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<li id="toc-Direct_current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Direct current</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternating_current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternating_current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Alternating current</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternating_current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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href="#Overhead_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Overhead lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overhead_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Third rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Driving_the_wheels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Driving_the_wheels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Driving the wheels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Driving_the_wheels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wheel_arrangements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wheel_arrangements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Wheel arrangements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wheel_arrangements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battery_locomotive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battery_locomotive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Battery locomotive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battery_locomotive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercapacitor_power_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercapacitor_power_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Supercapacitor power storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supercapacitor_power_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_locomotives_around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_locomotives_around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Electric locomotives around the world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electric_locomotives_around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electric locomotives around the world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electric_locomotives_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_former_USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_former_USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Russia and former USSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_former_USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electric locomotive</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriese_lokomotief" title="Elektriese lokomotief – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektriese lokomotief" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrolokomotive" title="Elektrolokomotive – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektrolokomotive" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Электравоз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электравоз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रिक रेलइंजन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इलेक्ट्रिक रेलइंजन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Електрически локомотив – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрически локомотив" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Tren elèctric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tren elèctric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrick%C3%A1_lokomotiva" title="Elektrická lokomotiva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektrická lokomotiva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellokomotiv" title="Ellokomotiv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ellokomotiv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrolokomotive" title="Elektrolokomotive – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrolokomotive" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrivedur" title="Elektrivedur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektrivedur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotora_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Locomotora eléctrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Locomotora eléctrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_lokomotivo" title="Elektra lokomotivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektra lokomotivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C" title="لوکوموتیو برقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوکوموتیو برقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Locomotive électrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Locomotive électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EC%B0%A8" title="전기 기관차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전기 기관차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="विद्युत कर्षण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युत कर्षण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_lokomotiva" title="Električna lokomotiva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Električna lokomotiva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokomotif_listrik" title="Lokomotif listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lokomotif listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotiva_elettrica" title="Locomotiva elettrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Locomotiva elettrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99" title="קטר חשמלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטר חשמלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Электровоз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электровоз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Электровоз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Электровоз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotiva_elettrica" title="Locomotiva elettrica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Locomotiva elettrica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villamosmozdony" title="Villamosmozdony – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Villamosmozdony" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89" title="القطر الكهربائى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القطر الكهربائى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokomotif_elektrik" title="Lokomotif elektrik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lokomotif elektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrische_locomotief" title="Elektrische locomotief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektrische locomotief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2%E8%BB%8A" title="電気機関車 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電気機関車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrovoz" title="Elektrovoz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektrovoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%DB%92_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86" title="برقی ریلوے انجن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برقی ریلوے انجن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokomotywa_elektryczna" title="Lokomotywa elektryczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lokomotywa elektryczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotiv%C4%83_electric%C4%83" title="Locomotivă electrică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Locomotivă electrică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Электровоз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электровоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electric locomotive" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrick%C3%BD_ru%C5%A1e%C5%88" title="Elektrický rušeň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrický rušeň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Електрична локомотива – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електрична локомотива" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_lokomotiva" title="Električna lokomotiva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Električna lokomotiva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6veturi" title="Sähköveturi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähköveturi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellok" title="Ellok – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ellok" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrikli_lokomotif" title="Elektrikli lokomotif – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektrikli lokomotif" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Електровоз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електровоз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%DB%92_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86" title="برقی ریلوے انجن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقی ریلوے انجن" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Locomotive powered by electricity</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/220px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/330px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/440px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>Electric locomotive <b>Škoda ChS4-109.</b> The <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>–<a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> train in <a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_railway_station" title="Vinnytsia railway station">Vinnytsia railway station</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vy%C5%A1ehradsk%C3%BD_most,_lokomotiva_163.074.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vy%C5%A1ehradsk%C3%BD_most%2C_lokomotiva_163.074.jpg/170px-Vy%C5%A1ehradsk%C3%BD_most%2C_lokomotiva_163.074.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vy%C5%A1ehradsk%C3%BD_most%2C_lokomotiva_163.074.jpg/255px-Vy%C5%A1ehradsk%C3%BD_most%2C_lokomotiva_163.074.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vy%C5%A1ehradsk%C3%BD_most%2C_lokomotiva_163.074.jpg/340px-Vy%C5%A1ehradsk%C3%BD_most%2C_lokomotiva_163.074.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2261" data-file-height="3015" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/%C4%8CSD_Class_E_499.3" title="ČSD Class E 499.3">ČSD Class E 499.3</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%96BB_1216.233.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%C3%96BB_1216.233.JPG/220px-%C3%96BB_1216.233.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%C3%96BB_1216.233.JPG/330px-%C3%96BB_1216.233.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%C3%96BB_1216.233.JPG/440px-%C3%96BB_1216.233.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3444" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eurosprinter" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurosprinter">Siemens ES64U4</a> is the current confirmed holder as the fastest electric locomotive at 357 km/h (222 mph) in 2006.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:91132_LNER_IC225_%22Employer_Pledge%22_vinyls_KX_030519.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/91132_LNER_IC225_%22Employer_Pledge%22_vinyls_KX_030519.jpg/220px-91132_LNER_IC225_%22Employer_Pledge%22_vinyls_KX_030519.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/91132_LNER_IC225_%22Employer_Pledge%22_vinyls_KX_030519.jpg/330px-91132_LNER_IC225_%22Employer_Pledge%22_vinyls_KX_030519.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/91132_LNER_IC225_%22Employer_Pledge%22_vinyls_KX_030519.jpg/440px-91132_LNER_IC225_%22Employer_Pledge%22_vinyls_KX_030519.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4801" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_91" title="British Rail Class 91">British Rail Class 91</a> at <a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">London King's Cross</a> station.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>electric locomotive</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a> powered by <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead lines</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a> or on-board <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Supercapacitor" title="Supercapacitor">supercapacitor</a>. Locomotives with on-board fuelled <a href="/wiki/Prime_mover_(locomotive)" title="Prime mover (locomotive)">prime movers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a>, are classed as <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_powertrain" title="Diesel–electric powertrain">diesel–electric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turbine%E2%80%93electric_powertrain" title="Turbine–electric powertrain">gas turbine–electric</a> and not as electric locomotives, because the electric generator/motor combination serves only as a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">power transmission system</a>. </p><p>Electric locomotives benefit from the high efficiency of electric motors, often above 90% (not including the inefficiency of generating the electricity). Additional efficiency can be gained from <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a>, which allows <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> to be recovered during braking to put power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives use AC motor-inverter drive systems that provide for regenerative braking. Electric locomotives are quiet compared to diesel locomotives since there is no engine and exhaust noise and less mechanical noise. The lack of reciprocating parts means electric locomotives are easier on the track, reducing track maintenance. Power plant capacity is far greater than any individual locomotive uses, so electric locomotives can have a higher power output than diesel locomotives and they can produce even higher short-term surge power for fast acceleration. Electric locomotives are ideal for <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> service with frequent stops. Electric locomotives are used on freight routes with consistently high traffic volumes, or in areas with advanced rail networks. Power plants, even if they burn <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, are far cleaner than mobile sources such as locomotive engines. The power can also come from <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-carbon power">low-carbon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable sources</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hay1982_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hay1982-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electric locomotives usually cost 20% less than diesel locomotives, their maintenance costs are 25–35% lower, and cost up to 50% less to run.