CINXE.COM
Jehan Sadat obituary | Women's rights and gender equality | The Guardian
<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","20210725061534","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1627193734"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <!-- GGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GG GGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGG We are hiring, ever thought about joining us? https://workforus.theguardian.com/careers/product-engineering/ GGGGG GGG GGG G G G G G G G G GGGGGG GG GGGGG GGGG G G G G G G G G G G G G G GGGGG G G G G G GGGGG G G G G GGGG G G G G G G G GGGGGG GGGGG G G G G G G G G G G G G G G GGGGGGG GGG GGG G GGGGGG G G G G GGGG ---> <title>Jehan Sadat obituary | Women's rights and gender equality | The Guardian</title> <meta name="description" content="Champion of social justice and women’s rights in Egypt before and after the assassination of her husband, President Anwar Sadat"/> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,minimum-scale=1,initial-scale=1"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#052962"/> <link rel="icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://static.guim.co.uk/images/favicon-32x32.ico"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://j.ophan.co.uk/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://ophan.theguardian.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://sourcepoint.theguardian.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://j.ophan.co.uk/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://ophan.theguardian.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://hits-secure.theguardian.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://interactive.guim.co.uk/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://phar.gu-web.net/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://static.theguardian.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://support.theguardian.com/"> <script type="application/ld+json"> [{"@type":"NewsArticle","@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://schema.org","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://amp.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://schema.org","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com#publisher","name":"The Guardian","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://uploads.guim.co.uk/2018/01/31/TheGuardian_AMP.png","width":190,"height":60},"sameAs":["https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.facebook.com/theguardian","https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://twitter.com/guardian","https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGuardian"]},"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isPartOf":{"@type":["CreativeWork","Product"],"name":"The Guardian","productID":"theguardian.com:basic"},"image":["https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=1200&height=630&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&overlay-align=bottom%2Cleft&overlay-width=100p&overlay-base64=L2ltZy9zdGF0aWMvb3ZlcmxheXMvdGctZGVmYXVsdC5wbmc&enable=upscale&s=29ca49fad075eaf58705e338d1aed15c","https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=1200&height=1200&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&s=9d45690841943cf90f8b81a7922c705a","https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=1200&height=900&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&s=80890a555b679bb843efdab9736c82eb","https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=1200&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=f14216d1f744ec3c001191cdb0992856"],"author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Trevor Mostyn","sameAs":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/profile/trevor-mostyn"}],"datePublished":"2021-07-23T19:55:19.000Z","headline":"Jehan Sadat obituary","dateModified":"2021-07-23T20:12:25.000Z","mainEntityOfPage":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary"},{"@type":"WebPage","@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://schema.org","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","potentialAction":{"@type":"ViewAction","target":"android-app://com.guardian/https/www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary"}}] </script> <!-- TODO make this conditional when we support more content types --> <link rel="amphtml" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://amp.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary"> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary"/> <meta property="article:author" content="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/trevor-mostyn"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="719"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Champion of social justice and women’s rights in Egypt before and after the assassination of her husband, President Anwar Sadat"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=1200&height=630&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&overlay-align=bottom%2Cleft&overlay-width=100p&overlay-base64=L2ltZy9zdGF0aWMvb3ZlcmxheXMvdGctZGVmYXVsdC5wbmc&enable=upscale&s=29ca49fad075eaf58705e338d1aed15c"/> <meta property="al:ios:url" content="gnmguardian://global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary?contenttype=Article&source=applinks"/> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/theguardian"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="al:ios:app_store_id" content="409128287"/> <meta property="article:section" content="Global development"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2021-07-23T19:55:19.000Z"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Jehan Sadat obituary"/> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="180444840287"/> <meta property="article:tag" content="Women's rights and gender equality,Female genital mutilation (FGM),Divorce,Islam,Egypt,Middle East and North Africa,Jimmy Carter,Gender,Autobiography and memoir"/> <meta property="al:ios:app_name" content="The Guardian"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="the Guardian"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2021-07-23T20:12:25.000Z"/> <meta name="twitter:dnt" content="on"> <meta name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="409128287"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:googleplay" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:ipad" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=1200&height=630&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&overlay-align=bottom%2Cleft&overlay-width=100p&overlay-base64=L2ltZy9zdGF0aWMvb3ZlcmxheXMvdGctZGVmYXVsdC5wbmc&s=5685473b8763492b1f3db7699a908c5f"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:ipad" content="gnmguardian://global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary?contenttype=Article&source=twitter"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="The Guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:id:ipad" content="409128287"/> <meta name="twitter:app:id:googleplay" content="com.guardian"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:googleplay" content="guardian://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary"/> <meta name="twitter:app:url:iphone" content="gnmguardian://global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary?contenttype=Article&source=twitter"/> <!-- This tag enables pages to be featured in Google Discover as large previews See: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/advanced/mobile/google-discover?hl=en&visit_id=637424198370039526-3805703503&rd=1 --> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <script> window.guardian = {"app":{"cssIDs":["0","1byni0v","zxh2wg","1w4cvku","1avyp1d","1l675nn","l6t30p","7gi34x","fm94gb","1budeqa","dtaqur","1reypk2","1hflzw","1wok5v","1yw3i2y","1d9bl8d","1r92euj","1a0j9n9","1ywlki3","1ark7u0","1gagq2d","cnvnpg","92oqeo","16u47s8","cc5btv","1o9q826","njzsg5","96v916","md0w21","2mdywk","l99m16","4c6dm7","um7al3","1sga83g","1ev5v4n","egmxy8","3cz14g","srgalk","qqgxgv","6il7jv","v7ti3m","p41og1","vnq9lx","1sim4qs","8zon8t","1v07klx","1xumyce","1v6xkth","xka4se","wzbqqq","mdwiz6","155wclf","1f5hn1l","yc189x","1m18ln3","1scawcd","hbarp8","r5o6p0","7lclo4","1ag59f8","1blnjq7","olqzeg","1hceabt","sqg38i","6711t4","upde3g","1yr64jd","18x77xn","1jp4og","1f41bee","1nbntzu","1mc3jf3","1spbnl8","r260na","1j389vi","5827gf","iqptnv","1cn4pv6","1ipk5a","1ug36x3","hfp9tp","10jdkim","1u8qly9","yx39j8","qpwrb4","17igkm0","7disnw","krkkhw","1nupfq9","13a2edo","125vfar","zjgnrw","mj1r7n","pn0kqp","16n5mgq","13udsys","1b267dg","1989ovb","172h6t9","ho1qnd","1kjku2s","1e2h9sk","11zodit","12zcz0k","19x4pdv","d5sshu","1o781fl","ss9mnu","1aul2ye","1eucl2a","fj5ypv","q1awta","18svo86","s64set","hn0k3p","miumx2","vdb1rb","15yir0q","136ng6c","1n0u3w8","i43ppq","3hmq58","woi6b2","1ozgk8l","185kcx9","lg1c4h","myhfeo","1fud97m","bjn8wh","s23rjr","2i2q5z","10khgmf","1x8p67f","14gqw6s","u6yq9m","1u4hpl4","1irn6li","1szt2rl","laouyh","1k32900","hhdv28","lwa3gj","1r2wmvc","18or3t6","dlavgv","bftzd9","1nm85cy","1eoy87d","1y49m2s","i7y23i","3tundk","u0yl5l","1mmek2x","1l8oq0d","14aht0","9aekbr","cn3fdw","12erdcg","l8p0pq","1fp0b2s","ipj0ot","1qun6ii","ederz6","mz9qt7","1g8qtv1","177tisd","psq4mb","8dmecm","12jyb8q","1mxfq91","vnnc58","4cxybv","104s2p4","1445c9p","1lxcenw","wuq7e5","ie0ig6","1s1j33a","1xo8pvr","5rk1q","125iasz","1f6ribu","3ub84c","104fgyw","v7ptng","mzjdd0","ts9jvf","1lactnp","17k9rsw","1sla8qk","ngfaio","12ln5sl","bjnfl9","2h5xwf","xq28el","1vq2pjs"],"data":{"CAPI":{"format":{"design":"ObituaryDesign","theme":"NewsPillar","display":"StandardDisplay"},"config":{"frontendAssetsFullURL":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/","isDev":false,"ajaxUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","shortUrlId":"/p/t8pn5","pageId":"global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","isPaidContent":false,"showRelatedContent":true,"keywordIds":"global-development/womens-rights-and-gender-equality,society/female-genital-mutilation,lifeandstyle/divorce,world/islam,world/egypt,world/middleeast,us-news/jimmy-carter,world/gender,books/autobiography-and-memoir","ampIframeUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/data/vendor/8aef390c60b12c2d4425870583ed8245/amp-iframe.html","switches":{"anniversaryHeaderSvg":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"adFreeStrictExpiryEnforcement":false,"liveblogRendering":true,"remarketing":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"adomik":true,"facebookTrackingPixel":true,"iasAdTargeting":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"puzzlesBanner":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"interactiveLibrarian":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"mobileStickyPrebid":true,"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abCommercialPartner":true,"simpleReach":true,"carrotTrafficDriver":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":true,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"ampPrebid":true,"googleSearch":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"consentManagement":true,"commercial":true,"redplanetForAus":true,"prebidSonobi":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"scrollDepth":true,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"webFonts":true,"prebidImproveDigital":true,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"weather":true,"commercialOutbrainNewids":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"hostedVideoAutoplay":true,"abAdblockAsk":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"sharingComments":true,"abImproveSkins":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"boostGaUserTimingFidelity":false,"historyTags":true,"mobileStickyLeaderboard":true,"surveys":true,"remoteBanner":true,"inizio":true},"abTests":{},"slotBodyEnd":true,"ampPrebid":true,"permutive":true,"enableSentryReporting":true,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"remoteBanner":true,"remoteHeader":true,"puzzlesBanner":true,"isSensitive":false,"videoDuration":0,"edition":"INT","section":"global-development","sharedAdTargeting":{"ct":"article","co":["trevor-mostyn"],"url":"/global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","su":["0"],"edition":"int","tn":["obituaries"],"p":"ng","k":["womens-rights-and-gender-equality","divorce","egypt","autobiography-and-memoir","female-genital-mutilation","middleeast","islam","jimmy-carter","gender"],"sh":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/p/t8pn5"},"adUnit":"/59666047/theguardian.com/global-development/article/ng","discussionApiUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","discussionD2Uid":"zHoBy6HNKsk","discussionApiClientHeader":"nextgen","idApiUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://idapi.theguardian.com","dcrSentryDsn":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://1937ab71c8804b2b8438178dfdd6468f@sentry.io/1377847","host":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com","idUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://profile.theguardian.com"},"editionId":"INT","editionLongForm":"International edition","contentType":"Article","sectionName":"global-development","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"pageType":{"isMinuteArticle":false,"isPaidContent":false,"hasShowcaseMainElement":false},"hasRelated":true,"hasStoryPackage":false,"shouldHideAds":false,"isAdFreeUser":false,"pageId":"global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","webTitle":"Jehan Sadat obituary","tags":[{"id":"global-development/womens-rights-and-gender-equality","type":"Keyword","title":"Women's rights and gender equality"},{"id":"society/female-genital-mutilation","type":"Keyword","title":"Female genital mutilation (FGM)"},{"id":"lifeandstyle/divorce","type":"Keyword","title":"Divorce"},{"id":"world/islam","type":"Keyword","title":"Islam"},{"id":"world/egypt","type":"Keyword","title":"Egypt"},{"id":"world/middleeast","type":"Keyword","title":"Middle East and North Africa"},{"id":"us-news/jimmy-carter","type":"Keyword","title":"Jimmy Carter"},{"id":"world/gender","type":"Keyword","title":"Gender"},{"id":"books/autobiography-and-memoir","type":"Keyword","title":"Autobiography and memoir"},{"id":"tone/obituaries","type":"Tone","title":"Obituaries"},{"id":"type/article","type":"Type","title":"Article"},{"id":"profile/trevor-mostyn","type":"Contributor","title":"Trevor Mostyn"},{"id":"publication/theguardian","type":"Publication","title":"The Guardian"},{"id":"theguardian/journal","type":"NewspaperBook","title":"Journal"},{"id":"theguardian/journal/obituaries","type":"NewspaperBookSection","title":"Obituaries"},{"id":"tracking/commissioningdesk/uk-obituaries","type":"Tracking","title":"UK Obituaries"}],"isCommentable":true,"nav":{"readerRevenueLinks":{"footer":{"contribute":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=footer_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_contribute%22%7D","subscribe":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=footer_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_support%22%7D","supporter":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=footer_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_FOOTER%22,%22componentId%22:%22footer_supporter_cta%22%7D"},"header":{"contribute":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=header_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_contribute%22%7D","subscribe":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support_subscribe%22%7D","support":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://support.theguardian.com?INTCMP=header_support&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_support%22%7D","supporter":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=header_supporter_cta&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22header_supporter_cta%22%7D"}}},"contributionsServiceUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://contributions.guardianapis.com","isImmersive":false,"isPhotoEssay":false,"isSpecialReport":false,"isLiveBlog":false,"isLive":false,"isPreview":false,"stage":"PROD","elementsToHydrate":[{"caption":"Jehan Sadat interviewed by Barbara Walters ","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbZ_7YgcdFw","originalUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbZ_7YgcdFw","embedUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/FbZ_7YgcdFw?wmode=opaque&feature=oembed","height":259,"width":460,"role":"inline","isThirdPartyTracking":false,"source":"YouTube","sourceDomain":"youtube-nocookie.com","_type":"model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.VideoYoutubeBlockElement","elementId":"15868e44-3684-4ac0-a60e-57cc4d1a69cb"}]},"site":"frontend","page":"Article","NAV":{"currentNavLink":"Middle East","subNavSections":{"parent":{"title":"World","longTitle":"World news","url":"/world","children":[{"title":"Europe","longTitle":"Europe","url":"/world/europe-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US","longTitle":"US news","url":"/us-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Americas","longTitle":"Americas","url":"/world/americas","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Asia","longTitle":"Asia","url":"/world/asia","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Australia","longTitle":"Australia news","url":"/australia-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Middle East","longTitle":"Middle East","url":"/world/middleeast","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Africa","longTitle":"Africa","url":"/world/africa","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Inequality","longTitle":"Inequality","url":"/inequality","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Global development","longTitle":"Global development","url":"/global-development","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}],"mobileOnly":false},"links":[{"title":"Europe","longTitle":"Europe","url":"/world/europe-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"US","longTitle":"US news","url":"/us-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Americas","longTitle":"Americas","url":"/world/americas","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Asia","longTitle":"Asia","url":"/world/asia","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Australia","longTitle":"Australia news","url":"/australia-news","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Middle East","longTitle":"Middle East","url":"/world/middleeast","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Africa","longTitle":"Africa","url":"/world/africa","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Inequality","longTitle":"Inequality","url":"/inequality","children":[],"mobileOnly":false},{"title":"Global development","longTitle":"Global development","url":"/global-development","children":[],"mobileOnly":false}]}},"GA":{"webTitle":"Jehan Sadat obituary","pillar":"news","section":"global-development","contentType":"article","commissioningDesks":"ukobituaries","contentId":"global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","authorIds":"profile/trevor-mostyn","keywordIds":"global-development/womens-rights-and-gender-equality,society/female-genital-mutilation,lifeandstyle/divorce,world/islam,world/egypt,world/middleeast,us-news/jimmy-carter,world/gender,books/autobiography-and-memoir","toneIds":"tone/obituaries","seriesId":"","isHosted":"false","edition":"int","beaconUrl":"//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://phar.gu-web.net"},"linkedData":[{"@type":"NewsArticle","@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://schema.org","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://amp.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://schema.org","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com#publisher","name":"The Guardian","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://uploads.guim.co.uk/2018/01/31/TheGuardian_AMP.png","width":190,"height":60},"sameAs":["https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.facebook.com/theguardian","https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://twitter.com/guardian","https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGuardian"]},"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isPartOf":{"@type":["CreativeWork","Product"],"name":"The Guardian","productID":"theguardian.com:basic"},"image":["https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=1200&height=630&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&overlay-align=bottom%2Cleft&overlay-width=100p&overlay-base64=L2ltZy9zdGF0aWMvb3ZlcmxheXMvdGctZGVmYXVsdC5wbmc&enable=upscale&s=29ca49fad075eaf58705e338d1aed15c","https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=1200&height=1200&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&s=9d45690841943cf90f8b81a7922c705a","https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=1200&height=900&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&s=80890a555b679bb843efdab9736c82eb","https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=1200&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=f14216d1f744ec3c001191cdb0992856"],"author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Trevor Mostyn","sameAs":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/profile/trevor-mostyn"}],"datePublished":"2021-07-23T19:55:19.000Z","headline":"Jehan Sadat obituary","dateModified":"2021-07-23T20:12:25.000Z","mainEntityOfPage":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary"},{"@type":"WebPage","@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://schema.org","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","potentialAction":{"@type":"ViewAction","target":"android-app://com.guardian/https/www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary"}}]}},"config":{"isDotcomRendering":true,"stage":"PROD","frontendAssetsFullURL":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/","page":{"avatarApiUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://avatar.theguardian.com","references":[{"rich-link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/info/ng-interactive/2017/mar/30/sign-up-for-the-bookmarks-email"}],"isProd":true,"shortUrlId":"/p/t8pn5","switches":{"anniversaryHeaderSvg":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"adFreeStrictExpiryEnforcement":false,"liveblogRendering":true,"remarketing":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"adomik":true,"facebookTrackingPixel":true,"iasAdTargeting":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"puzzlesBanner":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"interactiveLibrarian":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"mobileStickyPrebid":true,"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abCommercialPartner":true,"simpleReach":true,"carrotTrafficDriver":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":true,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"ampPrebid":true,"googleSearch":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"consentManagement":true,"commercial":true,"redplanetForAus":true,"prebidSonobi":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"scrollDepth":true,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"webFonts":true,"prebidImproveDigital":true,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"weather":true,"commercialOutbrainNewids":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"hostedVideoAutoplay":true,"abAdblockAsk":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"sharingComments":true,"abImproveSkins":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"boostGaUserTimingFidelity":false,"historyTags":true,"mobileStickyLeaderboard":true,"surveys":true,"remoteBanner":true,"inizio":true},"hasYouTubeAtom":false,"inBodyInternalLinkCount":3,"keywordIds":"global-development/womens-rights-and-gender-equality,society/female-genital-mutilation,lifeandstyle/divorce,world/islam,world/egypt,world/middleeast,us-news/jimmy-carter,world/gender,books/autobiography-and-memoir","blogIds":"","sharedAdTargeting":{"ct":"article","co":["trevor-mostyn"],"url":"/global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","su":["0"],"edition":"int","tn":["obituaries"],"p":"ng","k":["womens-rights-and-gender-equality","divorce","egypt","autobiography-and-memoir","female-genital-mutilation","middleeast","islam","jimmy-carter","gender"],"sh":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/p/t8pn5"},"beaconUrl":"//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://phar.gu-web.net","campaigns":[],"calloutsUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://callouts.code.dev-guardianapis.com/formstack-campaign/submit","requiresMembershipAccess":false,"hasMultipleVideosInPage":false,"onwardWebSocket":"ws://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk/recently-published","a9PublisherId":"3722","pbIndexSites":[{"bp":"D","id":208256},{"bp":"M","id":213527},{"bp":"T","id":215462}],"toneIds":"tone/obituaries","dcrSentryDsn":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://1937ab71c8804b2b8438178dfdd6468f@sentry.io/1377847","idWebAppUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://oauth.theguardian.com","discussionApiUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://discussion.theguardian.com/discussion-api","sentryPublicApiKey":"344003a8d11c41d8800fbad8383fdc50","omnitureAccount":"guardiangu-network","contributorBio":"","pageCode":"9742253","pillar":"News","commercialBundleUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/javascripts/6ec3af4adcea4f3a8e45/graun.commercial.dcr.js","discussionApiClientHeader":"nextgen","membershipUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://membership.theguardian.com","cardStyle":"news","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"sentryHost":"app.getsentry.com/35463","shouldHideAdverts":false,"membershipAccess":"","isPreview":false,"googletagJsUrl":"//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js","supportUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://support.theguardian.com","hasShowcaseMainElement":false,"isColumn":false,"isPaidContent":false,"sectionName":"Global development","mobileAppsAdUnitRoot":"beta-guardian-app","dfpAdUnitRoot":"theguardian.com","headline":"Jehan Sadat