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href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Venus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Venus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Syrian Venus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Venus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syncretism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syncretism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Syncretism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syncretism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cult</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cult-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cult subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priesthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priesthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Priesthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priesthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="أترعتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أترعتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atarqatis" title="Atarqatis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atarqatis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atargatis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis_(Gottheit)" title="Atargatis (Gottheit) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atargatis (Gottheit)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Atargatis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Ατάργατις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατάργατις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="بالتیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بالتیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atargatis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atargatis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atargatis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatisz" title="Atargatisz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atargatisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Atargatis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atargatis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Atargatis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atargatis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atargatis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Атаргатис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атаргатис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="اتارگيتس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اتارگيتس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Atargatis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis_(mytologi)" title="Atargatis (mytologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atargatis (mytologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atargatis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81" title="Атаргатіс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атаргатіс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="اتارگیتس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اتارگیتس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%BD%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF" title="阿塔伽提斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿塔伽提斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q221735#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Atergatis" redirects here. For the crab genus, see <a href="/wiki/Atergatis_(crab)" title="Atergatis (crab)">Atergatis (crab)</a>. For the metal band, see <a href="/wiki/Atargatis_(band)" title="Atargatis (band)">Atargatis (band)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #800080; color: #FFFFFF;">Atargatis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Fertility_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility goddess">fertility goddess</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Atargatis,_Nabatean,_c.100_AD,_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atargatis%2C_Nabatean%2C_c.100_AD%2C_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum.jpg/220px-Atargatis%2C_Nabatean%2C_c.100_AD%2C_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atargatis%2C_Nabatean%2C_c.100_AD%2C_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum.jpg/330px-Atargatis%2C_Nabatean%2C_c.100_AD%2C_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atargatis%2C_Nabatean%2C_c.100_AD%2C_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum.jpg/440px-Atargatis%2C_Nabatean%2C_c.100_AD%2C_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A <a href="/wiki/Nabataean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean">Nabataean</a> depiction of the goddess Atargatis dating from sometime around 100 AD, currently housed in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Archaeological_Museum" title="Jordan Archaeological Museum">Jordan Archaeological Museum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major cult center</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_Bambyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierapolis Bambyce">Hierapolis Bambyce</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbols</th><td class="infobox-data">dove, fish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #800080; color: #FFFFFF;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Canaanite</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roman</th><td class="infobox-data">Dea Syria</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:150%;white-space:normal;">Deities of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Ancient Egyptian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Islamic_Arabian_deities" title="List of pre-Islamic Arabian deities">Arabian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglibol" title="Aglibol">Aglibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">Abgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">al-Lat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaum" title="Al-Qaum">al-Qaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-‘Uzzá">al-‘Uzzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarsamain" title="Atarsamain">Atarsamain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Dhul_Khalasa" title="Demolition of Dhul Khalasa">Dhul Khalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(deity)" title="Gad (deity)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakbel" title="Malakbel">Malakbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaf_(deity)" title="Manaf (deity)">Manaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha_(deity)" title="Nuha (deity)">Nuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotalt" title="Orotalt">Orotalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_(deity)" title="Ruda (deity)">Ruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theandrios" title="Theandrios">Theandrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Ya'uq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarhibol" title="Yarhibol">Yarhibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatha" title="Yatha">Yatha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Religion" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamma_(goddess)" title="Adamma (goddess)">Adamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1tabi" title="Aštabi">Aštabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadabal" title="Hadabal">Hadabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAalabatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḫalabatu">Ḫalabatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_(deity)" title="Kura (deity)">Kura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkarrak" title="Ninkarrak">Ninkarrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saggar_(god)" title="Saggar (god)">Saggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalash" title="Shalash">Shalash</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elam#Religion" title="Elam">Elamite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humban" title="Humban">Humban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmekarab" title="Ishmekarab">Ishmekarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabru" title="Jabru">Jabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiririsha" title="Kiririsha">Kiririsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagamal" title="Lagamal">Lagamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahhunte" title="Nahhunte">Nahhunte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narundi" title="Narundi">Narundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napir" title="Napir">Napir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napirisha" title="Napirisha">Napirisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhurater" title="Ruhurater">Ruhurater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simut_(god)" title="Simut (god)">Simut</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hurrian_deities" title="List of Hurrian deities">Hurrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allani" title="Allani">Allani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1tabi" title="Aštabi">Aštabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Hayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAepat" title="Ḫepat">Ḫepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutena_and_Hutellura" title="Hutena and Hutellura">Hutena and Hutellura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubaba_(goddess)" title="Kubaba (goddess)">Kubaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarbi" title="Kumarbi">Kumarbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%A1u%E1%B8%AB" title="Kušuḫ">Kušuḫ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelluri" title="Lelluri">Lelluri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> dynastic deities (<a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitra" title="Mitra">Mitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabarbi" title="Nabarbi">Nabarbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninatta_and_Kulitta" title="Ninatta and Kulitta">Ninatta and Kulitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupatik" title="Nupatik">Nupatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinikir#In_Syria_and_Anatolia" title="Pinikir">Pirengir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalash" title="Shalash">Shalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0arruma" title="Šarruma">Šarruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0au%C5%A1ka" title="Šauška">Šauška</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0imige" title="Šimige">Šimige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Šuwala">Šuwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takitu" title="Takitu">Takitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%A1mi%C5%A1u" title="Tašmišu">Tašmišu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilla_(deity)" title="Tilla (deity)">Tilla</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Levantine<br />(<a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion#Beliefs" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ugaritic_deities" title="List of Ugaritic deities">Ugaritic</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsay" title="Arsay">Arsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashima" title="Ashima">Ashima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atargatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baʿal Ḥammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marqod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqod">Baʿal Marqod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baʿal Ṣapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baʿalshamem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baʿalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Haddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotharat" title="Kotharat">Kotharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misor" title="Misor">Misor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot_(god)" title="Mot (god)">Mot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkal" title="Nikkal">Nikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qedesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qos_(deity)" title="Qos (deity)">Qos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakkun" title="Sakkun">Sakkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadrafa" title="Shadrafa">Shadrafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahar_(god)" title="Shahar (god)">Shahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalim" title="Shalim">Shalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapshu" title="Shapshu">Shapshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydyk" title="Sydyk">Sydyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Mesopotamian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Adad/Ishkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An/Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaruludu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaruludu">Asarluhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aya_(goddess)" title="Aya (goddess)">Aya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belet_Nagar" title="Belet Nagar">Belet Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki/Ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1taran" title="Ištaran">Ishtaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manungal" title="Manungal">Manungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umugan" title="Šumugan">Šumugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninegal" title="Ninegal">Ninegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninisina" title="Ninisina">Ninisina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabilsa%C4%9D" title="Pabilsaĝ">Pabilsag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papsukkal" title="Papsukkal">Papsukkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebitti" title="Sebitti">Sebitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tishpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu/Shamash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wer_(god)" title="Wer (god)">Wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa" title="Zababa">Zababa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Template:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Template talk:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Atargatis</b> (known as <b>Derceto</b> by the Greeks<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was the chief goddess of northern Syria in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rostovtseff_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rostovtseff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primarily she was a <a href="/wiki/Fertility_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility goddess">fertility goddess</a>, but, as the <i><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">baalat</a></i> ("mistress") of her city and people she was also responsible for their protection and well-being. Her chief sanctuary was at Hierapolis, modern <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> northeast of Aleppo, Syria. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rostovtzeff" title="Michael Rostovtzeff">Michael Rostovtzeff</a> called her "the great mistress of the North Syrian lands".<sup id="cite_ref-Rostovtseff_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rostovtseff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her consort is usually <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a>. As Ataratheh, doves and fish were considered sacred to her: doves as an emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Love_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Love goddess">love goddess</a>, and fish as symbolic of the fertility and life of the waters.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a third-century Syriac source, "In Syria and in <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Urhâi [Edessa]</a> the men used to castrate themselves in honor of Taratha. But when <a href="/wiki/Abgar_VIII" title="Abgar VIII">King Abgar</a> became a [Christian] believer, he commanded that anyone who emasculated himself should have a hand cut off. And from that day to the present no one in Urhâi emasculates himself anymore".<sup id="cite_ref-BauerKraft1996_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BauerKraft1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She is sometimes described as a <a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">mermaid</a>-goddess, due to identification of her with a fish-bodied goddess at <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ashkelon</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_name">Origin and name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Atargatis is seen as a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> goddesses. At <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablets attest multiple <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite goddesses</a>, among them three are considered as relevant to theories about the origin of Atargatis: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">ʾAṯirat</a></b>, described as "Lady of the Sea" (<i>rbt ảṯrt ym</i>) and "mother of the gods" (<i>qnyt ỉlm</i>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">ʿAnat</a></b>, a war goddess</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">ʿAṯtart</a></b>, a goddess of the hunt also sharing Anat's warlike role, regarded as analogous to Ishtar and Ishara in Ugaritic god lists and as such possibly connected to love</li></ul> <p>John Day asserts that all three shared many traits with each other and may have been worshipped in conjunction or separately during 1500 years of cultural history.<sup id="cite_ref-Day2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the worship of Ashtart and Anat as a pair is well attested,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steve A. Wiggins found no evidence Ashtart was ever conflated with Athirat.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also pointed out that the concept of Athirat, Anat and Ashtart as a trinity of sorts (popularized by authors like <a href="/wiki/Tikva_Frymer-Kensky" title="Tikva Frymer-Kensky">Tikva Frymer-Kensky</a>), is modern and ignores the role of other deities in Ugarit - for example <a href="/wiki/Shapash" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapash">Shapash</a>; as well as the importance of the connection between Athirat and El.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original Aramaic name of the goddess was <span title="Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)-language text"><span lang="oar" dir="rtl">𐡏𐡕𐡓𐡏𐡕𐡄</span></span> (<span title="Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="oar-Latn">ʿAttarʿattā</i></span>), with its other forms including <span title="Aramaic-language text"><span lang="sem" dir="rtl">𐡏𐡕𐡓𐡏𐡕𐡀</span></span> (<span title="Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="oar-Latn">ʿAttarʿattaʾ</i></span>), <span title="Aramaic-language text"><span lang="sem" dir="rtl">𐡀𐡕𐡓𐡏𐡕𐡄</span></span> (<span title="Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="oar-Latn">ʾAttarʿattā</i></span>), <span title="Aramaic-language text"><span lang="sem" dir="rtl">𐡀𐡕𐡓𐡏𐡕𐡀</span></span> (<span title="Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="oar-Latn">ʾAttarʿattaʾ</i></span>), and the apocope form <span title="Aramaic-language text"><span lang="sem" dir="rtl">𐡕𐡓𐡏𐡕</span></span> (<span title="Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="oar-Latn">Tarʿatta</i></span>). The name <span title="Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="oar-Latn">ʿAttarʿattā</i></span> was composed of:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorten1968170_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorten1968170-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOden197764_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOden197764-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1999_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński2000636_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński2000636-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik201265_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik201265-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiehr2014201_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr2014201-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)-language text"><span lang="oar" dir="rtl">𐡏𐡕𐡓</span></span> (<span title="Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="oar-Latn">ʿAttar</i></span>, from earlier <span title="Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="oar-Latn">ʿAṯtar</i></span>), which during the Iron Age had evolved from being the name of the goddess ʿAṯtart to become used to mean "goddess" in general, and was used in the name <span title="Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="oar-Latn">ʿAttarʿattā</i></span> in the sense of "goddess";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201479_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201479-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>and <span title="Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)-language text"><span lang="oar" dir="rtl">𐡏𐡕𐡄</span></span> (<span title="Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="oar-Latn">ʿAttā</i></span>), which is the Aramaic variant of the name of the Semitic goddess <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">ʿAnat</a>.</li></ul> <p>The Greek name of the goddess, attested in the forms <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αταργατις</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Atargatis</i></span>), <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ατταγαθη</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Attagathē</i></span>), <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αταρατη</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ataratē</i></span>), and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αταργατη</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Atargatē</i></span>), was derived from the non-apocope forms of its original Aramaic name, while her Greek name <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Δερκετω</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Derketō</i></span>) was derived from <span title="Aramaic-language text"><span lang="sem" dir="rtl">𐡕𐡓𐡏𐡕</span></span> (<span title="Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="oar-Latn">Tarʿatta</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1999_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Mythology">§ Mythology</a>, and <a href="#Cultus">§ Cultus</a></div> <p>Various Greek and Latin writers have written about the goddess Atargatis or Derketo.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atargatis generally appears as the wife of <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a>. They are the protecting deities of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atargatis, wearing a <a href="/wiki/Mural_crown" title="Mural crown">mural crown</a>, is the ancestor the royal house, the founder of social and religious life, the goddess of generation and fertility (hence the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Phallic_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Phallic symbol">phallic</a> emblems), and the inventor of useful appliances.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kircher_oedipus_aegyptiacus_28_derceto.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kircher_oedipus_aegyptiacus_28_derceto.png/220px-Kircher_oedipus_aegyptiacus_28_derceto.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kircher_oedipus_aegyptiacus_28_derceto.png/330px-Kircher_oedipus_aegyptiacus_28_derceto.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kircher_oedipus_aegyptiacus_28_derceto.png/440px-Kircher_oedipus_aegyptiacus_28_derceto.png 2x" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>Derceto, from <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_Aegyptiacus" title="Oedipus Aegyptiacus">Oedipus Aegyptiacus</a></i>, 1652.</figcaption></figure> <p>Derceto was venerated in mermaid form, i.e., with "a face of a woman, and otherwise the entire body of a fish" in a shrine by <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a>, Syria, according to <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus</a> (1st century BCE), drawing on <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a> (5th century BCE); the attached myth explaining that Derceto transformed into a fish, after drowning herself in a nearby lake.