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class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Path of sensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Path_of_sensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision_(II)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision_(II)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vision (II)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision_(II)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eye_movement_(III,_IV,_VI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eye_movement_(III,_IV,_VI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Eye movement (III, IV, VI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eye_movement_(III,_IV,_VI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facial_sensation,_jaw_movement_(V)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facial_sensation,_jaw_movement_(V)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Facial sensation, jaw movement (V)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facial_sensation,_jaw_movement_(V)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facial_expression_(VII)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facial_expression_(VII)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Facial expression (VII)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facial_expression_(VII)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hearing_and_balance_(VIII)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing_and_balance_(VIII)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Hearing and balance (VIII)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing_and_balance_(VIII)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_sensation,_taste,_and_salivation_(IX)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_sensation,_taste,_and_salivation_(IX)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Oral sensation, taste, and salivation (IX)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_sensation,_taste,_and_salivation_(IX)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_of_heart_and_digestion_(X)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_of_heart_and_digestion_(X)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Control of heart and digestion (X)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_of_heart_and_digestion_(X)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shoulder_elevation_and_head-turning_(XI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shoulder_elevation_and_head-turning_(XI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Shoulder elevation and head-turning (XI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shoulder_elevation_and_head-turning_(XI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tongue_movement_(XII)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tongue_movement_(XII)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Tongue movement (XII)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tongue_movement_(XII)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Routes_out_of_the_brain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routes_out_of_the_brain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Routes out of the brain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Routes_out_of_the_brain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cranial nerve</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraniale_senuwees" title="Kraniale senuwees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kraniale senuwees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%82%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أعصاب قحفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أعصاب قحفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99ll%C9%99_sinirl%C9%99ri" title="Kəllə sinirləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kəllə sinirləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کلله سینیرلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلله سینیرلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="করোটিক স্নায়ু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="করোটিক স্নায়ু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1u-s%C3%AEn-keng" title="Náu-sîn-keng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Náu-sîn-keng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Черепномозъчни нерви – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черепномозъчни нерви" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐོད་རུས་དབང་རྩ་བཅུ་གཉིས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐོད་རུས་དབང་རྩ་བཅུ་གཉིས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%BEdani_%C5%BEivci" title="Moždani živci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Moždani živci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parell_cranial" title="Parell cranial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parell cranial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlavov%C3%A9_nervy" title="Hlavové nervy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hlavové nervy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranienerve" title="Kranienerve – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kranienerve" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnnerv" title="Hirnnerv – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hirnnerv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraniaaln%C3%A4rvid" title="Kraniaalnärvid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kraniaalnärvid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Κρανιακά νεύρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρανιακά νεύρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cranial nerves" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pares_craneales" title="Pares craneales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pares craneales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerba_nervo" title="Cerba nervo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cerba nervo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerbio_kranial" title="Nerbio kranial – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nerbio kranial" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="اعصاب مغزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعصاب مغزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerf_cr%C3%A2nien" title="Nerf crânien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nerf crânien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ar%C3%B3ga_cr%C3%A1iniacha" title="Néaróga cráiniacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Néaróga cráiniacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par_cranial" title="Par cranial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Par cranial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%87%8C%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD" title="뇌신경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뇌신경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գլխուղեղային նյարդեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլխուղեղային նյարդեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="कपालीय तंत्रिकाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कपालीय तंत्रिकाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozgovni_%C5%BEivci" title="Mozgovni živci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mozgovni živci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraf_kranial" title="Saraf kranial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saraf kranial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervi_cranici" title="Nervi cranici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nervi cranici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%AA" title="עצבי הגולגולת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עצבי הגולגולת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Ми