obituary","commentable":true,"idApiUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://idapi.theguardian.com","showRelatedContent":true,"commissioningDesks":"uk-obituaries","inBodyExternalLinkCount":5,"adUnit":"/59666047/theguardian.com/global-development/article/ng","stripePublicToken":"pk_live_2O6zPMHXNs2AGea4bAmq5R7Z","videoDuration":0,"stage":"PROD","idOAuthUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://oauth.theguardian.com","isSensitive":false,"isDev":false,"thirdPartyAppsAccount":"guardiangu-thirdpartyapps","richLink":"/info/ng-interactive/2017/mar/30/sign-up-for-the-bookmarks-email","avatarImagesUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://avatar.guim.co.uk","trackingNames":"UK Obituaries","fbAppId":"180444840287","externalEmbedHost":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://embed.theguardian.com","ajaxUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://api.nextgen.guardianapps.co.uk","keywords":"Women's rights and gender equality,Female genital mutilation (FGM),Divorce,Islam,Egypt,Middle East and North Africa,Jimmy Carter,Gender,Autobiography and memoir","revisionNumber":"DEV","blogs":"","section":"global-development","hasInlineMerchandise":false,"locationapiurl":"/weatherapi/locations?query=","buildNumber":"39374","isPhotoEssay":false,"ampIframeUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/data/vendor/8aef390c60b12c2d4425870583ed8245/amp-iframe.html","userAttributesApiUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://members-data-api.theguardian.com/user-attributes","isLive":false,"publication":"The Guardian","host":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com","brazeApiKey":"7f28c639-8bda-48ff-a3f6-24345abfc07c","contentType":"Article","facebookIaAdUnitRoot":"facebook-instant-articles","ophanEmbedJsUrl":"//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://j.ophan.co.uk/ophan.embed","idUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://profile.theguardian.com","thumbnail":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/500.jpg?quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=9d94e381be15170b87182a3074225a08","isFront":false,"wordCount":1046,"author":"Trevor Mostyn","dfpAccountId":"59666047","nonKeywordTagIds":"tone/obituaries,type/article,profile/trevor-mostyn,publication/theguardian,theguardian/journal,theguardian/journal/obituaries,tracking/commissioningdesk/uk-obituaries","pageId":"global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","forecastsapiurl":"/weatherapi/forecast","assetsPath":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/","lightboxImages":{"id":"global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","headline":"Jehan Sadat obituary","shouldHideAdverts":false,"standfirst":"Champion of social justice and women’s rights in Egypt before and after the assassination of her husband, President Anwar Sadat","images":[{"caption":"Jehan Sadat interviewed at home in 1992. Her Egyptian father met her British mother while he was a medical student at Sheffield University.","credit":"Photograph: Norbert Schiller/AP","displayCredit":true,"src":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=f7e5e62b3d8be12881bd72a3a500a6e7","srcsets":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=1920&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=9556b15f99bcefd60ecba3bb9c6aac61 1920w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=1225&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=aeb0d8340b7fb30af09019d63f767fbc 1225w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=1065&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=d9dd7625ebeb3ee136a960282d34e3eb 1065w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=965&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=644881a38375ff2d6939f908a8670e02 965w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=725&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=19b6b809881141bdd4cf0b2a0cbd6438 725w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=645&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=c81e2f38bd4ebdb4e21613862558f44f 645w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=465&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=121f81a378715eae227db2d566eaf82a 465w","sizes":"(min-width: 1300px) 1920px, (min-width: 1140px) 1225px, (min-width: 980px) 1065px, (min-width: 740px) 965px, (min-width: 660px) 725px, (min-width: 480px) 645px, 465px","ratio":1.6683937823834196,"role":"None","parentContentId":"global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","id":"global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary"},{"caption":"President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, left, shaking hands with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem of Israel, with Jimmy Carter looking on at the US presidential retreat at Camp David, Maryland, in 1978, before the announcement of the historic peace accords the following year.","credit":"Photograph: Karl Schumacher/EPA","displayCredit":true,"src":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=700&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=ba141bc442fff2079619f6d8e1c53791","srcsets":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=1920&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=87c7e81e4e65dc11677812ff176280bd 1920w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=1225&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=b836e334bf0c8aa90fa794fec02103bb 1225w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=1065&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=8e1fe6379f9c7ba9ad0e8c8dc5e5f3d6 1065w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=965&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=e685e9ad076aea251329e7557d275738 965w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=725&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=094db09ce0b8564e7175f3409183647f 725w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=645&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=dc851b4face41f0e892f6bafc183c116 645w, https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=465&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=45436f5b8473e0c5b5b871522b430f9a 465w","sizes":"(min-width: 1300px) 1920px, (min-width: 1140px) 1225px, (min-width: 980px) 1065px, (min-width: 740px) 965px, (min-width: 660px) 725px, (min-width: 480px) 645px, 465px","ratio":1.66696269982238,"role":"None","parentContentId":"global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","id":"global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary"}]},"isImmersive":false,"dfpHost":"pubads.g.doubleclick.net","googletagUrl":"//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js","mmaUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://manage.theguardian.com","abTests":{},"shortUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/p/t8pn5","isContent":true,"contentId":"global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary","edition":"INT","discussionFrontendUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/discussion/discussion-frontend.preact.iife.8bdbd9194e.js","ipsosTag":"globaldevelopment","ophanJsUrl":"//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://j.ophan.co.uk/ophan.ng","productionOffice":"Uk","dfpNonRefreshableLineItemIds":[68842407,70516407,70931847,71342607,72502287,72503607,73773207,73829127,74480367,74823567,74824167,75586767,75588207,76352007,76437927,76443087,76443567,76603287,77324247,77504847,77546367,77561007,77590287,77622207,77747367,78316047,78455967,78470967,78507807,78713607,79009167,79094487,80502447,80568087,80568207,80568327,80568447,80569047,81002967,82211367,82339767,82879287,82881807,83178927,85253487,85558287,85961247,86814567,87004887,87191607,87726207,87852807,87878367,88153527,88333647,88420407,88526727,88621527,88861167,89035647,89035887,89036607,89084607,89084967,89141967,89356167,89743047,89793087,90159687,90323007,90359967,90935367,91095807,91118247,91732647,91985967,92216007,92355087,92436807,92506887,92681487,92948847,93121767,93550767,93717567,93784887,93785607,93930207,94193007,94674927,94822527,95840847,95931207,96296367,97980687,98151207,98165247,98610447,98671647,98893047,101192247,101476527,101684007,101999127,102061647,102066567,102344847,102790767,102792207,102892767,102894687,102895167,102895647,103062327,104218407,106736607,107115927,107235087,107509047,107955087,108799287,108893967,109638687,109648167,109761807,109831287,111055527,111057567,112799127,112882647,112888527,112950567,113374647,113880927,114906327,115133247,116149647,117980727,118236687,118631847,118934247,119632887,119737767,121592967,122583687,123487167,123873927,123978567,123996567,123996927,123997527,124001247,125878047,126003687,126004167,130630407,130630647,130686687,130686807,130693287,130777407,130840767,131115447,131135007,131652687,132065367,132325287,132348327,132758367,133502127,133852047,133854327,133989327,134130087,134567967,134876607,134979567,135278007,135292767,135353727,135773007,135776847,135826887,135841887,135850407,136120767,136236207,136278807,136455207,136550247,137025927,137200287,137382567,140711127,141827967,142466367,142883847,143109567,144237927,146321007,146324607,146326287,146339727,146355567,147500367,147801807,148446687,148454487,152119407,153546927,154108047,154108167,154112007,154112367,154113087,154113207,154114887,154125567,154126407,154290807,154290927,154291287,154291407,154291527,154291887,154295007,154295967,154297527,154303287,154303527,154332087,154386087,154387407,154391247,154391967,154392927,154394847,154540527,154544247,154693287,154793967,154794087,155010327,155010447,160437567,163112127,163372647,165575127,4345086236,4345095356,4345169885,4345177565,4345182855,4345186250,4349172433,4360612711,4360793649,4371265570,4371369115,4393832120,4400994377,4428613611,4443205897,4451525654,4480779579,4498662865,4508670694,4512645730,4516698376,4517304218,4517378559,4517379732,4517380203,4539078702,4548855586,4549107258,4552894255,4555165414,4555183615,4555236856,4555635725,4555650690,4555674903,4555684517,4555688577,4556153989,4556285026,4556324359,4556326294,4556648082,4556678787,4557241378,4557634755,4557708173,4557762374,4557783054,4557975570,4558001894,4558957661,4559094602,4559618101,4560130208,4579011086,4579746196,4584262791,4586005424,4586012639,4598413679,4608554346,4612781170,4613725167,4652061785,4659761500,4671027724,4671116147,4680579583,4680686606,4684616813,4688643082,4689828177,4698081076,4698085906,4698483837,4698485673,4698836785,4700389583,4702727917,4705009339,4706776058,4715712191,4719669541,4739368280,4741268540,4741269263,4752748306,4770577846,4784698455,4794336160,4795460127,4813434715,4814193728,4816151238,4818099525,4843101319,4843259745,4843534303,4843660002,4851611473,4900192015,4907479084,4950965688,4953561994,4956216414,4956359904,4957449531,4957639563,4961380948,4963865755,4972816526,4974150367,4974378154,4974421332,4974425718,4974440616,4974909599,4974917942,4979472123,4979611347,4986877832,4986883844,4988662283,4995359684,4995363299,4995664790,5000134545,5000531182,5000790614,5004234716,5008428214,5008745198,5014861653,5015013326,5017538127,5017618519,5017627117,5017870049,5017880045,5017883228,5017885847,5018142683,5022785722,5025139359,5030227901,5031882476,5033068546,5033399504,5043072122,5048369906,5048446713,5048474394,5048578765,5048623579,5048855939,5048896271,5050809297,5051271119,5051862705,5052565344,5058276148,5058861737,5060861401,5080503991,5084422705,5084769575,5086430628,5089439429,5094408955,5095477169,5100382690,5106137416,5106578097,5108771973,5108801259,5108834289,5109414149,5109477985,5112760220,5114958382,5115460784,5119369095,5119589887,5119608376,5119622833,5120038706,5122977293,5124775878,5133611676,5133616221,5135185825,5135800503,5135919817,5136222120,5138121327,5138315476,5138858096,5139829373,5140474550,5146213631,5154348200,5154699509,5168480847,5168728930,5168743192,5168757037,5168769787,5168772901,5168778655,5168970951,5169221645,5169233267,5169331108,5169776357,5170070115,5174441005,5176804734,5179364348,5182269069,5189431118,5189548223,5189828618,5191810924,5192098697,5193340753,5194618937,5198567242,5199544925,5199894385,5202346462,5202735047,5203815492,5214574966,5221774258,5235889561,5237536072,5240124892,5240125189,5246856420,5247376316,5255393980,5266175458,5266307404,5267513642,5277318463,5277410634,5278753376,5281772778,5287997419,5288243957,5292326384,5294756358,5295990867,5296142792,5298193115,5301069538,5307038116,5308699342,5308761803,5310716113,5311015892,5311315855,5313231081,5314388147,5317639803,5317639806,5317639815,5317639824,5317639827,5317642026,5317642029,5317642032,5317642035,5317642038,5317642041,5317642044,5317642047,5317642050,5317642215,5317642218,5317642221,5317642224,5317642227,5317642230,5317642233,5317642236,5317642239,5317642287,5317642293,5317642296,5317642299,5317642302,5317642305,5317642308,5317642311,5317642314,5317642500,5317642506,5317642509,5317643991,5317643994,5317643997,5317646859,5317646862,5317646865,5317646868,5317646871,5317646874,5317647027,5317647030,5317647033,5317647036,5317647039,5317647042,5317647078,5317647081,5317647084,5317647087,5317647090,5317647093,5317647117,5317647240,5317647243,5317648032,5317648035,5317648038,5317648065,5317648068,5317648074,5317648077,5317648212,5317648215,5317648218,5317648230,5317649196,5317649199,5317649202,5317650693,5317650696,5317650699,5317650702,5317650705,5317650708,5317650711,5317650714,5317650717,5317650888,5317650891,5317650894,5317650897,5317650900,5317650903,5317650906,5317650909,5317650945,5317650948,5317650951,5317650954,5317650957,5317651080,5317651083,5317651086,5317651089,5317651110,5317651113,5317651116,5317651119,5317828458,5317828461,5317828464,5317841238,5317841241,5317841244,5317841247,5317841277,5317841400,5317841403,5317841406,5317841409,5317841412,5317841436,5317841439,5317841442,5317841445,5317841448,5317841721,5317841727,5317841730,5317841733,5317841736,5317841739,5317841742,5317841745,5317841748,5317841901,5317841904,5317841907,5317841910,5317841913,5317841916,5317841919,5317841922,5317841925,5317841958,5317841961,5317841964,5317841967,5317841970,5317841973,5317841976,5317841997,5317842120,5317842690,5317842693,5317842696,5317842699,5317842702,5317842705,5317842708,5317842849,5317842852,5317842855,5317842858,5317842861,5317842864,5317842867,5317842909,5317842912,5317842915,5317842918,5317843080,5317843083,5317843086,5317843089,5317843092,5317843110,5317843113,5317843116,5317843119,5317843137,5317843140,5317843143,5317843146,5317843149,5317843155,5317844526,5317844529,5317844544,5317844547,5317844556,5317844559,5317845060,5317845063,5317845066,5317845069,5317845072,5317845075,5317845078,5317845081,5317845084,5317845087,5317845090,5317845093,5317845096,5317845270,5317845273,5317845276,5317845279,5317845282,5317845285,5317845288,5317845291,5317845294,5317845297,5317845300,5317845303,5317845306,5317845324,5317845327,5317845330,5317875310,5317962891,5318531695,5318531698,5318531701,5318531704,5318531707,5318531710,5318531713,5318531716,5318531719,5318531722,5318531896,5318531899,5318531902,5318531905,5318531908,5318531911,5318531914,5318531917,5318531956,5318531959,5318531962,5318531965,5318531968,5318531971,5318531974,5318531977,5318531980,5318532124,5318532127,5318532130,5318532883,5318532886,5318532898,5318532901,5318532913,5318532916,5318535796,5318535799,5318535802,5318535805,5318535808,5318535811,5318535814,5318535817,5318535982,5318535985,5318535988,5318535991,5318535994,5318535997,5318536000,5318536003,5318536057,5318536060,5318536063,5318536078,5318537953,5318537956,5318537959,5318537962,5318537965,5318537968,5318538121,5318538124,5318538127,5318538130,5318538133,5318538136,5318538172,5318538175,5318538178,5318538181,5318538184,5318538208,5318538610,5318538613,5318538616,5318538622,5318538625,5318538628,5318538631,5318538634,5318538670,5318538673,5318538676,5318538679,5318538682,5318538685,5318538688,5318538691,5318538694,5318538841,5318538844,5318538847,5318540599,5318540602,5318540605,5318540608,5318540611,5318540614,5318540617,5318540620,5318540776,5318540779,5318540782,5318540785,5318540788,5318540791,5318540794,5318540797,5318540839,5318540842,5318540845,5318540848,5318540851,5318540854,5318540857,5318540860,5318541097,5318541100,5318541103,5318541106,5318541109,5318541112,5318541115,5318541118,5318541241,5318541280,5318541283,5318541289,5318541292,5318541295,5318541298,5318541301,5318541304,5318541349,5318541352,5318541355,5318541358,5318541481,5318541484,5318541487,5318541490,5318541493,5318541517,5318541520,5318541523,5318541778,5318541781,5318541784,5318541799,5318541802,5318541805,5318541808,5318541823,5318541826,5318541835,5318543272,5318543275,5318731807,5318731810,5318739007,5318739010,5318739013,5318739016,5318739019,5318739022,5318739055,5318739058,5318739061,5318739064,5318739067,5318739070,5318739094,5318739097,5318739100,5318739103,5318739106,5318739109,5318739112,5318739250,5318741269,5318741272,5318741275,5318741278,5318741401,5318741425,5318741428,5318741431,5318741434,5318741437,5318741473,5318741476,5318741479,5318741482,5318741485,5318741488,5318741491,5318741494,5318741503,5318742385,5318742388,5318742391,5318742394,5318742397,5318742400,5318742403,5318742406,5318742451,5318742454,5318742457,5318742460,5318742463,5318742466,5318743129,5318743132,5318743135,5318743138,5318743141,5318743162,5318743165,5318743168,5318743192,5318743195,5318743198,5318743321,5318743324,5318743327,5318743339,5318743426,5318743429,5318743432,5318743435,5318743438,5318743561,5318743564,5318743567,5318743603,5318743606,5318743609,5318743612,5318743615,5318743618,5318743621,5318743624,5318743627,5318743630,5318743648,5318743651,5318744077,5318744080,5318744083,5318744086,5318744116,5318744119,5318744122,5318744125,5318744128,5318744155,5318744158,5318744281,5318744284,5318744287,5318744293,5318864639,5318864762,5318864765,5318864768,5318864771,5318864774,5318864777,5318864780,5318864816,5318864819,5318864822,5318864825,5318864828,5318864831,5318864834,5318864837,5318864840,5318864843,5318864846,5318865008,5318865011,5318865014,5318865017,5318865020,5318865023,5318865026,5318865029,5318865032,5318865050,5318865053,5318865056,5318865059,5318866262,5318866265,5318866268,5318866271,5318866274,5318866277,5318866280,5318866283,5318866286,5318866451,5318866454,5318866457,5318866460,5318866463,5318866466,5318866469,5318866472,5318866475,5318866529,5318866532,5318867009,5318867012,5318867018,5318867039,5318867162,5318867165,5318867186,5318867189,5318867192,5318867195,5318867198,5318867201,5318867204,5318867207,5318867210,5318867213,5318867270,5318867279,5318867405,5318867411,5318868881,5318868884,5318868887,5318868890,5318868896,5318868899,5318868902,5318868905,5318868908,5318869082,5318869085,5318869088,5318869091,5318869094,5318869097,5318869100,5318869103,5318869106,5318869163,5318869166,5318869169,5318869172,5318869175,5318869178,5318869181,5318869184,5318869325,5318869328,5318869331,5318869334,5318869337,5318869340,5318869370,5318869373,5318869376,5318871548,5318871551,5318871554,5318871557,5318871560,5318871563,5318871566,5318871569,5318873177,5318873180,5318873183,5318873186,5318873189,5318873192,5318873195,5318873198,5318873234,5318873237,5318873240,5318873243,5318873246,5318873249,5318873252,5318873255,5318873420,5318873423,5318873426,5318873429,5318873432,5318873435,5318873441,5318873444,5318873447,5318926492,5319064274,5319064277,5319068810,5319068813,5319068816,5319068819,5319068822,5319068825,5319068828,5319068855,5319068858,5319068861,5319068864,5319068867,5319068870,5319069017,5319069020,5319069023,5319069026,5319069029,5319069047,5319069050,5319069248,5319069251,5319069254,5319069257,5319069260,5319069263,5319069266,5319069299,5319069302,5319069305,5319069308,5319069311,5319069314,5319069317,5319069320,5319069356,5319069359,5319069482,5319069485,5319069488,5319069491,5319069494,5319069497,5319069521,5319071465,5319071468,5319071483,5319072671,5319072674,5319072677,5319072710,5319072713,5319072716,5319072719,5319072842,5319072845,5319072848,5319072866,5319073331,5319073334,5319073337,5319073340,5319073346,5319073349,5319074633,5319074636,5319074639,5319074762,5319074765,5319074768,5319074771,5319074774,5319074777,5319074780,5319074783,5319074846,5319074849,5319074852,5319074855,5319074876,5319074879,5319075014,5319075017,5319075020,5319075023,5319075029,5319076067,5319076070,5319076073,5319076076,5319076079,5319076202,5319076205,5319076208,5319076211,5319076214,5319076217,5319076220,5319076223,5319076226,5324801169,5330307720,5330401363,5338315860,5339353594,5340782318,5341957914,5342605889,5344079902,5344710145,5345043263,5345055992,5345151767,5352937640,5353508550,5354239380,5356142370,5357314970,5357322221,5358515412,5358530526,5359317792,5359326660,5359665347,5360464781,5368613457,5370206536,5370867504,5372009946,5372952707,5381567907,5381932514,5387477683,5387581800,5389110394,5389507817,5394024873,5395089503,5395094296,5395167785,5398639115,5402290248,5414399009,5418142465,5423511818,5423958631,5424105011,5424316299,5426052636,5428101561,5428238577,5437125968,5441046622,5441386781,5443815241,5445787189,5452334545,5452537381,5454590081,5457737962,5459157095,5461672778,5465040945,5466211677,5466214734,5466811412,5466996369,5466996373,5466996946,5469112465,5469250311,5471332305,5472367436,5473663887,5478754708,5479129658,5479433266,5483205317,5492374239,5498289762,5501407883,5507589986,5509683030,5514880750,5516342298,5516696296,5519048334,5519829553,5523426655,5528615963,5532729331,5536818852,5537333007,5538360938,5539423093,5543293170,5545361453,5545851295,5554381329,5557362147,5558515143,5558515644,5558518443,5558523552,5558527566,5558529060,5558531448,5558533656,5558534115,5558536716,5558537001,5558758006,5559666853,5559668044,5559671971,5559672454,5559673918,5559683413,5559690655,5559691654,5559692575,5559692578,5559692581,5559692584,5559795497,5559795962,5559796472,5559799676,5559802297,5559805343,5559814544,5559815492,5559815495,5559817130,5563851720,5564201933,5570403307,5584069572,5585724471,5588312812,5598121671,5599430842,5600807700,5600944001,5601302339,5608553753,5610406314,5617153347,5617357126,5619527905,5620070327,5624650559,5625971457,5626445497,5630498106,5630926258,5631069021,5631955125,5633479388,5633620717,5634480439,5634854126,5635126238,5635356428,5636227163,5636871103,5637020583,5638735089,5640014157,5640142799,5642322406,5642888630,5642896490,5644742529,5650815089,5650830410,5651300082,5651306766,5651538186,5651656736,5652284594,5652284603,5652385194,5652981023,5654702355,5655162862,5655846188,5656329770,5656438755,5657919278,5658578065,5659056215,5659225166,5666863801,5668522742,5668659282,5668660032,5668660230,5668749969,5668777390,5669427974,5669559967,5669560045,5670235187,5670235373,5670235577,5672045494,5672234072,5672383663,5677155294,5677336975,5677342767,5677448786,5678271319,5678928204,5678958124,5678959891,5680037710,5680039576,5680077826,5680723343,5681320253,5681484409,5681998785,5683658595,5683722924,5683724046,5683724283,5684669665,5684679082,5685220955,5686210481,5688417246,5688735973,5688821501,5689173278,5689237158,5689238103,5689238826,5689239324,5689240302,5689244570,5689273094,5689389288,5689394526,5689397454,5690102138,5690215084,5690238166,5690240281,5690420821,5690422309,5690547990,5690548050,5690548701,5690908490,5690908697,5690909261,5690910176,5690910677,5690911160,5691044369,5691062876,5691064031,5691072461,5691073868,5691304212,5691344089,5691344536,5691344539,5691344542,5691344545,5691344548,5691344551,5692140194,5693512461,5693671839,5694212346,5694226236,5694228237,5694231486,5694231828,5694232035,5694235362,5694235917,5694236040,5694236043,5694236046,5694384864,5695155356,5695265185,5695426501,5695512895,5695819193,5695853162,5695854638,5695858295,5695999910,5696593360,5696836955,5697287676,5697375262,5697375514,5698014164,5699384568,5700710305,5700749199,5700750906,5701502323,5702051942,5702572786,5702958612,5703572557,5703687324,5704539490,5704654534,5704938434,5706531975,5708661777,5709597505,5710173746,5710175495,5713558238,5713592329,5713605961,5714098061,5714398275,5714414130,5715012196,5715346293,5715370455,5715628925,5716346797,5716486294,5716518925,5717352618,5717582778,5718454012,5718484708,5719237162,5720964219,5721384878,5721720880,5721732234,5721868783,5721960163,5722259947,5722327679,5722378280,5722565468,5723173914,5723315207,5723377407,5723383839,5724240210,5724463654,5724537793,5724541378,5724759974,5724949149,5724949152,5724949155,5724949158,5725191020,5725194164,5725750477,5725869098,5726064859,5726064865,5726234352,5726531721,5726766378,5727119421,5727180882,5727577588,5727596156,5727711265,5728445246,5729554515,5730898297,5731034824,5731224896,5731510995,5731614454,5731615102,5731630720,5732184431,5732460213,5732460693,5732465238,5732541051,5733149934,5733293400,5733534238,5734205027,5734205234,5734230647,5734261186,5734724376,5734727265,5735089155,5735420328,5735668711,5736064980,5736693745,5737835019,5737862105,5737867343,5738248459,5738512270,5738782789,5738981911,5738995607,5739016017,5739169367,5739580962,5740463271,5740856866,5740922862,5741045473,5742165547,5742250048,5742260078,5742312614,5742312941,5742343112,5742480939,5742557252,5742560130,5742622936,5742867063,5743041800,5743282001,5743364780,5743600936,5743728919,5743730539,5743737268,5743916865,5743920231,5744058222,5744058225,5744145055,5744400440,5744400443,5744423275,5744426396,5744453933,5744616145,5744856651,5744887173,5745256056,5745363249,5745488304,5745618429,5745905641,5745907090,5746576922,5746584938,5746693864,5746759861,5746824142,5746856066,5746930517,5747358227,5747368709,5747418203],"tones":"Obituaries","plistaPublicApiKey":"462925f4f131001fd974bebe","isLiveBlog":false,"frontendAssetsFullURL":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/","googleSearchId":"007466294097402385199:m2ealvuxh1i","allowUserGeneratedContent":false,"byline":"Trevor Mostyn","authorIds":"profile/trevor-mostyn","webPublicationDate":1627070119000,"omnitureAmpAccount":"guardiangu-thirdpartyapps","isHosted":false,"hasPageSkin":false,"webTitle":"Jehan Sadat obituary","discussionD2Uid":"zHoBy6HNKsk","weatherapiurl":"/weatherapi/city","googleSearchUrl":"//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.google.co.uk/cse/cse.js","optimizeEpicUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://support.theguardian.com/epic/control/index.html","isSplash":false,"isNumberedList":false,"dcrCouldRender":true},"libs":{"googletag":"//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"},"switches":{"anniversaryHeaderSvg":true,"prebidAppnexusUkRow":true,"commercialMetrics":true,"prebidTrustx":true,"scAdFreeBanner":false,"prebidPermutiveAudience":true,"compareVariantDecision":false,"enableSentryReporting":true,"lazyLoadContainers":true,"adFreeStrictExpiryEnforcement":false,"liveblogRendering":true,"remarketing":true,"registerWithPhone":false,"targeting":true,"remoteHeader":true,"extendedMostPopularFronts":true,"slotBodyEnd":true,"emailInlineInFooter":true,"adomik":true,"facebookTrackingPixel":true,"iasAdTargeting":true,"extendedMostPopular":true,"prebidAnalytics":true,"puzzlesBanner":true,"imrWorldwide":true,"acast":true,"twitterUwt":true,"interactiveLibrarian":true,"prebidAppnexusInvcode":true,"a9HeaderBidding":true,"prebidAppnexus":true,"enableDiscussionSwitch":true,"prebidXaxis":true,"interactiveFullHeaderSwitch":true,"discussionAllPageSize":true,"prebidUserSync":true,"audioOnwardJourneySwitch":true,"mobileStickyPrebid":true,"externalVideoEmbeds":true,"abCommercialPartner":true,"simpleReach":true,"carrotTrafficDriver":true,"sentinelLogger":true,"geoMostPopular":true,"weAreHiring":true,"relatedContent":true,"thirdPartyEmbedTracking":true,"prebidOzone":true,"prebidAdYouLike":true,"mostViewedFronts":true,"abSignInGateMainControl":true,"ampPrebid":true,"googleSearch":true,"brazeSwitch":true,"consentManagement":true,"commercial":true,"redplanetForAus":true,"prebidSonobi":true,"idProfileNavigation":true,"confiantAdVerification":true,"discussionAllowAnonymousRecommendsSwitch":false,"scrollDepth":true,"permutive":true,"comscore":true,"webFonts":true,"prebidImproveDigital":true,"ophan":true,"crosswordSvgThumbnails":true,"prebidTriplelift":true,"weather":true,"commercialOutbrainNewids":true,"abSignInGateMainVariant":true,"hostedVideoAutoplay":true,"abAdblockAsk":true,"prebidPubmatic":true,"serverShareCounts":false,"autoRefresh":true,"enhanceTweets":true,"prebidIndexExchange":true,"prebidOpenx":true,"prebidHeaderBidding":true,"idCookieRefresh":true,"sharingComments":true,"abImproveSkins":true,"discussionPageSize":true,"smartAppBanner":false,"boostGaUserTimingFidelity":false,"historyTags":true,"mobileStickyLeaderboard":true,"surveys":true,"remoteBanner":true,"inizio":true},"ophan":{"pageViewId":"","browserId":""}},"polyfilled":false,"adBlockers":{"onDetect":[]},"modules":{"sentry":{}}}; window.guardian.queue = []; // Queue for functions to be fired by polyfill.io callback </script> <script type="module"> window.guardian.mustardCut = true; window.guardian.gaPath = "//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/ga.22f45da77634a335222a.js"; </script> <script nomodule> // Browser fails mustard check window.guardian.mustardCut = false; window.guardian.gaPath = "//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/ga.legacy.014c9822947e8e8d4663.js"; </script> <script> // Noop monkey patch perf.mark and perf.measure if not supported if(window.performance !