CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Billfish - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3cc1d086-7996-46cf-ae94-b73a51a9ff4c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Billfish","wgTitle":"Billfish","wgCurRevisionId":1269843999,"wgRevisionId":1269843999,"wgArticleId":2201190,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2019","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2014","Articles with 'species' microformats","Pages with broken anchors","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Billfish","Game fish","Fish common names"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Billfish","wgRelevantArticleId":2201190,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q14620149","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model", "platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atlantic_blue_marlin.jpg/1200px-Atlantic_blue_marlin.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="874"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atlantic_blue_marlin.jpg/800px-Atlantic_blue_marlin.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="583"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atlantic_blue_marlin.jpg/640px-Atlantic_blue_marlin.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="466"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Billfish - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billfish"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billfish"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Billfish rootpage-Billfish skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Billfish" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Billfish" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Billfish" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Billfish" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Species-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Species subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-True_billfish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_billfish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>True billfish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_billfish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Billfish-like_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Billfish-like_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Billfish-like fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Billfish-like_fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_function_of_the_bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_function_of_the_bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure and function of the bill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_function_of_the_bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distribution and migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Commercial fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Recreational fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_food-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As food subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mercury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Mercury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Billfish</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="بيلفيش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيلفيش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="نول‌ماهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نول‌ماهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%88%EC%B9%98" title="새치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="새치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%99-%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8" title="דגי-מקור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגי-מקור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_berparuh" title="Ikan berparuh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ikan berparuh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14620149#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Billfish" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Billfish"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Billfish"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Billfish" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Billfish" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&oldid=1269843999" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Billfish&id=1269843999&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBillfish"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBillfish"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Billfish&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Billfish" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14620149" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of ray-finned fishes</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Billfish<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Late Paleocene–present</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:199.94953846154px; width:20.050461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:199.94953846154px; width:20.050461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:200.94953846154px; width:18.050461538462px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_blue_marlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atlantic_blue_marlin.jpg/220px-Atlantic_blue_marlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atlantic_blue_marlin.jpg/330px-Atlantic_blue_marlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Atlantic_blue_marlin.jpg/440px-Atlantic_blue_marlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3357" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">The largest billfish, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_blue_marlin" title="Atlantic blue marlin">Atlantic blue marlin</a> weighs up to 820 kg (1800 lb) and has been classified as a <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNMMnigricans_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNMMnigricans-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Xiphioidea" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carangiformes" title="Carangiformes">Carangiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Menoidei" title="Menoidei">Menoidei</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xiphioidea</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Rafinesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafinesque">Rafinesque</a>, 1810</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Families </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiphiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiphiidae">Xiphiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istiophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Istiophoridae">Istiophoridae</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Hemingwayidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemingwayidae">Hemingwayidae</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Palaeorhynchidae" title="Palaeorhynchidae">Palaeorhynchidae</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Blochiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blochiidae">Blochiidae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>billfish</b> are a group (<b>Xiphioidea</b>) of <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">saltwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">predatory fish</a> characterised by prominent pointed <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">bills</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostra</a>), and by their large size; some are longer than 4 m (13 ft). Extant billfish include <a href="/wiki/Sailfish" title="Sailfish">sailfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlin</a>, which make up the family <a href="/wiki/Istiophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Istiophoridae">Istiophoridae</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>, sole member of the family <a href="/wiki/Xiphiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiphiidae">Xiphiidae</a>. They are often <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a> which feed on a wide variety of smaller fish, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>. These two families are sometimes classified as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Istiophoriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Istiophoriformes">Istiophoriformes</a>, a group which originated around 71 million years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>, with the two families <a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">diverging</a> around 15 million years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-santinisorenson2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-santinisorenson2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they are also classified as being closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Suborder" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborder">suborder</a> <a href="/wiki/Scombroidei" title="Scombroidei">Scombroidei</a> of the order <a href="/wiki/Perciformes" title="Perciformes">Perciformes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the 5th edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Fishes_of_the_World" title="Fishes of the World">Fishes of the World</a></i> does recognise the Istiophoriformes as a valid order, albeit including the <a href="/wiki/Sphyraenidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphyraenidae">Sphyraenidae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Barracuda" title="Barracuda">barracudas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Billfish are <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highly_migratory_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Highly migratory fish">highly migratory</a>, and are found in all oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they usually inhabit tropical and subtropical waters, swordfish are also found in temperate waters. Billfish use their long spear/sword-like upper beaks to slash at and stun prey during feeding. Their bills have been known to impale prey, and have sometimes even accidentally impaled boats and people, but they are not intentionally used for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are highly valued as <a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">game fish</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sports_fishermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports fishermen">sports fishermen</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blochius_longirostris_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Blochius_longirostris_2.jpg/220px-Blochius_longirostris_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Blochius_longirostris_2.jpg/330px-Blochius_longirostris_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Blochius_longirostris_2.jpg/440px-Blochius_longirostris_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1851" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Blochius" title="Blochius">Blochius</a></i>, a small <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> billfish</figcaption></figure> <p>Several extinct families of smaller billfish are known from the early <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Blochiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blochiidae">Blochiidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaeorhynchidae" title="Palaeorhynchidae">Palaeorhynchidae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hemingwayidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemingwayidae">Hemingwayidae</a>; all of these already have the elongated rostrum present in modern billfish. The earliest fossil billfishes are a <i><a href="/wiki/Blochius" title="Blochius">Blochius</a></i>-like fish from <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hemingwaya" title="Hemingwaya">Hemingwaya</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, both of which are known from the <a href="/wiki/Thanetian" title="Thanetian">Late Paleocene</a> or earliest <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protosphyraena2DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Protosphyraena2DB.jpg/200px-Protosphyraena2DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Protosphyraena2DB.jpg/300px-Protosphyraena2DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Protosphyraena2DB.jpg/400px-Protosphyraena2DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhamphoichthys_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rhamphoichthys_reconstruction.jpg/200px-Rhamphoichthys_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rhamphoichthys_reconstruction.jpg/300px-Rhamphoichthys_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rhamphoichthys_reconstruction.jpg/400px-Rhamphoichthys_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2941" data-file-height="651" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">"False billfish" from the Cretaceous: <i><a href="/wiki/Protosphyraena" title="Protosphyraena">Protosphyraena</a></i> (top) and <i><a href="/wiki/Rhamphoichthys" title="Rhamphoichthys">Rhamphoichthys</a></i> (below).</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The enigmatic <i><a href="/wiki/Cylindracanthus" title="Cylindracanthus">Cylindracanthus</a></i>, known from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> to the Eocene, is sometimes considered a "billfish" related to blochiids on the basis of its presumed rostral spines, but no other fossils are known of it aside from its rostral spines, leading to the suggestion that it had a <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> body and may even be a relative of <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Pachycormiformes" title="Pachycormiformes">pachycormid</a> fish <i><a href="/wiki/Protosphyraena" title="Protosphyraena">Protosphyraena</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Plethodidae" title="Plethodidae">plethodid</a> fish <i><a href="/wiki/Rhamphoichthys" title="Rhamphoichthys">Rhamphoichthys</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> had both <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergently evolved</a> a highly billfish-like body plan, but are known to be very distantly related to actual billfish; these genera may have instead served as a Cretaceous ecological analogue to billfish.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Billfish_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Billfish in the Indian Ocean">Billfish in the Indian Ocean</a></div> <p>The term billfish refers to the fishes of the families Xiphiidae and Istiophoridae. These large fishes are "characterized by the prolongation of the upper jaw, much beyond the lower jaw into a long rostrum which is flat and sword-like (swordfish) or rounded and spear-like (sailfishes, spearfishes, and marlins)."<sup id="cite_ref-FAOBillfish_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOBillfish-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="True_billfish">True billfish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: True billfish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 12 species of true billfish are divided into two families and five genera. One family, Xiphiidae, contains only one species, the <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a> <i>Xiphias gladius</i>, and the other family, Istiophoridae, contains 11 species in four genera, including <a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrapturus" title="Tetrapturus">spearfish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sailfish" title="Sailfish">sailfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOBillfish_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOBillfish-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Istiompax_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Istiompax-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controversy exists about whether the Indo-Pacific blue marlin, <i>Makaira mazara</i>, is the same species as the Atlantic blue marlin, <i>M. nigricans</i>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a> follows Nakamura (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-FAOBillfish_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOBillfish-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in recognizing <i>M. mazara</i> as a distinct species, "chiefly because of differences in the pattern of the lateral line system".