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chief disadvantage of electrification is the high cost for infrastructure: overhead lines or third rail, substations, and control systems. The impact of this varies depending on local laws and regulations. For example, public policy in the U.S. interferes with electrification: higher property taxes are imposed on privately owned rail facilities if they are electrified.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The EPA regulates exhaust emissions on locomotive and marine engines, similar to regulations on car & freight truck emissions, in order to limit the amount of carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, nitric oxides, and soot output from these mobile power sources.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because railroad infrastructure is privately owned in the U.S., railroads are unwilling to make the necessary investments for electrification. In Europe and elsewhere, railway networks are considered part of the national transport infrastructure, just like roads, highways and waterways, so are often financed by the state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Operators of the rolling stock pay fees according to rail use. This makes possible the large investments required for the technically and, in the long-term, also economically advantageous electrification. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_current">Direct current</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Direct current"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1879_Siemens_%26_Halske_Wernerwerk_Electric_locomotive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1879_Siemens_%26_Halske_Wernerwerk_Electric_locomotive.jpg/220px-1879_Siemens_%26_Halske_Wernerwerk_Electric_locomotive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1879_Siemens_%26_Halske_Wernerwerk_Electric_locomotive.jpg/330px-1879_Siemens_%26_Halske_Wernerwerk_Electric_locomotive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1879_Siemens_%26_Halske_Wernerwerk_Electric_locomotive.jpg/440px-1879_Siemens_%26_Halske_Wernerwerk_Electric_locomotive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>1879 Siemens & Halske experimental train</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%26O_1895_loco.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/B%26O_1895_loco.png/220px-B%26O_1895_loco.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/B%26O_1895_loco.png/330px-B%26O_1895_loco.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/B%26O_1895_loco.png/440px-B%26O_1895_loco.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>EL-1 Electric locomotive of the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Belt_Line" title="Baltimore Belt Line">Baltimore Belt Line</a>, US 1895: The steam locomotive was not detached for passage through the tunnel. The overhead conductor was a <b>∩</b> section bar at the highest point in the roof, so a flexible, flat <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantograph (rail)">pantograph</a> was used</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlcoGEClassS1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/AlcoGEClassS1.JPG/220px-AlcoGEClassS1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/AlcoGEClassS1.JPG/330px-AlcoGEClassS1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/AlcoGEClassS1.JPG/440px-AlcoGEClassS1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alco-GE" title="Alco-GE">Alco-GE</a> Prototype Class <a href="/wiki/NYC_S-Motor" class="mw-redirect" title="NYC S-Motor">S-1</a>, NYC & HR no. 6000 (DC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MILW_ES-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/MILW_ES-2.jpg/220px-MILW_ES-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/MILW_ES-2.jpg/330px-MILW_ES-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/MILW_ES-2.jpg/440px-MILW_ES-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3884" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Road_class_ES-2" title="Milwaukee Road class ES-2">Milwaukee Road class ES-2</a>, an example of a larger <a href="/wiki/Steeplecab" title="Steeplecab">steeplecab</a> <a href="/wiki/Switcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Switcher">switcher</a> for an electrified heavy-duty railroad (DC) 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(inventor)" title="Robert Davidson (inventor)">Robert Davidson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, and it was powered by <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">galvanic cells</a> (batteries). Davidson later built a larger locomotive named <i>Galvani</i>, exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Scottish Society of Arts">Royal Scottish Society of Arts</a> Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two <a href="/wiki/Direct-drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-drive">direct-drive</a> <a href="/wiki/Reluctance_motor" title="Reluctance motor">reluctance motors</a>, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutators</a>. It hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour) for a distance of one and a half miles (2.4 kilometres). It was tested on the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_and_Glasgow_Railway" title="Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway">Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway</a> in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use. It was destroyed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat to their job security.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/The_Siemens_locomotive_of_1879" class="mw-redirect" title="The Siemens locomotive of 1879">first electric passenger train</a> was presented by <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> at <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in 1879. The locomotive was driven by a 2.2 kW, series-wound motor, and the train, consisting of the locomotive and three cars, reached a speed of 13 km/h. During four months, the train carried 90,000 passengers on a 300-meter-long (984 feet) circular track. The electricity (150 V DC) was supplied through a third insulated rail between the tracks. A contact roller was used to collect the electricity. </p><p>The world's first electric tram line opened in Lichterfelde near Berlin, Germany, in 1881. It was built by Werner von Siemens (see <a href="/wiki/Gross-Lichterfelde_Tramway" title="Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway">Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Straßenbahn">Berlin Straßenbahn</a>). <a href="/wiki/Volk%27s_Electric_Railway" title="Volk's Electric Railway">Volk's Electric Railway</a> opened in 1883 in Brighton. Also in 1883, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6dling_and_Hinterbr%C3%BChl_Tram" title="Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram">Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram</a> opened near Vienna in Austria. It was the first in the world in regular service powered from an overhead line. Five years later, in the U.S. electric <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trolleys</a> were pioneered in 1888 on the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Union_Passenger_Railway" title="Richmond Union Passenger Railway">Richmond Union Passenger Railway</a>, using equipment designed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank J. Sprague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first electrified Hungarian railway lines were opened in 1887. Budapest (See: <a href="/wiki/BH%C3%89V" title="BHÉV">BHÉV</a>): <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1ckeve" title="Ráckeve">Ráckeve</a> line (1887), <a href="/wiki/Szentendre" title="Szentendre">Szentendre</a> line (1888), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6d%C3%B6ll%C5%91" title="Gödöllő">Gödöllő</a> line (1888), <a href="/wiki/Csepel" title="Csepel">Csepel</a> line (1912).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the early development of electric locomotion was driven by the increasing use of tunnels, particularly in urban areas. Smoke from steam locomotives was noxious and municipalities were increasingly inclined to prohibit their use within their limits. The first electrically worked <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">underground</a> line was the <a href="/wiki/City_and_South_London_Railway" title="City and South London Railway">City and South London Railway</a>, prompted by a clause in its enabling act prohibiting the use of steam power.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It opened in 1890, using electric locomotives built by <a href="/wiki/Mather_and_Platt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mather and Platt">Mather and Platt</a>. Electricity quickly became the power supply of choice for subways, abetted by Sprague's invention of <a href="/wiki/Multiple-unit_train_control" title="Multiple-unit train control">multiple-unit train control</a> in 1897. Surface and elevated <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> systems generally used steam until forced to convert by ordinance. </p><p>The first use of electrification on an American main line was on a four-mile stretch of the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Belt_Line" title="Baltimore Belt Line">Baltimore Belt Line</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a> (B&O) in 1895 connecting the main portion of the B&O to the new line to New York through a series of tunnels around the edges of Baltimore's downtown. Parallel tracks on the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> had shown that coal smoke from <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> would be a major operating issue and a public nuisance. Three <a href="/wiki/UIC_classification#Bo+Bo" class="mw-redirect" title="UIC classification">Bo+Bo</a> units were initially used, the EL-1 Model. At the south end of the electrified section; they coupled onto the locomotive and train and pulled it through the tunnels.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Railroad entrances to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> required similar tunnels and the smoke problems were more acute there. A collision in the Park Avenue tunnel in 1902 led the New York State legislature to outlaw the use of smoke-generating locomotives south of the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_River" title="Harlem River">Harlem River</a> after 1 July 1908. In response, electric locomotives began operation in 1904 on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad" title="New York Central Railroad">New York Central Railroad</a>. In the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a>, which had introduced electric locomotives because of the NYC regulation, electrified its entire territory east of <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a>. </p><p>The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul, and Pacific Railroad (the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Road" title="Milwaukee Road">Milwaukee Road</a>), the last transcontinental line to be built, electrified its lines across the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> and to the Pacific Ocean starting in 1915. A few East Coastlines, notably the <a href="/wiki/Virginian_Railway" title="Virginian Railway">Virginian Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_and_Western_Railway" title="Norfolk and Western Railway">Norfolk and Western Railway</a>, electrified short sections of their mountain crossings. However, by this point electrification in the United States was more associated with dense urban traffic and the use of electric locomotives declined in the face of dieselization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003241_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003241-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diesel shared some of the electric locomotive's advantages over steam and the cost of building and maintaining the power supply infrastructure, which discouraged new installations, brought on the elimination of most main-line electrification outside the Northeast. Except for a few captive systems (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Deseret_Power_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Deseret Power Railroad">Deseret Power Railroad</a>), by 2000 electrification was confined to the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a> and some commuter service; even there, freight service was handled by diesel. Development continued in Europe, where electrification was widespread. 1,500 V DC is still used on some lines near France and 25 kV 50 Hz is used by high-speed trains.