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-macalister_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macalister-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowper18653_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowper18653-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887305,_313_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887305,_313-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goddess was presumably revered in that fish-form at Ashkelon. It has been conjectured that the veneration of the goddess did indeed occur at Ashkelon and may have originated there.<sup id="cite_ref-barton_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barton-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">However, there is no evidence that Atargatis was worshipped at Ascalon.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The image of Derceto as half-woman half-fish was also witnessed by Lucian (2nd century) somewhere in Phoenicia (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)" title="Phoenice (Roman province)">Phoenice Syria</a>), but at the Holy City of Phoenicia (<a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_Bambyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierapolis Bambyce">Hierapolis Bambyce</a>), she was depicted entirely as a woman. This temple was nominally dedicated to "Hera", but some thought it actually consecrated Derceto.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-d-syra14-cowper_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-syra14-cowper-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucian in a later passage gives a description at length of this "Hera" whom the locals "call by a different name" (Atargatis), at Hierapolis.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goddess was posed seated with two lions on her sides,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In one hand she had a scepter, in the other a spindle, and on her head she wears rays, a tower [mural crown]..", and she wore a girdle (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">κεστός</span>) as well. The head was set with a gemstone called <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lychnis" class="extiw" title="wikt:lychnis">lychnis</a></i> which glowed by night.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fowlkes-childs&seymour_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowlkes-childs&seymour-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The worship of Atargatis going back to the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Phoenicia">Hellenistic Phoenicia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Syria">Seleucid Syria</a>) is evidenced by inscriptions at Akko.<sup id="cite_ref-berlin_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berlin-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The literary attestations as already given are that Derceto was depicted as fish-tailed goddess at Ashkelon (by Ctesias after Diodorus), and later at <a href="/wiki/Manbij#Cult_of_Atargatis" title="Manbij">Hieropolis</a> (by Lucian). </p><p>But all of the extant iconography of the Syriac goddess catalogued in the <i><a href="/wiki/Lexicon_Iconographicum_Mythologiae_Classicae" title="Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae">LIMC</a></i> shows her as anthropomorphic.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (April 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> But the "fish-goddess form of Atargatis" were among the finds unearthed in the <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>, or so <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Glueck" title="Nelson Glueck">Glueck</a> (cf. <i>infra</i>) has insisted, though only her forms as goddess of "foliage and fruits" or cereal goddess were published in his paper.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numismatics">Numismatics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Numismatics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Derketo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Derketo.jpg/180px-Derketo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Derketo.jpg/270px-Derketo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Derketo.jpg/360px-Derketo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>The reverse of a coin of <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III</a>, depicts fish-bodied Atargatis,<sup id="cite_ref-wright_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> veiled, holding the egg (cf. birth of Syrian Venus from egg, <a href="#Mythology">§Mythology</a> ) flanked by <a href="/wiki/Barley#History" title="Barley">barley stalks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atargatis_%26_lion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Atargatis_%26_lion.JPG/180px-Atargatis_%26_lion.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Atargatis_%26_lion.JPG/270px-Atargatis_%26_lion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Atargatis_%26_lion.JPG/360px-Atargatis_%26_lion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>The reverse of a coin from <a href="/wiki/Cyrrhestica" title="Cyrrhestica">Cyrrhestica</a> depicts Atargatis riding a <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Lion">lion</a>, wearing a <a href="/wiki/Mural_crown" title="Mural crown">mural crown</a>, and holding a <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> issued under <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> (96–87 BCE, coin image above) shows a fish-bodied figure on the reverse side, which scholarship identifies as Stargateis.<sup id="cite_ref-wright_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cult statues of Stargateis and her consort Hadad were commonly employed on as the motif on the reverse of tetradrachm coinage by this monarch and by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a> (87– 84 BCE) who succeeded him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2009199_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2009199-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hieropolis Bambyce was one of the cities which minted its own coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2009196_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2009196-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And some of the Hieropolitan coinage portray "Atargatis as indeed seated between lions and holds a scepter in her right hand and probably a spindle in her left", just as Lucian had described.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowney1977175_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowney1977175-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> coinage also depicts a <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a> on the obverse and strolling lion on the reverse; one coin also depicts a goddess mounted on a lion, and the lion symbolism suggest that Atargatis is being represented. </p><p>Coinage of Palmyra, some of which were found in the Palmyrene colony at <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a>, may depict the goddess. The coin with Tyche on the obverse and a strolling lion on the reverse, and one with a goddess riding a lion points to Atargatis, based on the lion motif.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers2015106–107_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers2015106–107-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has also been found one Palmyrene <a href="/wiki/Tessera_(commerce)" title="Tessera (commerce)">tessera</a> (token) inscribed with Atargatis's name (Aramaic: <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">ʿtrʿth</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers2015106_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers2015106-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculptures">Sculptures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sculptures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For further discussion of temples dedicated to the goddess, see under <a href="#Cult">§Cultus</a> below.</div> <p>A relief fragment found at Dura-Europos is thought to represent Atargatis/<a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a> (Yale-French excavations, 1935–46), as it shows a pair of doves that are sacred to Atargatis besides her head; the doves are assumed to be perched on the post of her throne, which is missing. The figure's mural crown is emblematic of a Tyche (protector-goddess) of a city,<sup id="cite_ref-matheson_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matheson-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this matches the historic account that the cult relief Atargatis Hierapolis was seen wearing a mural crown.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the temples of Atargatis at Palmyra and at <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she appeared repeatedly with her consort, <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a>, and in the richly syncretic religious culture at Dura-Europos, was worshipped as <i><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis_Azzanathkona" title="Temple of Artemis Azzanathkona">Artemis Azzanathkona</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, numerous <a href="/wiki/Nabatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatean">Nabatean</a> bas-relief busts of Atargatis were identified by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Glueck" title="Nelson Glueck">Nelson Glueck</a> at <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_et-Tannur" title="Khirbet et-Tannur">Khirbet et-Tannûr</a>, Jordan, in temple ruins of the early first century CE;<sup id="cite_ref-glueck1937_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glueck1937-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there the lightly veiled goddess's lips and eyes had once been painted red, and a pair of fish confronted one another above her head. Her wavy hair, suggesting water to Glueck, was parted in the middle. At <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> the goddess from the north was syncretised with a North Arabian goddess from the south <a href="/wiki/Uzza" title="Uzza">al-Uzzah</a>, worshipped in the one temple. At <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dura-Europus">Dura-Europus</a> among the attributes of Atargatis are the spindle and the sceptre or fish-spear.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legends are numerous and of an astrological character. A rationale for the Syrian dove-worship and abstinence from fish is seen in the story in <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> 8.37, where <i>Atargatis</i> is naively explained to mean "without Gatis", the name of a queen who is said to have forbidden the eating of fish. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> (2.4.2), quoting <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesius of Cnidus</a>, tells how Derceto fell in love with a beautiful youth named Simios (also Ichthys, meaning 'fish') and bore a daughter but becoming ashamed of the illicit love, Derceto flung herself into a lake near <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a> and her body was changed into the form of a fish though her head remained human.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887305,_313_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887305,_313-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowper18653_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowper18653-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Diodorus's version of the legend, Derceto also despised the child from this union and had exposed the daughter to the desert, where she was raised by doves. This child grew up to be Semiramis, the legendary <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> queen.<sup id="cite_ref-ringgren_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ringgren-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887305_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887305-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucian also notes that the erection of the temple at Hieropolis was ascribed by some to Semiramis who dedicated it to her mother Derceto.