<sup id="cite_ref-Mmazara_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mmazara-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Billfish species </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Family </th> <th>Genus </th> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Maximum<br />length </th> <th>Common<br />length </th> <th>Maximum<br />weight </th> <th>Maximum<br />age </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic<br />level</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN status</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiphiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiphiidae">Xiphiidae</a> </td> <td><i>Xiphias</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a> </td> <td><i>Xiphias gladius</i> <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> </td> <td align="right">455 cm </td> <td align="right">300 cm </td> <td align="right">650 kg </td> <td align="right">years </td> <td align="center">4.49 </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NT_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NT IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="NT IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Near threatened</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNgladius_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNgladius-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="11"><a href="/wiki/Istiophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Istiophoridae">Istiophoridae</a> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Sailfish" title="Sailfish">Istiophorus</a></i><br /><small>Sailfish</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_sailfish" title="Atlantic sailfish">Atlantic sailfish</a> </td> <td><i>Istiophorus albicans</i> <small> (Latreille, 1804)</small> </td> <td align="right">315 cm </td> <td align="right">cm </td> <td align="right">58.1 kg </td> <td align="right">17 years<sup id="cite_ref-Arocha_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arocha-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">4.50 </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><small>Not assessed</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_sailfish" title="Indo-Pacific sailfish">Indo-Pacific sailfish</a> </td> <td><i>Istiophorus platypterus</i> <small>(Shaw, 1792)</small> </td> <td align="right">340 cm </td> <td align="right">cm </td> <td align="right">100 kg </td> <td align="right">years </td> <td align="center">4.50 </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VU_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="VU IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="VU IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VU_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-VU_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VU_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-VU_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VU_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-VU_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Vulnerable</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNplatypterus_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNplatypterus-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="1"><i>Istiompax</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_marlin" title="Black marlin">Black marlin</a> </td> <td><i>Istiompax indica</i> <small>(Cuvier, 1832)</small> </td> <td align="right">465 cm </td> <td align="right">380 cm </td> <td align="right">750 kg </td> <td align="right">years </td> <td align="center">4.50 </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Istiompax_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Istiompax-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DD_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DD IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="DD IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Data deficient</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNMindica_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNMindica-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Makaira" title="Makaira">Makaira</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_blue_marlin" title="Indo-Pacific blue marlin">Indo-Pacific blue marlin</a> </td> <td><i>Makaira mazara</i> <small>(Jordan and Snyder, 1901)</small> </td> <td align="right">500 cm </td> <td align="right">350 cm </td> <td align="right">625 kg </td> <td align="right">4.5 – 6 years </td> <td align="center">4.46 </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Mmazara_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mmazara-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><small>Not assessed</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_blue_marlin" title="Atlantic blue marlin">Atlantic blue marlin</a> </td> <td><i>Makaira nigricans</i> <small>(Lacépède, 1802)</small> </td> <td align="right">500 cm </td> <td align="right">290 cm </td> <td align="right">820 kg </td> <td align="right">years </td> <td align="center">4.50 </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Mnigricans_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mnigricans-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VU_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="VU IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="VU IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VU_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-VU_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VU_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-VU_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/VU_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-VU_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Vulnerable</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNMMnigricans_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNMMnigricans-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="6"><i><a href="/wiki/Tetrapturus" title="Tetrapturus">Tetrapturus</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/White_marlin" title="White marlin">White marlin</a> </td> <td><i>Tetrapturus albidus</i>/<i>Kajikia albida</i> <small>Poey, 1860</small> </td> <td align="right">300 cm </td> <td align="right">210 cm </td> <td align="right">82.5 kg </td> <td align="right">years </td> <td align="center">4.48 </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNKalbida_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNKalbida-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shortbill_spearfish" title="Shortbill spearfish">Shortbill spearfish</a> </td> <td><i>Tetrapturus angustirostris</i> <small>Tanaka, 1915</small> </td> <td align="right">200 cm </td> <td align="right">cm </td> <td align="right">52 kg </td> <td align="right">years </td> <td align="center">4.50 </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DD_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DD IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="DD IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Data deficient</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNangustirostris_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNangustirostris-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Striped_marlin" title="Striped marlin">Striped marlin</a> </td> <td><i>Tetrapturus audax</i>/<i>Kajikia audax</i> <small>(Philippi, 1887)</small> </td> <td align="right">350 cm </td> <td align="right">cm </td> <td align="right">200 kg </td> <td align="right">years </td> <td align="center">4.58 </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNaudax_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNaudax-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roundscale_spearfish" title="Roundscale spearfish">Roundscale spearfish</a> </td> <td><i>Tetrapturus georgii</i> <small>Lowe, 1841</small> </td> <td align="right">184 cm </td> <td align="right">cm </td> <td align="right">24 kg </td> <td align="right">years </td> <td align="center">4.37 </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DD_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="DD IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="DD IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DD_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-DD_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Data deficient</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNgeorgii_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNgeorgii-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_spearfish" title="Mediterranean spearfish">Mediterranean spearfish</a> </td> <td><i>Tetrapturus belone</i> <small>Rafinesque, 1810</small> </td> <td align="right">240 cm </td> <td align="right">200 cm </td> <td align="right">70 kg </td> <td align="right">years </td> <td align="center">4.50 </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNbelone_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNbelone-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Longbill_spearfish" title="Longbill spearfish">Longbill spearfish</a> </td> <td><i>Tetrapturus pfluegeri</i> <small>Robins and de Sylva, 1963</small> </td> <td align="right">254 cm </td> <td align="right">165 cm </td> <td align="right">58 kg </td> <td align="right">years </td> <td align="center">4.28 </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNpfluegeri_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNpfluegeri-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:14em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; font-size:125%;">Commercial fish</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_walleye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/75px-Blue_walleye.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/113px-Blue_walleye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/150px-Blue_walleye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Large predatory</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Species">billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonito#Species" title="Bonito">bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel#Species" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon#Species" title="Salmon">salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Etymology" title="Tuna">tuna</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy#Commercial_species" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring#Species" title="Herring">herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden#Taxonomy" title="Menhaden">menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine#Species" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alosidae" title="Alosidae">shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat#Species" title="Sprat">sprat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod#Species" title="Cod">cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel#Commercial_species" title="Eel">eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish#Species_and_species_groups" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock#Species" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">ray</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> Mixed</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Species" title="Carp">carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia#Species" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Common_fish" title="Template:Common fish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Common_fish" title="Template talk:Common fish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Common_fish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Common fish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-left"><div class="title"><div>True billfish</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiphias_gladius1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swordfish, most commercially fished billfish"><img alt="Swordfish, most commercially fished billfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Xiphias_gladius1.jpg/250px-Xiphias_gladius1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Xiphias_gladius1.jpg/375px-Xiphias_gladius1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Xiphias_gladius1.jpg/500px-Xiphias_gladius1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a>, most commercially fished billfish</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Indo-Pacific sailfish, fastest of all fishes"><img alt="The Indo-Pacific sailfish, fastest of all fishes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg/187px-Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg/280px-Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg/373px-Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="537" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_sailfish" title="Indo-Pacific sailfish">Indo-Pacific sailfish</a>, fastest of all fishes</div></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Billfish-like_fish">Billfish-like fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Billfish-like fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of other fishes have pronounced bills or beaks, and are sometimes referred to as billfish, despite not being true billfish. <a href="/wiki/Halfbeak" title="Halfbeak">Halfbeaks</a> look somewhat like miniature billfish, and the <a href="/wiki/Sawfish" title="Sawfish">sawfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sawshark" title="Sawshark">sawshark</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous fish">cartilaginous fishes</a> with long, serrated <a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostrums</a>. <a href="/wiki/Needlefish" title="Needlefish">Needlefish</a> are sometimes confused with billfish, but they are "easily distinguished from the true billfish by having both jaws prolonged, the dorsal and anal fins both single and similar in size and shape, and the pelvic fins inserted far behind the pectorals."<sup id="cite_ref-FAOBillfish_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOBillfish-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paddlefish" title="Paddlefish">Paddlefish</a> have elongated rostrums containing <a href="/wiki/Electroreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreception">electroreceptors</a> that can detect weak <a href="/wiki/Electrical_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical field">electrical fields</a>. Paddlefish are <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a> and may use their rostrum to detect <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoF_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_function_of_the_bill">Structure and function of the bill</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure and function of the bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Billfish have a long, bony, spear-shaped bill, sometimes called a <i><a href="/wiki/Snout" title="Snout">snout</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beak</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostrum</a></i>. The swordfish has the longest bill, about one-third its body length. Like a true sword, it is smooth, flat, pointed and sharp. The bills of other billfish are shorter and rounder, more like spears.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Billfish normally use their bills to slash at <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">schooling fish</a>. They swim through the fish school at high speed, slashing left and right, and then circle back to eat the fish they stunned. Adult swordfish have no teeth, and other billfish have only small file-like teeth. They swallow their catch whole, head-first. Billfish do not normally spear with their bills, though occasionally a marlin will flip a fish into the air and bayonet it. Given the speed and power of these fish, when they do spear things the results can be dramatic. Predators of billfish, such as great white and mako sharks, have been found with billfish spears embedded in them.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iversen_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iversen-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heemstra_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heemstra-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pelagic fish generally are fascinated by <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish#Floating_objects" title="Pelagic fish">floating objects</a>, and congregate about them.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billfish can accidentally impale boats and other floating objects when they pursue the small fish that aggregate around them.<sup id="cite_ref-Heemstra_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heemstra-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Care is needed when attempting to land a hooked billfish. Many fisherman have been injured, some seriously, by a billfish thrashing its bill about.<sup id="cite_ref-Iversen_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iversen-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_characteristics">Other characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 220px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsxZNhvhzRk">Striped Marlin Bait Ball</a> <i>YouTube</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Billfish are large swift <a href="/wiki/Predator_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator fish">predators</a> which spend most of their time in the <a href="/wiki/Epipelagic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipelagic zone">epipelagic zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Open_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Open ocean">open ocean</a>. They feed voraciously on smaller <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>. Some billfish species also hunt <a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal fish</a> on the seafloor, while others descend periodically to mesopelagic depths. They may come closer to the coast when they <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawn</a> in the summer. Their eggs and larvae are pelagic, that is they float freely in the water column.