жүйкелері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ми жүйкелері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervi_craniales" title="Nervi craniales – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nervi craniales" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galviniai_nervai" title="Galviniai nervai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galviniai nervai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agyidegek" title="Agyidegek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Agyidegek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Мозочни нерви – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мозочни нерви" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraf_kranium" title="Saraf kranium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saraf kranium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersenzenuw" title="Hersenzenuw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hersenzenuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B3%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C" title="脳神経 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脳神経" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernenerve" title="Hjernenerve – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjernenerve" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjernenerve" title="Hjernenerve – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjernenerve" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosh_miya_nervlari" title="Bosh miya nervlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bosh miya nervlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerwy_czaszkowe" title="Nerwy czaszkowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nerwy czaszkowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervo_craniano" title="Nervo craniano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nervo craniano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerv_cranian" title="Nerv cranian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nerv cranian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Черепные нервы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Черепные нервы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B1%D3%A9_%D1%83%D2%A5%D1%83%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Төбө уҥуоҕун ниэрбэлэрэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Төбө уҥуоҕун ниэрбэлэрэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94" title="කපාල ස්නායු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කපාල ස්නායු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlavov%C3%BD_nerv" title="Hlavový nerv – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hlavový nerv" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%BEganski_%C5%BEivec" title="Možganski živec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Možganski živec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Мождани живци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мождани живци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%BEdani_%C5%BEivci" title="Moždani živci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moždani živci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aivohermo" title="Aivohermo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aivohermo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranialnerv" title="Kranialnerv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kranialnerv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மண்டை நரம்புகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மண்டை நரம்புகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="కపాల నాడులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కపాల నాడులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ประสาทสมอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประสาทสมอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraniyal_sinir" title="Kraniyal sinir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kraniyal sinir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Черепні нерви – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Черепні нерви" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2y_th%E1%BA%A7n_kinh_s%E1%BB%8D" title="Dây thần kinh sọ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dây thần kinh sọ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%91%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F" title="脑神经 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脑神经" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93" title="腦神經 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Trochlear_nerve&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochlear nerve">Trochlear nerve</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg/220px-Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg/330px-Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg/440px-Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Cranial nerves with labels</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cranial nerve</b> is any <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> which is attached directly to the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" class="mw-redirect" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>. This is different from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinal nerve (not yet started)">spinal nerves</a> which are attached to segments of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vilensky_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vilensky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cranial nerves relay information more directly between the brain and body (mostly parts of the head and neck).<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each cranial nerve exists as a pair and is present on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. All cranial nerves appear above the first <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebra</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Neck_(body_part)" title="Neck (body part)">neck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical vertebra">cervical vertebra</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Kandel_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In humans there are twelve cranial nerves pairs. They are numbered using <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> I–XII<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on their order from the front of the brain to the back, where the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" class="mw-redirect" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> is.<sup id="cite_ref-Vilensky_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vilensky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Function" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Function"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cranial nerves provide motor and sensory stimulation mainly to places within the head and neck. This sensory stimulation includes sensations such as temperature, touch, <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual perception">vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" title="Olfaction">smell</a>, balance and <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vilensky_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vilensky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smell_(I)"><span id="Smell_.28I.29"></span>Smell (I)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Smell (I)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Smell (I)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Olfactory" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory">olfactory</a> nerve (CN 1) sends information about smells from the nose up to the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the brain, this information is processed and becomes <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" title="Olfaction">olfaction</a>, or our sense of smell. The olfactory nerve is an is an afferent sensory nerve, meaning it takes in information from the outside world and sends it to the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_Olfactory_Nerve_Labeled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Head_Olfactory_Nerve_Labeled.png/220px-Head_Olfactory_Nerve_Labeled.