== undefined && window.performance.mark === undefined) { window.performance.mark = function(){}; window.performance.measure = function(){}; } </script> <script> // this is a global that's called at the bottom of the pf.io response, // once the polyfills have run. This may be useful for debugging. // mainly to support browsers that don't support async=false or defer function guardianPolyfilled() { window.guardian.polyfilled = true; if (window.guardian.mustardCut === false) { window.guardian.queue.forEach(function(startup) { startup() }) } } // We've got contracts to abide by with the Ophan tracker // Setting pageViewId here ensures we're not getting race-conditions at all window.guardian.config.ophan = { // This is duplicated from // https://github.com/guardian/ophan/blob/master/tracker-js/assets/coffee/ophan/transmit.coffee // Please do not change this without talking to the Ophan project first. pageViewId: new Date().getTime().toString(36) + 'xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/x/g, function() { return Math.floor(Math.random() * 36).toString(36); }), }; </script> <script> // Set the browserId from the bwid cookie on the ophan object created above // This will need to be replaced later with an async request to an endpoint (function (window, document) { function getCookieValue(name) { var nameEq = name + "=", cookies = document.cookie.split(';'), value = null; cookies.forEach(function (cookie) { while (cookie.charAt(0) === ' ') { cookie = cookie.substring(1, cookie.length); } if (cookie.indexOf(nameEq) === 0) { value = cookie.substring(nameEq.length, cookie.length); } }); return value; } window.guardian.config.ophan.browserId = getCookieValue("bwid"); })(window, document); </script> <script> window.curlConfig = { baseUrl: '//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets', apiName: 'require' }; window.curl = window.curlConfig; </script> <noscript> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035250&cv=2.0&cj=1&cs_ucfr=0&comscorekw=Women's+rights+and+gender+equality%2CFemale+genital+mutilation+(FGM)%2CDivorce%2CIslam%2CEgypt%2CMiddle+East+and+North+Africa%2CJimmy+Carter%2CGender%2CAutobiography+and+memoir"/> </noscript> <script id="__LOADABLE_REQUIRED_CHUNKS__" type="application/json" data-reactroot="">[544]</script> <script id="__LOADABLE_REQUIRED_CHUNKS___ext" type="application/json" data-reactroot="">{"namedChunks":["EditionDropdown"]}</script> <script defer src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534js_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js?rum=0&features=es6,es7,es2017,es2018,es2019,default-3.6,HTMLPictureElement,IntersectionObserver,IntersectionObserverEntry,fetch,NodeList.prototype.forEach&flags=gated&callback=guardianPolyfilled&unknown=polyfill&cacheClear=1"></script> <script type="module" src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534jm_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/ophan.05e8314caff596e63027.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534js_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/ophan.legacy.b424435f7e50719ac612.js"></script> <script defer src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534js_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/javascripts/6ec3af4adcea4f3a8e45/graun.commercial.dcr.js"></script> <script type="module" src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534jm_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/sentryLoader.074a1556b619706da93f.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534js_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/sentryLoader.legacy.c9cb08323e487c5f641c.js"></script> <script type="module" src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534jm_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/coreVitals.c34171c2a986c7674bad.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534js_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/coreVitals.legacy.9bd8bb8f124c6254087f.js"></script> <script type="module" src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534jm_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/dynamicImport.00f77701381e596761ac.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534js_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/dynamicImport.legacy.f6a3e0833bf0a4daca74.js"></script> <script type="module" src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534jm_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/react.26218270361e0ab55552.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534js_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/react.legacy.71e49f4257f782e40f86.js"></script> <script type="module" src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534jm_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/EditionDropdown.a45093d1ba58c989650d.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534js_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/EditionDropdown.legacy.c69dbe4acb0ac6db3984.js"></script> <style class="webfont"> @font-face { font-family: "GH Guardian Headline"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 300; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "Guardian Egyptian Web"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Light.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 300; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "GH Guardian Headline"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 300; font-style: italic; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "Guardian Egyptian Web"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-LightItalic.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 300; font-style: italic; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "GH Guardian Headline"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 500; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "Guardian Egyptian Web"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Medium.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 500; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "GH Guardian Headline"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 500; font-style: italic; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "Guardian Egyptian Web"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-MediumItalic.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 500; font-style: italic; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "GH Guardian Headline"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "Guardian Egyptian Web"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/noalts-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-headline/latin1-not-hinted/GHGuardianHeadline-Bold.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "GuardianTextEgyptian"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "Guardian Text Egyptian Web"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Regular.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "GuardianTextEgyptian"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "Guardian Text Egyptian Web"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "GuardianTextEgyptian"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "Guardian Text Egyptian Web"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-Bold.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "GuardianTextEgyptian"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 700; font-style: italic; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "Guardian Text Egyptian Web"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textegyptian/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextEgyptian-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 700; font-style: italic; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "GuardianTextSans"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "Guardian Text Sans Web"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Regular.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "GuardianTextSans"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "Guardian Text Sans Web"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-RegularItalic.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "GuardianTextSans"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "Guardian Text Sans Web"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-Bold.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "GuardianTextSans"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 700; font-style: italic; font-display: swap; } @font-face { font-family: "Guardian Text Sans Web"; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/noalts-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff2) format("woff2"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.woff) format("woff"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/fonts/guardian-textsans/latin1-not-hinted/GuardianTextSans-BoldItalic.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: 700; font-style: italic; font-display: swap; }/*http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/v5.0.1|20191019License:none(publicdomain)*/html,body,div,span,applet,object,iframe,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,p,blockquote,pre,a,abbr,acronym,address,big,cite,code,del,dfn,em,img,ins,kbd,q,s,samp,small,strike,strong,sub,sup,tt,var,b,u,i,center,dl,dt,dd,menu,ol,ul,li,fieldset,form,label,legend,table,caption,tbody,tfoot,thead,tr,th,td,article,aside,canvas,details,embed,figure,figcaption,footer,header,hgroup,main,menu,nav,output,ruby,section,summary,time,mark,audio,video{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;}/*HTML5display-roleresetforolderbrowsers*/article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,menu,nav,section{display:block;}/*HTML5hidden-attributefixfornewerbrowsers*/*[hidden]{display:none;}body{line-height:1;}menu,ol,ul{list-style:none;}blockquote,q{quotes:none;}blockquote:before,blockquote:after,q:before,q:after{content:'';content:none;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}*,*:before,*:after{box-sizing:inherit;}html{box-sizing:border-box;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;}html,body{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;font-feature-settings:'kern';font-kerning:normal;/*Safari7+,Firefox24+,Chrome33(?)+,Opera21*/font-variant-ligatures:common-ligatures;}body{background-color:white;color:#121212;}em{font-style:italic;}*:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) *:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 5px #00B2FF;}.dcr-zxh2wg{background-color:white;border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #DCDCDC;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:11;}.dcr-1w4cvku .ad-slot.ad-slot--collapse{display:none;}.dcr-1l675nn{position:static;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-l6t30p{display:none;}}.dcr-7gi34x{z-index:1080;width:100%;background-color:white;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;}.dcr-fm94gb{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;position:relative;height:24px;background-color:#F6F6F6;padding:0 8px;border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;color:#767676;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-fm94gb.visible{visibility:initial;}.dcr-fm94gb.hidden{visibility:hidden;}.dcr-fm94gb.ad-slot__label--toggle{margin:0 auto;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-fm94gb.ad-slot__label--toggle{display:none;}}.dcr-1budeqa{position:relative;margin:0 auto;min-height:108px;padding-bottom:18px;text-align:left;display:table;width:728px;}.dcr-1budeqa .ad-slot__label,.dcr-1budeqa .ad-slot__scroll{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;position:relative;height:24px;background-color:#F6F6F6;padding:0 8px;border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;color:#767676;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-1budeqa .ad-slot__label.visible,.dcr-1budeqa .ad-slot__scroll.visible{visibility:initial;}.dcr-1budeqa .ad-slot__label.hidden,.dcr-1budeqa .ad-slot__scroll.hidden{visibility:hidden;}.dcr-1budeqa .ad-slot__label.ad-slot__label--toggle,.dcr-1budeqa .ad-slot__scroll.ad-slot__label--toggle{margin:0 auto;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-1budeqa .ad-slot__label.ad-slot__label--toggle,.dcr-1budeqa .ad-slot__scroll.ad-slot__label--toggle{display:none;}}.dcr-1budeqa .ad-slot__close-button{display:none;}.dcr-1budeqa .ad-slot__scroll{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:100%;}.dcr-1budeqa.ad-slot--fluid{min-height:250px;line-height:10px;padding:0;margin:0;}.dcr-1budeqa.ad-slot--fluid{width:100%;}.dcr-dtaqur{background-color:#052962;}.dcr-dtaqur .ad-slot.ad-slot--collapse{display:none;}.dcr-1reypk2{position:relative;margin:auto;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1reypk2{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1reypk2{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1reypk2{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1reypk2{max-width:1300px;}}.dcr-1hflzw{overflow:auto;-ms-overflow-style:none;}@media (max-width: 979px){.dcr-1wok5v{display:none;}}.dcr-1yw3i2y{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:absolute;right:11px;z-index:9;-webkit-transform:translateX(100%);-moz-transform:translateX(100%);-ms-transform:translateX(100%);transform:translateX(100%);}.dcr-1yw3i2y:before{content:'';border-left:1px solid #506991;display:block;float:left;height:24px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1yw3i2y{right:121px;width:110px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1yw3i2y{right:198px;width:197px;}}.dcr-1d9bl8d{padding-top:7px;}.dcr-1r92euj #checkbox-id-edition{position:absolute;opacity:0;height:0;width:0;top:0;left:0;}.dcr-1r92euj #dropbox-id-edition{display:none;}.dcr-1r92euj #checkbox-id-edition:checked+#dropbox-id-edition{display:block;}.dcr-1a0j9n9{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;display:block;cursor:pointer;background:none;border:none;line-height:1.2;color:#FFFFFF;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;padding:0px 10px 6px 5px;margin:1px 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1a0j9n9:hover{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-1a0j9n9:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);}.dcr-1a0j9n9:after{content:'';display:inline-block;width:5px;height:5px;-webkit-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(45deg);border:1px solid currentColor;border-left:transparent;border-top:transparent;margin-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 250ms ease-out;transition:transform 250ms ease-out;}.dcr-1ywlki3{z-index:16;list-style:none;background-color:white;padding:6px 0;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);}.dcr-1ywlki3 li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-1ywlki3{position:fixed;border-radius:0;top:32px;left:0;right:0;width:auto;max-height:calc(100% - 50px);overflow:auto;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1ywlki3{position:absolute;right:0;width:200px;border-radius:3px;}}.dcr-1ark7u0{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;color:#121212;position:relative;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;margin:-1px 0 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;padding:10px 18px 15px 30px;font-weight:bold;}.dcr-1ark7u0:hover{background-color:#EDEDED;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1ark7u0:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1ark7u0:before{content:'';border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;display:block;position:absolute;top:0px;left:30px;right:0px;}.dcr-1ark7u0:after{content:'';border:2px solid #C70000;border-top:0px;border-right:0px;position:absolute;top:19px;left:12px;width:10px;height:4px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg);}.dcr-1ark7u0:before{content:none;}.dcr-1gagq2d{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;color:#121212;position:relative;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;margin:-1px 0 0 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;padding:10px 18px 15px 30px;}.dcr-1gagq2d:hover{background-color:#EDEDED;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1gagq2d:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1gagq2d:before{content:'';border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;display:block;position:absolute;top:0px;left:30px;right:0px;}.dcr-cnvnpg{float:right;margin-top:10px;margin-right:54px;margin-bottom:21px;z-index:7;}@media (max-width: 374px){.dcr-cnvnpg{margin-top:25px;}}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-cnvnpg{margin-right:10px;margin-top:14px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-cnvnpg{margin-right:20px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-cnvnpg{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:15px;position:relative;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-cnvnpg{margin-right:96px;}}.dcr-92oqeo{position:absolute;opacity:0;height:0;width:0;top:0;left:0;}.dcr-16u47s8{height:auto;width:135px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-16u47s8{height:auto;width:175px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-16u47s8{height:auto;width:224px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-16u47s8{height:auto;width:295px;}}.dcr-cc5btv{position:absolute;left:10px;top:0;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-cc5btv{left:20px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-cc5btv{left:auto;right:205px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-cc5btv{right:266px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-cc5btv{right:342px;}}.dcr-1o9q826{border-left:1px solid #506991;float:left;height:24px;margin:0 -2px 0 10px;display:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1o9q826{display:block;}}.dcr-njzsg5{display:none;font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;color:#FFFFFF;float:left;position:relative;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:7px 0;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-njzsg5{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-njzsg5{display:block;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-njzsg5{padding:5px 7px;}}.dcr-njzsg5:hover,.dcr-njzsg5:focus{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-njzsg5 svg{fill:currentColor;float:left;height:18px;width:18px;margin:3px 4px 0 0;}.dcr-96v916{border-left:1px solid #506991;float:left;height:24px;margin:0 -2px 0 10px;display:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-96v916{display:block;}}.dcr-md0w21{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;color:#FFFFFF;float:left;position:relative;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:7px 0;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-md0w21{padding:5px 7px;}}.dcr-md0w21:hover,.dcr-md0w21:focus{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-md0w21 svg{fill:currentColor;float:left;height:18px;width:18px;margin:3px 4px 0 0;}.dcr-2mdywk{display:none;font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;color:#FFFFFF;float:left;position:relative;-webkit-transition:color 80ms ease-out;transition:color 80ms ease-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:7px 0;z-index:8;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-2mdywk{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-2mdywk{display:block;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-2mdywk{padding:5px 7px;}}.dcr-2mdywk:hover,.dcr-2mdywk:focus{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-2mdywk svg{fill:currentColor;float:left;height:18px;width:18px;margin:3px 4px 0 0;}.dcr-l99m16{position:relative;margin:auto;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-l99m16{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-l99m16{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-l99m16{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-l99m16{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-l99m16{border-left:1px solid #506991;border-right:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-4c6dm7{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.dcr-um7al3{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.dcr-um7al3:after{content:'';display:table;clear:both;}.dcr-1sga83g{clear:right;margin:0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none;padding-left:10px;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1sga83g{padding-left:20px;}}.dcr-1sga83g li{float:left;display:block;position:relative;width:auto;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1sga83g li{width:134px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1sga83g li{width:160px;}}.dcr-1sga83g li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-1sga83g:after{content:'';border-top:1px solid #506991;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;height:36px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1sga83g:after{border-bottom:0;height:49px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1sga83g:after{height:42px;}}.dcr-1ev5v4n:first-of-type{margin-left:-20px;width:auto;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1ev5v4n:first-of-type{width:144px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1ev5v4n:first-of-type{width:171px;}}.dcr-1ev5v4n:first-of-type a{padding-left:20px;}@media (max-width: 979px){.dcr-1ev5v4n:last-child a:before{content:none;}}.dcr-egmxy8{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:900;color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:15.4px;height:36px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;z-index:1;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-egmxy8{font-size:15.7px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-egmxy8{font-size:18px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-egmxy8{font-size:22px;height:48px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:9px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-egmxy8{padding-top:5px;height:42px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-egmxy8{padding-top:7px;font-size:24px;}}.dcr-egmxy8:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-egmxy8:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-egmxy8:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-egmxy8:after{border-top:4px solid #FF5943;left:0;right:1px;top:-4px;content:'';display:block;position:absolute;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;}@media (min-width: 980px){#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-egmxy8:before{bottom:0;}}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-egmxy8:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-egmxy8:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-egmxy8:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-egmxy8:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-egmxy8:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-egmxy8:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-egmxy8:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:#506991;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-egmxy8:before{bottom:17px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-egmxy8:before{bottom:0.6em;}}.dcr-3cz14g{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:900;color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:15.4px;height:36px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;z-index:1;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-3cz14g{font-size:15.7px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-3cz14g{font-size:18px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-3cz14g{font-size:22px;height:48px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:9px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-3cz14g{padding-top:5px;height:42px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-3cz14g{padding-top:7px;font-size:24px;}}.dcr-3cz14g:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-3cz14g:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-3cz14g:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-3cz14g:after{border-top:4px