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heemstra_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heemstra-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many grow over three metres (10 feet) long, and the blue marlin can grow to five metres (16 feet). Females are usually larger than males.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heemstra_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heemstra-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like <a href="/wiki/Scombridae" title="Scombridae">scombroids</a> (tuna, bonito and mackerel), billfish have both the ability to migrate over long distances, efficiently cruising at slow speeds, and the ability to generate rapid bursts of speed. These speed bursts can be quite astonishing, and the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_sailfish" title="Indo-Pacific sailfish">Indo-Pacific sailfish</a> has been recorded making a burst of 68 miles per hour (110 km/h), nearly top speed for a <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetah</a> and the highest speed ever recorded for a fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some billfish also descend to considerable <a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopelagic">mesopelagic</a> depths. They have sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">swim bladders</a> which allow them to rapidly compensate for pressure changes as the depth changes. This means that when they are swimming deep, they can return swiftly to the surface without problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Schultz22_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz22-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Like the large tuna, some billfish maintain their body temperature several degrees above ambient water temperatures; this elevated body temperature increases the efficiency of the swimming muscles, especially during excursions into the cold water below the <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Heemstra_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heemstra-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Heater_cell" title="Heater cell">heater cells</a> for more information about these specialized modified muscle cells.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936 the British zoologist <a href="/wiki/James_Gray_(zoologist)" title="James Gray (zoologist)">James Gray</a> posed a conundrum which has come to be known as <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_paradox" title="Gray's paradox">Gray's paradox</a>. The problem he posed was how dolphins can swim and accelerate so fast when it seemed their muscles lacked the needed power.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this is a problem with dolphins it is an even greater problem with billfish such as swordfish, which swim and accelerate faster than dolphins. In 2009, Taiwanese researchers from the <a href="/wiki/National_Chung_Hsing_University" title="National Chung Hsing University">National Chung Hsing University</a> introduced new concepts of "kidnapped airfoils and circulating horsepower" to explain the swimming capabilities of swordfish. The researchers claim this analysis also "solves the perplexity of dolphin's Gray paradox". They also assert that swordfish "use sensitive rostrum/lateral-line sensors to detect upcoming/ambient water pressure and attain the best attack angle to capture the body lift power aided by the forward-biased dorsal fin to compensate for most of the water resistance power."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Billfish have prominent <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fins</a>. Like tuna, mackerel and other scombroids, billfish streamline themselves by retracting their dorsal fins into a groove in their body when they swim.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shape, size, position and colour of the dorsal fin varies with the type of billfish, and can be a simple way to identify a billfish species. For example, the white marlin has a dorsal fin with a curved front edge and is covered with black spots. The huge dorsal fin, or sail of the sailfish is kept retracted most of the time. Sailfish raise them if they want to herd a school of small fish, and also after periods of high activity, presumably to cool down.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_migration">Distribution and migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Distribution and migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Billfish occur worldwide in temperate and tropical waters. They are <a href="/wiki/Highly_migratory_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Highly migratory species">highly migratory</a> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic fish">oceanic fish</a>, spending much of their time in the epipelagic zone of international water following major <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heemstra_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heemstra-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Migrations are linked to seasonal patterns of <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are sometimes referred to as "rare event species" because the areas they roam over in the open seas are so large that researchers have difficulty locating them. Little is known about their movements and life histories, so assessing how they can be sustainably managed is not easy.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ortiz_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortiz-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">coastal fish</a>, billfish usually avoid inshore waters unless there is a deep dropoff close to the land.<sup id="cite_ref-Iversen_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iversen-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they swim along the edge of the continental shelf where cold nutrient rich upwellings can fuel large schools of <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage fish</a>. Billfish can be found here, cruising and feeding "above the craggy bottom like hawks soaring along a ridge line".<sup id="cite_ref-Janiskee_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janiskee-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_fishing">Commercial fishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commercial fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_capture_of_all_billfish_1950%E2%80%932009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Global_capture_of_all_billfish_1950%E2%80%932009.png/400px-Global_capture_of_all_billfish_1950%E2%80%932009.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Global_capture_of_all_billfish_1950%E2%80%932009.png/600px-Global_capture_of_all_billfish_1950%E2%80%932009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Global_capture_of_all_billfish_1950%E2%80%932009.png/800px-Global_capture_of_all_billfish_1950%E2%80%932009.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Global commercial capture of billfish reported by the <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> in tonnes 1950–2009<sup id="cite_ref-FAOdata_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOdata-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morning_catch_of_marlin_at_Jimbaran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Morning_catch_of_marlin_at_Jimbaran.jpg/220px-Morning_catch_of_marlin_at_Jimbaran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Morning_catch_of_marlin_at_Jimbaran.jpg/330px-Morning_catch_of_marlin_at_Jimbaran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Morning_catch_of_marlin_at_Jimbaran.jpg/440px-Morning_catch_of_marlin_at_Jimbaran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Commercial catch of marlin at <a href="/wiki/Jimbaran" title="Jimbaran">Jimbaran</a>, Indonesia</div></figcaption></figure><p> In parts of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> such as the Maldives, billfishing, particularly for swordfish, is an important component of <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence fishing">subsistence fishing</a>.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreational_fishing">Recreational fishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recreational fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:220px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <p>Over the years, billfish tournaments have transformed into big business enterprises. Many prestigious tournaments now have enormous calcuttas and purses as well as large numbers of participating anglers. With huge purses and egos on the line, concern often arises whether all participants are adhering to the letter of the rules. <br /> – <a href="/wiki/IGFA" class="mw-redirect" title="IGFA">IGFA</a> Conservation Director, Jason Schratwieser<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Big_game_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Big game fishing">Big game fishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marlin_fishing" title="Marlin fishing">Marlin fishing</a></div> <p>Billfish are among the most coveted of big <a href="/wiki/Gamefish" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamefish">gamefish</a>, and major recreational fisheries cater to the demand.<sup id="cite_ref-Ortiz_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortiz-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North America, "the apex of the salt water pursuits is billfishing, the quest for elusive blue marlin and sailfish in the deep blue water about 60 miles out."<sup id="cite_ref-Janiskee_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janiskee-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lot of resources are committed to the activity, particularly in the construction of private and charter billfishing boats to participate in the billfishing tournament circuit. These are expensive purpose-built offshore vessels with powerfully driven deep sea hulls. They are often built to luxury standards and equipped with many technologies to ease the life of the deep sea recreational fisherman, including outriggers, flying bridges and fighting chairs, and state of the art <a href="/wiki/Fishfinder" title="Fishfinder">fishfinders</a> and navigation electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-Janiskee_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janiskee-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boats cruise along the edge of the continental shelf where billfish can be found down to 200 metres (600 ft), sometimes near weed lines at the surface and submarine canyons and ridges deeper down. Commercial fishermen usually use drift nets or longlines to catch billfish, but recreational fishermen usually drift with bait fish or troll a bait or lure. Billfish are caught deeper down the <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a> by drifting with live <a href="/wiki/Bait_fish" title="Bait fish">bait fish</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ballyhoo" title="Ballyhoo">ballyhoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_mullet" class="mw-redirect" title="Striped mullet">striped mullet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bonito" title="Bonito">bonito</a>. Alternatively, they can be caught by <a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">trolling</a> at the surface with dead bait or <a href="/wiki/Fishing_lure" title="Fishing lure">trolling lures</a> designed to imitate bait fish.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most recreational fishermen now <a href="/wiki/Tag_and_release" title="Tag and release">tag and release</a> billfish.<sup id="cite_ref-Janiskee_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janiskee-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2003 study surveyed 317,000 billfish known to have been tagged and released since 1954. Of these, 4122 were recovered. The study concluded that, while tag and release programs have limitations, they provided important information about billfish that cannot currently be obtained by other methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Heemstra_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heemstra-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ortiz_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortiz-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-left"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stripe_marlin_right_off_the_coast_of_Carrillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hooked striped marlin"><img alt="Hooked striped marlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stripe_marlin_right_off_the_coast_of_Carrillo.jpg/160px-Stripe_marlin_right_off_the_coast_of_Carrillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stripe_marlin_right_off_the_coast_of_Carrillo.jpg/240px-Stripe_marlin_right_off_the_coast_of_Carrillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stripe_marlin_right_off_the_coast_of_Carrillo.jpg/320px-Stripe_marlin_right_off_the_coast_of_Carrillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Hooked striped marlin</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Marlin_in_North_Carolina_1394318584.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hooked billfish can leap spectacularly out of the water"><img alt="Hooked billfish can leap spectacularly out of the water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/White_Marlin_in_North_Carolina_1394318584.jpg/160px-White_Marlin_in_North_Carolina_1394318584.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/White_Marlin_in_North_Carolina_1394318584.jpg/240px-White_Marlin_in_North_Carolina_1394318584.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/White_Marlin_in_North_Carolina_1394318584.jpg/320px-White_Marlin_in_North_Carolina_1394318584.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Hooked billfish can leap spectacularly out of the water</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MegabyteSST.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MegabyteSST.jpg/160px-MegabyteSST.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MegabyteSST.jpg/240px-MegabyteSST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MegabyteSST.jpg/320px-MegabyteSST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3724" data-file-height="2473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiphias_gladius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Xiphias_gladius.jpg/127px-Xiphias_gladius.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Xiphias_gladius.jpg/191px-Xiphias_gladius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Xiphias_gladius.jpg/255px-Xiphias_gladius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_men_holding_a_freshly_caught_sailfish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Two_men_holding_a_freshly_caught_sailfish.jpg/160px-Two_men_holding_a_freshly_caught_sailfish.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Two_men_holding_a_freshly_caught_sailfish.jpg/240px-Two_men_holding_a_freshly_caught_sailfish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Two_men_holding_a_freshly_caught_sailfish.jpg/320px-Two_men_holding_a_freshly_caught_sailfish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_food">As food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: As food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Billfish make good <a href="/wiki/Food_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fish">eating fish</a>, and are high in <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3 oil">omega-3 oils</a>. Blue marlin has a particularly high oil content.<sup id="cite_ref-Livingston_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingston-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Raw swordfish</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">144 kJ (34 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">6.65 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">19.66 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">120 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">70%</div> 558 IU</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.38 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 29 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">20%</div> 255 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">14%</div> 418 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 81 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.66 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">73.38 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Billfish are primarily marketed in Japan, where they are eaten raw as <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a>. They are marketed fresh, frozen, canned, cooked and smoked.