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Head_Olfactory_Nerve_Labeled.png/330px-Head_Olfactory_Nerve_Labeled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Head_Olfactory_Nerve_Labeled.png/440px-Head_Olfactory_Nerve_Labeled.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>Head anatomy with olfactory nerve, including labels for the nasal cavity, olfactory nerves, cribiform plate, olfactory bulb, and olfactory tract</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structure">Structure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Structure" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Structure"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The olfactory nerve is the shortest cranial nerve.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of two cranial nerves that does not connect to the <a href="/wiki/Brain_stem" title="Brain stem">brain stem</a>, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a> (CN 2).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The olfactory nerve is not just one nerve, but a group of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> working together to perform the same task.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The olfactory neurons start branched out in the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a>. From here, they reach up through the roof of the nasal cavity and connect to the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The olfactory nerve is unique because it is the only cranial nerve that can <a href="/wiki/Regenerate" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerate">regenerate</a> parts of itself if it is damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Path_of_sensation">Path of sensation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Path of sensation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Path of sensation"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smell <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> called <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatics</a> come up the nose and into the nasal cavity. Here, they are detected by olfactory neurons. These neurons are branched out along the lining of the nasal cavity. Olfactory neurons take in the signal from the smell molecules and make electric signals called <a href="/wiki/Nerve_impulse" title="Nerve impulse">action potentials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The action potentials move up the olfactory neurons through the roof of the nasal cavity, also known as the cribiform plate. After passing through the cribiform plate, the olfactory neurons send the action potentials to the olfactory bulb.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From here, signals are sent through the olfactory tract and out to different parts of the brain. For example, some signals are sent to the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal lobe</a>, where smells are identified and labeled.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Damage to this path can cause <a href="/wiki/Anosmia" title="Anosmia">anosmia</a>, or loss of the ability to smell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision_(II)"><span id="Vision_.28II.29"></span>Vision (II)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Vision (II)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Vision (II)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a> (CN II) transmits visual information from the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> to the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Kandel_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eye_movement_(III,_IV,_VI)"><span id="Eye_movement_.28III.2C_IV.2C_VI.29"></span>Eye movement (III, IV, VI)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Eye movement (III, IV, VI)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Eye movement (III, IV, VI)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oculomotor_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oculomotor nerve (not yet started)">oculomotor nerve</a> (CN III) controls most of the muscles related to the movement of the eye, including the eyelids and control of the pupil. The <b>trochlear nerve</b> (CN IV) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abducens_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abducens nerve (not yet started)">abducens nerve</a> (CN VI) are each responsible for their own single eye muscles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facial_sensation,_jaw_movement_(V)"><span id="Facial_sensation.2C_jaw_movement_.28V.29"></span>Facial sensation, jaw movement (V)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Facial sensation, jaw movement (V)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Facial sensation, jaw movement (V)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigeminal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigeminal nerve (not yet started)">trigeminal nerve</a> (CN V) is called "trigeminal" because it is made of 3 parts. Together, all these parts are responsible for sensation in the face and larger facial movements such as biting and chewing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facial_expression_(VII)"><span id="Facial_expression_.28VII.29"></span>Facial expression (VII)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Facial expression (VII)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Facial expression (VII)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Facial_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Facial nerve (not yet started)">facial nerve</a> (CN VII) controls the muscles of facial expression, and helps carry taste sensations from the back of the tongue and mouth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hearing_and_balance_(VIII)"><span id="Hearing_and_balance_.28VIII.29"></span>Hearing and balance (VIII)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Hearing and balance (VIII)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Hearing and balance (VIII)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestibulocochlear_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve (not yet started)">vestibulocochlear nerve</a> (CN VIII) transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_sensation,_taste,_and_salivation_(IX)"><span id="Oral_sensation.2C_taste.2C_and_salivation_.28IX.29"></span>Oral sensation, taste, and salivation (IX)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Oral sensation, taste, and salivation (IX)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Oral sensation, taste, and salivation (IX)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossopharyngeal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve (not yet started)">glossopharyngeal nerve</a> (CN IX) is a mixed nerve that carries a wide range of sensory and motor information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_of_heart_and_digestion_(X)"><span id="Control_of_heart_and_digestion_.28X.29"></span>Control of heart and digestion (X)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Control of heart and digestion (X)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Control of heart and digestion (X)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagus_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vagus nerve (not yet started)">vagus nerve</a> (CN X) allows for <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic</a> control of the heart and digestive tract. It is the longest nerve of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a> in the human body.