<sup id="cite_ref-d-syra14-cowper_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-syra14-cowper-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ctesias's account, according to one analysis, is composed of two myths, the Derceto transformation myth, and the Semiramis birth myth,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a telling of each myth are told by a number of classical writers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887314_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887314-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first myth (the Derceto metamorphosis into fish) is told, e.g., by Ovid as a <a href="/wiki/Dione_(mythology)" title="Dione (mythology)">Dione</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a> myth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887314_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887314-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The irony is that even though Ovid explicitly mentions Derceto (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Derceti</i>) of Babylonia transforming into a fish,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovid's version of this first myth (detailed below) is recorded in <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i>, and fails to mention the goddess in Syria (Dione) metamorphosing into fish-shape. The metamorphosis thereafter needs be reconstructed by consulting other sources which preserves that original ending.<sup id="cite_ref-hyginus-fish-metamorph_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyginus-fish-metamorph-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second myth (the Semiramis birth myth) is told by various writers as an alternate version of the birth of <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> (from an egg carried ashore by fish, then hatched by doves), however, Ctesias felt compelled to "drop" the egg element according to the analysis. This seemed a gratuitous ("incredible") excision to the analyst, given that Venus's birth from an ocean-found egg was not a far cry from the familiar version of the Aphrodite/Venus's genesis out of water (sea-foam).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_Venus">Syrian Venus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syrian Venus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ovid in <i>Fasti</i> recounts the legend that the goddess Dione accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eros_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eros (god)">Eros</a> plunged into the river in Palestine (<a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>), whereby a pair of fish came to convey them through water to aid her escape from <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fish pair was commemorated as the constellation <a href="/wiki/Pisces_(astrology)" title="Pisces (astrology)">Pisces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>, and local Syrians abstain from eating fish on account of it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowper186512,_14–16_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowper186512,_14–16-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menander and others<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also relate this legend,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowper186512_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowper186512-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some of the versions, say that the goddess and Cupid subsequently transformed into fish, possibly preserving the original telling.<sup id="cite_ref-hyginus-fish-metamorph_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyginus-fish-metamorph-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Dione could refer to Aphrodite's mother, but it was also an epithet of Aphrodite/Venus herself.<sup id="cite_ref-lucas_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucas-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So the legend has also been told as one of Venus with Cupid casting herself into the Euphrates, then transforming into fish.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second myth describes the birth of Syrian Venus as originating in an egg that fell into the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, rolled onto land by fish, was hatched in the clutches of doves (<i>scholia</i> to <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <i>Fabulae</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author of <i><a href="/wiki/Catasterismi" title="Catasterismi">Catasterismi</a></i> explained the constellation of <a href="/wiki/Piscis_Austrinus" title="Piscis Austrinus">Piscis Austrinus</a> as the parent of the two fish making up the constellation of Pisces; according to that account, it was placed in the heavens in memory of Derceto's fall into the lake at <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Hierapolis Bambyce</a> near the Euphrates in Syria, from which she was saved by a large fish — which again is intended to explain the Syrian abstinence from fish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syncretism">Syncretism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Syncretism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Ancient Semitic religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Near Eastern Religions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">The Levant</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsay" title="Arsay">Arsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atargatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baʿalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Berith" title="Baal Berith">Baʿal Berith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baʿal Ḥammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baʿal Ṣapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baʿalshamem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Haddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotharat" title="Kotharat">Kotharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misor" title="Misor">Misor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot_(god)" title="Mot (god)">Mot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkal" title="Nikkal">Nikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qedesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qos_(deity)" title="Qos (deity)">Qos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakkun" title="Sakkun">Sakkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadrafa" title="Shadrafa">Shadrafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahar_(god)" title="Shahar (god)">Shahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalim" title="Shalim">Shalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapshu" title="Shapshu">Shapshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydyk" title="Sydyk">Sydyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fertile_Crescent_myth_(Levantine)" title="Template:Fertile Crescent myth (Levantine)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fertile_Crescent_myth_(Levantine)" title="Template talk:Fertile Crescent myth (Levantine)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fertile_Crescent_myth_(Levantine)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fertile Crescent myth (Levantine)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In many cases Atargatis, 'Ashtart, and other goddesses who once had independent cults and mythologies became <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">fused to such an extent as to be indistinguishable</a>. This fusion is exemplified by the temple at Carnion (<a href="/wiki/Ashteroth_Karnaim" title="Ashteroth Karnaim">Carnaim</a>), which is probably identical with the famous temple of 'Ashtart at Ashtaroth-Karnaim. </p><p>Not unnaturally she is identified with the Greek <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>. By the conjunction of her many functions (as fertility goddess and of appliances),<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she becomes ultimately a great nature-goddess<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analogous to <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a>, despite originating as a sea deity analogous to <a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a>. In one aspect she typifies the protection of water in producing life; in another, the universal of other-earth;<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a third (influenced, no doubt, by <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Chaldean</a> astrology), the power of Destiny.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also identified with <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_Dea_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="De Dea Syria">De Dea Syria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence of the first half of the name, Atargatis has frequently, though wrongly, been identified as <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Ashtart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two deities were probably of common origin and have many features in common, but their cults are historically distinct. There is reference in <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> 12.26<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> 5:43<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to an Atargateion or Atergateion, a temple of Atargatis, at Carnion in <a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a>, but the home of the goddess was unquestionably not <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, but Syria itself; at <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Hierapolis Bambyce</a> she had a temple in her name.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent analysis of the cult of Atargatis is an essay by Per Bilde,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Atargatis appears in the context of other Hellenized Great Goddesses of the East. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cult">Cult</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temples">Temples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_Urfa2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_Urfa2.jpg/220px-Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_Urfa2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_Urfa2.jpg/330px-Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_Urfa2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_Urfa2.jpg/440px-Bal%C4%B1kl%C4%B1g%C3%B6l_Urfa2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The fishpond of fish sacred to Atargatis survives at <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a>, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, its mythology transferred to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrahim</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At her temples at Ashkelon, <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Hierapolis Bambyce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a>, there were fish ponds containing fish only her priests might touch.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glueck noted in his 1937 paper that "to this day there is a sacred fish-pond swarming with untouchable fish at Qubbet el-Baeddwī, a <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervish</a> monastery three kilometres east of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripolis, Lebanon</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relief sculpture of the Syrian Goddess at Hierapolis was supported by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">tritonesses</a> according Lucian.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cult sites in the Near East include Dura-Europos, Palmyra, Akko (Ptolemais), Carnaim<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Nabataea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier201879_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier201879-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two well preserved temples in <a href="/wiki/Niha_Bekaa#Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Niha Bekaa">Niha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> are dedicated to her and to her consort Hadad. </p><p>From Syria, the worship of Atargatis and Hadad extended to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and to the furthest West into the Mediterranean. <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> gave descriptions of the beggar-priests who went round the great cities with an image of the goddess on an ass and collected money. The wide extension of the cult is attributable largely to Syrian merchants; thus we find traces of it in the great seaport towns; at <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a> especially numerous inscriptions have been found bearing witness to her importance. Again we find the cult in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, introduced, no doubt, by slaves and mercenary troops, who carried it even to the farthest northern limits of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader of the rebel slaves in the <a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First Servile War</a>, a Syrian named <a href="/wiki/Eunus" title="Eunus">Eunus</a>, claimed to receive visions of Atargatis, whom he identified with the <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Enna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Priesthood">Priesthood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Priesthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galles,_Archigalles_et_pr%C3%AAtres_de_la_M%C3%A8re_des_dieux.