<sup id="cite_ref-Heemstra_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heemstra-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not usually a good idea to fry billfish. Swordfish and marlin are best grilled or broiled, or eaten raw as in sashimi. Sailfish and spearfish are somewhat tough and are better cooked over charcoal or smoked.<sup id="cite_ref-Livingston_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingston-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-left"><div class="title"><div>Billfish as food</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peixe_espada,_Vigo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swordfish auction in the fish market of Vigo"><img alt="Swordfish auction in the fish market of Vigo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Peixe_espada%2C_Vigo.jpg/160px-Peixe_espada%2C_Vigo.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Peixe_espada%2C_Vigo.jpg/240px-Peixe_espada%2C_Vigo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Peixe_espada%2C_Vigo.jpg/320px-Peixe_espada%2C_Vigo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swordfish auction in the fish market of <a href="/wiki/Vigo" title="Vigo">Vigo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Makaira_nigricans_meat.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Slice of Atlantic blue marlin"><img alt="Slice of Atlantic blue marlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Makaira_nigricans_meat.JPG/160px-Makaira_nigricans_meat.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Makaira_nigricans_meat.JPG/240px-Makaira_nigricans_meat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Makaira_nigricans_meat.JPG/320px-Makaira_nigricans_meat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Slice of Atlantic blue marlin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marinade_d%27espadon.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Swordfish marinade"><img alt="Swordfish marinade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Marinade_d%27espadon.JPG/160px-Marinade_d%27espadon.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Marinade_d%27espadon.JPG/240px-Marinade_d%27espadon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Marinade_d%27espadon.JPG/320px-Marinade_d%27espadon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swordfish marinade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Stegt_sejlfisk_og_pastasalat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fried sailfish with noodle salad"><img alt="Fried sailfish with noodle salad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Stegt_sejlfisk_og_pastasalat.jpg/160px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Stegt_sejlfisk_og_pastasalat.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Stegt_sejlfisk_og_pastasalat.jpg/240px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Stegt_sejlfisk_og_pastasalat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Stegt_sejlfisk_og_pastasalat.jpg/320px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Stegt_sejlfisk_og_pastasalat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fried sailfish with noodle salad</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercury">Mercury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mercury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></div> <p>However, because billfish have high <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a>, near the top of the <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a>, they also contain significant levels of mercury and other toxins. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a>, swordfish is one of four fishes, along with <a href="/wiki/Tilefish" title="Tilefish">tilefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">shark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">king mackerel</a>, that children and pregnant women should avoid due to high levels of <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a> found in these fish and the consequent risk of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning#Organic_mercury_compounds" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Organic mercury compounds) has been deleted. (2024-12-30)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mercury_Levels_in_Commercial_Fish_and_Shellfish_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury_Levels_in_Commercial_Fish_and_Shellfish-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Protect_Yourself_and_Your_Family_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protect_Yourself_and_Your_Family-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Billfish are exploited both as <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">food</a> and as fish. Marlin and sailfish are eaten in many parts of the world, and many sport fisheries target these species. Swordfish are subject to particularly intense fisheries pressures, and although their survival is not threatened worldwide, they are now comparatively rare in many places where once they were abundant. The istiophorid billfishes (marlin and spearfish) also suffer from intense fishing pressures. High mortality levels occur when they are <a href="/wiki/Incidental_catch" title="Incidental catch">caught incidentally</a> by longline fisheries targeting other fish.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a> continues to "push these declines further in some species".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of these concerns about declining populations, sport fishermen and conservationists now work together to gather information on billfish stocks and implement programs such as <a href="/wiki/Catch_and_release" title="Catch and release">catch and release</a>, where fish are returned to the sea after they have been caught. However, the process of catching them can leave them too traumatised to recover.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that <a href="/wiki/Circle_hook" title="Circle hook">circle fishing hooks</a> do much less damage to billfish than the traditional <a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">J-hooks</a>, yet they are at just as effective for catching billfish. This is good for conservation, since it improves survival rates after release.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stocks for individual species in billfish longline fisheries can "boom and bust" in linked and compensatory ways. For example, the Atlantic catch of blue marlin declined in the 1960s. This was accompanied by an increase in sailfish catch. The sailfish catch then declined from the end of the 1970s to the end of the 1980s, compensated by an increase in swordfish catch. As a result, overall billfish catches remained fairly stable.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Many of the world's fisheries operate in a data poor environment that precludes predictions about how different management actions will affect individual species and the ecosystem as a whole."<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recently years <a href="/wiki/Pop-up_satellite_archival_tag" title="Pop-up satellite archival tag">pop-up satellite archival tags</a> have been used to monitor billfish. The capability of these tags to recover useful data is improving, and their use should result in more accurate stock assessments.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, a group of researchers claimed they have, for the first time, standardized all available data about scombrids and billfishes so it is in a form suitable for assessing threats to these species. The synthesis shows that those species which combine a long life with a high economic value, such as the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_blue_marlin" title="Atlantic blue marlin">Atlantic blue marlin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_marlin" title="White marlin">white marlin</a>, are generally threatened. The combination puts such species in "double jeopardy".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billfish_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Billfish in the Indian Ocean">Billfish in the Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biosearch.in/publicOrganismPage.php?id=34415"><i>Makaira nigricans </i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129193328/http://www.biosearch.in/publicOrganismPage.php?id=34415">Archived</a> 29 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>bioSearch</i>. Updated: 20 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNMMnigricans-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNMMnigricans_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCNMMnigricans_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.B.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.Graves,_J.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Graves, J.; Juan Jorda, M.; Pohlot, B.; Schratwieser, J. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170314/46936155">"<i>Makaira nigricans</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2022</b>: e.T170314A46936155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170314A46936155.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170314A46936155.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Makaira+nigricans&rft.volume=2022&rft.pages=e.T170314A46936155&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170314A46936155.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Pohlot%2C+B.&rft.au=Schratwieser%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170314%2F46936155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-santinisorenson2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-santinisorenson2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantiniSorenson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Santini, F.; Sorenson, L. (2013). "First molecular timetree of billfishes (Istiophoriformes: Acanthomorpha) shows a Late Miocene radiation of marlins and allies". <i>Italian Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>80</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">481–</span>489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F11250003.2013.848945">10.1080/11250003.2013.848945</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83901839">83901839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=First+molecular+timetree+of+billfishes+%28Istiophoriformes%3A+Acanthomorpha%29+shows+a+Late+Miocene+radiation+of+marlins+and+allies&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E481-%3C%2Fspan%3E489&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F11250003.2013.848945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83901839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Santini&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Sorenson%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_S._Nelson2006" class="citation book cs1">Joseph S. Nelson (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sisal.unam.mx/labeco/LAB_ECOLOGIA/Ecologia_de_peces_files/Nelson%202006.pdf"><i>Fishes of the World</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. John Wiley & Sons Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">430–</span>434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-25031-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-25031-9"><bdi>978-0-471-25031-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E434&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-471-25031-9&rft.au=Joseph+S.+Nelson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sisal.unam.mx%2Flabeco%2FLAB_ECOLOGIA%2FEcologia_de_peces_files%2FNelson%25202006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson5_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson,_JSGrande,_TCWilson,_MVH2016" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, JS; Grande, TC & Wilson, MVH (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313140909/https://81a86d48-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/fotw5th/home/FotW5Classification.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7coP7L850hc2KblijBZWJQpzKfQY5GAjnopzwval2xwnqist9WExZkxt7SF4OvVwR9AV965qa40-EYcVHCT05XcutxECBaraK4JiAiyzAxdDFtfYwmxnc4qgd7WRfrmAa9Tcd7C54K_LSySz6efxuNIrxKbUgiBWoJRxaW5HwFGnsUfIyPF6xng6Po7_GYRbA0tP9UW-XtL1aWLcrBineCR5HtI3Up70XgyfXNc6fAtPJOyGe5s%3D&attredirects=1">"Classification of fishes from Fishes of the World 5th Edition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://81a86d48-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/fotw5th/home/FotW5Classification.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7crnPmFXqnJpmRlpzLSdqx8GmsCmFXNBj8fAYuPuhFBvCfHo4TahH7eM_yruTzHI27nZRRWWJPRR7U9HopPBRlQK8iW_73EG6FVke6aUjl20fgZXiChDnl-xqMl4L2I-wHwV7D4qcPAQI1vSV6YfFYAm5qb7t5w0rJ_ierkZ91ezIvpQ_5f0kSbFiUx-YYGXP1US1GbwSf-G7sRx4XEikm73VqVA0idVnlkaFjzI53bkuIQY0OQ%3D&attredirects=0">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classification+of+fishes+from+Fishes+of+the+World+5th+Edition&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Nelson%2C+JS&rft.au=Grande%2C+TC&rft.au=Wilson%2C+MVH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F81a86d48-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com%2Fsite%2Ffotw5th%2Fhome%2FFotW5Classification.pdf%3Fattachauth%3DANoY7crnPmFXqnJpmRlpzLSdqx8GmsCmFXNBj8fAYuPuhFBvCfHo4TahH7eM_yruTzHI27nZRRWWJPRR7U9HopPBRlQK8iW_73EG6FVke6aUjl20fgZXiChDnl-xqMl4L2I-wHwV7D4qcPAQI1vSV6YfFYAm5qb7t5w0rJ_ierkZ91ezIvpQ_5f0kSbFiUx-YYGXP1US1GbwSf-G7sRx4XEikm73VqVA0idVnlkaFjzI53bkuIQY0OQ%253D%26attredirects%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ken Schultz: <i>Ken Schultz's Fishing Encyclopedia</i>. 1999. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gofishn.com/content/billfish#">http://www.gofishn.com/content/billfish#</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307194338/http://www.gofishn.com/content/billfish">Archived</a> 7 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marinesanctuary.org/blog/sea-wonder-swordfish/">"Sea Wonder: Swordfish"</a>. <i>National Marine Sanctuary Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Marine+Sanctuary+Foundation&rft.atitle=Sea+Wonder%3A+Swordfish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarinesanctuary.org%2Fblog%2Fsea-wonder-swordfish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanV._AndrewsSaadEl-Sayed2023" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (16 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=7048">"The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018"</a>. <i>Geologica Belgica</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20341%2Fgb.2023.002">10.20341/gb.2023.002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1374-8505">1374-8505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geologica+Belgica&rft.atitle=The+Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene+transition+in+spiny-rayed+fishes%3A+surveying+%22Patterson%27s+Gap%22+in+the+acanthomorph+skeletal+record+Andr%C3%A9+Dumont+medalist+lecture+2018&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20341%2Fgb.2023.002&rft.issn=1374-8505&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=V.+Andrews%2C+James&rft.au=Saad%2C+Hadeel&rft.au=El-Sayed%2C+Sanaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopups.uliege.be%2F1374-8505%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D7048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonschBannikov2011" class="citation journal cs1">Monsch, Kenneth A.; Bannikov, Alexandre F. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/new-taxonomic-synopses-and-revision-of-the-scombroid-fishes-scombroidei-perciformes-including-billfishes-from-the-cenozoic-of-territories-of-the-former-ussr/37C191646AD6ECED0B473DE94B6971EC">"New taxonomic synopses and revision of the scombroid fishes (Scombroidei, Perciformes), including billfishes, from the Cenozoic of territories of the former USSR"</a>. <i>Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</i>. <b>102</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">253–</span>300. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EESTR.102..253M">2011EESTR.102..253M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1755691011010085">10.1017/S1755691011010085</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-6910">1755-6910</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129577132">129577132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Environmental+Science+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=New+taxonomic+synopses+and+revision+of+the+scombroid+fishes+%28Scombroidei%2C+Perciformes%29%2C+including+billfishes%2C+from+the+Cenozoic+of+territories+of+the+former+USSR&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1755691011010085&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129577132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1755-6910&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011EESTR.102..253M&rft.aulast=Monsch&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+A.