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternating_current">Alternating current</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alternating current"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first practical <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> electric locomotive was designed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene_Lancelot_Brown" title="Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown">Charles Brown</a>, then working for <a href="/wiki/Maschinenfabrik_Oerlikon" title="Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon">Oerlikon</a>, Zürich. In 1891, Brown had demonstrated long-distance power transmission for the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Exhibition" title="International Electrotechnical Exhibition">International Electrotechnical Exhibition</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Three-phase_AC_railway_electrification" title="Three-phase AC railway electrification">three-phase AC</a>, between a <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydro–electric plant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lauffen_am_Neckar" title="Lauffen am Neckar">Lauffen am Neckar</a> and the expo site at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> West, a distance of 280 km. Using experience he had gained while working for <a href="/wiki/Heilmann_locomotive" title="Heilmann locomotive">Jean Heilmann</a> on steam–electric locomotive designs, Brown observed that <a href="/wiki/AC_motor#Three-phase_AC_synchronous_motors" title="AC motor">three-phase motors</a> had a higher <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratio</a> than <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> motors and, because of the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a>, were simpler to manufacture and maintain.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they were much larger than the DC motors of the time and could not be mounted in underfloor <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogies</a>: they could only be carried within locomotive bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003129_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003129-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1896, Oerlikon installed the first commercial example of the system on the <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Lugano" title="Trams in Lugano">Lugano Tramway</a>. Each 30-tonne locomotive had two 110 kW (150 hp) motors run by three-phase 750 V 40 Hz fed from double overhead lines. Three-phase motors run at a constant speed and provide <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">regenerative braking</a> and are thus well suited to steeply graded routes; in 1899 Brown (by then in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Brown,_Boveri_%26_Cie" title="Brown, Boveri & Cie">Walter Boveri</a>) supplied the first main-line three-phase locomotives to the 40 km <a href="/wiki/Burgdorf%E2%80%93Thun_railway" title="Burgdorf–Thun railway">Burgdorf–Thun railway</a> (highest point 770 metres), Switzerland. The first implementation of industrial frequency single-phase AC supply for locomotives came from Oerlikon in 1901, using the designs of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Behn-Eschenburg" title="Hans Behn-Eschenburg">Hans Behn-Eschenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Huber-Stockar" title="Emil Huber-Stockar">Emil Huber-Stockar</a>; installation on the Seebach-Wettingen line of the Swiss Federal Railways was completed in 1904. The 15 kV, 50 Hz 345 kW (460 hp), 48 tonne locomotives used transformers and rotary converters to power DC traction motors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003124_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003124-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1894, Hungarian engineer <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Kand%C3%B3" title="Kálmán Kandó">Kálmán Kandó</a> developed a new type 3-phase asynchronous electric drive motors and generators for electric locomotives at the <a href="/wiki/Fives-Lille" title="Fives-Lille">Fives-Lille</a> Company. Kandó's early 1894 designs were first applied in a short three-phase AC tramway in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian-les-Bains" title="Évian-les-Bains">Évian-les-Bains</a> (France), which was constructed between 1896 and 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kandó invented and developed the <a href="/wiki/Rotary_phase_converter" title="Rotary phase converter">rotary phase converter</a>, enabling electric locomotives to use three-phase motors whilst supplied via a single overhead wire, carrying the simple industrial frequency (50 Hz) single phase AC of the high voltage national networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Patent_Office_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patent_Office-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganz_engine_Valtellina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ganz_engine_Valtellina.jpg/220px-Ganz_engine_Valtellina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ganz_engine_Valtellina.jpg/330px-Ganz_engine_Valtellina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ganz_engine_Valtellina.jpg/440px-Ganz_engine_Valtellina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>A prototype of a Ganz AC electric locomotive in Valtellina, Italy, 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>Italian railways were the first in the world to introduce electric traction for the entire length of a mainline rather than just a short stretch. The 106 km Valtellina line was opened on 4 September 1902, designed by Kandó and a team from the <a href="/wiki/Ganz_Works" title="Ganz Works">Ganz Works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003120–121_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003120–121-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patent_Office_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patent_Office-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electrical system was three-phase at 3 kV 15 Hz. The voltage was significantly higher than used earlier and it required new designs for electric motors and switching devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalman_Kando2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalman_Kando2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three-phase two-wire system was used on several railways in Northern Italy and became known as "the Italian system". Kandó was invited in 1905 to undertake the management of Società Italiana Westinghouse and led the development of several Italian electric locomotives.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalman_Kando2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalman_Kando2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period of electrification of the Italian railways, tests were made as to which type of power to use: in some sections there was a 3,600 V <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">16<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> Hz three-phase power supply, in others there was 1,500 V DC, 3 kV DC and 10 kV AC 45 Hz supply. After WW2, 3 kV DC power was chosen for the entire Italian railway system.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A later development of Kandó, working with both the <a href="/wiki/Ganz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganz">Ganz</a> works and <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric (1886)">Societa Italiana Westinghouse</a>, was an <a href="/wiki/Rotary_phase_converter" title="Rotary phase converter">electro-mechanical converter</a>, allowing the use of three-phase motors from single-phase AC, eliminating the need for two overhead wires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003117_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003117-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, the first phase-converter locomotive in Hungary was constructed on the basis of Kandó's designs and serial production began soon after. The first installation, at 16 kV 50 Hz, was in 1932 on the 56 km section of the Hungarian State Railways between Budapest and <a href="/wiki/Kom%C3%A1rom" title="Komárom">Komárom</a>. This proved successful and the electrification was extended to <a href="/wiki/Hegyeshalom" title="Hegyeshalom">Hegyeshalom</a> in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003273–274_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003273–274-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biaschina_Intermodal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biaschina_Intermodal.jpg/220px-Biaschina_Intermodal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biaschina_Intermodal.jpg/330px-Biaschina_Intermodal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biaschina_Intermodal.jpg/440px-Biaschina_Intermodal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A Swiss <a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_Re_420" title="SBB-CFF-FFS Re 420">Re 420</a> leads a freight train down the south side of the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_railway" title="Gotthard railway">Gotthard line</a>, which was electrified in 1922. The masts and lines of the catenary can be seen.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, electrification projects initially focused on mountainous regions for several reasons: coal supplies were difficult, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> was readily available, and electric locomotives gave more traction on steeper lines. This was particularly applicable in Switzerland, where almost all lines are electrified. An important contribution to the wider adoption of AC traction came from <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> of France after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The company had assessed the industrial-frequency AC line routed through the steep <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6llentalbahn_(Black_Forest)" title="Höllentalbahn (Black Forest)">Höllental Valley</a>, Germany, which was under French administration following the war. After trials, the company decided that the performance of AC locomotives was sufficiently developed to allow all its future installations, regardless of terrain, to be of this standard, with its associated cheaper and more efficient infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003273_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003273-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SNCF decision, ignoring as it did the 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of high-voltage DC already installed on French routes, was influential in the standard selected for other countries in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003273_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003273-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finlaysonin_s%C3%A4hk%C3%B6veturi_Pikku-P%C3%A4ssi_1950-luvulla._Kuva_Vapriikin_kuva-arkisto._(16408774116).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Finlaysonin_s%C3%A4hk%C3%B6veturi_Pikku-P%C3%A4ssi_1950-luvulla._Kuva_Vapriikin_kuva-arkisto._%2816408774116%29.jpg/220px-Finlaysonin_s%C3%A4hk%C3%B6veturi_Pikku-P%C3%A4ssi_1950-luvulla._Kuva_Vapriikin_kuva-arkisto._%2816408774116%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Finlaysonin_s%C3%A4hk%C3%B6veturi_Pikku-P%C3%A4ssi_1950-luvulla._Kuva_Vapriikin_kuva-arkisto._%2816408774116%29.jpg/330px-Finlaysonin_s%C3%A4hk%C3%B6veturi_Pikku-P%C3%A4ssi_1950-luvulla._Kuva_Vapriikin_kuva-arkisto._%2816408774116%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Finlaysonin_s%C3%A4hk%C3%B6veturi_Pikku-P%C3%A4ssi_1950-luvulla._Kuva_Vapriikin_kuva-arkisto._%2816408774116%29.jpg/440px-Finlaysonin_s%C3%A4hk%C3%B6veturi_Pikku-P%C3%A4ssi_1950-luvulla._Kuva_Vapriikin_kuva-arkisto._%2816408774116%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3681" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption><i>Pikku-Pässi</i>, a small electric locomotive of the <a href="/wiki/Finlayson_(company)" title="Finlayson (company)">Finlayson</a> company in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, Finland, in 1950s</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1960s saw the electrification of many European main lines. European electric locomotive technology had improved steadily from the 1920s onwards. By comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Road_class_EP-2" title="Milwaukee Road class EP-2">Milwaukee Road class EP-2</a> (1918) weighed 240 t, with a power of 3,330 kW and a maximum speed of 112 km/h; in 1935, German <a href="/wiki/DRG_Class_E_18" title="DRG Class E 18">E 18</a> had a power of 2,800 kW, but weighed only 108 tons and had a maximum speed of 150 km/h. On 29 March 1955, French locomotive <a href="/wiki/SNCF_Class_CC_7100" title="SNCF Class CC 7100">CC 7107</a> reached 331 km/h. In 1960 the <a href="/wiki/SJ_Dm3" title="SJ Dm3">SJ Class Dm 3</a> locomotives on Swedish Railways produced a record 7,200 kW. Locomotives capable of commercial passenger service at 200 km/h appeared in Germany and France in the same period. Further improvements resulted from the introduction of electronic control systems, which permitted the use of increasingly lighter and more powerful motors that could be fitted inside the bogies (standardizing from the 1990s onwards on asynchronous three-phase motors, fed through GTO-inverters). </p><p>In the 1980s, the development of very high-speed service brought further electrification. The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a> were the first systems for which devoted high-speed lines were built from scratch. Similar programs were undertaken in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>; in the United States the only new mainline service was an extension of electrification over the Northeast Corridor from <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, though new electric <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> systems continued to be built. </p><p>On 2 September 2006, a standard production Siemens electric locomotive of the <a href="/wiki/EuroSprinter" title="EuroSprinter">Eurosprinter type ES64-U4</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%96BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ÖBB">ÖBB</a> Class 1216) achieved 357 km/h (222 mph), the record for a locomotive-hauled train, on the new line between Ingolstadt and Nuremberg.