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</nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Vakuum" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personlig</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Brukermeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb"><span>Doner</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Vakuum" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Opprett konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Vakuum" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innholdsfortegnelse" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vakuum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 122 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="lovende artikkel"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loftt%C3%A6mi" title="Lofttæmi – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lofttæmi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%8A%93" title="ኦና – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="निर्वात – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="निर्वात" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="فراغ (فيزياء) – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فراغ (فيزياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vueito_(fisica)" title="Vueito (fisica) – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vueito (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vac%C3%ADu" title="Vacíu – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vacíu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="শূন্যস্থান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শূন্যস্থান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-khong" title="Chin-khong – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-khong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%9E%D0%BC" title="Вакуўм – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вакуўм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – bairisk" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bairisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – burjatisk" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buit" title="Buit – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Buit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwactod" title="Gwactod – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwactod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="خوا – marokkansk-arabisk" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="خوا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokkansk-arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaakum" title="Vaakum – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaakum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8C" title="Κενό – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κενό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vac%C3%ADo" title="Vacío – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vacío" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuo" title="Vakuo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vakuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huts_(fisika)" title="Huts (fisika) – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Huts (fisika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A3" title="خلأ – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلأ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – fijiansk hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="fijiansk hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vide_(physique)" title="Vide (physique) – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vide (physique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faku%C3%BCm" title="Fakuüm – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fakuüm" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fol%C3%BAs" title="Folús – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Folús" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleiro" title="Baleiro – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baleiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EA%B3%B5" title="진공 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Վակուում – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վակուում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="निर्वात – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निर्वात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaw" title="Kawaw – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kawaw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakum" title="Vakum – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vakum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuo" title="Vacuo – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vacuo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuo" title="Vacuo – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vacuo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Vacuum" title="I-Vacuum – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Vacuum" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoto_(fisica)" title="Vuoto (fisica) – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vuoto (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7" title="ריק – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4" title="ನಿರ್ವಾತ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿರ್ವಾತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვაკუუმი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვაკუუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwakter" title="Gwakter – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwakter" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombwe" title="Ombwe – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ombwe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid" title="Vid – franskguyansk kreol" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vid" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="franskguyansk kreol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuums" title="Vakuums – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vakuums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuumas" title="Vakuumas – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakuumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacu%C3%BCm" title="Vacuüm – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vacuüm" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1kuum" title="Vákuum – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vákuum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangabangabaka" title="Mangabangabaka – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mangabangabaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4" title="ശൂന്യത – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശൂന്യത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="निर्वात – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निर्वात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="الفضاء – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفضاء" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampagas" title="Hampagas – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hampagas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="လေဟာနယ် – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လေဟာနယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lala" title="Lala – fijiansk" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Lala" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacu%C3%BCm" title="Vacuüm – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vacuüm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesag_r%C3%BCm" title="Leesag rüm – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leesag rüm" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vueit" title="Vueit – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vueit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%85" title="ਖ਼ਲਾਅ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਲਾਅ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="خالی تھاں – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خالی تھاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F" title="សុញ្ញកាស – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សុញ្ញកាស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuide_(fisike)" title="Vuide (fisike) – pikardisk" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Vuide (fisike)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3%C5%BCnia" title="Próżnia – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Próżnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1cuo" title="Vácuo – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vácuo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid" title="Vid – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27usaq_p%27ulin" title="Ch'usaq p'ulin – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'usaq p'ulin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – saterfrisisk" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshll%C3%ABku" title="Boshllëku – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Boshllëku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacanti_(f%C3%ACsica)" title="Vacanti (fìsica) – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vacanti (fìsica)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1kuum" title="Vákuum – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vákuum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85" title="ڤاکیووم – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤاکیووم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohangan_hapa" title="Rohangan hapa – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rohangan hapa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyhji%C3%B6" title="Tyhjiö – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tyhjiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basyo" title="Basyo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Basyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வெற்றிடம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெற்றிடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilem_(tasengama)" title="Ilem (tasengama) – kabylsk" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ilem (tasengama)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="สุญญากาศ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุญญากาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%92%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎦᏒᏂᎩᏍᎩ – cherokesisk" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏒᏂᎩᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakum" title="Vakum – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vakum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – tuvinsk" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="فراغ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فراغ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%83%DB%87%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%85" title="ۋاكۇئۇم – uigurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋاكۇئۇم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenhoengq" title="Caenhoengq – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Caenhoengq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – vepsisk" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2n_kh%C3%B4ng" title="Chân không – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chân không" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakyum" title="Bakyum – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bakyum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="וואקיום – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואקיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakum" title="Vakum – dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vakum" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuums" title="Vakuums – samogitisk" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vakuums" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11475#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Vakuum" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Vakuum" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakuum&oldid=23994420" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakuum&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Vakuum&id=23994420&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVakuum"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVakuum"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vakuum&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakuum&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vacuum" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11475" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Kolbenluftpumpe_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kolbenluftpumpe_hg.jpg/250px-Kolbenluftpumpe_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kolbenluftpumpe_hg.jpg/375px-Kolbenluftpumpe_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kolbenluftpumpe_hg.jpg/500px-Kolbenluftpumpe_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption>Vakuumpumpe</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vakuum</b>, fra <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinske</a> <i>vakuus</i>, «tom», er et begrep innen <a href="/wiki/Fysikk" title="Fysikk">fysikk</a> som beskriver et <a href="/wiki/Rom_(fysikk)" title="Rom (fysikk)">rom</a> som ikke inneholder <a href="/wiki/Materie" title="Materie">materie</a>. I et <a href="/wiki/Teori" title="Teori">teoretisk</a> <b>perfekt vakuum</b> eksisterer ikke materiepartikler i det hele tatt, noe som betraktes som umulig å oppnå i praksis. I hverdagen betraktes vakuum for å være et <a href="/wiki/Volum" title="Volum">volum</a> hvor <a href="/wiki/Trykk" title="Trykk">trykket</a> er mindre enn <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A6risk_trykk" title="Atmosfærisk trykk">atmosfæretrykket</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chambers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Innen fysikk definerer man et rom å befinne seg i vakuum når trykket er mindre enn én tusendel av atmosfæretrykket, noe som er anvendbart i mange sammenhenger, som for eksempel i <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometre</a> og <a href="/wiki/Bilder%C3%B8r" title="Bilderør">bilderør</a> i fjernsynsapparater. I hverdagen defineres også vakuum til å omfatte et relativt moderat <a href="/wiki/Undertrykk" title="Undertrykk">undertrykk</a>, slik man finner det for eksempel i vakuumslanger eller industrielle <a href="/wiki/Vakuumpumpe" title="Vakuumpumpe">vakuumpumper</a>, til tross for at disse ikke er i nærheten av å kunne skape et absolutt vakuum, slik vakuum er beskrevet innen fysikken. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/Fysiker" title="Fysiker">fysiker</a> kan omtale et ideelt testresultat som man skulle kunne oppnå i et perfekt vakuum, ofte omtalt som «vakuum» eller «free space» (hvor sistnevnte oversatt blir «fritt rom»), og da bruke termen <b>partielt vakuum</b>, som da refererer til det reelle vakuumnivået. Vakuumnivået sikter til hvor nært det partielle vakuumet ligger fra et perfekt vakuum, og som følgelig innebærer da et lavere gasstrykk økt vakuum. En vanlig <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B8vsuger" title="Støvsuger">støvsugers</a> sugeevne kan redusere lufttrykket med om lag 20 prosent.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Innen industri og i laberatorier er betraktelig høyere vakuumnivåer mulige. Vakuumkammere med ultrahøyvakuum, som er vanlige innen <a href="/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi">kjemi</a>, fysikk og teknikk, arbeider i lufttrykk på under en <a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billiondel</a> (10<sup>-12</sup>) av atmosfæretrykket, og man kan nå ≈ 100 <a href="/wiki/Subatom%C3%A6r_partikkel" title="Subatomær partikkel">partikler</a>/cm<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabrielse_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabrielse-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det <a href="/wiki/Ytre_rom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytre rom">ytre verdensrommet</a> innehar også et ultrahøyvakuum, med kun noen få <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogenatomer</a> i gjennomsnitt per kubikkmeter.