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shoulder_elevation_and_head-turning_(XI)"><span id="Shoulder_elevation_and_head-turning_.28XI.29"></span>Shoulder elevation and head-turning (XI)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Shoulder elevation and head-turning (XI)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Shoulder elevation and head-turning (XI)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accessory nerve (not yet started)">accessory nerve</a> (CN XI) is a cranial nerve that controls the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sternocleidomastoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sternocleidomastoid (not yet started)">sternocleidomastoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trapezius_muscle" title="Trapezius muscle">trapezius</a> <a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscular system">muscles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tongue_movement_(XII)"><span id="Tongue_movement_.28XII.29"></span>Tongue movement (XII)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Tongue movement (XII)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Tongue movement (XII)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoglossal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypoglossal nerve (not yet started)">hypoglossal nerve</a> (CN XII) is involved in controlling tongue movements required for speech and swallowing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Routes_out_of_the_brain">Routes out of the brain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Routes out of the brain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Routes out of the brain"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After leaving the brain, the cranial nerves travel inside the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a>. Some must leave this bony compartment to reach their destinations. Often the nerves pass through holes in the skull, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foramen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foramen (not yet started)">foramina</a>. Other nerves pass through bony canals, longer pathways enclosed by bone. These foramina and canals may have more than one cranial nerve, and may also contain blood vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">Neuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_stem" title="Brain stem">Brain stem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerve&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Vilensky-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vilensky_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vilensky_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vilensky_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVilenskyRobertsonSuarez-Quian2015" class="citation book cs1">Vilensky, Joel A.; Robertson, Wendy; Suarez-Quian, Carlos (2015). <i>The clinical anatomy of the cranial nerves: the nerves of "on Olympus towering top"</i>. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-49201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-49201-7"><bdi>978-1-118-49201-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+clinical+anatomy+of+the+cranial+nerves%3A+the+nerves+of+%22on+Olympus+towering+top%22&rft.place=Ames%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-49201-7&rft.aulast=Vilensky&rft.aufirst=Joel+A.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Wendy&rft.au=Suarez-Quian%2C+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACranial+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray's2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gray's2008_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFStandringBorley2008" class="citation book cs1">Standring, Susan; Borley, Neil R. (2008). "Overview of cranial nerves and cranial nerve nuclei". <i>Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice</i> (40th ed.). [Edinburgh]: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06684-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06684-9"><bdi>978-0-443-06684-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Overview+of+cranial+nerves+and+cranial+nerve+nuclei&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy%3A+the+anatomical+basis+of+clinical+practice&rft.place=%5BEdinburgh%5D&rft.edition=40th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone%2FElsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-443-06684-9&rft.aulast=Standring&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Borley%2C+Neil+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACranial+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kandel-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kandel_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kandel_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKandel2013" class="citation book cs1">Kandel, Eric R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofneur0000unse_a2f8"><i>Principles of neural science</i></a> (5 ed.). Appleton and Lange: McGraw Hill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofneur0000unse_a2f8/page/1019">1019</a>–1036. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-139011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-139011-8"><bdi>978-0-07-139011-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+neural+science&rft.place=Appleton+and+Lange&rft.pages=1019-1036&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-07-139011-8&rft.aulast=Kandel&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofneur0000unse_a2f8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACranial+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes. depending on definition, they are listed as 13 nerves.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_5-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFFitzGeraldGruenerMtui2012" class="citation book cs1">FitzGerald, M.J.T.; Gruener, Gregory; Mtui, Estomih (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clinicalneuroana0000fitz_n5a8"><i>Clinical neuroanatomy and neuroscience</i></a> (6th ed.). [Edinburgh?]: Saunders/Elsevier. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clinicalneuroana0000fitz_n5a8/page/198">198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3738-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3738-2"><bdi>978-0-7020-3738-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+neuroanatomy+and+neuroscience&rft.place=%5BEdinburgh%3F%5D&rft.pages=198&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Saunders%2FElsevier&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-3738-2&rft.aulast=FitzGerald&rft.aufirst=M.J.T.&rft.au=Gruener%2C+Gregory&rft.au=Mtui%2C+Estomih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclinicalneuroana0000fitz_n5a8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACranial+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2">6.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3">6.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen G. Waxman, Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1969&sectionid=147033767">Clinical Neuroanatomy, 28e</a> New York, NY: McGraw-Hill</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119090557/http://medicine.yale.edu/cranialnerves/nerves/olfactory.aspx#page1">"Olfactory Nerve > Cranial Nerves | Yale School of Medicine"</a>. <i>medicine.yale.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medicine.yale.edu/cranialnerves/nerves/olfactory.aspx#page1">the original</a> on 2018-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medicine.