solid #FF7F0F;left:0;right:1px;top:-4px;content:'';display:block;position:absolute;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;}@media (min-width: 980px){#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-3cz14g:before{bottom:0;}}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-3cz14g:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-3cz14g:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-3cz14g:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:#506991;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-3cz14g:before{bottom:17px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-3cz14g:before{bottom:0.6em;}}.dcr-srgalk{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:900;color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:15.4px;height:36px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;z-index:1;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-srgalk{font-size:15.7px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-srgalk{font-size:18px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-srgalk{font-size:22px;height:48px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:9px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-srgalk{padding-top:5px;height:42px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-srgalk{padding-top:7px;font-size:24px;}}.dcr-srgalk:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-srgalk:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-srgalk:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-srgalk:after{border-top:4px solid #00B2FF;left:0;right:1px;top:-4px;content:'';display:block;position:absolute;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;}@media (min-width: 980px){#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-srgalk:before{bottom:0;}}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-srgalk:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-srgalk:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-srgalk:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:#506991;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-srgalk:before{bottom:17px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-srgalk:before{bottom:0.6em;}}.dcr-qqgxgv{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:900;color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:15.4px;height:36px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;z-index:1;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-qqgxgv{font-size:15.7px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-qqgxgv{font-size:18px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-qqgxgv{font-size:22px;height:48px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:9px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-qqgxgv{padding-top:5px;height:42px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-qqgxgv{padding-top:7px;font-size:24px;}}.dcr-qqgxgv:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-qqgxgv:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-qqgxgv:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-qqgxgv:after{border-top:4px solid #EACCA0;left:0;right:1px;top:-4px;content:'';display:block;position:absolute;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;}@media (min-width: 980px){#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-qqgxgv:before{bottom:0;}}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-qqgxgv:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-qqgxgv:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-qqgxgv:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:#506991;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-qqgxgv:before{bottom:17px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-qqgxgv:before{bottom:0.6em;}}.dcr-6il7jv{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:900;color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:15.4px;height:36px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;z-index:1;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-6il7jv{font-size:15.7px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-6il7jv{font-size:18px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-6il7jv{font-size:22px;height:48px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:9px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-6il7jv{padding-top:5px;height:42px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-6il7jv{padding-top:7px;font-size:24px;}}.dcr-6il7jv:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-6il7jv:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-6il7jv:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-6il7jv:after{border-top:4px solid #FFABDB;left:0;right:1px;top:-4px;content:'';display:block;position:absolute;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;}@media (min-width: 980px){#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-6il7jv:before{bottom:0;}}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-6il7jv:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~ul li .dcr-6il7jv:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-6il7jv:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:#506991;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-6il7jv:before{bottom:17px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-6il7jv:before{bottom:0.6em;}}.dcr-v7ti3m{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-weight:300;color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;display:none;position:relative;overflow:hidden;border:0;background-color:transparent;height:48px;padding-left:9px;padding-right:20px;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-v7ti3m{display:block;padding-top:5px;height:42px;}}.dcr-v7ti3m:hover,.dcr-v7ti3m:focus{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-p41og1{display:block;height:100%;}.dcr-p41og1:after{content:'';border:1px solid currentColor;border-left:transparent;border-top:transparent;display:inline-block;height:8px;margin-left:6px;-webkit-transform:translateY(-3px) rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:translateY(-3px) rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:translateY(-3px) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(-3px) rotate(45deg);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 250ms ease-out;transition:transform 250ms ease-out;vertical-align:middle;width:8px;}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div label .dcr-p41og1:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(1px) rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:translateY(1px) rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:translateY(1px) rotate(-135deg);transform:translateY(1px) rotate(-135deg);}.dcr-p41og1:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);transform:translateY(0) rotate(45deg);}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div label .dcr-p41og1:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(-135deg);transform:translateY(-2px) rotate(-135deg);}.dcr-vnq9lx{background-color:#FFE500;color:#121212;cursor:pointer;height:42px;min-width:42px;position:absolute;border:0;border-radius:50%;z-index:15;right:5px;bottom:48px;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-vnq9lx{bottom:-3px;right:5px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-vnq9lx{right:18px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-vnq9lx{bottom:3px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-vnq9lx{display:none;}}.dcr-vnq9lx:focus{outline:none;}.dcr-1sim4qs{background-color:currentColor;top:50%;right:0;margin-top:-1px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;height:2px;left:0;position:absolute;width:20px;}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-1sim4qs{background-color:transparent;}.dcr-1sim4qs:before{height:2px;left:0;position:absolute;width:20px;content:'';background-color:currentColor;top:-6px;}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-1sim4qs:before{top:0;-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg);}.dcr-1sim4qs:after{height:2px;left:0;position:absolute;width:20px;content:'';background-color:currentColor;bottom:-6px;}#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-1sim4qs:after{bottom:0;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);}.dcr-8zon8t{background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);z-index:14;left:0;top:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-8zon8t{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-8zon8t{display:block;overflow:visible;}}@media (max-width: 979px){#top-nav-input-checkbox:checked~div .dcr-8zon8t{-webkit-transform:translateX( 0% );-moz-transform:translateX( 0% );-ms-transform:translateX( 0% );transform:translateX( 0% );}}@media (max-width: 979px){.dcr-8zon8t{-webkit-transform:translateX( -110% );-moz-transform:translateX( -110% );-ms-transform:translateX( -110% );transform:translateX( -110% );-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);box-shadow:3px 0 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);bottom:0;height:100%;overflow:auto;position:fixed;right:0;will-change:transform;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-8zon8t{display:none;}}.dcr-1v07klx{background-color:#052962;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;margin-right:29px;left:0;top:0;z-index:13;overflow:hidden;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1v07klx{position:absolute;padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0;top:100%;left:0;right:0;width:100%;}@supports (width: 100vw){.dcr-1v07klx{left:50%;right:50%;width:100vw;margin-left:-50vw;margin-right:-50vw;}}}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1v07klx{margin-right:29px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1v07klx{margin-right:40px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1v07klx{margin-right:100px;}}.dcr-1xumyce{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1xumyce{max-width:980px;padding:0 20px;position:relative;margin:0 auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;border-left:1px solid #506991;border-right:1px solid #506991;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1xumyce{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1xumyce{max-width:1300px;}}.dcr-1v6xkth{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;list-style:none;margin:0;padding-bottom:10px;position:relative;}.dcr-1v6xkth::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-1v6xkth:after{background-color:#506991;top:0;content:'';display:block;height:1px;left:50px;position:absolute;right:0;}.dcr-1v6xkth:first-of-type:after{content:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1v6xkth{width:134px;float:left;position:relative;}.dcr-1v6xkth:after{content:none;}.dcr-1v6xkth:first-of-type{width:123px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1v6xkth{width:160px;}.dcr-1v6xkth:first-of-type{width:150px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1v6xkth:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:#506991;z-index:1;}}.dcr-xka4se{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;background-color:transparent;border:0;box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;color:#FFFFFF;display:block;font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-weight:700;outline:none;padding:6px 34px 18px 50px;position:relative;text-align:left;width:100%;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-xka4se >*{pointer-events:none;}.dcr-xka4se:before{margin-top:4px;left:25px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;height:10px;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);width:10px;}.dcr-xka4se:hover,.dcr-xka4se:focus{color:#FFE500;}#News-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-xka4se:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-xka4se{display:none;}}.dcr-wzbqqq{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-wzbqqq li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-wzbqqq{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 9px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-wzbqqq{padding-left:0;}}@media (max-width: 979px){#News-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-wzbqqq{display:none;}}.dcr-mdwiz6{box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-mdwiz6{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}}.dcr-155wclf{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:400;background-color:transparent;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border:0;box-sizing:border-box;color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-weight:500;outline:none;padding:8px 34px 8px 50px;position:relative;text-align:left;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-155wclf{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-155wclf{font-size:16px;padding:6px 0;}}.dcr-155wclf:hover,.dcr-155wclf:focus{color:#FFE500;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-155wclf >*{pointer-events:none;}.dcr-1f5hn1l{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;background-color:transparent;border:0;box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;color:#FFFFFF;display:block;font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-weight:700;outline:none;padding:6px 34px 18px 50px;position:relative;text-align:left;width:100%;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-1f5hn1l >*{pointer-events:none;}.dcr-1f5hn1l:before{margin-top:4px;left:25px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;height:10px;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);width:10px;}.dcr-1f5hn1l:hover,.dcr-1f5hn1l:focus{color:#FFE500;}#Opinion-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-1f5hn1l:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1f5hn1l{display:none;}}.dcr-yc189x{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-yc189x li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-yc189x{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 9px;}}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-yc189x{background:#041F4A;}}@media (max-width: 979px){#Opinion-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-yc189x{display:none;}}.dcr-1m18ln3{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;background-color:transparent;border:0;box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;color:#FFFFFF;display:block;font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-weight:700;outline:none;padding:6px 34px 18px 50px;position:relative;text-align:left;width:100%;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-1m18ln3 >*{pointer-events:none;}.dcr-1m18ln3:before{margin-top:4px;left:25px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;height:10px;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);width:10px;}.dcr-1m18ln3:hover,.dcr-1m18ln3:focus{color:#FFE500;}#Sport-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-1m18ln3:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1m18ln3{display:none;}}.dcr-1scawcd{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-1scawcd li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1scawcd{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 9px;}}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-1scawcd{background:#041F4A;}}@media (max-width: 979px){#Sport-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-1scawcd{display:none;}}.dcr-hbarp8{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;background-color:transparent;border:0;box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;color:#FFFFFF;display:block;font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-weight:700;outline:none;padding:6px 34px 18px 50px;position:relative;text-align:left;width:100%;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-hbarp8 >*{pointer-events:none;}.dcr-hbarp8:before{margin-top:4px;left:25px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;height:10px;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);width:10px;}.dcr-hbarp8:hover,.dcr-hbarp8:focus{color:#FFE500;}#Culture-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-hbarp8:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-hbarp8{display:none;}}.dcr-r5o6p0{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-r5o6p0 li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-r5o6p0{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 9px;}}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-r5o6p0{background:#041F4A;}}@media (max-width: 979px){#Culture-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-r5o6p0{display:none;}}.dcr-7lclo4{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;background-color:transparent;border:0;box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;color:#FFFFFF;display:block;font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-weight:700;outline:none;padding:6px 34px 18px 50px;position:relative;text-align:left;width:100%;text-transform:capitalize;}.dcr-7lclo4 >*{pointer-events:none;}.dcr-7lclo4:before{margin-top:4px;left:25px;position:absolute;border:2px solid currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;content:'';display:inline-block;height:10px;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);width:10px;}.dcr-7lclo4:hover,.dcr-7lclo4:focus{color:#FFE500;}#Lifestyle-checkbox-input:checked~.dcr-7lclo4:before{margin-top:8px;-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-135deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg);}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-7lclo4{display:none;}}.dcr-1ag59f8{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-1ag59f8 li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1ag59f8{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 9px;}}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-1ag59f8{background:#041F4A;}}@media (max-width: 979px){#Lifestyle-checkbox-input:not(:checked)~.dcr-1ag59f8{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1blnjq7{display:none;}}.dcr-olqzeg{box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-olqzeg{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-olqzeg{display:none;}}.dcr-1hceabt{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;list-style:none;margin:0;padding-bottom:10px;position:relative;}.dcr-1hceabt::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-1hceabt:after{background-color:#506991;top:0;content:'';display:block;height:1px;left:50px;position:absolute;right:0;}.dcr-1hceabt:first-of-type:after{content:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1hceabt{width:134px;float:left;position:relative;}.dcr-1hceabt:after{content:none;}.dcr-1hceabt:first-of-type{width:123px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1hceabt{width:160px;}.dcr-1hceabt:first-of-type{width:150px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1hceabt:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:#506991;z-index:1;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1hceabt:before{top:-42px;}}.dcr-sqg38i{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;position:relative;}.dcr-sqg38i li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-sqg38i{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;height:100%;width:100%;padding:0 9px;}}.dcr-6711t4{display:none;position:absolute;right:20px;top:4px;bottom:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-6711t4{display:block;}}.dcr-upde3g{width:131px;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0 0 12px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;padding-bottom:0;}.dcr-upde3g li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-upde3g{width:140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-upde3g{width:300px;}}.dcr-1yr64jd{margin-right:0;margin-top:-6px;padding-bottom:0;}.dcr-18x77xn{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;font-weight:700;background-color:transparent;border:0;box-sizing:border-box;color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;outline:none;padding:8px 34px 8px 50px;position:relative;text-align:left;width:100%;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-18x77xn{padding-left:60px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-18x77xn{padding:6px 0;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-18x77xn{font-size:24px;}}.dcr-18x77xn:hover,.dcr-18x77xn:focus{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-18x77xn >*{pointer-events:none;}.dcr-1jp4og{background-color:transparent;}.dcr-1jp4og .ad-slot.ad-slot--collapse{display:none;}.dcr-1f41bee{position:relative;margin:auto;border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1f41bee{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1f41bee{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1f41bee{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1f41bee{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1f41bee{border-left:1px solid #DCDCDC;border-right:1px solid #DCDCDC;}}.dcr-1nbntzu{height:36px;overflow:hidden;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1nbntzu{height:42px;}}.dcr-1mc3jf3{list-style:none;padding:0 5px;}.dcr-1mc3jf3 li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1mc3jf3{padding:0 15px;}}.dcr-1mc3jf3 li{float:left;display:block;}.dcr-1spbnl8:after{content:'';display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;border-top:6px solid transparent;border-bottom:6px solid transparent;border-left:10px solid #121212;margin-top:12px;margin-left:2px;border-left-color:#C70000;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1spbnl8:after{margin-top:16px;}}.dcr-r260na{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;font-size:14px;font-weight:500;color:#121212;padding:0 5px;height:36px;line-height:36px;float:left;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-r260na{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;font-size:16px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-r260na{height:42px;line-height:42px;}}.dcr-r260na:hover{color:#C70000;}.dcr-r260na:focus{line-height:26px;height:26px;margin-top:5px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-r260na:focus{height:32px;line-height:32px;}}.dcr-1j389vi{font-weight:700;}.dcr-5827gf{position:relative;margin:auto;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-5827gf{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-5827gf{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-5827gf{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-5827gf{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-5827gf{border-left:1px solid #DCDCDC;border-right:1px solid #DCDCDC;}}.dcr-iqptnv{background-image:repeating-linear-gradient( to bottom, #DCDCDC, #DCDCDC 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 0.25rem );background-repeat:repeat-x;-webkit-background-position:top;background-position:top;-webkit-background-size:1px calc(0.25rem * 3 + 1px);background-size:1px calc(0.25rem * 3 + 1px);height:calc(0.25rem * 3 + 1px);}.dcr-1cn4pv6{height:0;}.dcr-1ipk5a{position:relative;margin:auto;padding:0 10px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1ipk5a{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1ipk5a{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1ipk5a{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1ipk5a{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1ipk5a{border-left:1px solid #DCDCDC;border-right:1px solid #DCDCDC;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1ipk5a{padding:0 20px;}}.dcr-1ug36x3{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (max-width: 1139px){.dcr-1ug36x3{margin-left:0px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1ug36x3{margin-left:151px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1ug36x3{margin-left:230px;}}@supports (display: grid){.dcr-1ug36x3{display:grid;width:100%;margin-left:0;grid-column-gap:10px;}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1ug36x3{grid-template-columns:219px 1px 1fr 300px;grid-template-areas:'title border headline right-column' '. border standfirst right-column' 'lines border media right-column' 'meta border media right-column' 'meta border body right-column' '. border . right-column';}}@media (max-width: 1299px){.dcr-1ug36x3{grid-template-columns:140px 1px 1fr 300px;grid-template-areas:'title border headline right-column' '. border standfirst right-column' 'lines border media right-column' 'meta border media right-column' 'meta border body right-column' '. border . right-column';}}@media (max-width: 1139px){.dcr-1ug36x3{grid-template-columns:1fr 300px;grid-template-areas:'title right-column' 'headline right-column' 'standfirst right-column' 'media right-column' 'lines right-column' 'meta right-column' 'body right-column' '. right-column';}}@media (max-width: 979px){.dcr-1ug36x3{grid-template-columns:1fr;grid-template-areas:'title' 'headline' 'standfirst' 'media' 'lines' 'meta' 'body';}}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-1ug36x3{grid-column-gap:0px;grid-template-columns:1fr;grid-template-areas:'media' 'title' 'headline' 'standfirst' 'lines' 'meta' 'body';}}}.dcr-hfp9tp{grid-area:title;}.dcr-10jdkim{padding-top:8px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-10jdkim{-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}}.dcr-yx39j8{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#C70000;background-color:transparent;font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;word-break:break-word;}.dcr-yx39j8:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}@media (max-width: 1139px){.dcr-yx39j8{margin-right:8px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-yx39j8{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;}}.dcr-qpwrb4{grid-area:border;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-17igkm0{border-left:1px solid #DCDCDC;height:100%;}}.dcr-7disnw{grid-area:matchNav;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-krkkhw{max-width:620px;}}.dcr-1nupfq9{grid-area:headline;}.dcr-13a2edo{padding-bottom:24px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-13a2edo{padding-bottom:36px;}}.dcr-125vfar{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:2.125rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;color:#121212;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-125vfar{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.75rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-125vfar{padding-top:4px;}}.dcr-zjgnrw{grid-area:standfirst;}.dcr-mj1r7n{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:12px;max-width:540px;color:#121212;}.dcr-mj1r7n li{margin-bottom:6px;padding-left:20px;}.dcr-mj1r7n li p{display:inline;}.dcr-mj1r7n li:before{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:6px;height:12px;width:12px;margin-right:8px;background-color:#DCDCDC;margin-left:-20px;}.dcr-mj1r7n