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This locomotive is now employed largely unmodified by ÖBB to haul their <a href="/wiki/Railjet" title="Railjet">Railjet</a> which is however limited to a top speed of 230 km/h due to economic and infrastructure concerns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivan755.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vivan755.jpg/220px-Vivan755.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vivan755.jpg/330px-Vivan755.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vivan755.jpg/440px-Vivan755.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The operating controls of VL80R freight locomotive from <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railways" title="Russian Railways">Russian Railways</a>. The wheel controls motor power.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DC_Electric_Locomotive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DC_Electric_Locomotive.jpg/220px-DC_Electric_Locomotive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DC_Electric_Locomotive.jpg/330px-DC_Electric_Locomotive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DC_Electric_Locomotive.jpg/440px-DC_Electric_Locomotive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Electric locomotive used in mining operations in <a href="/wiki/Flin_Flon,_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Flin Flon, Manitoba">Flin Flon, Manitoba</a>. This locomotive is on display and not currently in service.</figcaption></figure> <p>An electric locomotive can be supplied with power from </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_energy_storage_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Rechargeable energy storage system">Rechargeable energy storage systems</a>, such as a battery or <a href="/wiki/Ultracapacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultracapacitor">ultracapacitor</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> locomotives.</li> <li>A stationary source, such as a <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a> or <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead wire</a>.</li></ul> <p>The distinguishing design features of electric locomotives are: </p> <ul><li>The type of electrical power used, <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> or <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a>.</li> <li>The method of storing (batteries, ultracapacitors) or collecting (transmission) electrical power.</li> <li>The means used to couple the <a href="/wiki/Traction_motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction motors">traction motors</a> to the driving wheels (drivers).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_and_alternating_current">Direct and alternating current</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Direct and alternating current"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most fundamental difference lies in the choice of AC or DC. The earliest systems used DC, as AC was not well understood and insulation material for high voltage lines was not available. DC locomotives typically run at relatively low voltage (600 to 3,000 volts); the equipment is therefore relatively massive because the currents involved are large in order to transmit sufficient power. Power must be supplied at frequent intervals as the high currents result in large transmission system losses. </p><p>As AC motors were developed, they became the predominant type, particularly on longer routes. High voltages (tens of thousands of volts) are used because this allows the use of low currents; <a href="/wiki/Copper_loss" title="Copper loss">transmission losses</a> are proportional to the square of the current (e.g. twice the current means four times the loss). Thus, high power can be conducted over long distances on lighter and cheaper wires. Transformers in the locomotives transform this power to a low voltage and high current for the motors.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar high voltage, low current system could not be employed with direct current locomotives because there is no easy way to do the voltage/current transformation for DC so efficiently as achieved by AC transformers. </p><p>AC traction still occasionally uses dual overhead wires instead of single-phase lines. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Three-phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-phase">three-phase</a> current drives <a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">induction motors</a>, which do not have sensitive <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutators</a> and permit easy realisation of a <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">regenerative brake</a>. Speed is controlled by changing the number of pole pairs in the stator circuit, with acceleration controlled by switching additional resistors in, or out, of the rotor circuit. The two-phase lines are heavy and complicated near switches, where the phases have to cross each other. The system was widely used in northern Italy until 1976 and is still in use on some Swiss <a href="/wiki/Rack_railway" title="Rack railway">rack railways</a>. The simple feasibility of a fail-safe electric brake is an advantage of the system, while speed control and the two-phase lines are problematic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SJ_night_train_in_the_Bj%C3%B6rnfjell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SJ_night_train_in_the_Bj%C3%B6rnfjell.jpg/220px-SJ_night_train_in_the_Bj%C3%B6rnfjell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SJ_night_train_in_the_Bj%C3%B6rnfjell.jpg/330px-SJ_night_train_in_the_Bj%C3%B6rnfjell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SJ_night_train_in_the_Bj%C3%B6rnfjell.jpg/440px-SJ_night_train_in_the_Bj%C3%B6rnfjell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3491" data-file-height="2155" /></a><figcaption>The Swedish <a href="/wiki/SJ_Rc" title="SJ Rc">Rc locomotive</a> was the first series locomotive that used <a href="/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">thyristors</a> with DC motors.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">Rectifier</a> locomotives, which used AC power transmission and DC motors, were common, though DC commutators had problems both in starting and at low velocities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2015)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today's advanced electric locomotives use brushless <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor#Three-phase_AC_induction_motors" title="Electric motor">three-phase AC induction motors</a>. These polyphase machines are powered from <a href="/wiki/Gate_turn-off_thyristor" title="Gate turn-off thyristor">GTO</a>-, <a href="/wiki/IGCT" class="mw-redirect" title="IGCT">IGCT</a>- or <a href="/wiki/IGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="IGBT">IGBT</a>-based inverters. The cost of electronic devices in a modern locomotive can be up to 50% of the cost of the vehicle. </p><p>Electric traction allows the use of regenerative braking, in which the motors are used as brakes and become generators that transform the motion of the train into electrical power that is then fed back into the lines. This system is particularly advantageous in mountainous operations, as descending locomotives can produce a large portion of the power required for ascending trains. Most systems have a characteristic voltage and, in the case of AC power, a system frequency. Many locomotives have been equipped to handle multiple voltages and frequencies as systems came to overlap or were upgraded. American <a href="/wiki/FL9" class="mw-redirect" title="FL9">FL9</a> locomotives were equipped to handle power from two different electrical systems and could also operate as diesel–electrics. </p><p>While today's systems predominantly operate on AC, many DC systems are still in use – e.g., in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (750 V and 1,500 V); <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (1,500 V); <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (3,000 V) and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> (750 V). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_transmission">Power transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Power transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantograaf_lichtrail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pantograaf_lichtrail.jpg/220px-Pantograaf_lichtrail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pantograaf_lichtrail.jpg/330px-Pantograaf_lichtrail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Pantograaf_lichtrail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>A modern half-<a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantograph (rail)">pantograph</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WMATA_third_rail_at_West_Falls_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/WMATA_third_rail_at_West_Falls_Church.jpg/220px-WMATA_third_rail_at_West_Falls_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/WMATA_third_rail_at_West_Falls_Church.jpg/330px-WMATA_third_rail_at_West_Falls_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/WMATA_third_rail_at_West_Falls_Church.jpg/440px-WMATA_third_rail_at_West_Falls_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Third rail at the <a href="/wiki/West_Falls_Church_station" title="West Falls Church station">West Falls Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Metro</a> station near Washington, D.C., electrified at 750 volts. The third rail is at the top of the image, with a white canopy above it. The two lower rails are the ordinary running rails; current from the third rail returns to the power station through these.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">Railway electrification system</a></div> <p>Electrical circuits require two connections (or for <a href="/wiki/Three-phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-phase">three phase AC</a>, three connections). From the beginning, the track was used for one side of the circuit. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Model_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Model railroad">model railroads</a> the track normally supplies only one side, the other side(s) of the circuit being provided separately. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overhead_lines">Overhead lines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Overhead lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Railways generally tend to prefer <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead lines</a>, often called "<a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines#Overhead_catenary" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">catenaries</a>" after the support system used to hold the wire parallel to the ground. Three collection methods are possible: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trolley_pole" title="Trolley pole">Trolley pole</a>: a long flexible pole, which engages the line with a wheel or shoe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_collector" title="Bow collector">Bow collector</a>: a frame that holds a long collecting rod against the wire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantograph (rail)">Pantograph</a>: a hinged frame that holds the collecting shoes against the wire in a fixed geometry.</li></ul> <p>Of the three, the pantograph method is best suited for high-speed operation. Some locomotives use both overhead and third rail collection (e.g. <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_92" title="British Rail Class 92">British Rail Class 92</a>). In Europe, the recommended geometry and shape of pantographs are defined by standard EN 50367/IEC 60486<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_rail">Third rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Third rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Third_rail"></span><span class="anchor" id="Third-rail_electric_locomotive"></span> Mass transit systems and suburban lines often use a third rail instead of overhead wire. It allows for smaller tunnels and lower clearance under bridges, and has advantages for intensive traffic that it is a very sturdy system, not sensitive to snapping overhead wires. Some systems use four rails, especially some lines in the London Underground. One setback for third rail systems is that level crossings become more complex, usually requiring a gap section. </p><p>The original <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a> electrification used a sliding pickup (a <a href="/wiki/Contact_shoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact shoe">contact shoe</a> or simply the "shoe") in an overhead channel, a system quickly found to be unsatisfactory. It was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a>, in which a pickup rides underneath or on top of a smaller rail parallel to the main track, above ground level. There are multiple pickups on both sides of the locomotive in order to accommodate the breaks in the third rail required by trackwork. This system is preferred in <a href="/wiki/Subway_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subway (rail)">subways</a> because of the close clearances it affords. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Driving_the_wheels">Driving the wheels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Driving the wheels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MILW_Bi-Polar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MILW_Bi-Polar.jpg/220px-MILW_Bi-Polar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MILW_Bi-Polar.jpg/330px-MILW_Bi-Polar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/MILW_Bi-Polar.jpg/440px-MILW_Bi-Polar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3873" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Road" title="Milwaukee Road">Milwaukee Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Road_class_EP-2" title="Milwaukee Road class EP-2">EP-2</a> "Bi-polar" electrics</figcaption></figure> <p>During the initial development of railroad electrical propulsion, a number of drive systems were devised to couple the output of the <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">traction motors</a> to the wheels. Early locomotives often used <a href="/wiki/Jackshaft_(locomotive)" title="Jackshaft (locomotive)">jackshaft</a> drives. In this arrangement, the traction motor is mounted within the body of the locomotive and drives the jackshaft through a set of gears. This system was employed because the first traction motors were too large and heavy to mount directly on the axles. Due to the number of mechanical parts involved, frequent maintenance was necessary. The jackshaft drive was abandoned for all but the smallest units when smaller and lighter motors were developed, </p><p>Several other systems were devised as the electric locomotive matured. The <a href="/wiki/Buchli_drive" title="Buchli drive">Buchli drive</a> was a fully spring-loaded system, in which the weight of the driving motors was completely disconnected from the driving wheels. First used in electric locomotives from the 1920s, the Buchli drive was mainly used by the French <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways" title="Swiss Federal Railways">Swiss Federal Railways</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Quill_drive" title="Quill drive">quill drive</a> was also developed about this time and mounted the traction motor above or to the side of the axle and coupled to the axle through a reduction gear and a hollow shaft – the quill – flexibly connected to the driving axle. The <a href="/wiki/PRR_GG1" class="mw-redirect" title="PRR GG1">Pennsylvania Railroad GG1</a> locomotive used a quill drive. Again, as traction motors continued to shrink in size and weight, quill drives gradually fell out of favor in low-speed freight locomotives. In high-speed passenger locomotives used in Europe, the quill drive is still predominant. </p><p>Another drive was the "<a href="/wiki/Bipolar_electric_motor" title="Bipolar electric motor">bi-polar</a>" system, in which the motor armature was the axle itself, the frame and field assembly of the motor being attached to the truck (bogie) in a fixed position. The motor had two field poles, which allowed a limited amount of vertical movement of the armature. This system was of limited value since the power output of each motor was limited. The <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Road_class_EP-2" title="Milwaukee Road class EP-2">EP-2</a> bi-polar electrics used by the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Road" title="Milwaukee Road">Milwaukee Road</a> compensated for this problem by using a large number of powered axles. </p><p>Modern freight electric locomotives, like their <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_powertrain" title="Diesel–electric powertrain">Diesel–electric</a> counterparts, almost universally use axle-hung traction motors, with one motor for each powered axle. In this arrangement, one side of the motor housing is supported by plain bearings riding on a ground and polished journal that is integral to the axle. The other side of the housing has a tongue-shaped protuberance that engages a matching slot in the truck (bogie) bolster, its purpose being to act as a torque reaction device, as well as support. Power transfer from the motor to the axle is effected by <a href="/wiki/Gear#Spur" title="Gear">spur gearing</a>, in which a <a href="/wiki/Pinion" title="Pinion">pinion</a> on the motor shaft engages a <a href="/wiki/Bull_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull gear">bull gear</a> on the axle. Both gears are enclosed in a liquid-tight housing containing lubricating oil. The type of service in which the locomotive is used dictates the gear ratio employed. Numerically high ratios are commonly found on freight units, whereas numerically low ratios are typical of passenger engines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wheel_arrangements">Wheel arrangements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wheel arrangements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PRR_GG1_4890_at_NRM,_Green_Bay,_20040426.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PRR_GG1_4890_at_NRM%2C_Green_Bay%2C_20040426.jpg/220px-PRR_GG1_4890_at_NRM%2C_Green_Bay%2C_20040426.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PRR_GG1_4890_at_NRM%2C_Green_Bay%2C_20040426.jpg/330px-PRR_GG1_4890_at_NRM%2C_Green_Bay%2C_20040426.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PRR_GG1_4890_at_NRM%2C_Green_Bay%2C_20040426.jpg/440px-PRR_GG1_4890_at_NRM%2C_Green_Bay%2C_20040426.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/GG1" class="mw-redirect" title="GG1">GG1</a> electric locomotive</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Whyte_notation" title="Whyte notation">Whyte notation</a> system for classifying <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> is not adequate for describing the variety of electric locomotive arrangements, though the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> applied <a href="/wiki/Class_(locomotive)" title="Class (locomotive)">classes</a> to its electric locomotives as if they were steam. For example, the <a href="/wiki/PRR_GG1" class="mw-redirect" title="PRR GG1">PRR GG1</a> class indicates that it is arranged like two <a href="/wiki/4-6-0" title="4-6-0">4-6-0</a> class G locomotives coupled back-to-back. </p><p><a href="/wiki/UIC_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="UIC classification">UIC classification</a> system was typically used for electric locomotives, as it could handle the complex arrangements of powered and unpowered axles and could distinguish between coupled and uncoupled drive systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battery_locomotive">Battery locomotive<span class="anchor" id="Battery_locomotive"></span><span class="anchor" id="Battery-electric_locomotive"></span><span class="anchor" id="Storage_battery_locomotive"></span><span class="anchor" id="Battery_electric_locomotive"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battery locomotive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battery_loco_16_at_West_Ham.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Battery_loco_16_at_West_Ham.JPG/220px-Battery_loco_16_at_West_Ham.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Battery_loco_16_at_West_Ham.JPG/330px-Battery_loco_16_at_West_Ham.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Battery_loco_16_at_West_Ham.JPG/440px-Battery_loco_16_at_West_Ham.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> battery–electric locomotive at <a href="/wiki/West_Ham_station" title="West Ham station">West Ham station</a> used for hauling engineers' trains</figcaption></figure> <p>A battery–electric locomotive (or battery locomotive) is powered by onboard batteries; a kind of <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicle</a>. </p><p>Such locomotives are used where a diesel or conventional electric locomotive would be unsuitable. An example is maintenance trains on electrified lines when the electricity supply is turned off. Another use for battery locomotives is in industrial facilities (e.g. explosives factories, oil, and gas <a href="/wiki/Refineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Refineries">refineries</a> or chemical factories) where a combustion-powered locomotive (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam-</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">diesel-powered</a>) could cause a safety issue due to the risks of fire, explosion or fumes in a confined space. Battery locomotives are preferred for <a href="/wiki/Mine_railway" title="Mine railway">mine railways</a> where gas could be ignited by <a href="/wiki/Trolley_pole" title="Trolley pole">trolley-powered</a> units <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">arcing</a> at the collection shoes, or where <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">electrical resistance</a> could develop in the supply or return circuits, especially at rail joints, and allow dangerous current leakage into the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first electric locomotive built in 1837 was a battery locomotive. It was built by chemist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(inventor)" title="Robert Davidson (inventor)">Robert Davidson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and it was powered by <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">galvanic cells</a> (batteries). Another early example was at the <a href="/wiki/Kennecott,_Alaska" title="Kennecott, Alaska">Kennecott Copper Mine</a>, <a href="/wiki/McCarthy,_Alaska" title="McCarthy, Alaska">McCarthy, Alaska</a>, wherein 1917 the underground haulage ways were widened to enable working by two battery locomotives of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> short tons (4.0 long tons; 4.1 t).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, Kennecott Copper ordered four 700-series electric locomotives with onboard batteries. These locomotives weighed 85 short tons (76 long tons; 77 t) and operated on 750 volts <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead trolley wire</a> with considerable further range whilst running on batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The locomotives provided several decades of service using <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93iron_battery" title="Nickel–iron battery">nickel–iron battery</a> (Edison) technology. The batteries were replaced with <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead-acid batteries</a>, and the locomotives were retired shortly afterward. All four locomotives were donated to museums, but one was scrapped. The others can be seen at the <a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Scenic_Valley_Railroad" title="Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad">Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad</a>, Iowa, and at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Railway_Museum" title="Western Railway Museum">Western Railway Museum</a> in Rio Vista, California. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission" title="Toronto Transit Commission">Toronto Transit Commission</a> previously operated on the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_subway" title="Toronto subway">Toronto subway</a> a battery electric locomotive built by <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Sharyo" title="Nippon Sharyo">Nippon Sharyo</a> in 1968 and retired in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>London Underground regularly operates <a href="/wiki/London_Underground_battery%E2%80%93electric_locomotives" title="London Underground battery–electric locomotives">battery–electric locomotives</a> for general maintenance work. </p><p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, battery locomotives with 7 and 14 MWh energy capacity have been ordered by rail lines and are under development.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supercapacitor_power_storage">Supercapacitor power storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Supercapacitor power storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, <a href="/wiki/CRRC_Zhuzhou_Locomotive" title="CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive">Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Company</a>, manufacturers of stored electrical power systems using <a href="/wiki/Supercapacitor" title="Supercapacitor">supercapacitors</a> initially developed for use in <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trams</a>, announced that they were extending their product line to include locomotives.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electric_locomotives_around_the_world">Electric locomotives around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Electric locomotives around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthEasternRailwayNo1-Locomotion-Shildon-April2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NorthEasternRailwayNo1-Locomotion-Shildon-April2008.JPG/220px-NorthEasternRailwayNo1-Locomotion-Shildon-April2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NorthEasternRailwayNo1-Locomotion-Shildon-April2008.JPG/330px-NorthEasternRailwayNo1-Locomotion-Shildon-April2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NorthEasternRailwayNo1-Locomotion-Shildon-April2008.JPG/440px-NorthEasternRailwayNo1-Locomotion-Shildon-April2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1222" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/LNER_Class_ES1" title="LNER Class ES1">NER No.1</a>, Locomotion museum, Shildon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locomotiva_E656-569.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Locomotiva_E656-569.jpg/220px-Locomotiva_E656-569.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Locomotiva_E656-569.jpg/330px-Locomotiva_E656-569.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Locomotiva_E656-569.jpg/440px-Locomotiva_E656-569.