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Olfactory+Nerve+%3E+Cranial+Nerves+%7C+Yale+School+of+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedicine.yale.edu%2Fcranialnerves%2Fnerves%2Folfactory.aspx%23page1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACranial+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vilensky, Joel; Robertson, Wendy; Suarez-Quian, Carlos (2015). <i>The Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves: The Nerves of "On Old Olympus Towering Top"</i>. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118492017" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118492017">978-1118492017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1997" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Robert (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofneur0001feld"><i>Principles of Neuropsychopharmacolgy</i></a>. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofneur0001feld/page/116">116</a>-117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0878931759" title="Special:BookSources/0878931759"><bdi>0878931759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Neuropsychopharmacolgy&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+MA&rft.pages=116-117&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0878931759&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofneur0001feld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACranial+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCostanzo1991" class="citation book cs1">Costanzo, R. M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1752165">"Regeneration of Olfactory Receptor Cells"</a>. <i>Ciba Foundation Symposium 160 - Regeneration of Vertebrate Sensory Receptor Cells</i>. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 160. pp. 233–242, discussion 243–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470514122.ch12">10.1002/9780470514122.ch12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470514122" title="Special:BookSources/9780470514122"><bdi>9780470514122</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0300-5208">0300-5208</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1752165">1752165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regeneration+of+Olfactory+Receptor+Cells&rft.btitle=Ciba+Foundation+Symposium+160+-+Regeneration+of+Vertebrate+Sensory+Receptor+Cells&rft.series=Novartis+Foundation+Symposia&rft.pages=233-242%2C+discussion+243-248&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470514122.ch12&rft.issn=0300-5208&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1752165&rft.isbn=9780470514122&rft.aulast=Costanzo&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F1752165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACranial+nerve" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFShubin2009" class="citation book cs1">Shubin, Neil (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oSQCCnX7EC&pg=PA201"><i>Your Inner Fish: The amazing discovery of our 375-million-year-old ancestor</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190863-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190863-2"><bdi>978-0-14-190863-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Inner+Fish%3A+The+amazing+discovery+of+our+375-million-year-old+ancestor&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-14-190863-2&rft.aulast=Shubin&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg4oSQCCnX7EC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACranial+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRAYS2005-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2005_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_L._DrakeWayne_Vogl,_Adam_W.M._Mitchell,_Henry_Gray2005" class="citation book cs1">Richard L. Drake; Wayne Vogl, Adam W.M. Mitchell, Henry Gray (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyfors00unse"><i>Gray's anatomy for students</i></a>. Churchill Livingstone. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyfors00unse/page/800">800</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2306-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2306-0"><bdi>978-0-8089-2306-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy+for+students&rft.pages=800&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8089-2306-0&rft.au=Richard+L.+Drake&rft.au=Wayne+Vogl%2C+Adam+W.M.+Mitchell%2C+Henry+Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraysanatomyfors00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ACranial+nerve" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_cranial_nerves" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122447">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cranial_nerves" title="Template:Cranial nerves"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Cranial_nerves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Cranial nerves (not yet started)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cranial_nerves&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_cranial_nerves" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminal nerve (not yet started)">Terminal</a> (CN 0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septal_nuclei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septal nuclei (not yet started)">septal nuclei</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olfactory_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olfactory nerve (not yet started)">Olfactory</a> (CN I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anterior_olfactory_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anterior olfactory nucleus (not yet started)">anterior olfactory nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olfactory_tract&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olfactory tract (not yet started)">olfactory tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic</a> (CN II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_geniculate_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lateral geniculate nucleus (not yet started)">lateral geniculate nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optic_chiasm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optic chiasm (not yet started)">optic chiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_tract" title="Optic tract">optic tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oculomotor_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oculomotor nerve (not yet started)">Oculomotor</a> (CN III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oculomotor_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oculomotor nucleus (not yet started)">oculomotor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinger%E2%80%93Westphal_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edinger–Westphal nucleus (not yet started)">Edinger–Westphal nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superior_branch_of_oculomotor_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superior branch of oculomotor nerve (not yet started)">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasympathetic_root_of_ciliary_ganglion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion (not yet started)">parasympathetic root</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciliary_ganglion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciliary ganglion (not yet started)">ciliary ganglion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_branch_of_oculomotor_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve (not yet started)">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochlear nerve">Trochlear</a> (CN IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trochlear_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trochlear nucleus (not yet started)">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigeminal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigeminal nerve (not yet started)">Trigeminal</a> (CN V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principal_sensory_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve (not yet started)">PSN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinal trigeminal nucleus (not yet started)">spinal trigeminal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve (not yet started)">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigeminal_motor_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigeminal motor nucleus (not yet started)">TMN</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigeminal_ganglion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigeminal ganglion (not yet started)">trigeminal ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ophthalmic_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ophthalmic nerve (not yet started)">ophthalmic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxillary_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxillary nerve (not yet started)">maxillary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandibular_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandibular nerve (not yet started)">mandibular</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abducens_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abducens nerve (not yet started)">Abducens</a> (CN VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abducens_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abducens nucleus (not yet started)">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Facial_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Facial nerve (not yet started)">Facial</a> (CN VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermediate_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intermediate nerve (not yet started)">Intermediate nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geniculate_ganglion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geniculate ganglion (not yet started)">Geniculate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inside<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Facial_canal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Facial canal (not yet started)">facial canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_petrosal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greater petrosal nerve (not yet started)">Greater petrosal</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pterygopalatine_ganglion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pterygopalatine ganglion (not yet started)">pterygopalatine ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve_to_the_stapedius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerve to the stapedius (not yet started)">Nerve to the stapedius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorda_tympani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chorda tympani (not yet started)">Chorda tympani</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingual nerve (not yet started)">lingual nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submandibular_ganglion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submandibular ganglion (not yet started)">submandibular ganglion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">At <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylomastoid_foramen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stylomastoid foramen (not yet started)">stylomastoid<br />foramen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posterior_auricular_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posterior auricular nerve (not yet started)">Posterior auricular</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprahyoid_muscles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suprahyoid muscles (not yet started)">Suprahyoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digastric_branch_of_facial_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digastric branch of facial nerve (not yet started)">digastric</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylohyoid_branch_of_facial_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stylohyoid branch of facial nerve (not yet started)">stylohyoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parotid_plexus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parotid plexus (not yet started)">Parotid plexus</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temporal_branches_of_the_facial_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temporal branches of the facial nerve (not yet started)">temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygomatic_branches_of_the_facial_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (not yet started)">zygomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buccal_branch_of_the_facial_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buccal branch of the facial nerve (not yet started)">buccal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marginal_mandibular_branch_of_facial_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve (not yet started)">mandibular</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cervical_branch_of_the_facial_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cervical branch of the facial nerve (not yet started)">cervical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Facial_motor_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Facial motor nucleus (not yet started)">Facial motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solitary_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solitary nucleus (not yet started)">Solitary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superior_salivary_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superior salivary nucleus (not yet started)">Superior salivary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestibulocochlear_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve (not yet started)">Vestibulocochlear</a> (CN VIII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestibular_nuclei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestibular nuclei (not yet started)">vestibular nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochlear_nuclei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cochlear nuclei (not yet started)">cochlear nuclei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochlear_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cochlear nerve (not yet started)">Cochlear nerve</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Striae_medullares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Striae medullares (not yet started)">striae medullares</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_lemniscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lateral lemniscus (not yet started)">lateral lemniscus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestibular_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestibular nerve (not yet started)">Vestibular</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarpa%27s_ganglion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scarpa's ganglion (not yet started)">Scarpa's ganglion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossopharyngeal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve (not yet started)">Glossopharyngeal</a> (CN IX)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jugular_fossa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jugular fossa (not yet started)">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ganglia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve (not yet started)">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve (not yet started)">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jugular_fossa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jugular fossa (not yet started)">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tympanic_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tympanic nerve (not yet started)">Tympanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tympanic_plexus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tympanic