p{margin-bottom:8px;}.dcr-mj1r7n strong{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-mj1r7n [data-dcr-style='bullet']{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:100%;height:15.2px;width:15.2px;margin-right:2px;background-color:#DCDCDC;}.dcr-mj1r7n a{color:#C70000;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #DCDCDC;-webkit-transition:border-color 0.15s ease-out;transition:border-color 0.15s ease-out;}.dcr-pn0kqp{grid-area:media;}.dcr-16n5mgq{height:100%;min-height:1px;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-16n5mgq{margin:0;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;}}.dcr-16n5mgq img{-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;width:100%;height:100%;}@media (max-width: 659px){.dcr-16n5mgq{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (max-width: 479px){.dcr-16n5mgq{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}}.dcr-13udsys{height:100%;}.dcr-1b267dg{position:relative;}.dcr-1b267dg img{height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:cover;}.dcr-1989ovb{vertical-align:middle;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-172h6t9{display:none;}}.dcr-ho1qnd{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}.dcr-1kjku2s #the-checkbox{display:none;}.dcr-1kjku2s #the-caption{display:none;}.dcr-1kjku2s #the-checkbox:checked+#the-caption{display:block;}.dcr-1e2h9sk{position:absolute;right:5px;width:32px;height:32px;z-index:1;background-color:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.6);border-radius:50%;bottom:6px;border:none;cursor:pointer;}.dcr-1e2h9sk svg{top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;margin:auto;position:absolute;fill:white;}.dcr-11zodit{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;padding-top:6px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;word-wrap:break-word;color:#767676;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.8);color:white;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1rem;padding-top:0.375rem;padding-right:2.5rem;padding-left:0.75rem;padding-bottom:0.375rem;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;min-height:2.25rem;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-11zodit{padding-left:8px;padding-right:8px;}}.dcr-11zodit span{color:white;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1rem;}.dcr-12zcz0k{fill:#C70000;padding-right:3px;}.dcr-19x4pdv a{color:#C70000;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-19x4pdv a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-19x4pdv strong{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-d5sshu{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;padding-top:6px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;word-wrap:break-word;color:#767676;margin-bottom:6px;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-d5sshu{padding-left:8px;padding-right:8px;}}.dcr-1o781fl{grid-area:lines;}@media (max-width: 659px){.dcr-ss9mnu{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (max-width: 479px){.dcr-ss9mnu{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}}.dcr-1aul2ye{grid-area:meta;}.dcr-1eucl2a{padding-top:2px;}@media (min-width: 740px) and (max-width: 1139px){.dcr-1eucl2a{-webkit-order:3;-ms-flex-order:3;order:3;}}@media (max-width: 479px){.dcr-1eucl2a{padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1eucl2a{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}@media (min-width: 660px){.dcr-1eucl2a{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;}}.dcr-fj5ypv{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}@media (max-width: 1139px){.dcr-fj5ypv{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}.dcr-q1awta{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;color:#C70000;padding-bottom:8px;font-style:italic;}.dcr-q1awta a{font-weight:700;color:#C70000;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-style:normal;}.dcr-q1awta a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-18svo86{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;color:#767676;padding-top:2px;margin-bottom:6px;}.dcr-s64set{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;color:#767676;padding-top:2px;margin-bottom:6px;}.dcr-s64set input[type='checkbox']{display:none;}.dcr-s64set input[type='checkbox']:checked~p{max-height:80px;}.dcr-hn0k3p{cursor:pointer;}.dcr-hn0k3p:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-miumx2 input[type='checkbox']{display:none;}.dcr-miumx2 input[type='checkbox']:checked~p{max-height:80px;}.dcr-vdb1rb{max-height:0;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:max-height 0.4s ease;transition:max-height 0.4s ease;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-vdb1rb{width:90%;}}.dcr-15yir0q{margin-bottom:6px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.dcr-136ng6c{border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;padding-top:6px;}@media (max-width: 659px){.dcr-136ng6c{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}@media (max-width: 479px){.dcr-136ng6c{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299px){.dcr-136ng6c{padding-bottom:6px;}}.dcr-1n0u3w8{float:left;}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1n0u3w8{-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;}}.dcr-i43ppq{padding-right:3px;float:left;min-width:32px;cursor:pointer;}.dcr-3hmq58{border:1px solid #DCDCDC;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;min-width:32px;max-width:100%;width:auto;height:32px;border-radius:50%;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;position:relative;box-sizing:content-box;fill:#C70000;}.dcr-3hmq58 svg{height:88%;width:88%;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;margin:auto;position:absolute;}.dcr-3hmq58:hover{background-color:#C70000;border-color:#C70000;fill:white;}.dcr-woi6b2{border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299px){.dcr-woi6b2{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;}}@media (max-width: 659px){.dcr-woi6b2{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}@media (max-width: 479px){.dcr-woi6b2{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}}.dcr-1ozgk8l{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;}.dcr-1ozgk8l .meta-number:not(:empty)+.meta-number:not(:empty){border-left:1px solid #DCDCDC;margin-left:4px;padding-left:4px;height:40px;}.dcr-185kcx9{grid-area:body;z-index:3;}.dcr-lg1c4h{-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;z-index:1;}@media (max-width: 1139px){.dcr-lg1c4h{padding-left:0;}}@media print{.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot{display:none!important;}}.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot.ad-slot--collapse{display:none;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot--mostpop{margin:0;width:auto;}}.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot--inline{width:300px;margin:12px auto;min-width:160px;min-height:274px;text-align:center;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot--inline{margin-right:-100px;width:auto;float:right;margin-top:4px;margin-left:20px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot--inline{width:auto;float:right;margin:0;margin-top:4px;margin-left:20px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot--offset-right{float:right;width:auto;margin-right:-318px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot--offset-right{margin-right:-398px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot--outstream{margin-left:0;width:100%;}.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot--outstream .ad-slot__label{margin-left:35px;margin-right:35px;}}.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot--fluid{width:100%;}.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot--carrot{float:left;clear:both;width:140px;margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:4px;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot--carrot{position:relative;margin-left:-160px;width:140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot--carrot{margin-left:-240px;width:220px;}}.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot__label,.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot__scroll{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;position:relative;height:24px;background-color:#F6F6F6;padding:0 8px;border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;color:#767676;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot__label.visible,.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot__scroll.visible{visibility:initial;}.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot__label.hidden,.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot__scroll.hidden{visibility:hidden;}.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot__label.ad-slot__label--toggle,.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot__scroll.ad-slot__label--toggle{margin:0 auto;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot__label.ad-slot__label--toggle,.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot__scroll.ad-slot__label--toggle{display:none;}}.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot__close-button{display:none;}.dcr-lg1c4h .ad-slot__scroll{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-myhfeo{width:620px;}}@media (min-width: 740px) and (max-width: 979px){.dcr-1fud97m{padding-right:80px;}}.dcr-1fud97m h2:not([data-ignore='global-h2-styling']){font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;}.dcr-1fud97m strong{font-weight:bold;}.dcr-1fud97m a:not([data-ignore='global-link-styling']){-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #DCDCDC;color:#C70000;}.dcr-1fud97m a:not([data-ignore='global-link-styling']):hover{color:#C70000;border-bottom:1px solid #C70000;}.dcr-bjn8wh{position:relative;}.dcr-s23rjr{margin-bottom:1rem;font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian,Guardian Text Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;}.dcr-s23rjr ul{margin-bottom:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-s23rjr ul{margin-bottom:1rem;}}.dcr-s23rjr li{margin-bottom:0.375rem;padding-left:1.25rem;}.dcr-s23rjr li p{display:inline;}.dcr-s23rjr li:before{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:0.375rem;height:0.75rem;width:0.75rem;margin-right:0.5rem;background-color:#DCDCDC;margin-left:-1.25rem;}.dcr-s23rjr sub{bottom:-0.25em;}.dcr-s23rjr sup{top:-0.5em;}.dcr-s23rjr sub,.dcr-s23rjr sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}.dcr-s23rjr [data-dcr-style='bullet']{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:100%;height:0.95rem;width:0.95rem;margin-right:0.0125rem;background-color:#C70000;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-s23rjr{overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-wrap:break-word;}}.dcr-2i2q5z p{margin-bottom:1rem;font-family:GuardianTextEgyptian,Guardian Text Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;}.dcr-2i2q5z p ul{margin-bottom:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-2i2q5z p ul{margin-bottom:1rem;}}.dcr-2i2q5z p li{margin-bottom:0.375rem;padding-left:1.25rem;}.dcr-2i2q5z p li p{display:inline;}.dcr-2i2q5z p li:before{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:0.375rem;height:0.75rem;width:0.75rem;margin-right:0.5rem;background-color:#DCDCDC;margin-left:-1.25rem;}.dcr-2i2q5z p sub{bottom:-0.25em;}.dcr-2i2q5z p sup{top:-0.5em;}.dcr-2i2q5z p sub,.dcr-2i2q5z p sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}.dcr-2i2q5z p [data-dcr-style='bullet']{display:inline-block;content:'';border-radius:100%;height:0.95rem;width:0.95rem;margin-right:0.0125rem;background-color:#C70000;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-2i2q5z p{overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-wrap:break-word;}}.dcr-10khgmf{margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:12px;}.dcr-1x8p67f{width:220px;margin-left:-10px;margin-right:10px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;clear:left;float:left;font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;line-height:25px;position:relative;background-color:#F6F6F6;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;padding-top:6px;padding-bottom:12px;margin-bottom:1.75rem;color:#AB0613;}@media (max-width: 374px){.dcr-1x8p67f{width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1x8p67f{margin-left:-120px;}}.dcr-1x8p67f:after{left:10px;border-radius:0 0 25px;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1x8p67f:after{border-radius:0 0 0 25px;left:0;margin-left:85px;}}.dcr-1x8p67f:after{content:'';width:25px;height:25px;bottom:-25px;position:absolute;background-color:#F6F6F6;}.dcr-14gqw6s{margin-right:4px;}.dcr-14gqw6s svg{height:20px;width:11px;}@media (max-width: 979px){.dcr-14gqw6s svg{height:16px;width:8px;}}.dcr-u6yq9m{height:17px;width:9px;margin-right:12px;-webkit-transform:translateY(-1px);-moz-transform:translateY(-1px);-ms-transform:translateY(-1px);transform:translateY(-1px);overflow:visible;fill:#C70000;}.dcr-1u4hpl4{display:inline;}.dcr-1irn6li{color:#C70000;}.dcr-1szt2rl{max-width:1442.162162162162px;width:100%;margin-bottom:0px;}.dcr-laouyh{position:relative;padding-bottom:56.30434782608695%;}.dcr-laouyh iframe{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;}.dcr-1k32900{padding-bottom:36px;}@media (max-width: 979px){.dcr-1k32900{padding-bottom:20px;}}.dcr-hhdv28{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;display:block;color:#767676;}.dcr-lwa3gj{padding-bottom:12px;margin-bottom:6px;border-bottom:1px solid #DCDCDC;}.dcr-1r2wmvc{list-style:none;}.dcr-1r2wmvc li::before{content:'\200B';display:block;height:0;width:0;}.dcr-18or3t6{margin-right:5px;display:inline-block;font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;}.dcr-18or3t6 a{position:relative;display:block;padding-right:5px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-18or3t6 a::after{content:'/';position:absolute;pointer-events:none;top:0;right:-3px;color:#767676;}.dcr-18or3t6 a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-18or3t6 a::after{content:'';}.dcr-dlavgv{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#C70000;}.dcr-dlavgv:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-bftzd9{margin-right:5px;display:inline-block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;}.dcr-bftzd9 a{position:relative;display:block;padding-right:5px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-bftzd9 a::after{content:'/';position:absolute;pointer-events:none;top:0;right:-3px;color:#767676;}.dcr-bftzd9 a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1nm85cy{margin-right:5px;display:inline-block;font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;}.dcr-1nm85cy a{position:relative;display:block;padding-right:5px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1nm85cy a::after{content:'/';position:absolute;pointer-events:none;top:0;right:-3px;color:#767676;}.dcr-1nm85cy a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.dcr-1nm85cy a::after{content:'';}.dcr-1eoy87d{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}@media (min-width: 660px){.dcr-1y49m2s{display:none;}}.dcr-i7y23i{padding-right:3px;float:left;min-width:32px;cursor:pointer;margin-top:3px;}.dcr-3tundk >a{color:#767676;border-color:#DCDCDC;font-weight:normal;}.dcr-u0yl5l{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:.3s ease-in-out;transition:.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:700;height:24px;min-height:24px;padding:0 12px;border-radius:24px;padding-bottom:2px;color:#052962;border:1px solid #052962;}.dcr-u0yl5l:focus{outline:0;}html:not(.src-focus-disabled) .dcr-u0yl5l:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 5px #00B2FF;}.dcr-u0yl5l:hover{background-color:#E5E5E5;}.dcr-1mmek2x{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;}@supports (display: grid){.dcr-1mmek2x{position:relative;grid-area:right-column;}}.dcr-1l8oq0d{padding-top:6px;height:100%;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1l8oq0d{margin-left:20px;margin-right:-20px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1l8oq0d{margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;}}@media (max-width: 979px){.dcr-14aht0{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-14aht0{height:100%;display:block;-webkit-flex-basis:300px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:300px;flex-basis:300px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}.dcr-9aekbr{position:static;height:1059px;}.dcr-cn3fdw{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;}.dcr-cn3fdw .ad-slot__label,.dcr-cn3fdw .ad-slot__scroll{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;position:relative;height:24px;background-color:#F6F6F6;padding:0 8px;border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;color:#767676;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-cn3fdw .ad-slot__label.visible,.dcr-cn3fdw .ad-slot__scroll.visible{visibility:initial;}.dcr-cn3fdw .ad-slot__label.hidden,.dcr-cn3fdw .ad-slot__scroll.hidden{visibility:hidden;}.dcr-cn3fdw .ad-slot__label.ad-slot__label--toggle,.dcr-cn3fdw .ad-slot__scroll.ad-slot__label--toggle{margin:0 auto;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-cn3fdw .ad-slot__label.ad-slot__label--toggle,.dcr-cn3fdw .ad-slot__scroll.ad-slot__label--toggle{display:none;}}.dcr-cn3fdw .ad-slot__close-button{display:none;}.dcr-cn3fdw .ad-slot__scroll{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:100%;}.dcr-cn3fdw.ad-slot--fluid{min-height:250px;line-height:10px;padding:0;margin:0;}.dcr-12erdcg{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;height:calc(100% - 1059px);}.dcr-l8p0pq{background-color:#EDEDED;}.dcr-l8p0pq .ad-slot.ad-slot--collapse{display:none;}.dcr-1fp0b2s{position:relative;}.dcr-1fp0b2s .ad-slot__label,.dcr-1fp0b2s .ad-slot__scroll{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;position:relative;height:24px;background-color:#F6F6F6;padding:0 8px;border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;color:#767676;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;}.dcr-1fp0b2s .ad-slot__label.visible,.dcr-1fp0b2s .ad-slot__scroll.visible{visibility:initial;}.dcr-1fp0b2s .ad-slot__label.hidden,.dcr-1fp0b2s .ad-slot__scroll.hidden{visibility:hidden;}.dcr-1fp0b2s .ad-slot__label.ad-slot__label--toggle,.dcr-1fp0b2s .ad-slot__scroll.ad-slot__label--toggle{margin:0 auto;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-1fp0b2s .ad-slot__label.ad-slot__label--toggle,.dcr-1fp0b2s .ad-slot__scroll.ad-slot__label--toggle{display:none;}}.dcr-1fp0b2s .ad-slot__close-button{display:none;}.dcr-1fp0b2s .ad-slot__scroll{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:100%;}.dcr-1fp0b2s.ad-slot--fluid{min-height:250px;line-height:10px;padding:0;margin:0;}.dcr-1fp0b2s.ad-slot--fluid{width:100%;}.dcr-ipj0ot{position:relative;margin:auto;border-top:1px solid #DCDCDC;padding:0 10px;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-ipj0ot{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-ipj0ot{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-ipj0ot{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-ipj0ot{max-width:1300px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-ipj0ot{border-left:1px solid #DCDCDC;border-right:1px solid #DCDCDC;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-ipj0ot{padding:0 20px;}}.dcr-1qun6ii{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-positive:1;}.dcr-ederz6{position:relative;padding-right:10px;}@media (max-width: 1139px){.dcr-ederz6{display:none;}}@media (min-width: 1140px) and (max-width: 1299px){.dcr-ederz6{-webkit-flex-basis:151px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:151px;flex-basis:151px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-ederz6{-webkit-flex-basis:230px;-ms-flex-preferred-size:230px;flex-basis:230px;-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}}.dcr-mz9qt7{padding-top:4px;padding-bottom:4px;}.dcr-1g8qtv1{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;padding-bottom:4px;}.dcr-177tisd{color:#999999;}.dcr-psq4mb{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;color:#767676;padding-bottom:4px;}.dcr-8dmecm{color:#AB0613;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #DCDCDC;-webkit-transition:border-color 0.15s ease-out;transition:border-color 0.15s ease-out;}.dcr-8dmecm:hover{border-color:#AB0613;}.dcr-12jyb8q{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;width:100%;margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:36px;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1mxfq91{display:none;}}.dcr-vnnc58{width:100%;max-width:100%;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-vnnc58{padding-left:10px;}}.dcr-4cxybv{padding-bottom:8px;}.dcr-104s2p4{position:static;height:100%;padding-left:20px;}.dcr-1445c9p{position:static;height:100%;}.dcr-1lxcenw{position:relative;margin:auto;border-top:1px solid #506991;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1lxcenw{max-width:740px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1lxcenw{max-width:980px;}}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-1lxcenw{max-width:1140px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1lxcenw{max-width:1300px;}}.dcr-wuq7e5{background-color:#052962;color:#FFFFFF;padding-bottom:6px;font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;}.dcr-ie0ig6{border-left:1px solid #506991;border-right:1px solid #506991;padding-bottom:12px;position:relative;height:43px;}.dcr-ie0ig6:after{content:'';display:table;clear:both;}.dcr-ie0ig6 >ul{clear:none;}.dcr-ie0ig6 >ul:after{display:none;}.dcr-1s1j33a{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:900;color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:15.4px;height:36px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;z-index:1;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1s1j33a{font-size:15.7px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1s1j33a{font-size:18px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1s1j33a{font-size:22px;height:48px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:9px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1s1j33a{padding-top:5px;height:42px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1s1j33a{padding-top:7px;font-size:24px;}}.dcr-1s1j33a:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-1s1j33a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1s1j33a:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-1s1j33a:after{border-top:4px solid #FF5943;left:0;right:1px;top:-4px;content:'';display:block;position:absolute;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;}.dcr-1s1j33a:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-1s1j33a:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-1s1j33a:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1s1j33a:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-1s1j33a:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:#506991;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1s1j33a:before{bottom:17px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1s1j33a:before{bottom:0.6em;}}.dcr-1xo8pvr{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:900;color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:15.4px;height:36px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;z-index:1;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1xo8pvr{font-size:15.7px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1xo8pvr{font-size:18px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1xo8pvr{font-size:22px;height:48px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:9px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1xo8pvr{padding-top:5px;height:42px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1xo8pvr{padding-top:7px;font-size:24px;}}.dcr-1xo8pvr:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-1xo8pvr:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1xo8pvr:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-1xo8pvr:after{border-top:4px solid #FF7F0F;left:0;right:1px;top:-4px;content:'';display:block;position:absolute;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;}.dcr-1xo8pvr:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:#506991;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1xo8pvr:before{bottom:17px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1xo8pvr:before{bottom:0.6em;}}.dcr-5rk1q{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:900;color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:15.4px;height:36px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;z-index:1;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-5rk1q{font-size:15.7px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-5rk1q{font-size:18px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-5rk1q{font-size:22px;height:48px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:9px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-5rk1q{padding-top:5px;height:42px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-5rk1q{padding-top:7px;font-size:24px;}}.dcr-5rk1q:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-5rk1q:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-5rk1q:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-5rk1q:after{border-top:4px solid #00B2FF;left:0;right:1px;top:-4px;content:'';display:block;position:absolute;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;}.dcr-5rk1q:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:#506991;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-5rk1q:before{bottom:17px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-5rk1q:before{bottom:0.6em;}}.dcr-125iasz{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:900;color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:15.4px;height:36px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;z-index:1;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-125iasz{font-size:15.7px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-125iasz{font-size:18px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-125iasz{font-size:22px;height:48px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:9px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-125iasz{padding-top:5px;height:42px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-125iasz{padding-top:7px;font-size:24px;}}.dcr-125iasz:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-125iasz:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-125iasz:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-125iasz:after{border-top:4px solid #EACCA0;left:0;right:1px;top:-4px;content:'';display:block;position:absolute;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;}.dcr-125iasz:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background-color:#506991;}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-125iasz:before{bottom:17px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-125iasz:before{bottom:0.6em;}}.dcr-1f6ribu{font-family:GH Guardian Headline,Guardian Egyptian Web,Georgia,serif;font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.15;font-weight:500;box-sizing:border-box;font-weight:900;color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:15.4px;height:36px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;z-index:1;}@media (min-width: 375px){.dcr-1f6ribu{font-size:15.7px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-1f6ribu{font-size:18px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:5px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:5px;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-1f6ribu{font-size:22px;height:48px;padding-top:9px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:9px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-1f6ribu{padding-top:5px;height:42px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-1f6ribu{padding-top:7px;font-size:24px;}}.dcr-1f6ribu:focus:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-1f6ribu:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.dcr-1f6ribu:hover:after{-webkit-transform:translateY(4px);-moz-transform:translateY(4px);-ms-transform:translateY(4px);transform:translateY(4px);}.dcr-1f6ribu:after{border-top:4px solid #FFABDB;left:0;right:1px;top:-4px;content:'';display:block;position:absolute;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.3s ease-in-out;}.dcr-3ub84c{width:100%;padding:0 10px;position:relative;border:1px solid #506991;}@media (min-width: 1140px){.dcr-3ub84c{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}@media (min-width: 480px){.dcr-3ub84c{padding:0 20px;}}.dcr-104fgyw{padding-top:12px;min-height:150px;overflow:hidden;border:0;}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-104fgyw{margin:0 10px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;float:left;width:291px;}}@media (min-width: 1300px){.dcr-104fgyw{margin-right:170px;}}.dcr-v7ptng{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}@media (max-width: 979px){.dcr-v7ptng{border-top:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-v7ptng ul{width:50%;border-left:1px solid #506991;padding:12px 0 0 10px;}.dcr-v7ptng ul:nth-of-type(1){border-left:0 none;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-v7ptng ul{clear:left;}.dcr-v7ptng ul:nth-of-type(odd){border-left:0;padding-left:0;}.dcr-v7ptng ul:nth-of-type(3){padding-top:0;}.dcr-v7ptng ul:nth-of-type(4){padding-top:0;}}@media (min-width: 740px){.dcr-v7ptng ul{margin:0 10px 36px 0;width:150px;}}@media (min-width: 980px){.dcr-v7ptng ul:nth-of-type(1){border-left:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-mzjdd0{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding-bottom:12px;display:block;line-height:19px;}.dcr-mzjdd0:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:#FFE500;}.dcr-ts9jvf{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding-bottom:12px;display:block;line-height:19px;}.dcr-ts9jvf:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:#FFE500;}.dcr-1lactnp{border-left:1px solid #506991;-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;padding:12px 0 0 10px;margin:0 10px 36px 0;width:calc(50% - 10px);}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-1lactnp{width:50%;border-top:1px solid #506991;}}.dcr-17k9rsw{background-color:#052962;padding:0 5px;position:absolute;bottom:-21px;right:20px;}.dcr-1sla8qk{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:bold;line-height:42px;}.dcr-1sla8qk:hover{color:#FFE500;}.dcr-1sla8qk:hover .icon-container{background-color:#FFE500;}.dcr-ngfaio{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:700;padding-right:5px;}.dcr-12ln5sl{position:relative;float:right;border-radius:100%;background-color:#FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;height:42px;min-width:42px;}.dcr-bjnfl9:before{position:absolute;top:6px;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;border:2px solid #052962;border-bottom:0;border-right:0;content:'';height:12px;width:12px;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);}.dcr-2h5xwf{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;padding-left:20px;padding-right:12px;padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:12px;}@media (max-width: 739px){.dcr-2h5xwf{margin-top:11px;}}.dcr-xq28el{position:fixed!important;bottom:0;z-index:17!important;max-height:100vh;overflow:visible;width:100%!important;background:none!important;top:auto!important;}.dcr-1vq2pjs{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:320px;margin:0 auto;right:0;left:0;z-index:1010;}@media (min-width: 660px){.dcr-1vq2pjs{display:none;}}.dcr-1vq2pjs .ad-slot__close-button{display:none;position:absolute;right:3px;top:3px;padding:0;border:0;height:21px;width:21px;background-color:transparent;}.dcr-1vq2pjs .ad-slot__close-button svg{height:0.75rem;width:0.75rem;stroke:#121212;fill:#121212;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-width:0;text-align:center;}.dcr-1vq2pjs .ad-slot--mobile-sticky .ad-slot__label .ad-slot__close-button{display:block;}.dcr-1vq2pjs .ad-slot__close-button__x{stroke:#121212;fill:transparent;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-width:2;text-align:center;}.dcr-1vq2pjs .ad-slot__label{font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.25rem;position:relative;height:1.5rem;background-color:#F6F6F6;padding:0 0.5rem;border-top:0.0625rem solid #DCDCDC;color:#999999;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534cs_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/static/frontend/css/print.css"> </head> <body> <style data-emotion="css 1vqnlic">.css-1vqnlic{font-family:GuardianTextSans,Guardian Text Sans Web,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.5;font-weight:400;height:65px;top:-65px;line-height:55px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;background:#FFFFFF;display:block;text-align:center;margin:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1vqnlic:focus,.css-1vqnlic:active{border:5px solid #00B2FF;position:static;}.css-1vqnlic:visited,.css-1vqnlic:active{color:#000000;}</style><a href="#maincontent" class="css-1vqnlic">Skip to main content</a> <div id="react-root"></div> <div data-print-layout="hide"><div class="dcr-zxh2wg"><div class="dcr-1w4cvku"><div class="dcr-1avyp1d"><div class="dcr-1l675nn"><span class="dcr-l6t30p"><div class="dcr-7gi34x"><div class="ad-slot__label ad-slot__label--toggle hidden dcr-fm94gb">Advertisement</div><div id="dfp-ad--top-above-nav" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--top-above-nav ad-slot--mpu-banner-ad ad-slot--rendered dcr-1budeqa" data-link-name="ad slot top-above-nav" data-name="top-above-nav" data-tablet="1,1|2,2|88,71|fluid|728,90" data-desktop="1,1|2,2|728,90|940,230|900,250|970,250|88,71|fluid" aria-hidden="true"></div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="dcr-dtaqur"><div class="dcr-1reypk2"><header class="dcr-1hflzw"><span class="dcr-1wok5v"><div id="edition-root"><div class="dcr-1yw3i2y"><div class="dcr-1d9bl8d"><div class="dcr-1r92euj"><label for="checkbox-id-edition" class="dcr-1a0j9n9">International edition</label><input type="checkbox" id="checkbox-id-edition" aria-checked="false" tabindex="-1"/><ul id="dropbox-id-edition" class="dcr-1ywlki3"><li><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/preference/edition/int" data-link-name="nav2 : topbar : edition-picker: INT" class="dcr-1ark7u0">International edition</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/preference/edition/uk" data-link-name="nav2 : topbar : edition-picker: UK" class="dcr-1gagq2d">UK edition</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/preference/edition/us" data-link-name="nav2 : topbar : edition-picker: US" class="dcr-1gagq2d">US edition</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/preference/edition/au" data-link-name="nav2 : topbar : edition-picker: AU" class="dcr-1gagq2d">Australian edition</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></span><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/" data-link-name="nav2 : logo" class="dcr-cnvnpg"><span class="dcr-92oqeo">The Guardian - Back to home</span><svg width="301" height="113" viewbox="0 0 301 113" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="dcr-16u47s8"><path d="M116.783 104.968h-8.791v-.065l2.933-1.549c3.879-2.052 5.736-3.903 5.736-6.687 0-2.805-2.029-4.247-5.578-4.247-1.879 0-3.621.258-4.869.753l-.107 4.506h.365l3.32-4.829c1.836 0 2.631 1.356 2.631 3.753 0 2.374-.968 4.397-3.405 6.708l-3.148 2.998v1.902h10.626l.287-3.243zM124.44 108.096c-1.57 0-2.158-2.482-2.158-7.741 0-5.065.602-7.548 2.137-7.548 1.57 0 2.093 2.418 2.093 7.763-.007 5.072-.523 7.526-2.072 7.526zm-.064.387c3.685 0 6.747-2.697 6.747-8.085 0-5.367-2.997-7.978-6.597-7.978-3.642 0-6.854 2.633-6.854 8.107 0 5.244 3.083 7.956 6.704 7.956zM139.003 108.16c-1.57 0-2.158-2.482-2.158-7.741 0-5.065.602-7.547 2.136-7.547 1.57 0 2.094 2.418 2.094 7.763-.007 5.065-.524 7.525-2.072 7.525zm-.065.388c3.686 0 6.747-2.698 6.747-8.086 0-5.366-2.997-7.978-6.596-7.978-3.643 0-6.855 2.634-6.855 8.108 0 5.237 3.083 7.956 6.704 7.956z" fill="#FFE500"/> <path d="M67.475 47.867l5.098-2.475v-37.5h-3.857l-9.429 11.694h-1.054l.588-13.029H99.69l.595 13.029h-1.126L89.931 7.892h-3.957v37.414l5.133 2.533v1.27H67.475v-1.242zM104.945 46.21V4.663l-3.965-1.478v-.774L115.313 0h1.513v19.658l.394-.316c3.169-2.59 7.722-4.261 12.282-4.261 6.274 0 9.041 3.307 9.041 9.477v21.645l3.349 1.707v1.263h-18.735v-1.256l3.363-1.714v-21.71c0-3.393-1.585-4.75-4.553-4.75-1.979 0-3.686.582-4.948 1.529v24.995l3.299 1.708v1.205h-18.742v-1.19l3.369-1.78zM153.55 31.868l10.633-.61c0-8.508-1.563-14.154-4.681-14.154-3.313.007-5.952 6.564-5.952 14.764zm.194 1.586c.387 6.866 3.678 12.182 11.479 12.182 3.771 0 6.446-1.636 8.97-2.877v1.349c-1.951 2.49-6.891 5.99-13.781 5.99-12.088 0-18.262-6.284-18.262-17.16 0-10.633 6.762-17.255 17.681-17.255 10.268 0 15.602 4.8 15.602 17.44v.331h-21.689zM0 65.746c0-18.087 12.805-24.522 27.066-24.522 6.052 0 11.759.91 14.964 2.145l.28 12.62h-1.363l-8.374-12.211c-1.434-.574-2.797-.804-5.299-.804-7.585 0-11.457 8.186-11.335 21.617.143 16.07 3.133 23.36 10.088 23.36 1.806 0 3.205-.259 4.172-.654V70.093l-4.588-2.46V66.19H47.8v1.535l-4.524 2.367v16.982c-3.757 1.363-10.088 2.669-16.77 2.669C10.296 89.75 0 82.727 0 65.746zM47.587 57.309v-1.04l14.935-2.461 1.634.129v27.499c0 3.314 1.707 4.333 4.568 4.333 1.842 0 3.506-.653 4.84-2.138V58.966l-4.095-1.657v-1.084l14.935-2.46 1.499.129v31.524l4.022 1.578v1.005l-14.727 1.693-1.498-.13v-4.14h-.41c-2.724 2.361-6.545 4.399-11.177 4.399-7.155 0-10.432-3.953-10.432-9.944V58.973l-4.094-1.664zM143.054 53.743l1.226.13v10.18h.337c1.599-7.462 5.112-10.253 9.407-10.253.681 0 1.434.065 1.842.259v10.417c-.681-.194-1.907-.258-3.068-.258-3.406 0-5.916.573-8.117 1.513v20.124l3.392 1.758v1.306h-19.359v-1.291l3.484-1.765V58.406l-4.094-1.14v-.933l14.95-2.59z" fill="#fff"/> <path d="M180.516 84.133v-27.57c-.953-.575-1.641-1.285-4.115-1.199-4.03.137-6.517 5.819-6.517 15.956 0 9.112 1.792 14.205 7.155 14.04 1.506-.05 2.732-.552 3.477-1.227zm.022-29.53v-10.74l-4.087-1.34v-.862l15.064-2.582 1.434.193v46.131l4.159 1.414v1.19l-14.864 1.873-1.161-.129v-3.817h-.344c-2.18 2.038-5.184 3.889-9.888 3.889-8.116 0-14.045-5.804-14.045-17.656 0-12.498 6.89-18.64 17.322-18.64 3.004-.006 5.256.503 6.41 1.077zM215.039 45.07c0 3.378-3.069 5.925-6.618 5.925-3.678 0-6.546-2.547-6.546-5.926s2.868-5.99 6.546-5.99c3.549 0 6.618 2.611 6.618 5.99zm-1.363 8.644l1.298.13v32.011l3.406 1.765v1.306h-19.359v-1.291l3.477-1.765V58.908l-4.158-1.528v-1.069l15.336-2.597zM261.844 85.855V58.6l-4.094-1.342v-1.32l14.863-2.59 1.506.13v4.082h.409c3.204-2.676 7.98-4.398 12.683-4.398 6.474 0 9.342 2.87 9.342 9.24v23.403l3.471 1.808v1.306h-19.359v-1.292l3.477-1.772V63.041c0-3.508-1.634-4.907-4.703-4.907-1.979 0-3.607.466-5.112 1.52v26.194l3.413 1.765v1.306h-19.366v-1.292l3.47-1.772zM240.363 84.133V70.36l-2.473.186c-3.886.316-5.292 2.633-5.292 7.763 0 5.574 1.943 7.01 4.689 7.01 1.542.006 2.409-.431 3.076-1.184zm0-15.403v-4.57c0-6.887-1.606-9.14-6.159-9.14-.537 0-1.003.065-1.541.13l-8.102 10.266h-1.14V55.96c3.484-1.005 7.836-2.196 13.594-2.196 9.916 0 15.673 2.569 15.673 10.332v22.29l3.549.876v.875c-1.405.81-4.223 1.564-7.299 1.564-4.889 0-7.234-1.5-8.302-4.01h-.337c-2.08 2.632-5.026 4.132-9.644 4.132-5.893 0-9.916-3.444-9.916-9.391 0-5.761 3.815-8.89 11.587-10.267l8.037-1.435zM110.803 84.133V70.36l-2.48.186c-3.887.316-5.292 2.633-5.292 7.763 0 5.574 1.943 7.01 4.689 7.01 1.542.006 2.417-.431 3.083-1.184zm0-15.403v-4.57c0-6.887-1.606-9.14-6.159-9.14-.537 0-1.003.065-1.541.13l-8.102 10.266h-1.14V55.96c3.484-1.005 7.837-2.196 13.594-2.196 9.916 0 15.673 2.569 15.673 10.332v22.29l3.549.876v.875c-1.405.81-4.223 1.564-7.299 1.564-4.889 0-7.234-1.5-8.302-4.01h-.337c-2.079 2.632-5.026 4.132-9.644 4.132-5.893 0-9.909-3.444-9.909-9.391 0-5.761 3.815-8.89 11.587-10.267l8.03-1.435zM149.772 112.422l-1.155-2.238v-.309h4.152l-4.833-12.684-.939-.474v-.351h6.03v.351l-1.212.538 2.603 7.562 2.251-7.21-1.527-.89v-.351h3.112v.351l-1.176.826-3.542 11.163c-.631 1.973-1.828 3.278-3.764 3.716zm11.335-10.776c.137 2.798.976 4.513 3.722 4.513.903 0 1.663-.122 2.387-.459v.33c-.609.975-2.093 1.987-4.23 1.987-3.621 0-5.478-2.317-5.478-6.026 0-3.623 2.036-5.883 5.32-5.883 3.305 0 4.696 1.865 4.696 5.244v.287h-6.417v.007zm0-.416l3.033-.143c0-3.566-.451-4.578-1.391-4.578-1.018 0-1.642 1.45-1.642 4.721zm12.469-.186V99.53c0-2.303-.473-3.042-1.664-3.042-.136 0-.251.021-.394.043l-2.638 3.788h-.337l.078-3.523c1.019-.33 2.288-.703 3.973-.703 2.896 0 4.581.847 4.581 3.415v7.375l1.04.287v.287c-.409.273-1.233.517-2.137.517-1.427 0-2.115-.495-2.423-1.327h-.101c-.609.868-1.47 1.37-2.817 1.37-1.721 0-2.897-1.141-2.897-3.106 0-1.909 1.118-2.942 3.384-3.401l2.352-.466zm0 5.1v-4.555l-.724.064c-1.133.101-1.549.868-1.549 2.569 0 1.844.566 2.317 1.369 2.317.452 0 .703-.151.904-.395zm9.658-9.986l.351.043v3.228h.1c.545-2.468 1.449-3.4 2.66-3.4.194 0 .409.021.531.086v3.415c-.194-.065-.545-.086-.882-.086-.975 0-1.699.1-2.33.373v7.231l1.448.309v.352h-6.144v-.352l1.118-.309v-9.384l-1.176-.495v-.351l4.324-.66zm12.719 8.078c0 2.339-1.549 3.752-4.402 3.752-1.291 0-2.624-.165-3.657-.581l-.115-3.357h.33l2.796 3.458c.194.064.409.1.588.1 1.198 0 1.743-.682 1.743-1.743 0-.933-.474-1.285-1.7-1.909l-.645-.308c-1.957-.976-3.09-1.987-3.09-3.896 0-2.317 1.527-3.688 4.151-3.688 1.076 0 2.252.101 3.148.374l.1 3.128h-.33l-2.136-3.028a2.024 2.024 0 00-.689-.122c-1.054 0-1.527.646-1.527 1.571 0 1.012.452 1.35 1.764 1.988l.609.287c2.001 1.011 3.062 1.901 3.062 3.974zM73.541 107.673l1.312-.287V93.754l-1.29-.308v-.352h11.392l.1 4.85h-.329l-2.545-4.455h-3.19v7.024h1.562l1.778-2.755h.33v5.947h-.33l-1.778-2.776H78.99v6.485l1.527.273v.352h-6.969v-.366h-.007zM84.29 102.313c0-3.644 2.193-5.904 5.477-5.904 3.284 0 5.52 2.26 5.52 5.926 0 3.688-2.193 6.005-5.499 6.005-3.27 0-5.499-2.339-5.499-6.027zm3.856.022c0 4.477.567 5.632 1.664 5.632 1.075 0 1.627-1.184 1.627-5.654 0-4.455-.53-5.531-1.641-5.531-1.083 0-1.65 1.098-1.65 5.553zM99.69 96.474l.351.043v3.228h.1c.545-2.468 1.449-3.393 2.66-3.393.194 0 .409.021.531.086v3.415c-.194-.065-.545-.087-.882-.087-.975 0-1.706.101-2.33.374v7.231l1.448.309v.351h-6.144v-.351l1.118-.309v-9.39l-1.176-.496v-.351l4.324-.66z" fill="#fff"/></svg></a><div id="reader-revenue-links-header"></div><div id="links-root"><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-cc5btv"><div class="dcr-1o9q826"></div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://jobs.theguardian.com/?INTCMP=jobs_uk_web_newheader" data-link-name="nav2 : job-cta" class="dcr-njzsg5">Search jobs</a><div class="dcr-96v916"></div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://profile.theguardian.com/signin?INTCMP=DOTCOM_NEWHEADER_SIGNIN&ABCMP=ab-sign-in&componentEventParams=componentType%3Didentityauthentication%26componentId%3Dguardian_signin_header" data-link-name="nav2 : topbar : signin" class="dcr-md0w21"><svg width="14" height="14" viewbox="0 0 14 14"><path d="M7 0C3.1 0 0 3.1 0 7c0 2 .9 3.9 2.4 5.2C3.6 13.4 5.3 14 7 14c1.7 0 3.4-.6 4.7-1.8C13.2 10.9 14 9 14 7c0-3.9-3.1-7-7-7zm0 1.8c1.3 0 2.1.8 2.1 2.1S8 6.3 7 6.3c-.8 0-2-1.1-2-2.4 0-1.4.7-2.1 2-2.1zm0 11.6c-1.7 0-3.3-.7-4.5-1.8l.8-3.2.5-.5c1-.4 2.1-.5 3.1-.5 1.1 0 2.1.2 3.1.5l.5.5.9 3.2c-1.1 1.2-2.7 1.8-4.4 1.8z"/></svg> Sign in</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.google.co.uk/advanced_search?q=site:www.theguardian.com" data-link-name="nav2 : search" class="dcr-2mdywk"><svg width="18" height="18" viewbox="0 0 18 18"><path d="M6.5 1.6c2.7 0 4.9 2.2 4.9 4.9s-2.2 4.9-4.9 4.9-4.9-2.2-4.9-4.9 2.2-4.9 4.9-4.9m0-1.6c-3.6 0-6.5 2.9-6.5 6.5s2.9 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5-2.9 6.5-6.5-2.9-6.5-6.5-6.5zm6.6 11.5l4.9 4.9-1.6 1.6-4.9-4.9v-.8l.8-.8h.8z"/></svg>Search</a></div></div></header></div></div></div><div class="dcr-dtaqur"><div class="dcr-l99m16"><div class="dcr-4c6dm7"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ // Used to toggle data-link-name on label buttons var navInputCheckbox = document.getElementById('top-nav-input-checkbox') var showMoreButton = document.getElementById('show-more-button') var veggieBurger = document.getElementById('veggie-burger') var expandedMenuClickableTags = document.querySelectorAll('.selectableMenuItem') var expandedMenu = document.getElementById('expanded-menu-root') // We assume News is the 1st column var firstColLabel = document.getElementById('News-button') var firstColLink = document.querySelectorAll('#newsLinks > li:first-of-type > a')[0] var focusOnFirstNavElement = function(){ // need to focus on first element in list, firstColLabel is not viewable on desktop if(window.getComputedStyle(firstColLabel).display === 'none'){ firstColLink.focus() } else { firstColLabel.focus() } } if (!navInputCheckbox) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. navInputCheckbox.addEventListener('click',function(){ if(!navInputCheckbox.checked) { showMoreButton.setAttribute('data-link-name','nav2 : veggie-burger: show') veggieBurger.setAttribute('data-link-name','nav2 : veggie-burger: show') expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach(function($selectableElement){ $selectableElement.setAttribute('tabindex','-1') }) } else { showMoreButton.setAttribute('data-link-name','nav2 : veggie-burger: hide') veggieBurger.setAttribute('data-link-name','nav2 : veggie-burger: hide') expandedMenuClickableTags.forEach(function($selectableElement){ $selectableElement.setAttribute('tabindex','0') }) focusOnFirstNavElement() } }) var toggleMainMenu = function(e){ navInputCheckbox.click() } // Close hide menu on press enter var keydownToggleMainMenu = function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() toggleMainMenu() } } showMoreButton.addEventListener('keydown', keydownToggleMainMenu) veggieBurger.addEventListener('keydown', keydownToggleMainMenu) // Accessibility to hide Nav when pressing escape key document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 27 => esc if (e.keyCode === 27) { if(navInputCheckbox.checked) { toggleMainMenu() if(window.getComputedStyle(veggieBurger).display === 'none'){ showMoreButton.focus() }else{ veggieBurger.focus() } } } }) // onBlur close dialog document.addEventListener('mousedown', function(e){ if(navInputCheckbox.checked && !expandedMenu.contains(e.target)){ toggleMainMenu() } }); })</script><nav role="navigation" aria-label="Guardian sections" data-component="nav2" class="dcr-um7al3"><input type="checkbox" id="top-nav-input-checkbox" name="more" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-92oqeo"/><ul data-testid="pillar-list" class="dcr-1sga83g"><li class="dcr-1ev5v4n"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/" data-link-name="nav2 : primary : News" class="dcr-egmxy8">News</a></li><li class="dcr-1ev5v4n"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree" data-link-name="nav2 : primary : Opinion" class="dcr-3cz14g">Opinion</a></li><li class="dcr-1ev5v4n"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/sport" data-link-name="nav2 : primary : Sport" class="dcr-srgalk">Sport</a></li><li class="dcr-1ev5v4n"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/culture" data-link-name="nav2 : primary : Culture" class="dcr-qqgxgv">Culture</a></li><li class="dcr-1ev5v4n"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle" data-link-name="nav2 : primary : Lifestyle" class="dcr-6il7jv">Lifestyle</a></li></ul><div id="expanded-menu-root"><label id="show-more-button" aria-label="Toggle main menu" for="top-nav-input-checkbox" data-link-name="nav2 : veggie-burger: show" tabindex="0" role="button" data-cy="nav-show-more-button" class="dcr-v7ti3m"><span class="dcr-92oqeo">Show</span><span class="dcr-p41og1">More</span></label><label id="veggie-burger" aria-label="Toggle main menu" for="top-nav-input-checkbox" data-link-name="nav2 : veggie-burger: show" tabindex="0" role="button" data-cy="veggie-burger" class="dcr-vnq9lx"><span class="dcr-92oqeo">Show More</span><span class="dcr-1sim4qs"></span></label><div id="expanded-menu" class="dcr-8zon8t"><div data-testid="expanded-menu" data-cy="expanded-menu" class="dcr-1v07klx"><ul role="menubar" data-cy="nav-menu-columns" class="dcr-1xumyce"><li role="none" class="dcr-1v6xkth"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('News-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('News-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="News-checkbox-input" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-92oqeo"/><label id="News-button" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-xka4se" aria-label="Toggle News" for="News-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="newsLinks" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-cy="column-collapse-News" data-link-name="nav2 : column-toggle-News: show">News</label><ul role="menu" id="newsLinks" data-cy="newsLinks" class="dcr-wzbqqq"><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/coronavirus-outbreak" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Coronavirus" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Coronavirus" tabindex="-1">Coronavirus</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : World news" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-World" tabindex="-1">World news</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : UK news" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-UK" tabindex="-1">UK news</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/environment" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Environment" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Environment" tabindex="-1">Environment</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/science" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Science" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Science" tabindex="-1">Science</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Global development" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Global development" tabindex="-1">Global development</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/football" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Football" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Football" tabindex="-1">Football</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/technology" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Tech" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Tech" tabindex="-1">Tech</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/business" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Business" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Business" tabindex="-1">Business</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/tone/obituaries" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Obituaries" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Obituaries" tabindex="-1">Obituaries</a></li></ul></li><li role="none" class="dcr-1v6xkth"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Opinion-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Opinion-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Opinion-checkbox-input" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-92oqeo"/><label id="Opinion-button" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1f5hn1l" aria-label="Toggle Opinion" for="Opinion-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="opinionLinks" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-cy="column-collapse-Opinion" data-link-name="nav2 : column-toggle-Opinion: show">Opinion</label><ul role="menu" id="opinionLinks" data-cy="opinionLinks" class="dcr-yc189x"><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/profile/editorial" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : The Guardian view" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-The Guardian view" tabindex="-1">The Guardian view</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/index/contributors" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Columnists" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Columnists" tabindex="-1">Columnists</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/cartoons/archive" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Cartoons" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Cartoons" tabindex="-1">Cartoons</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/type/video+tone/comment" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Opinion videos" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Opinion videos" tabindex="-1">Opinion videos</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/tone/letters" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Letters" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Letters" tabindex="-1">Letters</a></li></ul></li><li role="none" class="dcr-1v6xkth"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Sport-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Sport-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Sport-checkbox-input" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-92oqeo"/><label id="Sport-button" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-1m18ln3" aria-label="Toggle Sport" for="Sport-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="sportLinks" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-cy="column-collapse-Sport" data-link-name="nav2 : column-toggle-Sport: show">Sport</label><ul