&rft.au=Bannikov%2C+Alexandre+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fearth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fnew-taxonomic-synopses-and-revision-of-the-scombroid-fishes-scombroidei-perciformes-including-billfishes-from-the-cenozoic-of-territories-of-the-former-ussr%2F37C191646AD6ECED0B473DE94B6971EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFierstine2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fierstine, Harry L. (1 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/2006/00000079/00000003/art00002">"Fossil history of billfishes (Xiphioidei)"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Marine Science</i>. <b>79</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">433–</span>453.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Fossil+history+of+billfishes+%28Xiphioidei%29&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E433-%3C%2Fspan%3E453&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.aulast=Fierstine&rft.aufirst=Harry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fumrsmas%2Fbullmar%2F2006%2F00000079%2F00000003%2Fart00002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parris, D. C., Grandstaff, B. S. and Bell, G. L. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdaos.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/2001/2001Vol80.pdf#page=167">Reassessment of the affinities of the extinct genus <i>Cylindracanthus</i></a> (Osteichthyes). <i>Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science</i>, 80: 161–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_HossnyCavinKaplanSchwermann2023" class="citation journal cs1">El Hossny, Tamara; Cavin, Lionel; Kaplan, Ulrich; Schwermann, Achim H.; Samankassou, Elias; Friedman, Matt (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10698480">"The first articulated skeletons of enigmatic Late Cretaceous billfish-like actinopterygians"</a>. <i>Royal Society Open Science</i>. <b>10</b> (12). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023RSOS...1031296E">2023RSOS...1031296E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.231296">10.1098/rsos.231296</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2054-5703">2054-5703</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10698480">10698480</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38077217">38077217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+Open+Science&rft.atitle=The+first+articulated+skeletons+of+enigmatic+Late+Cretaceous+billfish-like+actinopterygians&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10698480%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023RSOS...1031296E&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38077217&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsos.231296&rft.issn=2054-5703&rft.aulast=El+Hossny&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft.au=Cavin%2C+Lionel&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Schwermann%2C+Achim+H.&rft.au=Samankassou%2C+Elias&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10698480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAOBillfish-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAOBillfish_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOBillfish_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOBillfish_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOBillfish_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nakamura, Izumi (1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/ac480e/ac480e00.htm"><i>Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date</i></a> FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 125 (5). Rome.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Istiompax-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Istiompax_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Istiompax_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Istiompax&speciesname=indica">"<i>Istiompax indica</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2013 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Istiompax+indica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DIstiompax%26speciesname%3Dindica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mmazara-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mmazara_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mmazara_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Makaira&speciesname=mazara">"<i>Makaira mazara</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Makaira+mazara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DMakaira%26speciesname%3Dmazara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Xiphias&speciesname=gladius">"<i>Xiphias gladius</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Xiphias+gladius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DXiphias%26speciesname%3Dgladius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2503/en"><i>Xiphias gladius</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) </a> FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNgladius-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNgladius_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.B.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.Graves,_J.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Graves, J.; Juan Jorda, M.; Pohlot, B.; Restrepo, V.; Schratwieser, J. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/23148/46625751">"<i>Xiphias gladius</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2022</b>: e.T23148A46625751. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T23148A46625751.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T23148A46625751.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Xiphias+gladius&rft.volume=2022&rft.pages=e.T23148A46625751&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T23148A46625751.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Pohlot%2C+B.&rft.au=Restrepo%2C+V.&rft.au=Schratwieser%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F23148%2F46625751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arocha-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arocha_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arocha F and Ortiz M (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://217.116.8.42/Documents/SCRS/Manual/CH2/2_1_8_0_SAI_ENG.pdf">Description of Sailfish (SAI)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> ICCAT Manual.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Istiophorus&speciesname=albicans">"<i>Istiophorus albicans</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Istiophorus+albicans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DIstiophorus%26speciesname%3Dalbicans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Istiophorus&speciesname=platypterus">"<i>Istiophorus platypterus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Istiophorus+platypterus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DIstiophorus%26speciesname%3Dplatypterus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3301/en"><i>Istiophorus platypterus</i> (Shaw, 1792) </a> FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNplatypterus-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNplatypterus_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.B.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.Graves,_J.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Graves, J.; Juan Jorda, M.; Pohlot, B.; Restrepo, V.; Schratwieser, J. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170338/46649664">"<i>Istiophorus platypterus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2022</b>: e.T170338A46649664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170338A46649664.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170338A46649664.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Istiophorus+platypterus&rft.volume=2022&rft.pages=e.T170338A46649664&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170338A46649664.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Pohlot%2C+B.&rft.au=Restrepo%2C+V.&rft.au=Schratwieser%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170338%2F46649664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNMindica-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNMindica_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.B.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.Juan_Jorda,_M.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Pohlot, B.; Schratwieser, J.; Graves, J. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170312/46646193">"<i>Istiompax indica</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2022</b>: e.T170312A46646193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170312A46646193.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170312A46646193.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Istiompax+indica&rft.volume=2022&rft.pages=e.T170312A46646193&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170312A46646193.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Pohlot%2C+B.&rft.au=Schratwieser%2C+J.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170312%2F46646193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mnigricans-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mnigricans_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Makaira&speciesname=nigricans">"<i>Makaira nigricans</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Makaira+nigricans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DMakaira%26speciesname%3Dnigricans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Tetrapturus&speciesname=albidus">"<i>Tetrapturus albidus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Tetrapturus+albidus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTetrapturus%26speciesname%3Dalbidus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNKalbida-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNKalbida_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.B.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.Graves,_J.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Graves, J.; Juan Jorda, M.; Pohlot, B.; Restrepo, V.; Schratwieser, J. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170322/46937287">"<i>Kajikia albida</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2022</b>: e.T170322A46937287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170322A46937287.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170322A46937287.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Kajikia+albida&rft.volume=2022&rft.pages=e.T170322A46937287&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170322A46937287.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Pohlot%2C+B.&rft.au=Restrepo%2C+V.&rft.au=Schratwieser%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170322%2F46937287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Tetrapturus&speciesname=angustirostris">"<i>Tetrapturus angustirostris</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Tetrapturus+angustirostris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTetrapturus%26speciesname%3Dangustirostris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNangustirostris-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNangustirostris_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.B.Di_Natale,_A.Hinton,_M.Pohlot,_B.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.B.; Di Natale, A.; Hinton, M.; Pohlot, B.; Schratwieser, J. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170315/170084988">"<i>Tetrapturus angustirostris</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2023</b>: e.T170315A170084988. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T170315A170084988.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T170315A170084988.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Tetrapturus+angustirostris&rft.volume=2023&rft.pages=e.T170315A170084988&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T170315A170084988.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Hinton%2C+M.&rft.au=Pohlot%2C+B.&rft.au=Schratwieser%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170315%2F170084988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Tetrapturus&speciesname=audax">"<i>Tetrapturus audax</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Tetrapturus+audax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTetrapturus%26speciesname%3Daudax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2501/en"><i>Tetrapturus audax</i> (Philippi, 1887) </a> FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNaudax-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNaudax_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.B.Di_Natale,_A.Fox,_W.Graves,_J.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Graves, J.; Juan Jorda, M.; Schratwieser, J.; Pohlot, B. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170309/170084118">"<i>Kajikia audax</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2022</b>: e.T170309A170084118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170309A170084118.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170309A170084118.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Kajikia+audax&rft.volume=2022&rft.pages=e.T170309A170084118&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170309A170084118.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+W.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Juan+Jorda%2C+M.&rft.au=Schratwieser%2C+J.&rft.au=Pohlot%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170309%2F170084118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Tetrapturus&speciesname=georgii">"<i>Tetrapturus georgii</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Tetrapturus+georgii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTetrapturus%26speciesname%3Dgeorgii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNgeorgii-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNgeorgii_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.B.Di_Natale,_A.Graves,_J.Pohlot,_B.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.B.; Di Natale, A.; Graves, J.; Pohlot, B.; Schratwieser, J. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170333/76154447">"<i>Tetrapturus georgii</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2023</b>: e.T170333A76154447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T170333A76154447.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T170333A76154447.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Tetrapturus+georgii&rft.volume=2023&rft.pages=e.T170333A76154447&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T170333A76154447.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Pohlot%2C+B.&rft.au=Schratwieser%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170333%2F76154447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Tetrapturus&speciesname=belone">"<i>Tetrapturus belone</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Tetrapturus+belone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTetrapturus%26speciesname%3Dbelone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNbelone-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNbelone_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.B.Di_Natale,_A.Graves,_J.Pohlot,_B.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.B.; Di Natale, A.; Graves, J.; Pohlot, B.; Schratwieser, J. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170334/204737590">"<i>Tetrapturus belone</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2023</b>: e.T170334A204737590. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T170334A204737590.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T170334A204737590.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Tetrapturus+belone&rft.volume=2023&rft.pages=e.T170334A204737590&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T170334A204737590.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Pohlot%2C+B.&rft.au=Schratwieser%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170334%2F204737590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Tetrapturus&speciesname=pfluegeri">"<i>Tetrapturus pfluegeri</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. March 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Tetrapturus+pfluegeri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DTetrapturus%26speciesname%3Dpfluegeri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNpfluegeri-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNpfluegeri_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollette,_B.B.Di_Natale,_A.Graves,_J.Pohlot,_B.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, B.B.; Di Natale, A.; Graves, J.; Pohlot, B.; Schratwieser, J. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170307/46935577">"<i>Tetrapturus pfluegeri</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2023</b>: e.T170307A46935577. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T170307A46935577.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T170307A46935577.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Tetrapturus+pfluegeri&rft.volume=2023&rft.pages=e.T170307A46935577&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T170307A46935577.en&rft.au=Collette%2C+B.B.