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/FS_Class_E656" class="mw-redirect" title="FS Class E656">FS Class E656</a>, an articulated Bo'-Bo'-Bo' locomotive, manages more easily the tight curves often found on the Italian railways</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_Cross_-_LNER_91125_ecs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kings_Cross_-_LNER_91125_ecs.JPG/220px-Kings_Cross_-_LNER_91125_ecs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kings_Cross_-_LNER_91125_ecs.JPG/330px-Kings_Cross_-_LNER_91125_ecs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kings_Cross_-_LNER_91125_ecs.JPG/440px-Kings_Cross_-_LNER_91125_ecs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>British Class 91</figcaption></figure> <p>Electrification is widespread in Europe, with <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric multiple units">electric multiple units</a> commonly used for passenger trains. Due to higher density schedules, operating costs are more dominant with respect to the infrastructure costs than in the U.S. and electric locomotives have much lower operating costs than diesel. In addition, governments were motivated to electrify their railway networks due to coal shortages experienced during the First and Second World Wars. </p><p>Diesel locomotives have less power compared to electric locomotives for the same weight and dimensions. For instance, the 2,200 kW of a modern <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_66" title="British Rail Class 66">British Rail Class 66</a> diesel locomotive was matched in 1927 by the electric <a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_Ae_4/7" title="SBB-CFF-FFS Ae 4/7">SBB-CFF-FFS Ae 4/7</a> (2,300 kW), which is lighter. However, for low speeds, the tractive effort is more important than power. Diesel engines can be competitive for slow freight traffic (as it is common in Canada and the U.S.) but not for passenger or mixed passenger/freight traffic like on many European railway lines, especially where heavy freight trains must be run at comparatively high speeds (80 km/h or more). </p><p>These factors led to high degrees of electrification in most European countries. In some countries, like Switzerland, even electric shunters are common and many private sidings are served by electric locomotives. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when materials to build new electric locomotives were not available, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways" title="Swiss Federal Railways">Swiss Federal Railways</a> installed electric heating elements in the boilers of <a href="/wiki/Electric%E2%80%93steam_locomotive" title="Electric–steam locomotive">some steam shunters</a>, fed from the overhead supply, to deal with the shortage of imported coal.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent political developments in many European countries to enhance public transit have led to another boost for electric traction. In addition, gaps in the unelectrified track are closed to avoid replacing electric locomotives by diesel for these sections. The necessary modernization and electrification of these lines are possible, due to the financing of the railway infrastructure by the state. </p><p><a href="/wiki/British_electric_multiple_units" title="British electric multiple units">British electric multiple units</a> were <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Overhead_Railway_electric_units" title="Liverpool Overhead Railway electric units">first</a> introduced in the 1890s, and current versions provide public transit and there are also a number of electric locomotive classes, such as: <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_76" title="British Rail Class 76">Class 76</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_86" title="British Rail Class 86">Class 86</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_87" title="British Rail Class 87">Class 87</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_90" title="British Rail Class 90">Class 90</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_91" title="British Rail Class 91">Class 91</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_92" title="British Rail Class 92">Class 92</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_former_USSR">Russia and former USSR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Russia and former USSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Railway electrification in the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7_%D0%92%D0%9B60%D0%BA-1196.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7_%D0%92%D0%9B60%D0%BA-1196.jpg/220px-%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7_%D0%92%D0%9B60%D0%BA-1196.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7_%D0%92%D0%9B60%D0%BA-1196.jpg/330px-%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7_%D0%92%D0%9B60%D0%BA-1196.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7_%D0%92%D0%9B60%D0%BA-1196.jpg/440px-%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7_%D0%92%D0%9B60%D0%BA-1196.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Soviet electric locomotive VL60<sup>p</sup><sub>k</sub> (ВЛ60<sup>п</sup><sub>к</sub>), c. 1960</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4ES5K-004_and_2ES10-139_(3ES10)_-_EXPO-1520_train_parade_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/4ES5K-004_and_2ES10-139_%283ES10%29_-_EXPO-1520_train_parade_2017.jpg/220px-4ES5K-004_and_2ES10-139_%283ES10%29_-_EXPO-1520_train_parade_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/4ES5K-004_and_2ES10-139_%283ES10%29_-_EXPO-1520_train_parade_2017.jpg/330px-4ES5K-004_and_2ES10-139_%283ES10%29_-_EXPO-1520_train_parade_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/4ES5K-004_and_2ES10-139_%283ES10%29_-_EXPO-1520_train_parade_2017.jpg/440px-4ES5K-004_and_2ES10-139_%283ES10%29_-_EXPO-1520_train_parade_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Russia's most powerful freight electric locomotives: 3ES10 (for 3 kV DC, 12,600 kW) and 4ES5K (for 25 kV AC, 12,240 kW)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">other countries of</a> the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> have a mix of 3,000 V DC and 25 kV AC for historical reasons. </p><p>The special "junction stations" (around 15 over the former USSR – <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a>, Mariinsk near Krasnoyarsk, etc.) have wiring switchable from DC to AC. Locomotive replacement is essential at these stations and is performed together with the contact wiring switching. </p><p>Most Soviet, Czech (the USSR ordered passenger electric locomotives from <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Works" title="Škoda Works">Škoda</a>), Russian and Ukrainian locomotives can operate on AC or DC only. For instance, <a href="/wiki/VL80" title="VL80">VL80</a> is an AC machine, with VL10 a DC version. There were some half-experimental small series like VL82, which could switch from AC to DC and were used in small amounts around the city of <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, where is no junction station at many lines. Also, the latest Russian passenger locomotive <a href="/wiki/EP20" title="EP20">EP20</a> and its half-experimental predecessor <a href="/wiki/EP10" title="EP10">EP10</a> are a dual system. </p><p>Historically, 3,000 V DC was used for simplicity. The first experimental track was in the Georgian mountains, then the suburban zones of the largest cities were electrified for EMUs – very advantageous due to the much better dynamic of such a train compared to the steam one, which is important for suburban service with frequent stops. Then the large mountain line between <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk" title="Chelyabinsk">Chelyabinsk</a> was electrified. </p><p>For some time, electric railways were only considered to be suitable for suburban or mountain lines. In around 1950, a decision was made (according to legend, by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>) to electrify the highly loaded plain prairie line of <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a>-<a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>. After this, electrifying the major railroads at 3,000 V DC became mainstream. </p><p>25 kV AC started in the USSR in around 1960 when the industry managed to build the rectifier-based AC-wire DC-motor locomotive (all Soviet and Czech AC locomotives were such; only the post-Soviet ones switched to electronically controlled induction motors). The first major line with AC power was Mariinsk-Krasnoyarsk-Tayshet-Zima; the lines in European Russia like Moscow-Rostov-on-Don followed. </p><p>In the 1990s, some DC lines were rebuilt as AC to allow the usage of the huge 10 MW AC locomotive of VL85. The line around <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a> is one of them. The DC locomotives freed by this rebuild were transferred to the St Petersburg region. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> has been partly electrified since 1929, entirely since 2002. The system is 25 kV AC 50 Hz after the junction station of Mariinsk near Krasnoyarsk, 3,000 V DC before it, and train weights are up to 6,000 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montreal_(3782223411).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Montreal_%283782223411%29.jpg/220px-Montreal_%283782223411%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Montreal_%283782223411%29.jpg/330px-Montreal_%283782223411%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Montreal_%283782223411%29.jpg/440px-Montreal_%283782223411%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CN_Boxcab_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="CN Boxcab Electric">CN Boxcab Electric</a> locomotive leaving <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_Tunnel" title="Mount Royal Tunnel">Mount Royal Tunnel</a>, in 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> has used a variety of electric locomotives, primarily for moving passengers and cargo through poorly ventilated tunnels. Electric locomotives that were in use in Canada include the <a href="/wiki/St._Clair_Tunnel" title="St. Clair Tunnel">St. Clair Tunnel Co. Boxcab Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/CN_Boxcab_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="CN Boxcab Electric">CN Boxcab Electric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GMD_GF6C" title="GMD GF6C">GMD GF6C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Exo_(public_transit)" title="Exo (public transit)">Exo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> operated <a href="/wiki/ALP-45DP" class="mw-redirect" title="ALP-45DP">ALP-45DP</a> dual-mode <a href="/wiki/Electro-diesel_locomotive" title="Electro-diesel locomotive">electro-diesel locomotives</a> in order to allow the locomotives to traverse the poorly ventilated <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_Tunnel" title="Mount Royal Tunnel">Mount Royal Tunnel</a>. The locomotives run in electric mode along the entire length of the <a href="/wiki/Deux-Montagnes_line" title="Deux-Montagnes line">Deux-Montagnes line</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Mascouche_line" title="Mascouche line">Mascouche line</a> between <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Central_Station" title="Montreal Central Station">Montreal Central Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahuntsic_station_(Exo)" title="Ahuntsic station (Exo)">Ahuntsic station</a>. The locomotives run in diesel mode for the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Mascouche_line" title="Mascouche line">Mascouche line</a> and along three other non-electrified lines.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_Tunnel" title="Mount Royal Tunnel">Mount Royal Tunnel</a> into the mainline of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_express_m%C3%A9tropolitain" title="Réseau express métropolitain">Réseau express métropolitain</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Light metro">light metro</a> system and the permanent truncation of the <a href="/wiki/Mascouche_line" title="Mascouche line">Mascouche line</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ahuntsic_station_(Exo)" title="Ahuntsic station (Exo)">Ahuntsic station</a> starting in January 2020, the locomotives are run exclusively in diesel mode.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to the US the flexibility of diesel locomotives and the relatively low cost of their infrastructure has led them to prevail except where legal or operational constraints dictate the use of electricity. Leading to limited electric railway infrastructure and by extension electric locomotives operating in Canada today. As of 2021, only one example exists today, <a href="/wiki/GMD_SW1200MG" title="GMD SW1200MG">GMD SW1200MG</a> electric locomotives operated by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Ore_Company_of_Canada" title="Iron Ore Company of Canada">Iron Ore Company of Canada</a> for a small isolated railway hauling raw ore from their Carol Lake mine to a processing plant. </p><p>In the future <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto's</a> <a href="/wiki/GO_Transit" title="GO Transit">GO Transit</a> plans to operate a fleet of new electric locomotives as a part of its <a href="/wiki/GO_Transit_Regional_Express_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="GO Transit Regional Express Rail">Regional Express Rail initiative</a>. The feasibility of using hydrogen fuel-cell locomotives is also being studied.