role="menu" id="sportLinks" data-cy="sportLinks" class="dcr-1scawcd"><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/olympic-games-2020" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Tokyo 2020" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Tokyo 2020" tabindex="-1">Tokyo 2020</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/football" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Football" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Football" tabindex="-1">Football</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/cricket" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Cricket" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Cricket" tabindex="-1">Cricket</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/rugby-union" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Rugby union" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Rugby union" tabindex="-1">Rugby union</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/tennis" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Tennis" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Tennis" tabindex="-1">Tennis</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/cycling" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Cycling" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Cycling" tabindex="-1">Cycling</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/formulaone" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : F1" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-F1" tabindex="-1">F1</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/golf" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Golf" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Golf" tabindex="-1">Golf</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/us-sport" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : US sports" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-US sports" tabindex="-1">US sports</a></li></ul></li><li role="none" class="dcr-1v6xkth"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Culture-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Culture-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Culture-checkbox-input" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-92oqeo"/><label id="Culture-button" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-hbarp8" aria-label="Toggle Culture" for="Culture-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="cultureLinks" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-cy="column-collapse-Culture" data-link-name="nav2 : column-toggle-Culture: show">Culture</label><ul role="menu" id="cultureLinks" data-cy="cultureLinks" class="dcr-r5o6p0"><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/books" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Books" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Books" tabindex="-1">Books</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/music" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Music" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Music" tabindex="-1">Music</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : TV & radio" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-TV & radio" tabindex="-1">TV & radio</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Art & design" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Art & design" tabindex="-1">Art & design</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/film" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Film" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Film" tabindex="-1">Film</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/games" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Games" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Games" tabindex="-1">Games</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/music/classicalmusicandopera" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Classical" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Classical" tabindex="-1">Classical</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/stage" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Stage" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Stage" tabindex="-1">Stage</a></li></ul></li><li role="none" class="dcr-1v6xkth"><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var columnInput = document.getElementById('Lifestyle-button'); if (!columnInput) return; // Sticky nav replaces the nav so element no longer exists for users in test. columnInput.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){ // keyCode: 13 => Enter key | keyCode: 32 => Space key if (e.keyCode === 13 || e.keyCode === 32) { e.preventDefault() document.getElementById('Lifestyle-checkbox-input').click(); } }) })</script><input type="checkbox" id="Lifestyle-checkbox-input" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-92oqeo"/><label id="Lifestyle-button" class="selectableMenuItem dcr-7lclo4" aria-label="Toggle Lifestyle" for="Lifestyle-checkbox-input" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="lifestyleLinks" tabindex="-1" role="menuitem" data-cy="column-collapse-Lifestyle" data-link-name="nav2 : column-toggle-Lifestyle: show">Lifestyle</label><ul role="menu" id="lifestyleLinks" data-cy="lifestyleLinks" class="dcr-1ag59f8"><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Fashion" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Fashion" tabindex="-1">Fashion</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/food" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Food" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Food" tabindex="-1">Food</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/tone/recipes" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Recipes" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Recipes" tabindex="-1">Recipes</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/love-and-sex" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Love & sex" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Love & sex" tabindex="-1">Love & sex</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/health-and-wellbeing" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Health & fitness" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Health & fitness" tabindex="-1">Health & fitness</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/home-and-garden" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Home & garden" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Home & garden" tabindex="-1">Home & garden</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/women" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Women" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Women" tabindex="-1">Women</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/men" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Men" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Men" tabindex="-1">Men</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/family" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Family" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Family" tabindex="-1">Family</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/travel" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Travel" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Travel" tabindex="-1">Travel</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/money" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Money" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Money" tabindex="-1">Money</a></li></ul></li><ul role="menu" class="dcr-1blnjq7"><li role="none" class="dcr-olqzeg"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?INTCMP=side_menu_support_contribute&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support_contribute%22%7D" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Make a contribution" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Make a contribution" tabindex="-1">Make a contribution</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-olqzeg"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://support.theguardian.com/subscribe?INTCMP=side_menu_support_subscribe&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22:%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22,%22componentType%22:%22ACQUISITIONS_HEADER%22,%22componentId%22:%22side_menu_support_subscribe%22%7D" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Subscribe" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Subscribe" tabindex="-1">Subscribe</a></li></ul><li role="none" class="dcr-1hceabt"><ul role="menu" id="moreLinks" class="dcr-sqg38i"><li role="none" class="dcr-olqzeg"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://jobs.theguardian.com/?INTCMP=jobs_int_web_newheader_dropdown" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Search jobs" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Search jobs" tabindex="-1">Search jobs</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-olqzeg"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://holidays.theguardian.com/?INTCMP=holidays_int_web_newheader" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Holidays" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Holidays" tabindex="-1">Holidays</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-olqzeg"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://theguardian.newspapers.com/" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Digital Archive" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Digital Archive" tabindex="-1">Digital Archive</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-olqzeg"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://puzzles.theguardian.com/download" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Guardian Puzzles app" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Guardian Puzzles app" tabindex="-1">Guardian Puzzles app</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/mobile/2014/may/29/the-guardian-for-mobile-and-tablet" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : The Guardian app" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-The Guardian app" tabindex="-1">The Guardian app</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/video" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Video" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Video" tabindex="-1">Video</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/podcasts" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Podcasts" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Podcasts" tabindex="-1">Podcasts</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/inpictures" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Pictures" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Pictures" tabindex="-1">Pictures</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/email-newsletters" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Newsletters" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Newsletters" tabindex="-1">Newsletters</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Today's paper" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Today's paper" tabindex="-1">Today's paper</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/membership" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Inside the Guardian" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Inside the Guardian" tabindex="-1">Inside the Guardian</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/observer" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : The Observer" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-The Observer" tabindex="-1">The Observer</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/weekly?INTCMP=gdnwb_mawns_editorial_gweekly_GW_TopNav_Int" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Guardian Weekly" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Guardian Weekly" tabindex="-1">Guardian Weekly</a></li><li role="none" class="dcr-mdwiz6"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-155wclf" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/crosswords" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : secondary : Crosswords" data-cy="column-collapse-sublink-Crosswords" tabindex="-1">Crosswords</a></li></ul></li><li role="none" class="dcr-6711t4"><ul role="menu" class="dcr-upde3g"><li class="dcr-1yr64jd"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-18x77xn" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://jobs.theguardian.com/?INTCMP=jobs_int_web_newheader_dropdown" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : brand extension : Search jobs" tabindex="-1">Search jobs</a></li><li class="dcr-1yr64jd"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-18x77xn" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://holidays.theguardian.com/?INTCMP=holidays_int_web_newheader" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : brand extension : Holidays" tabindex="-1">Holidays</a></li><li class="dcr-1yr64jd"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-18x77xn" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://theguardian.newspapers.com/" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : brand extension : Digital Archive" tabindex="-1">Digital Archive</a></li><li class="dcr-1yr64jd"><a class="selectableMenuItem dcr-18x77xn" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://puzzles.theguardian.com/download" role="menuitem" data-link-name="nav2 : brand extension : Guardian Puzzles app" tabindex="-1">Guardian Puzzles app</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div></div></div><div class="dcr-1jp4og"><div id="sub-nav-root" class="dcr-1f41bee"><div data-print-layout="hide" data-cy="sub-nav" data-component="sub-nav" class="dcr-1nbntzu"><ul class="dcr-1mc3jf3"><li class="dcr-1spbnl8"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world" class="dcr-r260na">World</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/europe-news" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : world/europe-news" class="dcr-r260na">Europe</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : us-news" class="dcr-r260na">US</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/americas" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : world/americas" class="dcr-r260na">Americas</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/asia" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : world/asia" class="dcr-r260na">Asia</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : australia-news" class="dcr-r260na">Australia</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/middleeast" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : world/middleeast" class="dcr-r260na"><span class="dcr-1j389vi">Middle East</span></a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/africa" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : world/africa" class="dcr-r260na">Africa</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/inequality" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : inequality" class="dcr-r260na">Inequality</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : global-development" class="dcr-r260na">Global development</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="dcr-1jp4og"><div class="dcr-5827gf"><div class="dcr-iqptnv"></div></div></div><div id="dfp-ad--survey" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--survey dcr-1cn4pv6" data-link-name="ad slot survey" data-name="survey" data-label="false" data-refresh="false" data-out-of-page="true" data-desktop="1,1" aria-hidden="true"></div><article class="dcr-1jp4og"><div class="dcr-1ipk5a"><div class="dcr-1ug36x3"><div class="dcr-hfp9tp"><div class="dcr-10jdkim"><div class="dcr-1u8qly9"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/womens-rights-and-gender-equality" data-component="section" data-link-name="article section" class="content__label__link dcr-yx39j8"><span>Women's rights and gender equality</span></a></div></div></div><div class="dcr-qpwrb4"><div class="dcr-17igkm0"></div></div><div class="dcr-7disnw"><div class="dcr-krkkhw"></div></div><div class="dcr-1nupfq9"><div class="dcr-krkkhw"><div class="dcr-13a2edo"><h1 class="dcr-125vfar">Jehan Sadat obituary</h1></div></div></div><div class="dcr-zjgnrw"><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-mj1r7n">Champion of social justice and women’s rights in Egypt before and after the assassination of her husband, President Anwar Sadat</div></div><div class="dcr-pn0kqp"><div class="dcr-krkkhw"><div class="dcr-16n5mgq"><figure id="e8d6024e-046b-4276-bc8e-cf09f4649a03" class="dcr-13udsys"><div class="dcr-1b267dg"><picture itemprop="contentUrl"><source srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=dd8e48c60737dd70d24f41320c2ffec6 1240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=cb0219b440a986dfb8aaed9a93fce7ca 1210w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=06a6820b2ee2c6d65fd6ae3ed01a6cef 890w" sizes="(min-width: 660px) 620px, 100vw" media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=f06d5df2488784982a3703caa8b72e3c 620w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=ec754218e9616b5fa6887addfba0eb4c 605w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=692955bfbe70fa928155469c6bb86b21 445w" sizes="(min-width: 660px) 620px, 100vw"/><img alt="Jehan Sadat interviewed at home in 1992. Her Egyptian father met her British mother while he was a medical student at Sheffield University." src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/2711409aef0008d565885b753b4f5d26425e77f7/0_375_1288_772/master/1288.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=06a6820b2ee2c6d65fd6ae3ed01a6cef" height="600" width="1000" class="dcr-1989ovb"/></picture><span class="dcr-172h6t9"><div class="dcr-ho1qnd"><div class="dcr-1kjku2s"><label for="the-checkbox" class="dcr-1e2h9sk"><svg width="6" height="14" fill="white" viewbox="0 0 6 14"><path d="M4.6 12l-.4 1.4c-.7.2-1.9.6-3 .6-.7 0-1.2-.2-1.2-.9 0-.2 0-.3.1-.5l2-6.7H.7l.4-1.5 4.2-.6h.2L3 12h1.6zm-.3-9.2c-.9 0-1.4-.5-1.4-1.3C2.9.5 3.7 0 4.6 0 5.4 0 6 .5 6 1.3c0 1-.8 1.5-1.7 1.5z"></path></svg></label><input type="checkbox" id="the-checkbox"/> <div id="the-caption"><figcaption class="dcr-11zodit"><span class="dcr-12zcz0k"><svg width="11" height="10" viewbox="0 0 11 10"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.5 0L11 10H0z"/></svg></span><span class="dcr-19x4pdv">Jehan Sadat interviewed at home in 1992. Her Egyptian father met her British mother while he was a medical student at Sheffield University.</span> Photograph: Norbert Schiller/AP</figcaption></div></div></div></span></div><span class="dcr-l6t30p"><figcaption class="dcr-d5sshu"><span class="dcr-12zcz0k"><svg width="11" height="10" viewbox="0 0 11 10"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.5 0L11 10H0z"/></svg></span><span class="dcr-19x4pdv">Jehan Sadat interviewed at home in 1992. Her Egyptian father met her British mother while he was a medical student at Sheffield University.</span> Photograph: Norbert Schiller/AP</figcaption></span></figure></div></div></div><div class="dcr-1o781fl"><div class="dcr-krkkhw"><div class="dcr-ss9mnu"><div class="dcr-iqptnv"></div></div></div></div><div class="dcr-1aul2ye"><div class="dcr-krkkhw"><div class="dcr-ss9mnu"><div class="dcr-1eucl2a"><div class="dcr-fj5ypv"><div><address aria-label="Contributor info" data-component="meta-byline" data-link-name="byline"><div class="dcr-q1awta"><a rel="author" data-link-name="auto tag link" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/profile/trevor-mostyn">Trevor Mostyn</a></div></address><div class="dcr-18svo86"><div class="dcr-s64set"><label for="dateToggle" class="dcr-hn0k3p">Fri 23 Jul 2021 20.55 BST</label><input type="checkbox" id="dateToggle" class="dcr-miumx2"/><p class="dcr-vdb1rb">Last modified on Fri 23 Jul 2021 21.12 BST</p></div></div></div></div><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-15yir0q"><div class="dcr-136ng6c"><ul class="dcr-1n0u3w8"><li class="dcr-i43ppq"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.facebook.com/dialog/share?app_id=180444840287&href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Fjul%2F23%2Fjehan-sadat-obituary&CMP=share_btn_fb" role="button" aria-label="Share on Facebook" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-ignore="global-link-styling"><span class="dcr-3hmq58"><svg width="32" height="32" viewbox="-2 -2 32 32"><path d="M17.9 14h-3v8H12v-8h-2v-2.9h2V8.7C12 6.8 13.1 5 16 5c1.2 0 2 .1 2 .1v3h-1.8c-1 0-1.2.5-1.2 1.3v1.8h3l-.1 2.8z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li class="dcr-i43ppq"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Jehan%20Sadat%20obituary&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Fjul%2F23%2Fjehan-sadat-obituary&CMP=share_btn_tw" role="button" aria-label="Share on Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-ignore="global-link-styling"><span class="dcr-3hmq58"><svg width="32" height="32" viewbox="-2 -2 32 32"><path d="M21.3 10.5v.5c0 4.7-3.5 10.1-9.9 10.1-2 0-3.8-.6-5.3-1.6.3 0 .6.1.8.1 1.6 0 3.1-.6 4.3-1.5-1.5 0-2.8-1-3.3-2.4.2 0 .4.1.7.1l.9-.1c-1.6-.3-2.8-1.8-2.8-3.5.5.3 1 .4 1.6.4-.9-.6-1.6-1.7-1.6-2.9 0-.6.2-1.3.5-1.8 1.7 2.1 4.3 3.6 7.2 3.7-.1-.3-.1-.5-.1-.8 0-2 1.6-3.5 3.5-3.5 1 0 1.9.4 2.5 1.1.8-.1 1.5-.4 2.2-.8-.3.8-.8 1.5-1.5 1.9.7-.1 1.4-.3 2-.5-.4.4-1 1-1.7 1.5z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li class="dcr-i43ppq"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/mailto:/?subject=Jehan%20Sadat%20obituary&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Fjul%2F23%2Fjehan-sadat-obituary&CMP=share_btn_link" role="button" aria-label="Share via Email" target="_blank" data-ignore="global-link-styling"><span class="dcr-3hmq58"><svg width="32" height="32" viewbox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M23.363 20.875H8.637v-8.938l6.545 5.687h1.637l6.544-5.687v8.938zm-1.635-9.75L16 16l-5.728-4.875h11.456zM23.363 9.5H8.637L7 11.125v9.75L8.637 22.5h14.727L25 20.875v-9.75L23.363 9.5z"></path></svg></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-woi6b2"><div class="dcr-1ozgk8l"><div class="meta-number" id="share-count-root"></div><div class="meta-number" id="comment-count-root"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="dcr-185kcx9"><main class="dcr-lg1c4h"><main class="dcr-myhfeo"><div tabindex="0" id="maincontent" class="dcr-1fud97m"><div class="article-body-commercial-selector article-body-viewer-selector dcr-bjn8wh"><p class="dcr-s23rjr">Jehan Sadat, who has died aged 88 of cancer, spent most of her life promoting social justice and women’s rights in Egypt. She continued to campaign decades after her husband, President <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anwar-Sadat" title data-link-name="in body link">Anwar Sadat</a>, was assassinated, on 6 October 1981, by militants in the army avenging the imprisonment of fellow Islamists and condemning the 1978 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/on-the-middle-east/2013/nov/15/egypt-israel-carter-cia" title data-link-name="in body link">Camp David accords</a> that he had signed with Israel.</p><p class="dcr-s23rjr">As a girl in Cairo, Jehan had explored the streets of her neighbourhood of Al-Manial, attributing her self-confidence to her supportive parents. She said that her fight against gender inequality started during her schooldays, when she was encouraged to focus on subjects such as sewing and cooking in preparation for marriage rather than the sciences that would lead to a university career. “I have always regretted that decision. I would never allow my daughters to close off their futures that way,” she wrote in her autobiography, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/A-Woman-of-Egypt/Jehan-Sadat/9780743237086" title data-link-name="in body link">A Woman of Egypt</a> (1987).</p><p id="sign-in-gate"></p><p class="dcr-s23rjr">Jehan had married Sadat in 1949 at the age of 15; a former army officer, he was twice her age and active in the fight against British control in Egypt. Three years later, he was a key player in the military coup that toppled King Farouk and later brought <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education1" title data-link-name="in body link">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> to the presidency. Sadat took a series of senior positions in the government and after Nasser’s death in 1970 was elected president.</p><figure id="dd7608a3-1581-4125-a8ff-f21fd944b5b0" class="dcr-10khgmf"><div class="dcr-1b267dg"><picture itemprop="contentUrl"><source srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=620&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=5dab4f15c57dabb3e4050a799c2b6f9e 1240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=5fa722024980bdd8f4d5306a006f532d 1210w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=cdb2c4ffd0889aa5a843b8dd78cdce42 890w" sizes="(min-width: 660px) 620px, 100vw" media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=620&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=b7adbfd08f53daac588689565fb5a231 620w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=605&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=a06806ffb9e4eb1572787538217c58e2 605w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=445&quality=85&auto=format&fit=max&s=255cc6cd1ceb2b4fa20d4e6863d6e2da 445w" sizes="(min-width: 660px) 620px, 100vw"/><img alt="President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, left, shaking hands with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem of Israel, with Jimmy Carter looking on at the US presidential retreat at Camp David in 1978, before the announcement of the historic peace accords the following year." src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/10c81e610dab4ec598d9eafb8bb7319191255f83/0_68_1877_1126/master/1877.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=cdb2c4ffd0889aa5a843b8dd78cdce42" height="1126" width="1877" loading="lazy" class="dcr-1989ovb"/></picture></div><figcaption class="dcr-d5sshu"><span class="dcr-12zcz0k"><svg width="11" height="10" viewbox="0 0 11 10"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.5 0L11 10H0z"/></svg></span><span class="dcr-19x4pdv">President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, left, shaking hands with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem of Israel, with Jimmy Carter looking on at the US presidential retreat at Camp David, Maryland, in 1978, before the announcement of the historic peace accords the following year.