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Galles%2C_Archigalles_et_pr%C3%AAtres_de_la_M%C3%A8re_des_dieux.JPG/220px-Galles%2C_Archigalles_et_pr%C3%AAtres_de_la_M%C3%A8re_des_dieux.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Galles%2C_Archigalles_et_pr%C3%AAtres_de_la_M%C3%A8re_des_dieux.JPG/330px-Galles%2C_Archigalles_et_pr%C3%AAtres_de_la_M%C3%A8re_des_dieux.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Galles%2C_Archigalles_et_pr%C3%AAtres_de_la_M%C3%A8re_des_dieux.JPG/440px-Galles%2C_Archigalles_et_pr%C3%AAtres_de_la_M%C3%A8re_des_dieux.JPG 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Bust of a priest of Atargatis, 3rd century AD, Capitoline Museums</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Roman era, <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> worshipped Atargatis, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Galli" title="Galli">Galli</a> priests of <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>. At the shrine in Hieropolis founded by <a href="/wiki/Semiramis" title="Semiramis">Semiramis</a>, eunuch priests served the image of a fish-tailed woman. Rituals to the goddess were accompanied by flute playing and rattle shaking. In one rite, young males castrated themselves to become <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> priests at the temple and thereafter performed tasks usually done by women. The obligatory lake or pond lay nearby, full of sacred fish which no one was allowed to eat; nor could anyone eat Atargatis's sacred doves.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The priests were described by <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> as <a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">mendicants</a> that traveled around with an image of the goddess dressed in a silken robe on the back of a donkey. When they arrived at village squares or a receptive estate they would perform an <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">ecstatic rite</a>, designed to attract a crowd and elicit their contributions. The priests were described as effeminate, wearing heavy makeup, turbans on their heads, and dressed in <a href="/wiki/Saffron_(color)" title="Saffron (color)">saffron colored</a> robes of silk and linen; some in white tunics painted with purple stripes. They shouted and danced wildly to the music of flutes, whirling around with necks bent so that their long hair flew out; and in an ecstatic frenzy they would bite their own flesh and cut their arms with knives until they bled.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a story retold by Lucian, the <a href="/wiki/Stratonice_of_Syria" title="Stratonice of Syria">Assyrian queen Stratonice</a> saw in a vision that she must build a temple at Hieropolis to the goddess and so the king sent her there with a young man named Combabus to execute the task. Knowing the queen's reputation Combabus castrated himself and left his genitals, sealed in a box. When the queen fell in love with Combabus and tried to seduce him, he revealed his mutilation, but this didn't dissuade her from desiring his constant companionship. When Stratonice and Combabus returned home, she accused him of trying to seduce her, and Combabus was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death. Combabus called for the sealed box to prove his innocence, where upon the king relented and rewarded Combabus for his loyalty. The temple was completed and a statue of Combabus was placed in it. This is said to be the origin of the practice of castration by the priests in the temple. </p><p>Another story ascribed to Combabus mentions that a certain foreign woman who had joined a sacred assembly, beholding a human form of extreme beauty and dressed in man's attire, became violently enamoured of him: after discovering that he was a eunuch, she committed suicide. Combabus accordingly in despair at his incapacity for love, donned woman's attire, so that no woman in future might be deceived in the same way.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/48px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, 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.reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., the Tyche of the city.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The full myth is that Derceto drowned herself in a lake near Ashkelon, in shame, after giving birth to a daughter <a href="/wiki/Semiramis" title="Semiramis">Semiramis</a> in an illicit love affair with a youth named Simios.<sup id="cite_ref-macalister_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macalister-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ringgren_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ringgren-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="#Mythology">§Mythology</a>, infra.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hera" is just the tentative Greek designation Lucian used for this goddess, which must be Atargatis, but he was wavering on his decision, because aspects of many Greek goddesses were exhibited, in his words, those of "Athena and Aphrodite and Selene and Rhea and Artemis and Nemesis and the Fates".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">And at her side was "Zeus", with a bull beneath him.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The inscription " BAΣIΛEΩS / DHMHTPIOY / ΘEOY - ΦIΛOΠATOPOΣ / ΣΩTHPOΣ" refers to the monarch, but does not label the goddess as such.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A crescent moon may be depicted on the coin, together with the goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOden1977145_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOden1977145-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crescent surmounted on a lead standard <a href="/wiki/El_Ain,_Beqaa,_Lebanon" title="El Ain, Beqaa, Lebanon">ʾAin Djudj</a> has been commented on as possibly symbolizing Stargateis in the guise of moon goddess <a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a>, one of the many mentioned by Lucian as her analog.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The goddess at Dura-Europos represented in the guise of the Tyche of Palmyra, accompanied by the lion, in a fresco from the sanctuary of the Palmyrene gods, removed to the Yale Art Gallery.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As a further layer, the goddess in both parts is equated to Astarte in <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_Smith" title="William Robertson Smith">W. Robertson Smith</a>'s analysis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovid also mentions Venus transforming into a fish. <i>Metamorphoses</i> <b>V</b>: 331, "Pisce Venus latuit.."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar Domitianus, Diognetus Erythræus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <i>supra</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Macc.</a> 12:26.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. <i>Natural History</i>, 5.19.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40401/Atargatis">"Atargatis (Syrian deity) - Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. Britannica.com. 2013-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atargatis+%28Syrian+deity%29+-+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F40401%2FAtargatis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rostovtseff-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rostovtseff_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rostovtseff_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Rostovtseff, "Hadad and Atargatis at Palmyra", <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> <b>37</b> (January 1933), pp 58-63, examining Palmyrene stamped <a href="/wiki/Tessera" title="Tessera">tesserae</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/264977/Hierapolis">"Hierapolis, at"</a>. Britannica.com. 2013-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hierapolis%2C+at&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.date=2013-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F264977%2FHierapolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaliatook.com/OGOD/atargatis.html">"Atargatis, the Phoenician Great Goddess-Dea Syria Derketo Derceto mermaid goddess fish goddess water goddess canaanite goddess syrian goddess"</a>. Thaliatook.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atargatis%2C+the+Phoenician+Great+Goddess-Dea+Syria+Derketo+Derceto+mermaid+goddess+fish+goddess+water+goddess+canaanite+goddess+syrian+goddess&rft.pub=Thaliatook.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaliatook.com%2FOGOD%2Fatargatis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BauerKraft1996-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BauerKraft1996_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerKraftKrodel1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bauer" title="Walter Bauer">Bauer, Walter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Kraft" title="Robert A. Kraft">Kraft, Robert A.</a>; Krodel, Gerhard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uUkqAAAAYAAJ&q=taratha"><i>Orthodoxy and heresy in earliest Christianity</i></a>. Sigler Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9623642-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9623642-7-3"><bdi>978-0-9623642-7-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodoxy+and+heresy+in+earliest+Christianity&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Sigler+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-9623642-7-3&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Kraft%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Krodel%2C+Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuUkqAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dtaratha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Day2002_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Day2002" class="citation book cs1">John Day (1 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-gfwlltlRwC&pg=PA143"><i>Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan</i></a>. Continuum. pp. 143–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6830-7"><bdi>978-0-8264-6830-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahweh+and+the+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Canaan&rft.pages=143-&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6830-7&rft.au=John+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-gfwlltlRwC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Smith, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12709064/_Athtart_in_Late_Bronze_Age_Syrian_Texts">'Athtart in Late Bronze Age Syrian Texts</a></i> [in:] D. T. Sugimoto (ed), <i>Transformation of a Goddess. Ishtar – Astarte – Aphrodite</i>, 2014, p. 49-51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Del Olmo Lete, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4583174/2013_KTU_1_107_A_miscellany_of_incantations_against_snakebite">KTU 1.107: A miscellany of incantations against snakebite</a></i> [in] O. Loretz, S. Ribichini, W. G. E. Watson, J. Á. Zamora (eds), <i>Ritual, Religion and Reason. Studies in the Ancient World in Honour of Paolo Xella</i>, 2013, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. A. Wiggins, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1307031/A_Reassessment_of_Asherah_With_Further_Considerations_of_the_Goddess">A Reassessment of Asherah: With Further Considerations of the Goddess</a></i>, 2007, p. 57, footnote 124; see also p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. A. Wiggins, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/17830631/A_Reassessment_of_Tikva_Frymer_Kenskys_Asherah">A Reassessment of Tikva Frymer-Kensky's Asherah</a></i> [in:] R. H. Bael, S. Halloway, J. Scurlock, <i>In the Wake of Tikva Frymer-Kensky</i>, 2009, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. A. Wiggins, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1307034/Shapsh_Lamp_of_the_Gods">Shapsh, Lamp of the Gods</a></i> [in:] N. Wyatt (ed.), <i>Ugarit, religion and culture: proceedings of the International Colloquium on Ugarit, Religion and Culture, Edinburgh, July 1994; essays presented in honour of Professor John C. L. Gibson</i>, 1999, p. 