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Railroad_electrification_in_the_United_States" title="Railroad electrification in the United States">Railroad electrification in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amtrak_627_with_a_Northeast_Regional_in_Madison,_Connecticut,_April_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Amtrak_627_with_a_Northeast_Regional_in_Madison%2C_Connecticut%2C_April_2015.jpg/220px-Amtrak_627_with_a_Northeast_Regional_in_Madison%2C_Connecticut%2C_April_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Amtrak_627_with_a_Northeast_Regional_in_Madison%2C_Connecticut%2C_April_2015.jpg/330px-Amtrak_627_with_a_Northeast_Regional_in_Madison%2C_Connecticut%2C_April_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Amtrak_627_with_a_Northeast_Regional_in_Madison%2C_Connecticut%2C_April_2015.jpg/440px-Amtrak_627_with_a_Northeast_Regional_in_Madison%2C_Connecticut%2C_April_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3316" data-file-height="2293" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Siemens_ACS-64" title="Siemens ACS-64">Siemens ACS-64</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Electric locomotives are used for passenger trains on <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a> between <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, with a branch to <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a>, and on some <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> lines. Mass transit systems and other electrified commuter lines use <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">electric multiple units</a>, where each car is powered. All other long-distance passenger service and, with <a href="/wiki/Deseret_Power_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Deseret Power Railroad">rare exceptions</a>, all freight is hauled by diesel–electric locomotives. </p><p>In North America, the flexibility of diesel locomotives and the relatively low cost of their infrastructure have led them to prevail except where legal or operational constraints dictate the use of electricity. An example of the latter is the use of electric locomotives by Amtrak and <a href="/wiki/Commuter_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Commuter railroad">commuter railroads</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a>. Amtrak and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Transit">New Jersey Transit</a>'s New York corridor use electric locomotives, currently <a href="/wiki/ALP-46" class="mw-redirect" title="ALP-46">ALP-46s</a>, due to the prohibition on diesel operation in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (New York City)">Penn Station</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_River_Tunnels" title="North River Tunnels">Hudson</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_River_Tunnels" title="East River Tunnels">East River Tunnels</a> leading to it. Some other trains to Penn Station use <a href="/wiki/GE_Genesis#P32AC-DM" title="GE Genesis">dual-mode</a> locomotives that can also operate off third-rail power in the tunnels and the station. </p><p>During the steam era, some mountainous areas were electrified but these have been discontinued. The junction between electrified and non-electrified territory is the locale of engine changes; thus Northeast Corridor trains that extend south of Washington, D.C., change locomotives there. Northeast Corridor trains used to make lengthy stops in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, as locomotives were swapped, a delay which contributed to the decision to electrify the New Haven to Boston segment of the Northeast Corridor in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_locomotives_in_China#Electric_locomotives" title="List of locomotives in China">List of locomotives in China § Electric locomotives</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Railways_HXD3D_0250_%26_HXD3D_0496_20180511_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/China_Railways_HXD3D_0250_%26_HXD3D_0496_20180511_01.jpg/220px-China_Railways_HXD3D_0250_%26_HXD3D_0496_20180511_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/China_Railways_HXD3D_0250_%26_HXD3D_0496_20180511_01.jpg/330px-China_Railways_HXD3D_0250_%26_HXD3D_0496_20180511_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/China_Railways_HXD3D_0250_%26_HXD3D_0496_20180511_01.jpg/440px-China_Railways_HXD3D_0250_%26_HXD3D_0496_20180511_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">China Railway</a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_HXD3D" title="China Railways HXD3D">HXD3Ds</a> hauling a long-distance passenger train.</figcaption></figure> <p>China has over 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi) of electrified railway.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With most trunk line freight and long-distance passenger trains operated using high power electric locomotives, typically in excess of 7,200 kilowatts (9,700 hp) of power output. Heavy freight is hauled with extremely high power multi-section locomotives, reaching up to 28,800 kilowatts (38,600 hp) on the "Shen 24" series of six section electric locomotives.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Locomotives_of_India#Electric" title="Locomotives of India">Locomotives of India § Electric</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WAP-7-LOCO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/WAP-7-LOCO.jpg/220px-WAP-7-LOCO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/WAP-7-LOCO.jpg/330px-WAP-7-LOCO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/WAP-7-LOCO.jpg/440px-WAP-7-LOCO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Indian Railways <a href="/wiki/WAP-7" class="mw-redirect" title="WAP-7">WAP-7</a> class electric locomotive</figcaption></figure> <p>All mainline electrified routes in India use <a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="25 kV AC railway electrification">25 kV AC</a> overhead electrification at 50 Hz. As of March 2017, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a> haul 85% of freight and passenger traffic with electric locomotives and 45,881 km of railway lines have been electrified.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EF65-1104.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EF65-1104.jpg/220px-EF65-1104.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EF65-1104.jpg/330px-EF65-1104.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EF65-1104.jpg/440px-EF65-1104.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2575" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>Japan electric locomotive <a href="/wiki/JNR_Class_EF65" title="JNR Class EF65">EF65</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of railway electrification systems in Japan">List of railway electrification systems in Japan</a></div> <p>Japan has come close to complete electrification largely due to the relatively short distances and mountainous terrain, which make electric service a particularly economical investment. Additionally, the mix of freight to passenger service is weighted much more toward passenger service (even in rural areas) than in many other countries, and this has helped drive government investment into the electrification of many remote lines. However, these same factors lead operators of Japanese railways to prefer <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric multiple units">EMUs</a> over electric locomotives. The vast majority of electric passenger service in Japan is operated with EMUs, relegating electric locomotives to freight and select long-distance services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QR_electric_locos_3102_%26_3255_on_the_Goonyella_line_~1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/QR_electric_locos_3102_%26_3255_on_the_Goonyella_line_~1991.jpg/220px-QR_electric_locos_3102_%26_3255_on_the_Goonyella_line_~1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/QR_electric_locos_3102_%26_3255_on_the_Goonyella_line_~1991.jpg/330px-QR_electric_locos_3102_%26_3255_on_the_Goonyella_line_~1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/QR_electric_locos_3102_%26_3255_on_the_Goonyella_line_~1991.jpg/440px-QR_electric_locos_3102_%26_3255_on_the_Goonyella_line_~1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Railways_3100/3200_class" title="Queensland Railways 3100/3200 class">Queensland Railways 3100/3200 class</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Railways" title="Victorian Railways">Victorian Railways</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Railways" title="New South Wales Government Railways">New South Wales Government Railways</a>, which pioneered electric traction in Australia in the early 20th century and continue to operate 1,500 V DC <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">electric multiple units</a>, have withdrawn their electric locomotives. </p><p>In both states, the use of electric locomotives on principal interurban routes proved to be a qualified success. In Victoria, because only the <a href="/wiki/Gippsland_railway_line" title="Gippsland railway line">Gippsland line</a> was electrified, the economic advantages of electric traction were not fully realized due to the need to change locomotives for trains that ran beyond the electrified network. The <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Railways_L_class" title="Victorian Railways L class">Victorian Railways L class</a> were withdrawn from service by 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Gippsland line electrification had been dismantled by 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_86_class_locomotive" title="New South Wales 86 class locomotive">New South Wales 86 class locomotives</a> introduced to NSW in 1983 had a relatively short life because the cost of maintaining the infrastructure, the need to change locomotives at the extremities of the electrified network, and higher charges levied for electricity, saw diesel locomotives take over services the electrified network.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Rail" title="Queensland Rail">Queensland Rail</a> implemented electrification in the 1980s and utilises the more recent <a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC" class="mw-redirect" title="25 kV AC">25 kV AC</a> technology with around 1,000 km of the <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge">narrow gauge</a> network now electrified. It operates a fleet of electric locomotives to transport <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> for export, the most recent of which the 3,000 kW (4,020 HP) <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Railways_3300/3400_class" title="Queensland Railways 3300/3400 class">3300/3400 class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Air brake (rail)">Air brake (rail)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin-Westinghouse_electric_locomotives" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin-Westinghouse electric locomotives">Baldwin-Westinghouse electric locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railcar#Battery–electric" title="Railcar">Battery powered railcars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxcab" title="Boxcab">Boxcab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a> – electrical pioneer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">Electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric%E2%80%93steam_locomotive" title="Electric–steam locomotive">Electric–steam locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">Electric vehicle battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Davenport" title="Emily Davenport">Emily Davenport</a> – electric locomotive pioneer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilmann_locomotive" title="Heilmann locomotive">Heilmann locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_(railway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brake (railway)">Railway brakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">Railway electrification system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heilmann evaluated both AC and DC electric transmission for his locomotives, but eventually settled on a design based on <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>'s DC system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy200339–41_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy200339–41-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hay1982-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hay1982_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHay1982" class="citation book cs1">Hay, William W (1982). "The economics of electrification". <i>Railroad engineering</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-36400-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-36400-9"><bdi>978-0-471-36400-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+economics+of+electrification&rft.btitle=Railroad+engineering&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-471-36400-9&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=William+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+locomotive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/electrification-of-u.s.-railways-pie-in-the-sky-or-realistic-goal">"Electrification of U.S. Railways: Pie in the Sky, or Realistic Goal? | Article | EESI"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electrification+of+U.S.+Railways%3A+Pie+in+the+Sky%2C+or+Realistic+Goal%3F+%26%23124%3B+Article+%26%23124%3B+EESI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eesi.org%2Farticles%2Fview%2Felectrification-of-u.s.-railways-pie-in-the-sky-or-realistic-goal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+locomotive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.epa.gov/otaq/locomotives.htm">"EPA, Transportation and Air Quality"</a>. 16 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA%2C+Transportation+and+Air+Quality&rft.date=2016-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.epa.gov%2Fotaq%2Flocomotives.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+locomotive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayMcNeil1966" class="citation book cs1">Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (1966). "Davidson, Robert". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415060424"><i>Biographical dictionary of the history of technology</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06042-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06042-4"><bdi>978-0-415-06042-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Davidson%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=Biographical+dictionary+of+the+history+of+technology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-415-06042-4&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft.au=McNeil%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780415060424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+locomotive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1910" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, William (1910). "The Underground Electric". <i>Our Home Railways</i>. Vol. 2. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theiet.org/resources/books/history/19323.cfm"><i>Electric railways, 1880–1990</i></a>. Stevenage, England: The Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-805-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-805-5"><bdi>978-0-85296-805-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+railways%2C+1880%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Stevenage%2C+England&rft.pub=The+Institution+of+Engineering+and+Technology+%28IET%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85296-805-5&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theiet.org%2Fresources%2Fbooks%2Fhistory%2F19323.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+locomotive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaut1952" class="citation book cs1">Haut, F.J.G. (1952). <i>The Early History of the Electric Locomotive</i>. Richard Tilling for the author. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007JJNNE">B0007JJNNE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Electric+Locomotive&rft.pub=Richard+Tilling+for+the+author&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007JJNNE%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Haut&rft.aufirst=F.J.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+locomotive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaut1969" class="citation book cs1">Haut, F.J.G. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NyNSAAAAMAAJ"><i>The History of the Electric Locomotive</i></a>. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-385042-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-385042-8"><bdi>978-0-04-385042-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Electric+Locomotive&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Allen+and+Unwin+Ltd&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-04-385042-8&rft.aulast=Haut&rft.aufirst=F.J.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNyNSAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+locomotive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaut1970" class="citation book cs1">Haut, F.J.G. (1970). <i>The Pictorial History of Electric Locomotives</i> (1st ed.). Oak Tree Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-498-07644-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-498-07644-2"><bdi>978-0-498-07644-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pictorial+History+of+Electric+Locomotives&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oak+Tree+Publications&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-498-07644-2&rft.aulast=Haut&rft.aufirst=F.J.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+locomotive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaut1970" class="citation book cs1">Haut, F.J.G. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pictorialhistory00haut"><i>A History of the Electric Locomotive, Volume Two</i></a> (1st ed.). South Brunswick, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Smith_Barnes#A.S._Barnes_&_Co." title="Alfred Smith Barnes">A.S. Barnes & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-498-02466-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-498-02466-5"><bdi>978-0-498-02466-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Electric+Locomotive%2C+Volume+Two&rft.place=South+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=A.S.+Barnes+%26+Co.&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-498-02466-5&rft.aulast=Haut&rft.aufirst=F.J.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpictorialhistory00haut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+locomotive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaut1977" class="citation book cs1">Haut, F.J.G. (1977). <i>Electric locomotives of the World</i>. Barton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85153-256-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85153-256-1"><bdi>978-0-85153-256-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+locomotives+of+the+World&rft.pub=Barton&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-85153-256-1&rft.aulast=Haut&rft.aufirst=F.J.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+locomotive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaut1981" class="citation book cs1">Haut, F.J.G. (1981). <i>A History of the Electric Locomotive. Volume 2</i>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Smith_Barnes#A.S._Barnes_&_Co." title="Alfred Smith Barnes">A.S. Barnes & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000RAWB64">B000RAWB64</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Electric+Locomotive.+Volume+2&rft.pub=A.S.+Barnes+%26+Co.&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000RAWB64%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Haut&rft.aufirst=F.J.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+locomotive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaut1987" class="citation book cs1">Haut, F.J.G. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pictorialhistory00haut"><i>A History of the Electric Locomotive, Vol. 2: Railcars and the Industrial Locomotive</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Smith_Barnes#A.S._Barnes_&_Co." title="Alfred Smith Barnes">A.S. Barnes & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-498-02466-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-498-02466-5"><bdi>978-0-498-02466-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Electric+Locomotive%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Railcars+and+the+Industrial+Locomotive&rft.pub=A.S.+Barnes+%26+Co.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-498-02466-5&rft.aulast=Haut&rft.aufirst=F.J.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpictorialhistory00haut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+locomotive" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_locomotive&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">Rolling stock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electric_traction" title="Railway electric traction">Railway electric traction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_car" title="Power car">Power car</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">Electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-diesel_locomotive" title="Electro-diesel locomotive">Electro-diesel locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-diesel_multiple_unit" title="Electro-diesel multiple unit">Electro-diesel multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-system_(rail)" title="Multi-system (rail)">Multi-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Power network</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traction_power_network" title="Traction power network">Traction power network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traction_substation" title="Traction substation">Traction substation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traction_powerstation" title="Traction powerstation">Traction powerstation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Australia" title="Railway electrification in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_installations_for_15_kV_AC_railway_electrification_in_Germany,_Austria_and_Switzerland#Austria" title="List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Germany, Austria and Switzerland">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Estonia" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_France" title="Railway electrification in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_installations_for_15_kV_AC_railway_electrification_in_Germany,_Austria_and_Switzerland#Germany" title="List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Germany, Austria and Switzerland">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Organisation_for_Railway_Electrification" title="Central Organisation for Railway Electrification">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Iran" title="Railway electrification in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Japan" title="Railway electrification in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Latvia" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Lithuania" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Malaysia" title="Railway electrification in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_New_Zealand" title="Railway electrification in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Norway" title="Railway electrification in Norway">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_railway_electrification_in_Norway" title="Timeline of railway electrification in Norway">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Poland" title="Railway electrification in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Russia" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Former USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_installations_for_15_kV_AC_railway_electrification_in_Sweden" title="List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_installations_for_15_kV_AC_railway_electrification_in_Germany,_Austria_and_Switzerland#Switzerland" title="List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Germany, Austria and Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Ukraine" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Great_Britain" title="Railway electrification in Great Britain">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_electrification_in_the_United_States" title="Railroad electrification in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems" title="List of railway electrification systems">Railway electrification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">Tram electrification systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alternative_fuel_vehicles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_propulsion" title="Template:Alternative propulsion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_propulsion" title="Template talk:Alternative propulsion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_propulsion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative propulsion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alternative_fuel_vehicles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_power" title="Human power">Human power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">Solar-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_boats" title="List of solar-powered boats">boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prototype_solar-powered_cars" title="List of prototype solar-powered cars">List of prototypes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_motor" title="Pneumatic motor">Compressed-air <br />engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_car" title="Compressed-air car">Compressed-air car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_vehicle" title="Compressed-air vehicle">Compressed-air vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_turbine" title="Tesla turbine">Tesla turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Electric battery</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Battery_locomotive">Battery-electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_multiple_unit" title="Battery electric multiple unit">Battery electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">Electric bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_bus" title="Battery electric bus">Battery electric bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_platform_truck" title="Electric platform truck">Electric platform truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_kick_scooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric kick scooter">Electric kick scooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works#The_Gyro_locomotive" title="Sentinel Waggon Works">Gyro flywheel locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">Neighborhood Electric Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Common ethanol fuel mixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">Methanol economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_aircraft" title="Hydrogen-powered aircraft">Hydrogen-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_ship" title="Hydrogen-powered ship">Hydrogen-powered ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_train" title="Hydrogen train">Hydrogen train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle" title="Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle">Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle" title="Natural gas vehicle">Natural gas vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple-fuel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">Bi-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifuel" title="Multifuel">Multifuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="What Is the Electric Car?">What Is the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Electric_Car" title="Revenge of the Electric Car">Revenge of the Electric Car</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power_ship" title="Wave power ship">Wave power ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_ship" title="Windmill ship">Windmill ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Wind-powered vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">Zero-emissions vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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