&rft.au=Di+Natale%2C+A.&rft.au=Graves%2C+J.&rft.au=Pohlot%2C+B.&rft.au=Schratwieser%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F170307%2F46935577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoF-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoF_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley,_Edward_G.1998" class="citation book cs1">Wiley, Edward G. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Fishes</i>. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-547665-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-547665-2"><bdi>978-0-12-547665-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Fishes&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-12-547665-2&rft.au=Wiley%2C+Edward+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schultz 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavendish-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish_41-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=va1ODFo_tdUC&dq=Billfish&pg=PA332"><i>Aquatic Life of the World</i></a> pp. 332–333, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761471707" title="Special:BookSources/9780761471707">9780761471707</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iversen-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iversen_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iversen_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iversen_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iversen ES and Skinner RH (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MqyPjacQHFoC&dq=Billfish&pg=PA77"><i>Dangerous sea life of the west Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico: a guide for accident prevention and first aid</i></a> Page 77–78, Pineapple Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561643707" title="Special:BookSources/9781561643707">9781561643707</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heemstra-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heemstra_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heemstra_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heemstra_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heemstra_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heemstra_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heemstra_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heemstra_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heemstra_43-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heemstra PC and Heemstra E (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e4H1uWszXOQC&dq=Billfish&pg=PA424"><i>Coastal fishes of Southern Africa</i></a> Page 424, NISC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781920033019" title="Special:BookSources/9781920033019">9781920033019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunterMitchell1966" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter JR, Mitchell CT (1966). "Association of fishes with flotsam in the offshore waters of Central America". <i>Fishery Bulletin</i>. <b>66</b>: <span class="nowrap">13–</span>29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fishery+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Association+of+fishes+with+flotsam+in+the+offshore+waters+of+Central+America&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+CT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schultz22-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schultz22_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schultz, 2007, pp. 22–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherwood, Klandorf, Yancey, Animal Physiology: From Genes to Organisms, 2nd edition)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray,_J1936" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, J (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/content/208/6/977.full.pdf+html">"Studies in animal locomotion VI. The propulsive powers of the dolphin"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>13</b>: <span class="nowrap">192–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.13.2.192">10.1242/jeb.13.2.192</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Studies+in+animal+locomotion+VI.+The+propulsive+powers+of+the+dolphin&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.13.2.192&rft.au=Gray%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcontent%2F208%2F6%2F977.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee,_Hsing-JuinJong,_Yow-JengChange,_Li-MinWu,_Wen-Lin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Hsing-Juin; Jong, Yow-Jeng; Change, Li-Min & Wu, Wen-Lin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2322%2Ftjsass.52.11">"Propulsion Strategy Analysis of High-Speed Swordfish"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences</i>. <b>52</b> (175): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JSAST..52...11L">2009JSAST..52...11L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2322%2Ftjsass.52.11">10.2322/tjsass.52.11</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Japan+Society+for+Aeronautical+and+Space+Sciences&rft.atitle=Propulsion+Strategy+Analysis+of+High-Speed+Swordfish&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=175&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2322%2Ftjsass.52.11&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JSAST..52...11L&rft.au=Lee%2C+Hsing-Juin&rft.au=Jong%2C+Yow-Jeng&rft.au=Change%2C+Li-Min&rft.au=Wu%2C+Wen-Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2322%252Ftjsass.52.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dement J <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.littoralsociety.org/userfiles/doccenter/Species%20Spotlight%20Atlantic%20Sailfish.pdf">Species Spotlight: Atlantic Sailfish (<i>Istiophorus albicans</i>)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217230458/http://www.littoralsociety.org/userfiles/doccenter/Species%20Spotlight%20Atlantic%20Sailfish.pdf">Archived</a> 17 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>littoralsociety.org</i>. Retrieved 1 April 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breman, Joe (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FEh1x_Ebv4oC&dq=Billfish&pg=PA46"><i>Marine geography: GIS for the oceans and seas</i></a> Page 46, ESRI. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589480452" title="Special:BookSources/9781589480452">9781589480452</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutcavage2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lutcavage, M (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pfrp/newsletters/Apr-June2001.pdf">"Bluefin Spawning in Central North Atlantic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pelagic Fisheries Research Program</i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pelagic+Fisheries+Research+Program&rft.atitle=Bluefin+Spawning+in+Central+North+Atlantic&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lutcavage&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soest.hawaii.edu%2Fpfrp%2Fnewsletters%2FApr-June2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ortiz-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ortiz_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ortiz_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ortiz_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtizPrinceSerafyHolts2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ortiz M, Prince ED, Serafy JE, Holts DB, Davy KB, Pepperell JG, Lowry MB, Holdsworth JC (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618031921/http://peas.rsmas.miami.edu/divs/mbf/People/Faculty/Serafy/Publications/media/23-Ortiz%20et%20al.%202003%20Global%20Billfish%20Tagging.pdf">"Global overview of the major constituent-based billfish tagging programs and their results since 1954"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Marine and Freshwater Research</i>. <b>54</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">489–</span>507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FMF02028">10.1071/MF02028</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peas.rsmas.miami.edu/divs/mbf/People/Faculty/Serafy/Publications/media/23-Ortiz%20et%20al.%202003%20Global%20Billfish%20Tagging.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Freshwater+Research&rft.atitle=Global+overview+of+the+major+constituent-based+billfish+tagging+programs+and+their+results+since+1954&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E507&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FMF02028&rft.aulast=Ortiz&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Prince%2C+ED&rft.au=Serafy%2C+JE&rft.au=Holts%2C+DB&rft.au=Davy%2C+KB&rft.au=Pepperell%2C+JG&rft.au=Lowry%2C+MB&rft.au=Holdsworth%2C+JC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeas.rsmas.miami.edu%2Fdivs%2Fmbf%2FPeople%2FFaculty%2FSerafy%2FPublications%2Fmedia%2F23-Ortiz%2520et%2520al.%25202003%2520Global%2520Billfish%2520Tagging.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janiskee-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janiskee_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janiskee_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janiskee_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janiskee_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janiskee RL (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygZ0MPZFONIC&dq=Billfish&pg=PA202"><i>Tourism and recreation in the Carolinas</i></a> In: DG Bennett and JC Patton, <i>A geography of the Carolinas</i>, pp. 201–202, Parkway Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933251431" title="Special:BookSources/9781933251431">9781933251431</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAOdata-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAOdata_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on data sourced from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/search/en">FAO Species Fact Sheets</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igfa.org/News/post/IGFA-March-Hot-News.aspx#">IGFA’s Observer Training Class in Virginia Beach</a> <i>IGFA News</i>, March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams RG and Nichols CR (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0zD1tVXZrIcC&dq=Billfish&pg=PT519"><i>Encyclopedia of Marine Science</i></a> Page 505, Infobase Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438118819" title="Special:BookSources/9781438118819">9781438118819</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livingston-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livingston_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livingston_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livingston AD (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxrTdYAjGe0C&dq=Billfish&pg=PA158"><i>Complete Fish & Game Cookbook</i></a> Page 158, Stackpole Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811704281" title="Special:BookSources/9780811704281">9780811704281</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDADailyValues-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"</a>. <i>FDA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Daily+Value+on+the+Nutrition+and+Supplement+Facts+Labels&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fnutrition-facts-label%2Fdaily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_MedicineHealth_and_Medicine_DivisionFood_and_Nutrition_BoardCommittee_to_Review_the_Dietary_Reference_Intakes_for_Sodium_and_Potassium2019" class="citation book cs1">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/25353/chapter/8#120">"Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy"</a>. In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). <i>Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</i>. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F25353">10.17226/25353</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1"><bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Potassium%3A+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Adequacy&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+National+Academies+Collection%3A+Reports+funded+by+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30844154&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F25353&rft.isbn=978-0-309-48834-1&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.au=Health+and+Medicine+Division&rft.au=Food+and+Nutrition+Board&rft.au=Committee+to+Review+the+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fread%2F25353%2Fchapter%2F8%23120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mercury_Levels_in_Commercial_Fish_and_Shellfish-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mercury_Levels_in_Commercial_Fish_and_Shellfish_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFDA1990–2010" class="citation web cs1">FDA (1990–2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091025204232/https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/Seafood/FoodbornePathogensContaminants/Methylmercury/ucm115644.htm">"Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/product-specificinformation/seafood/foodbornepathogenscontaminants/methylmercury/ucm115644.htm">the original</a> on 25 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=Mercury+Levels+in+Commercial+Fish+and+Shellfish&rft.date=1990%2F2010&rft.au=FDA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Ffoodsafety%2Fproduct-specificinformation%2Fseafood%2Ffoodbornepathogenscontaminants%2Fmethylmercury%2Fucm115644.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Protect_Yourself_and_Your_Family-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Protect_Yourself_and_Your_Family_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatural_Resources_Defense_Council" class="citation web cs1">Natural Resources Defense Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/mercury/protect.asp">"Protect Yourself and Your Family"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protect+Yourself+and+Your+Family&rft.au=Natural+Resources+Defense+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrdc.org%2Fhealth%2Feffects%2Fmercury%2Fprotect.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers,_Ransom_A.Boris_Worm2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ransom_A._Myers" title="Ransom A. Myers">Myers, Ransom A.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Boris_Worm" title="Boris Worm">Boris Worm</a> (2003). "Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities". <i>Nature</i>. <b>423</b> (6937): <span class="nowrap">280–</span>283. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.423..280M">2003Natur.423..280M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01610">10.1038/nature01610</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12748640">12748640</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2392394">2392394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Rapid+worldwide+depletion+of+predatory+fish+communities&rft.volume=423&rft.issue=6937&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E280-%3C%2Fspan%3E283&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01610&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2392394%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12748640&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.423..280M&rft.au=Myers%2C+Ransom+A.&rft.au=Boris+Worm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICCAT (2002) Report of the 2001 billfish species group session. ICCAT Collected Volume of Scientific Papers 54: 649–764</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prince ED, Ortiz M, and Venizelos A (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abmt.vi/PrincePDF/P3.pdf">"A Comparison of Circle Hook and "J" Hook Performance in Recreational Catch-and-Release Fisheries for Billfish"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217002529/http://www.abmt.vi/PrincePDF/P3.pdf">Archived</a> 17 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>American Fisheries Society Symposium</i> 30: pp. xxx–xxx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinceSnodgrassOrbesen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Prince ED, Snodgrass D, Orbesen ES (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202103040/http://eee.rsmas.miami.edu/assets/pdfs/mbf/fac/Serafy/52-Prince%20et%20al.%202007%20Sailfish%20Circle%20Hooks.pdf">"Circle hooks,'J' hooks and drop-back time: a hook performance study of the south Florida recreational live-bait fishery for sailfish, <i>Istiophorus platypterus</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fisheries Management and Ecology</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>182. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007FisME..14..173P">2007FisME..14..173P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2400.2007.00539.x">10.1111/j.1365-2400.2007.00539.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eee.rsmas.miami.edu/assets/pdfs/mbf/fac/Serafy/52-Prince%20et%20al.%202007%20Sailfish%20Circle%20Hooks.