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorten1968170-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorten1968170_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorten1968">Porten 1968</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOden197764-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOden197764_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOden1977">Oden 1977</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1999-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1999_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1999_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrijvers1999">Drijvers 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński2000636-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński2000636_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipiński2000">Lipiński 2000</a>, p. 636.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik201265-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik201265_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrebernik2012">Krebernik 2012</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr2014201-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiehr2014201_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiehr2014">Niehr 2014</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201479-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201479_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The modern repertory of literary allusions to her is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul-Louis_van_Berg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul-Louis van Berg (page does not exist)">van Berg, Paul-Louis</a> (1973) <i>Corpus Cultus Deae Syriae (C.C.D.S.): les sources littéraires</i>, Part I: <i>Répertoire des sources grecques et latines</i>; Part II: <i>Études critiques des sources mythologiques grecques et latines</i>, Leiden: Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Atargatis" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Atargatis">Atargatis</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 823.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atargatis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=823&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macalister-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macalister_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macalister_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacalister1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexander_Stewart_Macalister" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Alexander Stewart Macalister">Macalister, R. A. Stewart</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philistinestheir00maca/page/94/mode/2up"><i>The Philistines: their history and civilization</i></a>. London: Pub. for the British Academy by H. Milford. pp. 95–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philistines%3A+their+history+and+civilization&rft.place=London&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Pub.+for+the+British+Academy+by+H.+Milford&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Macalister&rft.aufirst=R.+A.+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilistinestheir00maca%2Fpage%2F94%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ringgren-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ringgren_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ringgren_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinggren1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Ringgren" title="Helmer Ringgren">Ringgren, Helmer</a> (1969), Bleeker, C. Jouco; <a href="/wiki/Geo_Widengren" title="Geo Widengren">Widengren, Geo</a> (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0sgUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA208">"The Religion of Ancient Syria"</a>, <i>Historia Religionorum I: Religions of the Past</i>, E. J. Brill, p. 208</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia+Religionorum+I%3A+Religions+of+the+Past&rft.atitle=The+Religion+of+Ancient+Syria&rft.pages=208&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Ringgren&rft.aufirst=Helmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0sgUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowper18653-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowper18653_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowper18653_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowper1865">Cowper (1865)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887305,_313-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887305,_313_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887305,_313_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith,_W._Robertson1887">Smith, W. Robertson (1887)</a>, pp. 305, 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barton-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barton_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlkes-ChildsSeymour1902" class="citation book cs1">Fowlkes-Childs, Blair; Seymour, Michael (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJTGvwwp8aIC&pg=PA242"><i>A Sketch of Semitic Origins: Social and Religious</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sketch+of+Semitic+Origins%3A+Social+and+Religious&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Fowlkes-Childs&rft.aufirst=Blair&rft.au=Seymour%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJTGvwwp8aIC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hasan-rokem-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hasan-rokem_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan-Rokem2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Galit_Hasan-Rokem" title="Galit Hasan-Rokem">Hasan-Rokem, Galit</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Steven_Fine" title="Steven Fine">Fine, Steven</a>; Koller, Aaron (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuYxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA182">"Leviticus Rabbah 16, 1 – "Odysseus and the Sirens" in the Beit Leontis Mosaic from Beit She'an"</a>, <i>Talmuda de-Eretz Israel: Archaeology and the Rabbis in Late Antique Palestine</i>, Studia Judaica 73, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, p. 182, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614512875" title="Special:BookSources/9781614512875"><bdi>9781614512875</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Talmuda+de-Eretz+Israel%3A+Archaeology+and+the+Rabbis+in+Late+Antique+Palestine&rft.atitle=Leviticus+Rabbah+16%2C+1+%E2%80%93+%22Odysseus+and+the+Sirens%22+in+the+Beit+Leontis+Mosaic+from+Beit+She%27an&rft.pages=182&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781614512875&rft.aulast=Hasan-Rokem&rft.aufirst=Galit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAuYxCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucian. <i>De Dea Syria</i> 14; <a href="#CITEREFLightfoot_ed.2003">Lightfoot ed. (2003)</a>, pp. 254–255 (text); 352–356 (commentary); 352–356 (fish imagery). Cited and translation quoted by <a href="#CITEREFHasan-Rokem2014">Hasan-Rokem (2014)</a>, p. 182.<sup id="cite_ref-hasan-rokem_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hasan-rokem-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d-syra14-cowper-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d-syra14-cowper_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d-syra14-cowper_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De Dea Syra</i>, 14 <i>apud</i> <a href="#CITEREFCowper1865">Cowper (1865)</a>, pp. 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRostovtzeffBellinger1929">Rostovtzeff & Bellinger (1929)</a>, <i>The Excavations at Dura-Europos, 1st season</i>, p. 120; Lucian quoted in <a href="#CITEREFFowlkes-ChildsSeymour2019">Fowlkes-Childs & Seymour (2019)</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De Dea Syra</i>, 32 , quoted in English in: <a href="#CITEREFDowney1977">Downey (1977)</a>, p. 175. A more extensive quote is given in <a href="#CITEREFFowlkes-ChildsSeymour2019">Fowlkes-Childs & Seymour (2019)</a>, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowlkes-childs&seymour-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowlkes-childs&seymour_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlkes-ChildsSeymour2019" class="citation book cs1">Fowlkes-Childs, Blair; Seymour, Michael (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GGLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198"><i>The World between Empires: Art and Identity in the Ancient Middle East</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 198–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588396839" title="Special:BookSources/9781588396839"><bdi>9781588396839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+between+Empires%3A+Art+and+Identity+in+the+Ancient+Middle+East&rft.pages=198-199&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781588396839&rft.aulast=Fowlkes-Childs&rft.aufirst=Blair&rft.au=Seymour%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-GGLDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berlin-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-berlin_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Berlin" title="Andrea Berlin">Berlin, Andrea M.</a> (March 1997), "Archaeological Sources for the History of Palestine: Between Large Forces: Palestine in the Hellenistic Period", <i>The Biblical Archaeologist</i>, <b>60</b> (1): 42, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210581">10.2307/3210581</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210581">3210581</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163795671">163795671</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Sources+for+the+History+of+Palestine%3A+Between+Large+Forces%3A+Palestine+in+the+Hellenistic+Period&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163795671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3210581%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3210581&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Andrea+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drijvers <i>Dea Syria</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Lexicon_Iconographicum_Mythologiae_Classicae" title="Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae">LIMC</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlueck1937">Glueck (1937)</a>, p. 376, note 3: ".. Besides the fish-goddess form of Atargatis, sculptures of her were found depicting her as a grain goddess (fig. 13) and as a goddess of foliage and fruits (figs 14–15).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wright-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wright_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wright_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wright, Nicholas L. (2009), "Non-Greek Religious Imagery on the Coinage of Seleucid Syria", <i>Mediterranean Archaeology</i>, 22/23, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24651941">24651941</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Non-Greek+Religious+Imagery+on+the+Coinage+of+Seleucid+Syria&rft.volume=22%2F23&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24651941%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span>. Silver tetradrachm of Demetrius III. p. 198 and Pl.7: 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2009199-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2009199_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2009">Wright (2009)</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2009196-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2009196_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2009">Wright (2009)</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowney1977175-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowney1977175_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowney1977">Downey (1977)</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2009">Wright (2009)</a>, p. 196 only writes that Hieropolitan coins typically depicted "Zeus", but the lion was also added as a sub-type, and "the lion was known as the companion and avatar of Atargatis".