plexus (not yet started)">tympanic plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesser_petrosal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesser petrosal nerve (not yet started)">lesser petrosal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otic_ganglion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otic ganglion (not yet started)">otic ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylopharyngeal_branch_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stylopharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve (not yet started)">Stylopharyngeal branch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharyngeal_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal nerve (not yet started)">Pharyngeal branches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonsillar_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonsillar branches of glossopharyngeal nerve (not yet started)">Tonsillar branches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingual branches of glossopharyngeal nerve (not yet started)">Lingual branches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Branch_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve_to_carotid_sinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Branch of glossopharyngeal nerve to carotid sinus (not yet started)">Carotid sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleus_ambiguus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleus ambiguus (not yet started)">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_salivatory_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inferior salivatory nucleus (not yet started)">Inferior salivatory nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solitary_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solitary nucleus (not yet started)">Solitary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagus_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vagus nerve (not yet started)">Vagus</a> (CN X)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jugular_fossa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jugular fossa (not yet started)">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ganglia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superior_ganglion_of_vagus_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superior ganglion of vagus nerve (not yet started)">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_ganglion_of_vagus_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve (not yet started)">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jugular_fossa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jugular fossa (not yet started)">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meningeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meningeal branch of vagus nerve (not yet started)">Meningeal branch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auricular_branch_of_vagus_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auricular branch of vagus nerve (not yet started)">Auricular branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharyngeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (not yet started)">Pharyngeal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharyngeal_plexus_of_vagus_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve (not yet started)">pharyngeal plexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superior_laryngeal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superior laryngeal nerve (not yet started)">Superior laryngeal</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=External_laryngeal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="External laryngeal nerve (not yet started)">external</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_laryngeal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internal laryngeal nerve (not yet started)">internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recurrent laryngeal nerve (not yet started)">Recurrent laryngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superior_cervical_cardiac_branches_of_vagus_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superior cervical cardiac branches of vagus nerve (not yet started)">Superior cervical cardiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferior_cardiac_branches_of_the_vagus_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inferior cardiac branches of the vagus nerve (not yet started)">Inferior cardiac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_branches_of_vagus_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulmonary branches of vagus nerve (not yet started)">Pulmonary</a></li> <li>Vagal trunks <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anterior_vagal_trunk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anterior vagal trunk (not yet started)">anterior</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posterior_vagal_trunk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posterior vagal trunk (not yet started)">posterior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celiac_branches_of_vagus_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celiac branches of vagus nerve (not yet started)">Celiac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renal_branches_of_vagus_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renal branches of vagus nerve (not yet started)">Renal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatic_branches_of_anterior_vagal_trunk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hepatic branches of anterior vagal trunk (not yet started)">Hepatic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anterior_gastric_branches_of_anterior_vagal_trunk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anterior gastric branches of anterior vagal trunk (not yet started)">Anterior gastric</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posterior_gastric_branches_of_posterior_vagal_trunk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posterior gastric branches of posterior vagal trunk (not yet started)">Posterior gastric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleus_ambiguus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleus ambiguus (not yet started)">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve (not yet started)">Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solitary_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solitary nucleus (not yet started)">Solitary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accessory nerve (not yet started)">Accessory</a> (CN XI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleus_ambiguus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleus ambiguus (not yet started)">nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinal_accessory_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinal accessory nucleus (not yet started)">spinal accessory nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cranial_root_of_accessory_nerves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cranial root of accessory nerves (not yet started)">Cranial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinal_root_of_accessory_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinal root of accessory nerve (not yet started)">Spinal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoglossal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypoglossal nerve (not yet started)">Hypoglossal</a> (CN XII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoglossal_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypoglossal nucleus (not yet started)">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_branches_of_hypoglossal_nerve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingual branches of hypoglossal nerve (not yet started)">lingual</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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