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leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/small/mitigate-gaps" title="">6) Mitigate the gaps</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/full" title="">Full toolkit</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/full/objectives" title="">1) Organisational objectives</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/full/understand-data" title="">2) Understand your data</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/full/aspirational-level" title="">3) Set the aspirational level</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/full/assess-maturity" title="">4) Assess maturity level</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/full/understand-gaps" title="">5) Define the gaps</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/full/mitigate-gaps" title="">6) Mitigate the gaps</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/full/improvement" title="">7) Build improvement plan</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/full/implement" title="">8) Implement the plan</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/query" title="">Query tools</a></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/signposting" title="">Signposting</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/signposting/strategy" title="">Data strategy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/signposting/principles" title="">Principles</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/signposting/architecture" title="">Architecture</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/signposting/governance" title="">Governance</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/signposting/models" title="">Models</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/signposting/data-quality" title="">Data quality</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/signposting/master-data" title="">Master data</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/signposting/meta-data" title="">Meta data</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/signposting/technology" title="">Technology</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/blockers" title="">Blockers</a></li> <li class="last expanded"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/good-practice" title="">Good practice and case studies</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/good-practice/nottingham-trent" title="">Case study: Nottingham Trent</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/tools/data-capability/good-practice/qub" title="">Case study: QUB</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/definitions" title="">Definitions and data standards</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/definitions/students" title="">Students</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/definitions/ap-student" title="Alternative provider student definitions">Alternative provider students</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/definitions/offshore" title="">Aggregate offshore</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/definitions/staff" title="">Staff</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/definitions/graduates" title="">Graduate Outcomes</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/definitions/finances-201819" title="">Finances</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/definitions/hebci" title="">HE Business and Community Interaction</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/definitions/estates" title="">Estates</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/definitions/technical" title="Technical Definitions">Technical</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/performance-indicators/definitions" title="">Performance Indicators</a></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/definitions/destinations" title="">Destinations of Leavers</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/definitions/destinations/archive" title="Leavers definitions 2007/08-2010/11">Leavers 2007/08-2010/11</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/definitions/longitudinal-destinations" title="">Destinations of Leavers (Longitudinal)</a></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation" title="">Subjects, disciplines, industries and occupations</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/hecos" title="">HECoS</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/hecos/cah" title="">CAH</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/hecos/archive" title="">HECoS Archive</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/jacs" title="">JACS codes</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/jacs/jacs3-principal" title="">JACS 3.0: Principal subject codes</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/jacs/jacs3-detailed" title="">JACS 3.0: Detailed subject codes</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/jacs/jacs2-principal" title="">JACS 2.0: Principal subject codes</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/jacs/jacs2-detailed" title="">JACS 2.0: Detailed subject codes</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/jacs/jacs1-7-principal" title="">JACS 1.7: Principal subject codes</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/jacs/jacs1-7-detailed" title="">JACS 1.7: Detailed subject codes</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/jacs/hesa-codes" title="">HESA codes</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/jacs/consultation" title="">Consultation</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/jacs-mapping" title="">Mapping documents</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/cost-centres" title="">Cost centres</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/cost-centres/2012-13-onwards" title="">2012/13 onwards</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/cost-centres/2004-05-to-2011-12" title="">2004/05 to 2011/12</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/research-framework" title="REF 2014: Units of assessment">REF 2014: Units of assessment</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/research-framework/rae-2008" title="RAE unit of assessment 2008">RAE 