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers2015106–107-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers2015106–107_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrijvers2015">Drijvers (2015)</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOden1977145-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOden1977145_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOden1977">Oden (1977)</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRostovtzeffBellinger1929">Rostovtzeff & Bellinger (1929)</a>, <i>The Excavations at Dura-Europos, 1st season</i>, pp. 119–120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers2015106-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers2015106_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrijvers2015">Drijvers (2015)</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matheson-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matheson_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatheson1994" class="citation cs2">Matheson, Susan B. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJhJAQAAIAAJ&q=Atargatis">"The Goddess Tyche"</a>, <i>Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin</i> (1994): 25 and fig. 7, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40514500">40514500</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+University+Art+Gallery+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Goddess+Tyche&rft.issue=1994&rft.pages=25+and+fig.+7&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40514500%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Matheson&rft.aufirst=Susan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJhJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DAtargatis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowney1977">Downey (1977)</a>, pp. 47–48, 172–173 <i>apud</i> Matheson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatheson1994">Matheson (1994)</a>, n. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rostovtseff 1933:58-63; <i>Dura-Europos</i> III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glueck1937-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glueck1937_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlueck1937" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Glueck" title="Nelson Glueck">Glueck, Nelson</a> (July–September 1937), "A Newly Discovered Nabataean Temple of Atargatis and Hadad at Khirbet Et-Tannur, Transjordania", <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>, <b>41</b> (3): 361–376, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F498501">10.2307/498501</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/498501">498501</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193107146">193107146</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Newly+Discovered+Nabataean+Temple+of+Atargatis+and+Hadad+at+Khirbet+Et-Tannur%2C+Transjordania&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=361-376&rft.date=1937-07%2F1937-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193107146%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F498501%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F498501&rft.aulast=Glueck&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baur, <i>Dura-Europos</i> III, p. 115. For <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> (<i>Sixth Olympian Ode</i>), the Greek sea-goddess <a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a> is "goddess of the gold spindle".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887305-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887305_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith,_W._Robertson1887">Smith, W. Robertson (1887)</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887314-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887314_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith,_W._Robertson1887314_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith,_W._Robertson1887">Smith, W. Robertson (1887)</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-lat1:4"><i>Metamorphoses</i> <b>IV</b>: 44ff</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hyginus-fish-metamorph-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hyginus-fish-metamorph_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyginus-fish-metamorph_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyginus, <i>de Astronomica</i> <b>II</b>: 30 and Manilius <b>IV</b>: 580 sqq. <i>apud</i> <a href="#CITEREFSmith,_W._Robertson1887">Smith, W. Robertson (1887)</a>, p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith,_W._Robertson1887">Smith, W. Robertson (1887)</a>, p. 314 and <a href="#CITEREFSmith,_W._Robertson1894">Smith, W. Robertson (1894)</a>, p. 175: "as Aphrodite sprang from the sea-foam, or as Atargatis, .."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lucas-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lucas_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lucas_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">As in the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Pervigilium_Veneris" title="Pervigilium Veneris">Pervigilium Veneris</a></i>, line 7 "tossed Dione from the foam", "Dione" in later times signified Venus. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA49"><i>Aphrodite： The Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite and The Pervigilium Veneris</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/F._L._Lucas" title="F. L. Lucas">Lucas, F. L.</a>, tr. Cambridge University Press. 1948. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aphrodite%EF%BC%9A+The+Homeric+Hymn+to+Aphrodite+and+The+Pervigilium+Veneris&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUg88AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span>, line 7 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA50">note to Line 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. "Dione from the foam" (signifying Venus) in <i><a href="/wiki/Pervigilium_Veneris" title="Pervigilium Veneris">Pervigilium Veneris</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lucas_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucas-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fasti</i> 2.459–.474 <i>apud</i> <a href="#CITEREFCowper1865">Cowper (1865)</a>, pp. 14–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowper186512,_14–16-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowper186512,_14–16_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowper1865">Cowper (1865)</a>, pp. 12, 14–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowper186512-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowper186512_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowper1865">Cowper (1865)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowper1865">Cowper (1865)</a>, pp. 12–13, he does not specify which primary source from among the authors he listed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith,_W._Robertson1887">Smith, W. Robertson (1887)</a>, p. 314 and <a href="#CITEREFSmith,_W._Robertson1894">Smith, W. Robertson (1894)</a>, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hyginus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <i>Fabula</i> 197: "Into the Euphrates River an egg of wonderful size is said to have fallen, which the fish rolled to the bank. Doves sat on it, and when it was heated, it hatched out Venus, who was later called the Syrian goddess. Since she excelled the rest in justice and uprightness, by a favour granted by Jove, the fish were put among the number of the stars, and because of this the Syrians do not eat fish or doves, considering them as gods".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowper1865">Cowper (1865)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">What W. R. Smith regards as myth "II." is just a variant of the Venus-Cupid myth (Smith's "I") in Cowper's estimation.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a>. <i>Saturnalia</i>, 1.23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarland2009" class="citation book cs1">Harland, Philip (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BtrN7iNEEfAC&pg=PA54"><i>Dynamics of Identity in the World of the Early Christians</i></a>. Continuum Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-11146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-11146-3"><bdi>978-0-567-11146-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+Identity+in+the+World+of+the+Early+Christians&rft.pub=Continuum+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-567-11146-3&rft.aulast=Harland&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBtrN7iNEEfAC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dirven's hypothesis that at Palmyra Atargatis was identical to Astarte, who functioned as the <a href="/wiki/Gad_(deity)" title="Gad (deity)">Gad</a> of Palmyra, has been criticised by Ted Kaizer (<i>The Religious Life of Palmyra</i> 2002 :153f), who suggests that we "stick to the divine names actually given by the worshippers" and follow the Palmyrene inscriptions, which distinguish between them.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330022513/http://www.livius.org/maa-mam/maccabees/2macc12.html">"on-line text"</a>. Livius.org. 2006-12-08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/maa-mam/maccabees/2macc12.html">the original</a> on 2015-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=on-line+text&rft.pub=Livius.org&rft.date=2006-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fmaa-mam%2Fmaccabees%2F2macc12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simply referring to "the temple that was in Carnaim" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://st-takla.org/pub_Deuterocanon/Deuterocanon-Apocrypha_El-Asfar_El-Kanoneya_El-Tanya__8-First-of-Maccabees.html#Chapter%205">on-line text</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bilde, Per (1990). <i>Religion and Religious Practice in the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> Kingdom</i> (in series "Studies in Hellenistic Civilization") Aarhus University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Dea_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="De Dea Syria">De Dea Syria</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> II.4.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlueck1937">Glueck (1937)</a>, p. 374, note 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucian. <i>De Dea Syria</i> 14; <a href="#CITEREFLightfoot_ed.2003">Lightfoot ed. (2003)</a>, <i>Lucian: On the Syrian Goddess</i>, p. 67 n. 17. <i>apud</i> <a href="#CITEREFWright2009">Wright (2009)</a>, p. 197 and n. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier201879-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier201879_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaier2018">Maier (2018)</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucian, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Dea_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="De Dea Syria">De Dea Syria</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOden1977">Oden (1977)</a>, p. 50 <i>apud</i> <a href="#CITEREFMaier2018">Maier (2018)</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attridge and Oden 1976: 23, 37, 39, 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apuleius, <i>The Golden Ass</i> 8.26–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucian, <i>De Dea Syria</i> 19–29</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowper1865" class="citation cs2">Cowper, B. Harris (April 1865), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6PgDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA14">"Directo, the Goddess of Ascalon"</a>, <i>The Journal of Sacred Literature and Biblical Record</i>, <b>7</b> (8): 1–20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sacred+Literature+and+Biblical+Record&rft.atitle=Directo%2C+the+Goddess+of+Ascalon&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=1865-04&rft.aulast=Cowper&rft.aufirst=B.