</span> Photograph: Karl Schumacher/EPA</figcaption></figure><p class="dcr-s23rjr">Jehan had begun her work for women’s rights in the years before she became first lady. She was vocal in condemning female genital mutilation and played a crucial role in the 1960s in the formation of a co-operative in the village of Talla in the Nile Delta that helped local women become skilled in sewing and therefore economically independent of their husbands.</p><p class="dcr-s23rjr">She also headed <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/" title data-link-name="in body link">SOS Children’s Villages</a>, an organisation that provides homes for orphans in a family environment. In 1975 she led the Egyptian delegation to the UN international conference on women in Mexico City and to the 1980 conference in Copenhagen.</p><p class="dcr-s23rjr">Most crucially, she was involved in a campaign to reform Egypt’s status law that would grant women new rights to divorce their husbands and retain custody of their children. The 1975 film Oridu Hallan (I Want a Solution), starring Faten Hamama, illustrated the struggles of Egyptian women under a conservative legal system that suppressed their rights.</p><aside class="dcr-1x8p67f"><span class="dcr-14gqw6s"><svg width="70" height="49" viewbox="0 0 35 25" data-testid="quote-icon" class="dcr-u6yq9m"><path d="M69.587.9c-1.842 15.556-3.89 31.316-4.708 48.1H37.043c3.07-16.784 8.391-32.544 17.602-48.1h14.942zM32.949.9c-2.047 15.556-4.094 31.316-4.912 48.1H.2C3.066 32.216 8.592 16.456 17.598.9h15.35z"></path></svg></span><blockquote class="dcr-1u4hpl4">Egypt will not be a democracy until women are as free as men</blockquote><footer><cite class="dcr-1irn6li"></cite></footer></aside><p class="dcr-s23rjr">“Over half our population are women, Anwar,” she told her husband, as she recorded in A Woman of Egypt. “Egypt will not be a democracy until women are as free as men.”</p><p class="dcr-s23rjr">The attempts of some liberal clerics to defend the limited legal amendments supported by Jehan were undermined by the growing influence of Wahhabi Saudi Arabia. Despite the backlash from conservative Muslims, in the summer of 1979 her husband granted her wish and issued decrees improving the divorce status of women, as well as a second law that set aside 30 seats in parliament for women. These measures, which were later passed through parliament, became known as “Jehan’s laws”.</p><p class="dcr-s23rjr">She was born Jehan Raouf in Cairo, into an upper-middle-class family, the third child of Safwat Raouf, an Egyptian surgeon, and his wife, Gladys Cotrell, a British music teacher, who had met in Sheffield when Safwat was studying medicine at the university. Jehan was raised as a Muslim, according to her father’s wishes, but she also attended a Christian secondary school for girls in Cairo.</p><p class="dcr-s23rjr">She met Anwar at a summer party at her cousin’s house, not long after he was released from prison for the second time for his revolutionary activities; he was also recently divorced. The idealistic Jehan was impressed, despite her mother’s initial misgivings and the 15-year age gap. They married the following year, and went on to have four children. </p><p class="dcr-s23rjr">In 1977 Anwar flew to Jerusalem to propose a peace settlement to the Israeli Knesset, and the following year he signed the Camp David accords, the first peace treaty between an Arab nation and Israel, with the prime minister Menachem Begin and the US president <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/jimmy-carter" data-component="auto-linked-tag" data-link-name="in body link">Jimmy Carter</a>. Jehan, who was a far more visible first lady than President Nasser’s wife had been, later made a point of saying that she had stood by her husband even though the peace agreement was highly controversial in Egypt.</p><figure id="15868e44-3684-4ac0-a60e-57cc4d1a69cb" class="dcr-10khgmf"><div data-component="youtube-embed" class="dcr-1szt2rl"><div class="dcr-laouyh"><iframe src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534if_/https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/FbZ_7YgcdFw?wmode=opaque&feature=oembed" height="259" width="460" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div><figcaption class="dcr-d5sshu"><span class="dcr-12zcz0k"><svg width="11" height="10" viewbox="0 0 11 10"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.5 0L11 10H0z"/></svg></span><span class="dcr-19x4pdv">Jehan Sadat interviewed by Barbara Walters </span></figcaption></div></figure><p class="dcr-s23rjr">While he had believed that the affection of the armed forces for him was such that they could not be infiltrated by militant Islamists, she later told the BBC: “<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0338wmv" title data-link-name="in body link">I knew that he would be killed.</a>” She begged him to wear a bullet-proof vest but he refused, and was proud of the new uniform that he had had designed for <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/oct/07/archive-president-sadat-assassinated" title data-link-name="in body link">a military march-past on the outskirts of Cairo</a>.</p><p class="dcr-s23rjr">When people were looking up at the Egyptian air force planes flying in formation and doing aerobatics, Jehan noticed an army truck pulling out of the line of artillery vehicles and stopping in front of the reviewing stands. Then she saw soldiers with machine-guns running towards the stands. Her husband stood up, was riddled with bullets, and fell. The glass through which she and her grandchildren were watching was likewise splintered by bullets, and her bodyguard pushed her to the ground.</p><p class="dcr-s23rjr">Jehan spoke of the shock of losing the man who was not only “my beloved husband whom I loved all my life, but ... my partner”.</p><p class="dcr-s23rjr">Her aspiration to higher education had eventually been realised, with a BA (1977) in Arabic literature and an MA (1980) in comparative literature at Cairo University, and she followed these with a PhD (1986). In later years she was a visiting professor at several US universities, and continued to promote international peace and women’s rights. A second book, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://bookpage.com/reviews/5947-jehan-sadat-sadats-widow-contemplates-peace-nonfiction#.YPsXphNKhHc" title data-link-name="in body link">My Hope for Peace</a>, followed in 2009.</p><p class="dcr-s23rjr">She is survived by her three daughters, Lubna, Noha and Jehan, her son, Gamal, and 11 grandchildren.</p><span class="dcr-2i2q5z"><footer><p><em><span data-dcr-style="bullet"></span> </em>Jehan Sadat, women’s rights campaigner, human rights activist and writer, born 29 August 1933; died 9 July 2021</p></footer></span></div></div><div id="slot-body-end"></div><div class="dcr-iqptnv"></div><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-1k32900"><span class="dcr-hhdv28">Topics</span><div class="dcr-lwa3gj"><ul class="dcr-1r2wmvc"><li class="dcr-18or3t6"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/womens-rights-and-gender-equality" class="dcr-dlavgv">Women's rights and gender equality</a></li></ul><ul class="dcr-1r2wmvc"><li class="dcr-bftzd9"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/society/female-genital-mutilation" class="dcr-dlavgv">Female genital mutilation (FGM)</a></li><li class="dcr-bftzd9"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/divorce" class="dcr-dlavgv">Divorce</a></li><li class="dcr-bftzd9"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/islam" class="dcr-dlavgv">Islam</a></li><li class="dcr-bftzd9"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/egypt" class="dcr-dlavgv">Egypt</a></li><li class="dcr-bftzd9"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/middleeast" class="dcr-dlavgv">Middle East and North Africa</a></li><li class="dcr-bftzd9"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/jimmy-carter" class="dcr-dlavgv">Jimmy Carter</a></li><li class="dcr-1nm85cy"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/tone/obituaries" class="dcr-dlavgv">obituaries</a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-1eoy87d"><ul class="dcr-1n0u3w8"><li class="dcr-i43ppq"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.facebook.com/dialog/share?app_id=180444840287&href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Fjul%2F23%2Fjehan-sadat-obituary&CMP=share_btn_fb" role="button" aria-label="Share on Facebook" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-ignore="global-link-styling"><span class="dcr-3hmq58"><svg width="32" height="32" viewbox="-2 -2 32 32"><path d="M17.9 14h-3v8H12v-8h-2v-2.9h2V8.7C12 6.8 13.1 5 16 5c1.2 0 2 .1 2 .1v3h-1.8c-1 0-1.2.5-1.2 1.3v1.8h3l-.1 2.8z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li class="dcr-i43ppq"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Jehan%20Sadat%20obituary&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Fjul%2F23%2Fjehan-sadat-obituary&CMP=share_btn_tw" role="button" aria-label="Share on Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-ignore="global-link-styling"><span class="dcr-3hmq58"><svg width="32" height="32" viewbox="-2 -2 32 32"><path d="M21.3 10.5v.5c0 4.7-3.5 10.1-9.9 10.1-2 0-3.8-.6-5.3-1.6.3 0 .6.1.8.1 1.6 0 3.1-.6 4.3-1.5-1.5 0-2.8-1-3.3-2.4.2 0 .4.1.7.1l.9-.1c-1.6-.3-2.8-1.8-2.8-3.5.5.3 1 .4 1.6.4-.9-.6-1.6-1.7-1.6-2.9 0-.6.2-1.3.5-1.8 1.7 2.1 4.3 3.6 7.2 3.7-.1-.3-.1-.5-.1-.8 0-2 1.6-3.5 3.5-3.5 1 0 1.9.4 2.5 1.1.8-.1 1.5-.4 2.2-.8-.3.8-.8 1.5-1.5 1.9.7-.1 1.4-.3 2-.5-.4.4-1 1-1.7 1.5z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li class="dcr-i43ppq"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/mailto:/?subject=Jehan%20Sadat%20obituary&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Fjul%2F23%2Fjehan-sadat-obituary&CMP=share_btn_link" role="button" aria-label="Share via Email" target="_blank" data-ignore="global-link-styling"><span class="dcr-3hmq58"><svg width="32" height="32" viewbox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M23.363 20.875H8.637v-8.938l6.545 5.687h1.637l6.544-5.687v8.938zm-1.635-9.75L16 16l-5.728-4.875h11.456zM23.363 9.5H8.637L7 11.125v9.75L8.637 22.5h14.727L25 20.875v-9.75L23.363 9.5z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li class="dcr-i43ppq"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?title=Jehan%20Sadat%20obituary&mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Fjul%2F23%2Fjehan-sadat-obituary" role="button" aria-label="Share on LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-ignore="global-link-styling"><span class="dcr-3hmq58"><svg width="30px" height="30px" viewbox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M10.5759782,7.98522727 C11.440813,7.98522727 12.1437763,8.68819053 12.1437763,9.55336309 C12.1437763,10.4194645 11.440813,11.1224278 10.5759782,11.1224278 C9.70886352,11.1224278 9.00792683,10.4194645 9.00792683,9.55336309 C9.00792683,8.68819053 9.70886352,7.98522727 10.5759782,7.98522727 L10.5759782,7.98522727 Z M9.22265782,12.3124411 L11.9290453,12.3124411 L11.9290453,21.0164351 L9.22265782,21.0164351 L9.22265782,12.3124411 Z M13.6256988,12.3124411 L16.2209632,12.3124411 L16.2209632,13.5012723 L16.2578635,13.5012723 C16.6190979,12.8171392 17.5017496,12.0954302 18.8178319,12.0954302 C21.5552088,12.0954302 22.0608357,13.8977183 22.0608357,16.2421957 L22.0608357,21.0164351 L19.3587547,21.0164351 L19.3587547,16.7838785 C19.3587547,15.7738913 19.3389113,14.4756258 17.9525749,14.4756258 C16.5448751,14.4756258 16.3301441,15.5752884 16.3301441,16.7105846 L16.3301441,21.0164351 L13.6256988,21.0164351 L13.6256988,12.3124411"></path></svg></span></a></li><li class="dcr-1y49m2s"><span class="dcr-i7y23i"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/whatsapp://send/?text="Jehan%20Sadat%20obituary" https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Fjul%2F23%2Fjehan-sadat-obituary&CMP=share_btn_wa" role="button" aria-label="Share on WhatsApp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-ignore="global-link-styling"><span class="dcr-3hmq58"><svg width="30px" height="30px" viewbox="0 0 30 30" enable-background="new 0 0 30 30"><path d="M22.09,7.87c-1.88-1.88-4.38-2.92-7.05-2.92c-5.49,0-9.96,4.47-9.96,9.96c0,1.75,0.46,3.47,1.33,4.98 L5,25.04l5.28-1.38c1.45,0.79,3.09,1.21,4.76,1.21c5.49,0,9.96-4.47,9.96-9.96C25,12.26,23.97,9.76,22.09,7.87 M15.04,23.19 c-1.49,0-2.95-0.4-4.22-1.15l-0.3-0.18l-3.13,0.82l0.84-3.05l-0.2-0.31C7.2,18,6.76,16.47,6.77,14.91c0-4.56,3.71-8.27,8.28-8.27 c2.21,0,4.29,0.86,5.85,2.43c1.56,1.56,2.42,3.64,2.42,5.85C23.32,19.48,19.6,23.19,15.04,23.19 M19.58,16.99 c-0.25-0.12-1.47-0.73-1.7-0.81s-0.39-0.12-0.56,0.12c-0.17,0.25-0.64,0.81-0.79,0.97c-0.14,0.17-0.29,0.19-0.54,0.06 c-0.25-0.12-1.05-0.39-2-1.23c-0.74-0.66-1.24-1.47-1.38-1.72c-0.15-0.25-0.02-0.38,0.11-0.51c0.11-0.11,0.25-0.29,0.37-0.44 c0.12-0.15,0.17-0.25,0.25-0.42c0.08-0.17,0.04-0.31-0.02-0.44c-0.06-0.12-0.56-1.35-0.77-1.85c-0.2-0.49-0.41-0.42-0.56-0.43 c-0.14-0.01-0.31-0.01-0.48-0.01c-0.17,0-0.44,0.06-0.66,0.31c-0.22,0.25-0.87,0.85-0.87,2.08c0,1.22,0.89,2.41,1.02,2.57 c0.12,0.17,1.75,2.68,4.25,3.76c0.59,0.26,1.06,0.41,1.42,0.52c0.6,0.19,1.14,0.16,1.57,0.1c0.48-0.07,1.47-0.6,1.68-1.18 s0.21-1.08,0.14-1.18C20,17.18,19.83,17.12,19.58,16.99"/></svg></span></a></span></li><li class="dcr-1y49m2s"><span class="dcr-i7y23i"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/fb-messenger://share/?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Fjul%2F23%2Fjehan-sadat-obituary&app_id=180444840287&CMP=share_btn_me" role="button" aria-label="Share on Messenger>" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-ignore="global-link-styling"><span class="dcr-3hmq58"><svg width="66" height="66" viewbox="-12 -12 90 90"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M33 61.1c-3.6 0-7.1-.5-10.4-1.5L10.1 66V52.5C3.9 47 0 39.2 0 30.6 0 13.7 14.8 0 33 0s33 13.7 33 30.6c0 16.8-14.8 30.5-33 30.5zM36.5 41L28 32.2l-16.4 9 18-18.9 8.5 8.8 16.4-9-18 18.9z"/></svg></span></a></span></li></ul><div class="dcr-3tundk"><a data-link-name="meta-syndication-article" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://syndication.theguardian.com/automation/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Fjul%2F23%2Fjehan-sadat-obituary&type=article&internalpagecode=global-development/2021/jul/23/jehan-sadat-obituary" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Reuse this content" class="dcr-u0yl5l">Reuse this content</a></div></div></div></main></main></div><div class="dcr-1mmek2x"><div class="dcr-1l8oq0d"><section class="dcr-14aht0"><div class="dcr-9aekbr"><div id="dfp-ad--right" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--right ad-slot--mpu-banner-ad ad-slot--rendered js-sticky-mpu dcr-cn3fdw" data-link-name="ad slot right" data-name="right" data-mobile="1,1|2,2|300,250|300,274|300,600|fluid" aria-hidden="true"></div></div><div id="most-viewed-right" class="dcr-12erdcg"></div></section></div></div></div></div></article><aside class="dcr-l8p0pq"><div class="dcr-1reypk2"><div id="dfp-ad--merchandising-high" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--merchandising-high dcr-1fp0b2s" data-link-name="ad slot merchandising-high" data-name="merchandising-high" data-mobile="1,1|2,2|88,87|fluid" aria-hidden="true"></div></div></aside><aside data-print-layout="hide" id="onwards-upper-whensignedout"></aside><aside class="dcr-1w4cvku"><div id="comments" class="dcr-ipj0ot"><div class="dcr-1w4cvku"><div class="dcr-1reypk2"><div class="dcr-1qun6ii"><section class="dcr-ederz6"><div class="dcr-0"><div class="dcr-mz9qt7"><h2 class="dcr-1g8qtv1">comments<!-- --> <span class="dcr-177tisd">(<!-- -->…<!-- -->)</span></h2><span class="dcr-psq4mb">Commenting has been disabled at this time but you can still<!-- --> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://profile.theguardian.com/signin?INTCMP=DOTCOM_COMMENTS_SIGNIN&componentEventParams=componentType%3Didentityauthentication%26componentId%3Dsignin_to_comment" class="dcr-8dmecm">sign in</a> <!-- -->or<!-- --> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://profile.theguardian.com/register?INTCMP=DOTCOM_COMMENTS_REG&componentEventParams=componentType%3Didentityauthentication%26componentId%3Dregister_to_comment" class="dcr-8dmecm">create your Guardian account</a> <!-- -->to join the discussion when it's back</span></div></div></section><div class="dcr-12jyb8q"><span class="dcr-1mxfq91"></span><div class="dcr-1qun6ii"><div class="dcr-vnnc58"><span class="dcr-1mxfq91"><div class="dcr-4cxybv"><div class="dcr-mz9qt7"><h2 class="dcr-1g8qtv1">comments<!-- --> <span class="dcr-177tisd">(<!-- -->…<!-- -->)</span></h2><span class="dcr-psq4mb">Commenting has been disabled at this time but you can still<!-- --> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://profile.theguardian.com/signin?INTCMP=DOTCOM_COMMENTS_SIGNIN&componentEventParams=componentType%3Didentityauthentication%26componentId%3Dsignin_to_comment" class="dcr-8dmecm">sign in</a> <!-- -->or<!-- --> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://profile.theguardian.com/register?INTCMP=DOTCOM_COMMENTS_REG&componentEventParams=componentType%3Didentityauthentication%26componentId%3Dregister_to_comment" class="dcr-8dmecm">create your Guardian account</a> <!-- -->to join the discussion when it's back</span></div></div></span></div><section class="dcr-14aht0"><div class="dcr-104s2p4"><div class="dcr-1445c9p"><div id="dfp-ad--comments" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--comments ad-slot--mpu-banner-ad ad-slot--rendered js-sticky-mpu dcr-cn3fdw" data-link-name="ad slot comments" data-name="comments" data-mobile="1,1|2,2|300,600|300,197|300,250|300,274|fluid" data-desktop="1,1|2,2|300,250|300,274|620,1|620,350|550,310|fluid|300,600|160,600" data-phablet="1,1|2,2|300,197|300,250|300,274|620,350|550,310|fluid" aria-hidden="true"></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></div></div></div></aside><aside data-print-layout="hide" id="onwards-upper-whensignedin"></aside><div class="dcr-1w4cvku"><div id="most-viewed-footer" class="dcr-ipj0ot"></div></div><aside class="dcr-l8p0pq"><div class="dcr-1reypk2"><div id="dfp-ad--merchandising" class="js-ad-slot ad-slot ad-slot--merchandising dcr-1fp0b2s" data-link-name="ad slot merchandising" data-name="merchandising" data-mobile="1,1|2,2|88,88|fluid" aria-hidden="true"></div></div></aside><nav class="dcr-1w4cvku"><div id="sub-nav-root" class="dcr-1f41bee"><div data-print-layout="hide" data-cy="sub-nav" data-component="sub-nav" class="dcr-1nbntzu"><ul class="dcr-1mc3jf3"><li class="dcr-1spbnl8"><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world" class="dcr-r260na">World</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/europe-news" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : world/europe-news" class="dcr-r260na">Europe</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : us-news" class="dcr-r260na">US</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/americas" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : world/americas" class="dcr-r260na">Americas</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/asia" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : world/asia" class="dcr-r260na">Asia</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : australia-news" class="dcr-r260na">Australia</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/middleeast" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : world/middleeast" class="dcr-r260na"><span class="dcr-1j389vi">Middle East</span></a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/world/africa" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : world/africa" class="dcr-r260na">Africa</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/inequality" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : inequality" class="dcr-r260na">Inequality</a></li><li><a data-src-focus-disabled="true" href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development" data-link-name="nav2 : subnav : global-development" class="dcr-r260na">Global development</a></li></ul></div></div></nav><div class="dcr-dtaqur"><div class="dcr-1lxcenw"><footer data-print-layout="hide" data-link-name="footer" data-component="footer" class="dcr-wuq7e5"><div class="dcr-ie0ig6"><ul data-testid="pillar-list" class="dcr-1sga83g"><li class="dcr-1ev5v4n"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/" data-link-name="footer : primary : News" class="dcr-1s1j33a">News</a></li><li class="dcr-1ev5v4n"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree" data-link-name="footer : primary : Opinion" class="dcr-1xo8pvr">Opinion</a></li><li class="dcr-1ev5v4n"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/sport" data-link-name="footer : primary : Sport" class="dcr-5rk1q">Sport</a></li><li class="dcr-1ev5v4n"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/culture" data-link-name="footer : primary : Culture" class="dcr-125iasz">Culture</a></li><li class="dcr-1ev5v4n"><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle" data-link-name="footer : primary : Lifestyle" class="dcr-1f6ribu">Lifestyle</a></li></ul></div><div class="dcr-3ub84c"><iframe title="Guardian Email Sign-up Form" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534if_/https://www.theguardian.com/email/form/footer/today-uk" id="footer__email-form" data-form-success-desc="We will send you our picks of the most important headlines tomorrow morning." data-node-uid="2" height="100" class="dcr-104fgyw"></iframe><div class="dcr-v7ptng"><ul><li><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/help/contact-us" data-link-name="international : footer : contact us" class="dcr-mzjdd0">Contact us</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/info/complaints-and-corrections" data-link-name="complaints" class="dcr-mzjdd0">Complaints & corrections</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/securedrop" data-link-name="securedrop" class="dcr-mzjdd0">SecureDrop</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://workforus.theguardian.com/" data-link-name="international : footer : work for us" class="dcr-mzjdd0">Work for us</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/info/privacy" data-link-name="privacy" class="dcr-mzjdd0">Privacy policy</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/info/cookies" data-link-name="cookie" class="dcr-mzjdd0">Cookie policy</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/help/terms-of-service" data-link-name="terms" class="dcr-mzjdd0">Terms & conditions</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/help" data-link-name="international : footer : tech feedback" class="dcr-ts9jvf">Help</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/index/subjects/a" data-link-name="international : footer : all topics" class="dcr-mzjdd0">All topics</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/index/contributors" data-link-name="international : footer : all contributors" class="dcr-mzjdd0">All writers</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://theguardian.newspapers.com/" data-link-name="digital newspaper archive" class="dcr-mzjdd0">Digital newspaper archive</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.facebook.com/theguardian" data-link-name="international : footer : facebook" class="dcr-mzjdd0">Facebook</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.youtube.com/user/TheGuardian" data-link-name="international : footer : youtube" class="dcr-mzjdd0">YouTube</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.instagram.com/guardian" data-link-name="international : footer : instagram" class="dcr-mzjdd0">Instagram</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://www.linkedin.com/company/theguardian" data-link-name="international : footer : linkedin" class="dcr-mzjdd0">LinkedIn</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://twitter.com/guardian" data-link-name="international: footer : twitter" class="dcr-mzjdd0">Twitter</a></li><li><a href="/web/20210725061534/https://www.theguardian.com/email-newsletters?INTCMP=DOTCOM_FOOTER_NEWSLETTER_INTERNATIONAL" data-link-name="international : footer : newsletters" class="dcr-mzjdd0">Newsletters</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://advertising.theguardian.com/" data-link-name="international : footer : advertise with us" class="dcr-mzjdd0">Advertise with us</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725061534/https://jobs.theguardian.com/?INTCMP=NGW_FOOTER_INT_GU_JOBS" data-link-name="international : footer : uk-jobs" class="dcr-mzjdd0">Search UK jobs</a></li></ul><div class="dcr-1lactnp"><div id="reader-revenue-links-footer"></div></div></div><div class="dcr-17k9rsw"><a href="#top" class="dcr-1sla8qk"><span class="dcr-ngfaio">Back to top</span><span class="icon-container dcr-12ln5sl"><i class="dcr-bjnfl9"></i></span></a></div></div><div class="dcr-2h5xwf">© <!-- -->2021<!-- --> Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved. (modern)</div></footer></div></div><div id="bottom-banner" class="dcr-xq28el"></div><div class="mobilesticky-container dcr-1vq2pjs"></div> <script type="module" src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534jm_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/atomIframe.8746974d13bd5d1598bf.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534js_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/atomIframe.legacy.a25ae4acab756689d1b3.js"></script> <script type="module" src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534jm_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/embedIframe.0c14b842febfe5639a25.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534js_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/embedIframe.legacy.97246dad52311b1cced2.js"></script> <script type="module" src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534jm_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/newsletterEmbedIframe.cbb52da24588e2c00061.js"></script> <script defer nomodule src="//web.archive.org/web/20210725061534js_/https://assets.guim.co.uk/assets/newsletterEmbedIframe.legacy.bcccf3fdfd0ad75a2b33.js"></script> </body> </html><!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 06:15:34 Jul 25, 2021 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 23:05:28 Nov 30, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.587 exclusion.robots: 0.026 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.017 esindex: 0.01 cdx.remote: 38.084 LoadShardBlock: 74.63 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 106.279 (5) load_resource: 181.613 PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 108.733 loaddict: 50.613 -->