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fisheries+Management+and+Ecology&rft.atitle=Circle+hooks%2C%27J%27+hooks+and+drop-back+time%3A+a+hook+performance+study+of+the+south+Florida+recreational+live-bait+fishery+for+sailfish%2C+Istiophorus+platypterus&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2400.2007.00539.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007FisME..14..173P&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=ED&rft.au=Snodgrass%2C+D&rft.au=Orbesen%2C+ES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feee.rsmas.miami.edu%2Fassets%2Fpdfs%2Fmbf%2Ffac%2FSerafy%2F52-Prince%2520et%2520al.%25202007%2520Sailfish%2520Circle%2520Hooks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, J. Emmett (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Marine_biodiversity_and_food_security">Marine biodiversity and food security</a> <i>Encyclopedia of Earth</i>. Updated 25 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson DE (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&context=oa_dissertations">"Physical and biological characteristics of billfish spawning habitat in the Straits of Florida"</a> <i>Open Access Dissertations</i>. Paper 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerstetterLuckhurstPrinceGraves2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kerstetter DW, Luckhurst BE, Prince ED, Graves JE (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015070922/http://fishbull.noaa.gov/1014/22kerste.pdf">"Use of pop-up satellite archival tags to demonstrate survival of blue marlin (<i>Makaira nigricans</i>) released from pelagic longline gear"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fishery Bulletin</i>. <b>101</b>: <span class="nowrap">939–</span>948. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fishbull.noaa.gov/1014/22kerste.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fishery+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Use+of+pop-up+satellite+archival+tags+to+demonstrate+survival+of+blue+marlin+%28Makaira+nigricans%29+released+from+pelagic+longline+gear&rft.volume=101&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E939-%3C%2Fspan%3E948&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kerstetter&rft.aufirst=DW&rft.au=Luckhurst%2C+BE&rft.au=Prince%2C+ED&rft.au=Graves%2C+JE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffishbull.noaa.gov%2F1014%2F22kerste.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColletteCarpenter2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, BB; Carpenter, KE; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://140.109.29.102/pdf/896.pdf">"High Value and Long Life—Double Jeopardy for Tunas and Billfishes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>333</b> (6040): <span class="nowrap">291–</span>292. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...333..291C">2011Sci...333..291C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1208730">10.1126/science.1208730</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21737699">21737699</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20406751">20406751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=High+Value+and+Long+Life%E2%80%94Double+Jeopardy+for+Tunas+and+Billfishes&rft.volume=333&rft.issue=6040&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1208730&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20406751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21737699&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...333..291C&rft.aulast=Collette&rft.aufirst=BB&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+KE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F140.109.29.102%2Fpdf%2F896.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbascalMejutoQuintansRamos-Cartelle2010" class="citation journal cs1">Abascal, FJ; Mejuto, J; Quintans, M; Ramos-Cartelle, A (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficesjms%2Ffsp252">"Horizontal and vertical movements of swordfish in the Southeast Pacific"</a>. <i>ICES Journal of Marine Science</i>. <b>67</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">466–</span>474. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficesjms%2Ffsp252">10.1093/icesjms/fsp252</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICES+Journal+of+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Horizontal+and+vertical+movements+of+swordfish+in+the+Southeast+Pacific&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E466-%3C%2Fspan%3E474&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficesjms%2Ffsp252&rft.aulast=Abascal&rft.aufirst=FJ&rft.au=Mejuto%2C+J&rft.au=Quintans%2C+M&rft.au=Ramos-Cartelle%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficesjms%252Ffsp252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliason2010" class="citation journal cs1">Eliason, Erika (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/content/213/17/iv.full.pdf">"Billfishes are closely related to flatfish"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>213</b> (17): iv. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.036673">10.1242/jeb.036673</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Billfishes+are+closely+related+to+flatfish&rft.volume=213&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=iv&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.036673&rft.aulast=Eliason&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcontent%2F213%2F17%2Fiv.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFierstine2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fierstine, Harry L (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=bio_fac">"Fossil history of billfishes (Xiphioidei)"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Marine Science</i>. <b>79</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">433–</span>453.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Fossil+history+of+billfishes+%28Xiphioidei%29&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E433-%3C%2Fspan%3E453&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fierstine&rft.aufirst=Harry+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.calpoly.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1021%26context%3Dbio_fac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerstetterGraves2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kerstetter, DW; Graves, JE (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://217.116.8.42/Documents/CVSP/CV060_2007/no_5%5CCV060051576.pdf">"Post-release survival of sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) captured on commercial pelagic longline gear in the southern Gulf of Mexico"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ICCAT</i>. <b>60</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1576–</span>1581.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICCAT&rft.atitle=Post-release+survival+of+sailfish+%28Istiophorus+platypterus%29+captured+on+commercial+pelagic+longline+gear+in+the+southern+Gulf+of+Mexico&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1576-%3C%2Fspan%3E1581&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kerstetter&rft.aufirst=DW&rft.au=Graves%2C+JE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F217.116.8.42%2FDocuments%2FCVSP%2FCV060_2007%2Fno_5%255CCV060051576.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittleLougheedMoyes2010" class="citation journal cs1">Little, AG; Lougheed, SC; Moyes, CD (2010). "Evolutionary affinity of billfishes (Xiphiidae and Istiophoridae) and flatfishes (Plueronectiformes): Independent and trans-subordinal origins of endothermy in teleost fishes". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>56</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">897–</span>904. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MolPE..56..897L">2010MolPE..56..897L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2010.04.022">10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20416385">20416385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+affinity+of+billfishes+%28Xiphiidae+and+Istiophoridae%29+and+flatfishes+%28Plueronectiformes%29%3A+Independent+and+trans-subordinal+origins+of+endothermy+in+teleost+fishes&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E897-%3C%2Fspan%3E904&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20416385&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2010.04.022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010MolPE..56..897L&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=AG&rft.au=Lougheed%2C+SC&rft.au=Moyes%2C+CD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuRenChenLiao2010" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Qing-ping; Ren, Lu-quan; Chen, Kun; Liao, Geng-hua; Yang, Ying; Li, Jian-qiao; Han, Zhi-wu (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://50.22.92.12/index.php/ans/article/viewFile/933/952">"Propulsion Experimental Research on the Structure of Swordfish's Lunate Caudal Fin"</a>. <i>Advances in Natural Science</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">199–</span>205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Natural+Science&rft.atitle=Propulsion+Experimental+Research+on+the+Structure+of+Swordfish%27s+Lunate+Caudal+Fin&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Qing-ping&rft.au=Ren%2C+Lu-quan&rft.au=Chen%2C+Kun&rft.au=Liao%2C+Geng-hua&rft.au=Yang%2C+Ying&rft.au=Li%2C+Jian-qiao&rft.au=Han%2C+Zhi-wu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F50.22.92.12%2Findex.php%2Fans%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F933%2F952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Lynch PD, Graves JE and Latour RJ (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vims.edu/people/latour_rj/pubs/Lynch_et_al_2011_Sustainable.pdf">"Challenges in the assessment and management of highly migratory bycatch species: a case study of the Atlantic marlins"</a> In: WA Taylor, AJ Lynch and M Schechter (Eds.), <i>Sustainable Fisheries: Multi-level Approaches to a Global Problem</i>, American Fisheries Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934874-21-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934874-21-9">978-1-934874-21-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240607014324/http://afsbooks.org/afs/review/55064P.pdf">Review</a></li> <li>Maguire, Jean-Jacques (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0653e/a0653e00.HTM"><i>The state of world highly migratory, straddling and other high seas fishery resources and associated species</i></a> Fisheries technical paper 495, FAO, Rome. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789251055540" title="Special:BookSources/9789251055540">9789251055540</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReygondeauMauryBeaugrandFromentin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Reygondeau, G; Maury, O; Beaugrand, G; Fromentin, JM; Fonteneau, A; Cury, P (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00060/17141/14716.pdf">"Biogeography of tuna and billfish communities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Biogeography</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">114–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2011.02582.x">10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02582.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73646012">73646012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biogeography&rft.atitle=Biogeography+of+tuna+and+billfish+communities&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2011.02582.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73646012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Reygondeau&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Maury%2C+O&rft.au=Beaugrand%2C+G&rft.au=Fromentin%2C+JM&rft.au=Fonteneau%2C+A&rft.au=Cury%2C+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchimer.ifremer.fr%2Fdoc%2F00060%2F17141%2F14716.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schultz, Ken (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aEjLEcGoZIsC&dq=swordfish&pg=PT287"><i>Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Saltwater Fish</i></a> John Wiley and Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118039885" title="Special:BookSources/9781118039885">9781118039885</a>.</li> <li>Stobutzki I, Lawrence E, Bensley N and Norris W (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618031921/http://peas.rsmas.miami.edu/divs/mbf/People/Faculty/Serafy/Publications/media/23-Ortiz%20et%20al.%202003%20Global%20Billfish%20Tagging.pdf">"Bycatch mitigation approaches in Australia's Eastern Tuna and Billfish Fishery: seabirds, turtles, marine mammals, sharks and non-target fish"</a> Information Paper WCPFC-SC2/EBSWG–IP5. Ecosystem and Bycatch Specialist Working Group of the <i>Second Meeting of the Scientific Committee of the WCPFC</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakahashi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Takahashi, Taiga (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319214059/http://www.californialawreview.org/assets/pdfs/99-1/Takahashi.FINAL.pdf">"Left Out at Sea: Highly Migratory Fish and the Endangered Species Act"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>California Law Review</i>. <b>99</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">179–</span>233. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.californialawreview.org/assets/pdfs/99-1/Takahashi.FINAL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Left+Out+at+Sea%3A+Highly+Migratory+Fish+and+the+Endangered+Species+Act&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=Taiga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.californialawreview.org%2Fassets%2Fpdfs%2F99-1%2FTakahashi.FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ward P and Hindmarsh S (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011821/http://www.spc.int/DigitalLibrary/Doc/FAME/.../SC2/SC2_FT_WP1.pdf">"An overview of historical changes in the fishing gear and practices of pelagic longliners"</a> WCPFC Scientific Committee, Second Regular Session.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWueringerSquireKajiuraHart2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wueringer, BE; Squire, L; Kajiura, SM; Hart, NS; Collin, SP (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.01.055">"The function of the sawfish's saw"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>22</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">R150 –</span> <span class="nowrap">R151</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012CBio...22.R150W">2012CBio...22.R150W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.01.055">10.1016/j.cub.2012.01.055</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22401891">22401891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=The+function+of+the+sawfish%27s+saw&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER150+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER151%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22401891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.01.055&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012CBio...22.R150W&rft.aulast=Wueringer&rft.aufirst=BE&rft.au=Squire%2C+L&rft.au=Kajiura%2C+SM&rft.au=Hart%2C+NS&rft.au=Collin%2C+SP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2012.01.055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillfish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billfish&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Billfish" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Billfish">Billfish</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/tuna-atlas/en">Atlas of Tuna and Billfish Catches</a> Interactive Atlas, FAO, Rome.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=419">Family Istiophoridae at Fishbase.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=417">Family Xiphiidae at Fishbase.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050715075613/http://www.billfish.org/">The Billfish Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/superfish/">PBS/BBC/NHK Documentary <i>Superfish</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoutdoorlodge.com/fishing/species/billfishes.html">Bill Fish</a> <i>Outdoor Lodge</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishchannel.com/fish-news/2011/07/25/iucn-says-tuna-stocks-near-depletion.aspx">One Quarter of Tuna and Billfish Fishstocks in Need of Conservation</a> <i>Fish Channel</i>, 26 July 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/swordfish_billfish/">Swordfish & Billfish</a> <i>WWF</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pier.org/hm_fishes_index.shtml">Offield Center for Billfish Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefishsite.com/articles/1134/eastern-tuna-and-billfish-fishery-management">Eastern Tuna And Billfish Fishery Management</a> <i>The FishSite</i>, June 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405203651/http://www.tunaresearch.org/research/billfish-tagging.html">Billfish Tagging</a> Tuna Research and Conservation Center.