2008</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/industrial-occupational" title="">Industrial and occupational classifications</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/industrial/sic2007" title="">SIC2007</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/industrial/sic92" title="">SIC92</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/occupational/soc2020" title="">SOC2020</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/occupational/soc2010" title="">SOC2010</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/occupational/soc2000" title="">SOC2000</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/occupational/soc90" title="">SOC90</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/coding-manual-tools" title="Tools and information to supplement the Coding Manuals ">Coding Manual Tools</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/coding-manual-tools/collection-data-models" title="Data model downloadable files">Collection data models</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/coding-manual-tools/derived-field-dependencies" title="Derived field depends upon dependent upon specifications">Derived fields and their dependencies</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/coding-manual-tools/file-structures" title="">Downloadable / delivery file structures</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/coding-manual-tools/enhanced-coding-frames" title="Specifications and valid entries for enhanced coding frames">Enhanced coding frames</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/coding-manual-tools/legacy-to-data-futures-mapping-guides" title="Tools and downloads to aid in the mapping of entities, fields and valid entries from Legacy to Data Futures collections">Legacy to Data Futures Mapping Tools</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/providers" title="">Higher education providers</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/providers/providers-submitting-data-hesa-collections" title="">Current providers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/providers/all-hesa-providers" title="">All providers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/providers/mergers-changes" title="">Provider mergers and changes</a></li> <li class="last expanded"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/providers/provider-affiliations" title="">Provider affiliations</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/providers/uol-members" title="">University of London members</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/documentation/tariff" title="">Tariff aggregation methodology</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/definitions/glossary" title="">Glossary</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/data-intelligence" title="">Data intelligence</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/about/contact" title="">Contact and find us</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="content-main | col-2/3" id="after-nav-sub"> <p>Unicode is a character set (list of letters, digits, punctuations marks and other writing symbols) which covers almost all writing systems currently in use worldwide<em>,</em> and also many historic systems of significant academic interest. It covers not only the Latin A-Z alphabet with international accents (such as é and á) and local symbols (such as the £ Sterling sign or € Euro symbol), but also covers non-Latin scripts such as Greek, Hebrew, Arabic and Chinese. Each symbol is given a number.</p> <p>The first 128 symbols of Unicode are identical to the older ASCII character set standard, which is also identical to the first half of both the ISO Western (ISO 8859-1) and ISO Celtic (ISO 8859-14) character sets. This means that provided that Latin alphabet letters without accents are only ever used, and local symbols such as the £ pound sign are avoided, then symbols in ASCII, ISO Western, ISO Celtic and Unicode will all have the same number. For example, uppercase A has the number 65 and lowercase z has the number 122.</p> <p>The Welsh character ŵ (w-circumflex) is included in Unicode and ISO Celtic but is not included in ASCII nor ISO Western. In a similar but fundamentally opposing manner, the Scandinavian character ð (eth) is included in Unicode and ISO Western but not in ASCII nor ISO Celtic. To make matters more difficult, these two characters are assigned the same number in their respective ISO character sets. Using Unicode solves this problem of ISO character set incompatibility, since these two characters are assigned different numbers in Unicode.</p> <p>Unicode plays a vital part in ensuring that HESA can support the correct representation of signs used throughout the United Kingdom.</p> <p>Until recently, most computer systems in the UK were configured to use the ISO Western character set. In Welsh-speaking areas, and to a lesser extent in Scottish and Irish Gaelic speaking areas, computer systems may have alternatively been configured to use the ISO Celtic character set. Using Unicode prevents the need to make this choice between two opposing ISO character sets, since Unicode supports all character sets simultaneously.</p> <p>UTF-8 is a standard for representing Unicode numbers in computer files. Symbols with a Unicode number from 0 to 127 are represented exactly the same as in ASCII, using one 8-bit byte. This includes all Latin alphabet letters without accents. Provided accented characters and local symbols such as the £ pound sign are not used, then files in ASCII, ISO Western, ISO Celtic and Unicode will be directly interchangeable (although the first three bytes of the file may be a special UTF-8 header; as discussed below).</p> <p>For symbols which have a Unicode value above 127, which include the £ pound sign and accented letters such as é, these are encoded using two or more bytes. This means that files with these characters will not be compatible with ASCII, ISO Western nor ISO Celtic character sets. Most computer operating systems, most of the time, convert seamlessly between UTF-8 and whichever ISO character set the computer is set up to use. However, there is an exception to this rule which is particularly pertinent to the United Kingdom.