (officially founded in 1916), where the waters did not freeze in winter.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_status">Legislative status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Sea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legislative status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The entire water area of the White Sea is the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">territorial waters</a> of the Russian Federation. Any movement of foreign vessels on the White Sea is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna_and_economy">Fauna and economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Sea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fauna and economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kandalaksha_Nature_Reserve" title="Kandalaksha Nature Reserve">Kandalaksha Nature Reserve</a></div> <p>The sea hosts more than 700 species of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, about 60 species of fish, and five species of marine mammals, including the friendly <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga</a> and the white whale. Several other dolphin species, such as <a href="/wiki/Harbour_porpoise" title="Harbour porpoise">harbour porpoises</a>, appear less frequently while larger <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rorqual" title="Rorqual">rorquals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_bottlenose_whale" title="Northern bottlenose whale">northern bottlenose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a> have been considered as rare visitors to the waters<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while actual frequency of occurrences within White Sea basin is not specified.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fishing industry is relatively small, mostly targeting <a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp seal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed seal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffron_cod" title="Saffron cod">saffron cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_smelt" title="European smelt">European smelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a>. There is a developing seaweed industry.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brit_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rev_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The White Sea is an important traffic centre of northwestern Russia, interconnecting various economic regions and providing an outlet to the foreign routes. The <a href="/wiki/White_Sea%E2%80%93Baltic_Canal" title="White Sea–Baltic Canal">White Sea–Baltic Canal</a> links it through <a href="/wiki/Lake_Onega" title="Lake Onega">Lake Onega</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and the major city and port of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>. The Baltic Sea, in turn, is connected by the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Baltic_Waterway" title="Volga–Baltic Waterway">Volga–Baltic Waterway</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Azov</a> seas. The major ports on the White Sea are Arkhangelsk, <a href="/wiki/Belomorsk" title="Belomorsk">Belomorsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onega,_Russia" title="Onega, Russia">Onega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezen,_Mezensky_District,_Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Mezen, Mezensky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast">Mezen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kem,_Russia" title="Kem, Russia">Kem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandalaksha" title="Kandalaksha">Kandalaksha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umba,_Russia" title="Umba, Russia">Umba</a>. Despite being frozen in winter, the sea remains navigable all year around because of deployment of <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Sea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bse-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bse_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article107048.html">White Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642594/White-Sea">White Sea</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rev_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rev_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. D. Dobrovolskyi and B. S. Zalogin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tapemark.narod.ru/more/10.html">"Seas of USSR. White Sea"</a>, Moscow University (1982) (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf">"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas%2C+3rd+edition&rft.pub=International+Hydrographic+Organization&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiho.int%2Fuploads%2Fuser%2Fpubs%2Fstandards%2Fs-23%2FS-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holmogory.poccia.ru/index.php">Kholmogory web portal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100623024412/http://holmogory.poccia.ru/index.php">Archived</a> 23 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarch1996" class="citation book cs1">March, G. Patrick (1996). "3: Ivan IV and the Muscovite <i>Drang nach Osten</i>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNc7bwXKs_kC"><i>Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275956486" title="Special:BookSources/9780275956486"><bdi>9780275956486</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2017</span>. <q>It was in pursuit of a northeast passage that the English under the leadership of Richard Chancellor arrived in Kholmogory in 1553.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Ivan+IV+and+the+Muscovite+Drang+nach+Osten&rft.btitle=Eastern+Destiny%3A+Russia+in+Asia+and+the+North+Pacific&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780275956486&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=G.+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNc7bwXKs_kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henryk Zins <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IK_nAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35"><i>England and the Baltic in the Elizabethan era</i></a>, Manchester University Press, 1972 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87471-117-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87471-117-7">0-87471-117-7</a> pp. 35,38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isabel De Madariaga <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFVn1v3FMUC&pg=PA121"><i>Ivan the Terrible</i></a>, Yale University Press, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-11973-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-11973-9">0-300-11973-9</a> p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209051525/http://www.lomonosovo.ru/joom/content/view/9/1/">"Kholmogory"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lomonosovo.ru/joom/content/view/9/1/">the original</a> on 9 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kholmogory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lomonosovo.ru%2Fjoom%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F9%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Sea" class="Z3988"></span>. lomonosovo.ru (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChernov" class="citation web cs1">Chernov, Ilya A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/6527">"The White Sea"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.pub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.pub&rft.atitle=The+White+Sea&rft.aulast=Chernov&rft.aufirst=Ilya+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.pub%2Fentry%2F6527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707091305/http://www.kandalaksha-reserve.ru/novosti-1/72-den-kita/page,14/">"День кита"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kandalaksha-reserve.ru/novosti-1/72-den-kita/page,14/">the original</a> on 7 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kandalaksha-reserve.ru%2Fnovosti-1%2F72-den-kita%2Fpage%2C14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Filatov N., Pozdnyakov D., Johannessen M.O.,, Pettersson H.L.,, Bobylev P.L., 2005, White Sea: Its Marine Environment and Ecosystem Dynamics Influenced by Global Change, pp.174, Praxis Publishing, Springer, retrieved on 06-05-2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707091305/http://kandalaksha-reserve.ru/novosti-1/143-bolshoy-gost-v-belom-more/page,6/">"Большой гость в Белом море"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kandalaksha-reserve.ru/novosti-1/143-bolshoy-gost-v-belom-more/page,6/">the original</a> on 7 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkandalaksha-reserve.ru%2Fnovosti-1%2F143-bolshoy-gost-v-belom-more%2Fpage%2C6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Sea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:White_Sea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:White Sea">White Sea</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fimr.fi/en/muut_meret/en_GB/the_white_sea/">Portrait of the White Sea offered by the Baltic Sea Portal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813111620/http://www.fimr.fi/en/muut_meret/en_GB/the_white_sea">Archived</a> 13 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/White Sea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/White_Sea">"White Sea" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=White+Sea&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/White Sea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/White_Sea">"White Sea" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=White+Sea&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_seas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of seas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas465" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">oceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">seas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea">Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seram_Sea" title="Seram Sea">Seram Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">Superocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/21px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44133#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata955" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44133#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata955" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44133#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/234179262">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4107930-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85146512">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bílé moře"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge118114&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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