+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6PgDAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowney1977" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Downey, Susan B., ed. (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wL1tAAAAMAAJ&q=Atargatis"><i>The Excavations at Dura-Europos: Final Report: The Stone and Plaster Sculpture</i></a>, vol. III, Part 1, Fascicle 2, Los Angeles: Yale University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Excavations+at+Dura-Europos%3A+Final+Report%3A+The+Stone+and+Plaster+Sculpture&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwL1tAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAtargatis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrijvers1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Drijvers, H.J.W. (1999). "Atargatis". In <a href="/wiki/Karel_van_der_Toorn" title="Karel van der Toorn">van der Toorn, Karel</a>; Becking, Bob; <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Willem_van_der_Horst" title="Pieter Willem van der Horst">van der Horst, Pieter W.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible" title="Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible">Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>; <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Köln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. pp. 114–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-802-82491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-802-82491-2"><bdi>978-0-802-82491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atargatis&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.place=Boston%2C+United+States%3B+Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom%3B+Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan%2C+United+States%3B+K%C3%B6ln%2C+Germany%3B+Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=114-116&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers%3B+William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-802-82491-2&rft.aulast=Drijvers&rft.aufirst=H.J.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrijvers2015" class="citation cs2">Drijvers, H. J. W. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wL1tAAAAMAAJ&q=Atargatis">"IV The Cult of Atargatis"</a>, <i>Cults and Beliefs at Edessa</i>, BRILL, pp. 76ff, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004295629" title="Special:BookSources/9789004295629"><bdi>9789004295629</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV+The+Cult+of+Atargatis&rft.btitle=Cults+and+Beliefs+at+Edessa&rft.pages=76ff&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789004295629&rft.aulast=Drijvers&rft.aufirst=H.+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwL1tAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAtargatis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebernik2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Krebernik" class="extiw" title="de:Manfred Krebernik">Krebernik, Manfred</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (2012). <i>Götter und Mythen des Alten Orients</i> [<i>Gods and Myths of the Ancient Orient</i>]. Beck'sche Reihe (in German). Vol. 2708. <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/C.H._Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="C.H. Beck">C.H. Beck</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-60522-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-60522-2"><bdi>978-3-406-60522-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%B6tter+und+Mythen+des+Alten+Orients&rft.place=Munich%2C+Germany&rft.series=Beck%27sche+Reihe&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-406-60522-2&rft.aulast=Krebernik&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLightfoot_ed.2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian of Samosata</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Jane_Lucy_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Lucy Lightfoot">Lightfoot, J. L.</a> (ed.). <i>Lucian: On the Syrian Goddess</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199251384" title="Special:BookSources/9780199251384"><bdi>9780199251384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucian%3A+On+the+Syrian+Goddess&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780199251384&rft.au=Lucian+of+Samosata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipiński2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lipi%C5%84ski_(orientalist)" title="Edward Lipiński (orientalist)">Lipiński, Edward</a> (2000). <i>The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion</i>. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Vol. 100. <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peeters_Publishers" title="Peeters Publishers">Peeters Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-042-90859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-042-90859-8"><bdi>978-9-042-90859-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aramaeans%3A+Their+Ancient+History%2C+Culture%2C+Religion&rft.place=Leuven%2C+Belgium&rft.series=Orientalia+Lovaniensia+analecta&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9-042-90859-8&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2018" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Walter A. III (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UgD1DwAAQBAJ"><i>Ašerah: Extrabiblical Evidence</i></a>. Harvard Semitic Monographs 37. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004369436" title="Special:BookSources/9789004369436"><bdi>9789004369436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%C5%A1erah%3A+Extrabiblical+Evidence&rft.series=Harvard+Semitic+Monographs+37&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789004369436&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUgD1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiehr2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Niehr" class="extiw" title="de:Herbert Niehr">Niehr, Herbert</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (2014). <i>The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria</i>. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. Vol. 106. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-22943-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-22943-3"><bdi>978-9-004-22943-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aramaeans+in+Ancient+Syria&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies.+Section+1+The+Near+and+Middle+East&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9-004-22943-3&rft.aulast=Niehr&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOden1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Oden" title="Robert A. Oden">Oden, R.A.</a> (1977). <i>Studies in Lucian's De Syria Dea</i>. Harvard Semitic Monographs. Vol. 15. <a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: Scholars Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-891-30123-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-891-30123-3"><bdi>978-0-891-30123-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Lucian%27s+De+Syria+Dea&rft.place=Missoula%2C+United+States&rft.series=Harvard+Semitic+Monographs&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-891-30123-3&rft.aulast=Oden&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorten1968" class="citation book cs1">Porten, Bezalel (1968). <i>Archives from Elephantine: The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony</i>. <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01028-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01028-4"><bdi>978-0-520-01028-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archives+from+Elephantine%3A+The+Life+of+an+Ancient+Jewish+Military+Colony&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+United+States&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01028-4&rft.aulast=Porten&rft.aufirst=Bezalel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRostovtzeffBellinger1929" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rostovtzeff" title="Michael Rostovtzeff">Rostovtzeff, M. I .</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bellinger" title="Alfred Bellinger">Bellinger, Alfred R. Bellinger</a>, eds. (1929), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1MQwHxLGOC4C&q=Atargatis"><i>The Excavations at Dura-Europos: Conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters; Preliminary Report of 1st- Season of Work</i></a>, Yale University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Excavations+at+Dura-Europos%3A+Conducted+by+Yale+University+and+the+French+Academy+of+Inscriptions+and+Letters%3B+Preliminary+Report+of+1st-+Season+of+Work&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1MQwHxLGOC4C%26q%3DAtargatis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2014). "‛Athtart in Late Bronze Age Syrian Texts". In Sugimoto, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12709064"><i>Transformation of a Goddess: Ishtar - Astarte - Aphrodite</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>; <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Fribourg" title="University of Fribourg">Academic Press Fribourg</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht" title="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht</a>. pp. 33–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-727-81748-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-727-81748-9"><bdi>978-3-727-81748-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9BAthtart+in+Late+Bronze+Age+Syrian+Texts&rft.btitle=Transformation+of+a+Goddess%3A+Ishtar+-+Astarte+-+Aphrodite&rft.place=Fribourg%2C+Switzerland%3B+G%C3%B6ttingen%2C+Germany&rft.pages=33-85&rft.pub=Academic+Press+Fribourg%3B+Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-727-81748-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12709064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_W._Robertson1887" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_Smith" title="William Robertson Smith">Smith, W. Robertson</a> (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRkpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA303">"Notes and Documents: Ctesisas and the Semiramis Legend"</a>, <i>The English Historical Review</i>, <b>2</b>: 303–317</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Notes+and+Documents%3A+Ctesisas+and+the+Semiramis+Legend&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=303-317&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=W.+Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRkpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_W._Robertson1894" class="citation cs2">—— (2017) [1894], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRkpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA303"><i>Religion of the Semites: The Fundamental Institutions</i></a> (Repr. 2nd ed.), Routledge, pp. 303–317, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351493680" title="Special:BookSources/9781351493680"><bdi>9781351493680</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+of+the+Semites%3A+The+Fundamental+Institutions&rft.pages=303-317&rft.edition=Repr.+2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351493680&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=W.+Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRkpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtargatis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Weinfeld" title="Moshe Weinfeld">Weinfeld, Moshe</a> (1991). "Semiramis: her name and her origin." In: Mordechai Cogan; Israel Eph'al (ed.), <i>Ah, Assyria...:Studies in Assyrian history and ancient Near Eastern historiography presented to Hayim Tadmor</i> (series Scripta Hierosolymitana 33), Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University, pp. 99–103.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atargatis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 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href="http://www.abufares.net/2010/02/atargatis.html">Atargatis by Abufares</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=259&letter=D">Jewish Encyclopedia: Derceto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40401/Atargatis">Britannica Online Encyclopædia: "Atargatis"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matrifocus.com/BEL09/spotlight.htm"><i>Atargatis, the "Syrian Goddess"</i> by Johanna Stuckey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331011804/http://www.matrifocus.com/BEL09/spotlight.htm">Archived</a> 2021-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026224536/http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Lofts/2938/deasyria-intro.html">Lucian of Samosata, <i>Concerning the Syrian 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