</p> <p>Since the occurrence of accented letters and national symbols, at least in the kinds of data that HESA is interested in, can be small or even none at all (usually restricted to proper nouns or financial values), it can be difficult to tell a UTF-8 file from an ASCII file. Therefore it is good practice to prefix a UTF-8 file with three special bytes, called the Byte Order Mark header (BOM header). Viewed in ISO Western, these bytes look like ï»¿ . Viewed in Unicode, these characters will generally not appear. If you see these strange characters at the start of a file, it is a strong indication that your computer system may not be correctly set up to use Unicode.</p> <p>The HESA data collection system always outputs its UTF-8 files with BOM headers. It is strongly recommended that institutions use UTF-8 BOM headers in their submitted XML files. For some XML collections, BOM headers may be mandatory; please check the appropriate coding manual.</p> <p>If data is submitted to HESA using ISO Western or ISO Celtic, then, depending on the collection, the data may be rejected, or it may be automatically converted to Unicode with UTF-8 (again, please check the appropriate coding manual). This means that it is theoretically possible to send single-byte encoded files but receive back multi-byte files. HESA will never change the data sent, but may change the method used to encode it.</p> <p>XML files may also have the high-level attribute encoding="UTF-8". This is mandatory for all XML collections. Please check the appropriate coding manual.</p> <p>It is important to note that simply adding the phrase encoding="UTF-8" does not automatically transform a file into a UTF-8 file; this attribute is a belt-and-braces indicator, so that systems reading these files know to expect UTF-8 (even if that expectation is subsequently proved wrong). It is therefore recommended that systems are set to use Unicode with UTF-8, and so not rely on this XML encoding attribute.</p> </div> <div class="content-aside | col-1/3 | col-reverse"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cms-controls"> <ul class="action-links"></ul> </div> </div> </main> <footer role="contentinfo" class="footer-site"> <div class="banner"> <div class="wrap"> <div class="grid | grid-spaced | grid-2-cols"> <div> <div class="region region-footer-menu"> <div id="block-menu-menu-footer-menu" class="block block-menu"> <div class="content"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/about" title="">About us</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/about/working-here" title="">Working here and vacancies</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/innovation/data-futures" title="">Data Futures</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/services/heidi-plus" title="">Heidi Plus</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="region region-social-links-menu"> <div id="block-menu-menu-social-links-menu" class="block block-menu"> <div class="content"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/about/contact" title="">Contact/find us</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/news" title="">Latest news and blogs</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support" title="">Support materials</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/services" title="">Data analytics</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid grid-spaced grid-2-cols"> <div> <div class="footer-meta"> <div class="region region-legal-footer-menu"> <div id="block-menu-menu-legal-footer-menu" class="block block-menu"> <div class="content"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/about/website/site-map" title="">Site map</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/about/website/terms" title="">Terms of use</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/about/website/accessibility" title="">Accessibility</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/about/website/cookies" title="">Cookies</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/web/20230705130244/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/about/website/privacy" title="">Privacy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="social"> <h4>Connect With Us:</h4> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230705130244/https://twitter.com/ukhesa" class="follow-twitter"> <img src="/web/20230705130244im_/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/hesa/img/icon-twitter.svg" alt="Twitter"> </a> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230705130244/https://www.linkedin.com/company/higher-education-statistics-agency" class="follow-linkedin"> <img src="/web/20230705130244im_/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/hesa/img/icon-linkedin.svg" alt="LinkedIn"> </a> </div> <figure class="footer-site__logos"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20230705130244/https://www.jisc.ac.uk/"> <img src="/web/20230705130244im_/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/hesa/img/logo-jisc.png" alt="Part of Jisc"/> </a> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <span class="footer-ident"></span> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230705130244js_/https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.2/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230705130244js_/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/files/js/js_DRszCILfNteakMtA9IaG5VfXMgclPUg36cL1gyTDqJk.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230705130244js_/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/files/js/js_llyw5VQhyqjUFjFU3io3JXNCJnPS-gHPikTyooRDQkA.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230705130244js_/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/files/js/js_kues2zzvQLidKOYpIlUW_RRunHMU5orRYqAyHv4H3zs.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script>  <script src="http://web.archive.org/web/20230705130244js_/https://use.typekit.net/qsa5zsm.js"></script> <script>try{Typekit.load({ async: true });}catch(e){}</script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script src="/web/20230705130244js_/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/hesa/js/plugins.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/20230705130244js_/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/hesa/js/app.min.js"></script> </body> </html>