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/research/infocentre/article_en.cfm?id=/research/headlines/news/article_11_09_12_en.html&item=Agriculture%20%26%20food&artid=22753&caller=AllHeadlines">Scientists find tuna and billfish species at risk</a> European Commission, 12 September 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishchannel.com/fish-news/2011/07/25/iucn-says-tuna-stocks-near-depletion.aspx">One Quarter of Tuna and Billfish Fishstocks in Need of Conservation</a> <i>Fish Channel</i>, 26 July 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-12/uomr-bmb121411.php">Blue marlin blues: Loss of dissolved oxygen in oceans squeezes billfish habitat</a> <i>EurekAlert</i>, 14 December 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111209150200.htm">Expanding Dead Zones Are Shrinking Tropical Blue Marlin Habitat</a> <i>ScienceDaily</i>, 12 December 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-08/viom-sha081511.php">Study helps assess global status of tuna and billfish stocks</a> <i>EurekAlert</i>, 15 August 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110815152046.htm">Assessing Global Status of Tuna and Billfish Stocks</a> <i>ScienceDaily</i>, 15 August 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429102002/http://www.ticotimes.net/Weekend/Fishing/Campaign-on-mercury-levels-sparks-controversy_Friday-May-20-2011/">Campaign on mercury levels sparks controversy</a> <i>Tico Times</i>, 20 May 2011.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template talk:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Principal commercial <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> species groups</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Large pelagic fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_fish" title="Category:Commercial fish">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">Prawns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_crustaceans" title="Category:Commercial crustaceans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_molluscs" title="Category:Commercial molluscs">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_echinoderms" title="Category:Commercial echinoderms">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic cod"><img alt="Atlantic cod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobster_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobster"><img alt="Lobster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/100px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/200px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pacific oysters"><img alt="Pacific oysters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/80px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/120px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/160px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">salmon trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commercial species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">Fishing topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries glossary">Fisheries glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Billfish167" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Billfish" title="Template:Billfish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Billfish" title="Template talk:Billfish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Billfish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Billfish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Billfish167" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Billfish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(1 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiphiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiphiidae">Xiphiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg/140px-Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg/210px-Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg/280px-Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="537" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sailfish" title="Sailfish">Sailfish</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(2 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_sailfish" title="Atlantic sailfish">Atlantic sailfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_sailfish" title="Indo-Pacific sailfish">Indo-Pacific sailfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Istiompax" class="mw-redirect" title="Istiompax">Istiompax</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(1 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_marlin" title="Black marlin">Black marlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Makaira" title="Makaira">Makaira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(2 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_blue_marlin" title="Atlantic blue marlin">Atlantic blue marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_blue_marlin" title="Indo-Pacific blue marlin">Indo-Pacific blue marlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kajikia" title="Kajikia">Kajikia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(2 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_marlin" title="White marlin">White marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_marlin" title="Striped marlin">Striped marlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapturus" title="Tetrapturus">Tetrapturus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(4 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shortbill_spearfish" title="Shortbill spearfish">Shortbill spearfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundscale_spearfish" title="Roundscale spearfish">Roundscale spearfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_spearfish" title="Mediterranean spearfish">Mediterranean spearfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longbill_spearfish" title="Longbill spearfish">Longbill spearfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_predators" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex predators">Apex predators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic fish">Oceanic fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_fishing" title="Big-game fishing">Big-game fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin_fishing" title="Marlin fishing">Marlin fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin_(magazine)" title="Marlin (magazine)"><i>Marlin</i> (magazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_paradox" title="Gray's paradox">Gray's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protosphyraena" title="Protosphyraena"><i>Protosphyraena</i> (fossil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombridae" title="Scombridae">Scombridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Fish_Stocks_Agreement" title="United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement">United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_orders_of_Actinopterygii_(ray-finned_fish)211" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Actinopterygii" title="Template:Actinopterygii"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Actinopterygii" title="Template talk:Actinopterygii"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Actinopterygii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Actinopterygii"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_orders_of_Actinopterygii_(ray-finned_fish)211" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant orders of <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> (ray-finned fish)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Subphylum: <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></li> <li>Infraphylum: <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a></li> <li>Superclass: <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cladistia13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cladistia" title="Cladistia">Cladistia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bichir" title="Bichir">Polypteriformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Actinopteri" title="Actinopteri">Actinopteri</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chondrostei15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chondrostei" title="Chondrostei">Chondrostei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acipenseriformes" title="Acipenseriformes">Acipenseriformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neopterygii" title="Neopterygii">Neopterygii</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holostei12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holostei" title="Holostei">Holostei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiiformes" title="Amiiformes">Amiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepisosteiformes" title="Lepisosteiformes">Lepisosteiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">Teleostei</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elopomorpha" title="Elopomorpha">Elopomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elopiformes" title="Elopiformes">Elopiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonefishes" title="Bonefishes">Albuliformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Anguilliformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notacanthiformes" title="Notacanthiformes">Notacanthiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osteoglossomorpha" title="Osteoglossomorpha">Osteoglossomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiodontiformes" title="Hiodontiformes">Hiodontiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoglossiformes" title="Osteoglossiformes">Osteoglossiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otocephala" title="Otocephala">Otocephala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clupeiformes" title="Clupeiformes">Clupeiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alepocephaliformes" title="Alepocephaliformes">Alepocephaliformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ostariophysi" title="Ostariophysi">Ostariophysi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonorynchiformes" title="Gonorynchiformes">Gonorynchiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriniformes" title="Cypriniformes">Cypriniformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnotiformes" title="Gymnotiformes">Gymnotiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characiformes" title="Characiformes">Characiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Siluriformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euteleostei" title="Euteleostei">Euteleostei</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidogalaxias" title="Lepidogalaxias">Lepidogalaxiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentiniformes" title="Argentiniformes">Argentiniformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmoniformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmoniformes">Salmoniformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmeriformes" title="Osmeriformes">Osmeriformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomiiformes" title="Stomiiformes">Stomiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxiidae" title="Galaxiidae">Galaxiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellynose_fish" title="Jellynose fish">Ateleopodiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulopiformes" title="Aulopiformes">Aulopiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myctophiformes" title="Myctophiformes">Myctophiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acanthomorpha" title="Acanthomorpha">Acanthomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lampriformes" title="Lampriformes">Lampriformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percopsiformes" title="Percopsiformes">Percopsiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beardfish" title="Beardfish">Polymixiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadiformes" title="Gadiformes">Gadiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeiformes" title="Zeiformes">Zeiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachichthyiformes" title="Trachichthyiformes">Trachichthyiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryciformes" title="Beryciformes">Beryciformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Percomorpha" title="Percomorpha">Percomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophidiiformes" title="Ophidiiformes">Ophidiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachoididae" title="Batrachoididae">Batrachoidiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobiiformes" title="Gobiiformes">Gobiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombriformes" title="Scombriformes">Scombriformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngnathiformes" title="Syngnathiformes">Syngnathiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carangiformes" title="Carangiformes">Carangiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabantiformes" title="Anabantiformes">Anabantiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synbranchiformes" title="Synbranchiformes">Synbranchiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovalentaria" title="Ovalentaria">Ovalentaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprinodontiformes" title="Cyprinodontiformes">Cyprinodontiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheriniformes" title="Atheriniformes">Atheriniformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloniformes" title="Beloniformes">Beloniformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cichliformes" title="Cichliformes">Cichliformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenniiformes" title="Blenniiformes">Blenniiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugiliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugiliformes">Mugiliformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eupercaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupercaria">Eupercaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perciformes" title="Perciformes">Perciformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrarchiformes" title="Centrarchiformes">Centrarchiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labriformes" title="Labriformes">Labriformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acropomatiformes" title="Acropomatiformes">Acropomatiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthuriformes" title="Acanthuriformes">Acanthuriformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglerfish" title="Anglerfish">Lophiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraodontiformes" title="Tetraodontiformes">Tetraodontiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billfish&oldid=1269843999">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billfish&oldid=1269843999</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Billfish" title="Category:Billfish">Billfish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Game_fish" title="Category:Game fish">Game fish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fish_common_names" title="Category:Fish common names">Fish common names</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2019">Articles with dead external links from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2014">Use dmy dates from April 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_broken_anchors" title="Category:Pages with broken anchors">Pages with broken anchors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 January 2025, at 17:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billfish&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Billfish</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>5 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-268bn","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.393","walltime":"1.618","ppvisitednodes":{"value":27627,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":405086,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":33230,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":301230,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1427.957 1 -total"," 31.99% 456.840 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.45% 363.390 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 11.17% 159.538 10 Template:Cite_iucn"," 10.34% 147.631 17 Template:Navbox"," 8.79% 125.585 23 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.64% 94.833 7 Template:Infobox"," 6.45% 92.039 1 Template:Fossil_range"," 5.33% 76.169 1 Template:Common_fish"," 5.21% 74.366 1 Template:Sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.885","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11354165,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-gfjvs","timestamp":"20250213230343","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Billfish","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Billfish","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q14620149","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q14620149","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-09T17:57:49Z","dateModified":"2025-01-16T17:47:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b9\/Atlantic_blue_marlin.jpg","headline":"two families of saltwater predatory fish (Istiophoridae and Xiphiidae) characterised by prominent pointed bills (rostra), and by their large size"}</script> </body> </html>