<sup id="cite_ref-tadokoro_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tadokoro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv om hvert eneste atom og partikkel skulle kunne fjernes fra et volum, er det fortsatt ikke helt tomt på grunn av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtuell_partikkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virtuell partikkel (ikke skrevet ennå)">vakuumfluktasjoner</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8rk_energi" title="Mørk energi">mørk energi</a>, samt andre fenomener man finner innen <a href="/wiki/Kvantemekanikk" title="Kvantemekanikk">kvantemekanikk</a>. Vakuum ble et verdifullt industrielt verktøy på 1920-tallet i forbindelse med <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%B8delampe" title="Glødelampe">glødelamper</a> og <a href="/wiki/Lysr%C3%B8r" title="Lysrør">lysrør</a>, og et bredt utvalg bruksområder av vakuumteknikk er tatt i bruk. Den siste tidens utvikling av bemannede romferder har høynet interessen for effektene av vakuum i forbindelse med menneskers helse og for livsformer i sin alminnelighet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakuum&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakuum&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historie"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> og <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> trodde ikke vakuum fantes. Araberne var derimot usikre, og i starten av <a href="/wiki/1200-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1200-tallet">1200-tallet</a> konstruerte <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazari" title="Al-Jazari">Al-Jazari</a> en fungerende <a href="/wiki/Vannpumpe" class="mw-disambig" title="Vannpumpe">vannpumpe</a>. I <a href="/wiki/Middelalderen" title="Middelalderen">middelalderen</a> ble det ansett som <a href="/wiki/Kjetteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kjetteri">kjetteri</a> å tro på vakuum, inntil <a href="/wiki/Biskop" title="Biskop">biskopen</a> av <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> i 1277 erklærte at Gud - siden han er fullkommen - i <a href="/wiki/Prinsipp" title="Prinsipp">prinsippet</a> <u>kunne</u> ha besluttet å danne et vakuum, selv om det strengt tatt var ugudelig.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vakuumets eksistens ble likevel dradd i tvil helt til <a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> som var <a href="/wiki/Galilei" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilei">Galileis</a> assistent, skapte et vakuum ved å fylle et langt, tynt glassrør med <a href="/wiki/Kvikks%C3%B8lv" title="Kvikksølv">kvikksølv</a> mens røret stod opp-ned i en vase som også var fylt med kvikksølv. Litt av kvikksølvet rant deretter ut i vasen og etterlot seg et tomrom i bunnen av røret. Tomrommet var et vakuum.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eksperiment" title="Eksperiment">Eksperimentet</a> fikk Toricelli til å undres på om ikke <u>alt</u> kvikksølvet hadde rent ut av røret. Noe måtte holde det tilbake, og han tenkte seg helt korrekt at det måtte være vekten av luften i <a href="/wiki/Jordens_atmosf%C3%A6re" title="Jordens atmosfære">atmosfæren</a>. Dermed hadde han bevist at atmosfæren har masse. I et brev skrev han begeistret: «<i>Vi lever på bunnen av et hav av luft.</i>» Oppdagelsen brukte han til å konstruere det første <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometeret</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakuum&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakuum&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chambers-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chambers_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chambers, Austin (2004). <i>Modern Vacuum Physics</i>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-8493-2438-6" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-8493-2438-6">0-8493-2438-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/55000526">55000526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AVakuum&rft.au=Chambers%2C+Austin&rft.btitle=Modern+Vacuum+Physics&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8493-2438-6&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55000526&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Jeff (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=hqegeIz9dyQC&pg=PA97"><i>Speed cleaning</i></a>. s. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/1594862745" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/1594862745">1594862745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AVakuum&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Jeff&rft.btitle=Speed+cleaning&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1594862745&rft.pages=97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhqegeIz9dyQC%26pg%3DPA97&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabrielse-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gabrielse_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gabrielse, G., et. al. (1990). <i>Thousandfold Improvement in Measured Antiproton Mass</i>. <i>Phys. Rev. Lett</i>. 65 (11 utg.). s. 1317–1320. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10042233">10042233</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.65.1317">10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.1317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AVakuum&rft.au=Gabrielse%2C+G.%2C+et.+al.&rft.btitle=Thousandfold+Improvement+in+Measured+Antiproton+Mass&rft.date=1990&rft.edition=11&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1317-1320&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.65.1317&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10042233&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Flere_navn:_forfatterliste" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tadokoro-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tadokoro_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tadokoro, M. (1968). <i>A Study of the Local Group by Use of the Virial Theorem</i>. <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan</i>. 20. s. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AVakuum&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.aulast=Tadokoro&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+the+Local+Group+by+Use+of+the+Virial+Theorem&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=230&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Kilden oppgir densiteten til å være <span class="nowrap">7 × 10<sup>−29</sup> g/cm</span> for den <a href="/wiki/Den_lokale_gruppen" title="Den lokale gruppen">den lokale gruppen</a>. En <a href="/wiki/Atommasseenhet" title="Atommasseenhet">atommasseenhet</a> er <span class="nowrap">1.66 × 10<sup>−24</sup> g</span>, noe som for oppgitt densitet tilsier cirka 40 atomer per kubikkmeter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Erik Kolstad: «Kvikksølv, kaos og klima», <i>P2-akademiet, bind XLVI</i> (s. 8), forlaget Transit, Oslo 2012, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9788275961721" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-82-7596-172-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventors/a/Barometer.htm">Evangelista Torricelli - The History of the Barometer</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B8de_eksterne_lenker" title="Wikipedia:Døde eksterne lenker">død lenke</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Erik Kolstad: «Kvikksølv, kaos og klima», <i>P2-akademiet, bind XLVI</i> (s. 9)</span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24790658">.mw-parser-output .spire{clear:both;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);border-radius:2px;padding:0.325rem;padding-left:3rem;margin:0.5rem 0;font-size:0.8125rem;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Stub_W.svg"),url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Emojione_1F331.svg"),url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Grass_compartment.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0.5rem center,bottom right 0.5rem,bottom -2.1rem right -4rem;background-size:2rem,1.8rem,10rem;padding-right:3rem;text-align:start}</style> <div class="spire plainlinks">Denne artikkelen er en <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spire" title="Wikipedia:Spire">spire</a></b>. 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