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Disponible en 10 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85)" title="علم الظواهر (علوم) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الظواهر (علوم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Феноменология (наука) – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Феноменология (наука)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologie_(v%C4%9Bda)" title="Fenomenologie (věda) – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fenomenologie (věda)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A4nomenologie_(Methodik)" title="Phänomenologie (Methodik) – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phänomenologie (Methodik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenolog%C3%ADa_(ciencia)" title="Fenomenología (ciencia) – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fenomenología (ciencia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E8%AB%96" title="現象論 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="現象論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologia_(ci%C3%AAncia)" title="Fenomenologia (ciência) – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fenomenologia (ciência)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Феноменологическая теория – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феноменологическая теория" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Феноменологія (наука) – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Феноменологія (наука)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E8%B1%A1%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="唯象理论 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="唯象理论" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2089603#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie_(science)&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie_(science)&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre 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title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie_(science)&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie_(science)" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie_(science)" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie_(science)&oldid=207597296" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie_(science)&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie_%28science%29&id=207597296&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations 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alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie" class="mw-disambig" title="Phénoménologie">phénoménologie</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Circle-icons-genius.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Circle-icons-genius.svg/35px-Circle-icons-genius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Circle-icons-genius.svg/53px-Circle-icons-genius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Circle-icons-genius.svg/70px-Circle-icons-genius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant la <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large"><div class="entete" style="background-color:#2B4B8D;color:#FFF"><div>Phénoménologie</div></div><div><div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Equinozio_da_Pizzo_Vento,tramonto_fondachelli_fantina,_sicilia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Equinozio_da_Pizzo_Vento%2Ctramonto_fondachelli_fantina%2C_sicilia.JPG/260px-Equinozio_da_Pizzo_Vento%2Ctramonto_fondachelli_fantina%2C_sicilia.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Equinozio_da_Pizzo_Vento%2Ctramonto_fondachelli_fantina%2C_sicilia.JPG/390px-Equinozio_da_Pizzo_Vento%2Ctramonto_fondachelli_fantina%2C_sicilia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Equinozio_da_Pizzo_Vento%2Ctramonto_fondachelli_fantina%2C_sicilia.JPG/520px-Equinozio_da_Pizzo_Vento%2Ctramonto_fondachelli_fantina%2C_sicilia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div><div class="legend">L'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89quinoxe" title="Équinoxe">équinoxe</a> observé sur le site préhistorique du Pizzo Vento, à <a href="/wiki/Fondachelli-Fantina" title="Fondachelli-Fantina">Fondachelli-Fantina</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Sicile" title="Sicile">Sicile</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</div></div><table><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">Partie de</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p279"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_scientifique" title="Méthode scientifique">Méthode scientifique</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2089603?uselang=fr#P279" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="navbar noprint bordered navigation-not-searchable" style="border-top:1px solid #2B4B8D"><span class="plainlinks" style="text-align:left"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie_%28science%29&veaction=edit&section=0">modifier</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie_%28science%29&action=edit&section=0">modifier le code</a> - <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2089603" class="extiw" title="d:Q2089603">modifier Wikidata</a></span><span style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Discipline" title="Documentation du modèle"><img alt="Documentation du modèle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></p></div> <p>Le terme <b>phénoménologie</b> appliqué à la <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> est utilisé pour décrire un corps de connaissance reliant de nombreuses <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_exp%C3%A9rimentale" title="Méthode expérimentale">observations empiriques</a> entre elles, de façon cohérente avec la <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie" title="Théorie">théorie</a> fondamentale, mais n'en étant pas issu. </p><p>Une théorie phénoménologique exprime mathématiquement le résultat de l'observation d'un phénomène sans s'attarder à sa signification fondamentale<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le mot dérive de « phénomène » (du grec φαινόμενoν, pl. φαινόμενα - <i>phenomena, </i>traduit par "chose manifeste, évidente, qui apparaît", et -λογία - -<i>logia</i>, traduit par « étude de » ou « recherche »), et s'applique à tout événement observable. </p><p>Ainsi, des expressions <a href="/wiki/Alg%C3%A8bre" title="Algèbre">algébriques</a> peuvent être utilisées afin de modéliser des observations ou des résultats expérimentaux de différentes échelles de longueurs, masses, ou temps, et pour effectuer des prédictions sur les résultats d'autres observations ou expériences, bien que ces expressions ne soient pas issues d'approximations d'une théorie proposée pour ce domaine de connaissance. </p><p>Une autre façon d'appréhender la phénoménologie en science est de considérer qu'elle constitue l'intermédiaire entre l'expérience et la théorie. Elle est plus logique et comprend plus d'étapes logiques que l'expérience, mais est plus directement liée à cette dernière qu'à la théorie.<br /> Les limites entre théorie et phénoménologie, et entre phénoménologie et expérience, sont parfois floues et dépendent en quelque sorte des préconceptions du scientifique les décrivant et du champ particulier de travail. </p><p>La plupart des scientifiques diraient qu'une modélisation phénoménologique d'un phénomène ne constitue pas une compréhension du phénomène, mais agréeront la pertinence de son rôle dans les sciences. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Philosophie_des_sciences" title="Philosophie des sciences">philosophe des sciences</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cartwright_(philosophe)" title="Nancy Cartwright (philosophe)">Nancy Cartwright</a> ne croit pas dans les lois fondamentales scientifiques, mais plutôt dans ses lois phénoménologiques<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie_(science)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie_(science)&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">« <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(science)?oldid=180089156">Phenomenology (science)</a> » <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(science)?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li></ul> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikiloc.com/hiking-trails/fondachelli-fantina-equinox-site-of-pizzo-vento-22295449">wikiloc.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Duhamel1949"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Duhamel1949">Georges <span class="nom_auteur">Duhamel</span>, <cite class="italique">Biographie de mes fantomes.</cite>, Hartmann Mercure de France, <time>1949</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/221887549">221887549</a></span>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 209<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographie+de+mes+fantomes.&rft.pub=Hartmann+Mercure+de+France&rft.aulast=Duhamel&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.date=1949&rft.pages=209&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F221887549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APh%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie+%28science%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cartwright1983"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nancy_Cartwright1983"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Nancy <span class="nom_auteur">Cartwright</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">How the laws of physics lie</cite>, Oxford New York, Clarendon Press Oxford University Press, <time>1983</time>, 221 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-198-24700-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-198-24700-5"><span class="nowrap">978-0-198-24700-5</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-198-24704-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-198-24704-3"><span class="nowrap">978-0-198-24704-3</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/638651164">638651164</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+laws+of+physics+lie&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press+Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.date=1983&rft.tpages=221&rft.isbn=978-0-198-24700-5&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F638651164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APh%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie+%28science%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Sciences" title="Portail des sciences"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Circle-icons-genius.svg/24px-Circle-icons-genius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" 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