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<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/640px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="چين - وڪيپيڊيا"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//sd.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="سنواريو" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="وڪيپيڊيا (sd)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//sd.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sd"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="وڪيپيڊيا اڻو روان رسد" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-چين rootpage-چين skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">مواد ڏانھن هلو</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="سائيٽ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="مک مينيو" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > مک مينيو </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مک مينيو</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">سائڊبار ڏانھن چوريو</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">لڪايو</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> رھنمائي </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88" title="مک صفحو گھمو [z]" accesskey="z">مک صفحو</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ھن رٿا بابت، توھان ڇا ٿا ڪري سگهو، شيون ڪٿي ڳولھجن">اوطاق</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88%DA%AA%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A7" title="تازن واقعن تي تفصيلي ڄاڻ لھو">هاڻوڪا واقعا</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ھن وڪيءَ ۾ تازين تبديلين جي فھرست [r]" accesskey="r">تازيون تبديليون</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="ڪو بلاترتيب صفحو اتاريو [x]" accesskey="x">بلاترتيب صفحو</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ڳولي لھڻ جي جاءِ">مدد</a></li><li id="n-sandboxlink-portlet-label" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88">مشق پٽي</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="وڪيپيڊيا" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-sd.svg" style="width: 6.8125em; height: 1.75em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sd.svg" width="135" height="23" style="width: 8.4375em; height: 1.4375em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="۾ ڳوليو وڪيپيڊيا [f]" accesskey="f"> ڳولا </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڳوليو" aria-label="وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڳوليو" autocapitalize="sentences" title="۾ ڳوليو وڪيپيڊيا [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="خاص:ڳولا"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ڳوليو</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="ذاتي اوزار"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ڏيک"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ڏيک" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > ڏيک </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sd.wikipedia.org&uselang=sd" class="">امداد ڏيو</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88&returnto=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="کاتو کولڻ ۽ داخل ٿيڻ تي توھان کي ھمٿايو وڃي ٿو؛ جيتوڻيڪ، اهو ضروري ناھي" class="">کاتو کوليو</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86&returnto=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="توھان کي ھمٿائجي ٿو تہ توهان داخل ٿيو؛ بھرحال، اھو لازمي ناھي [o]" accesskey="o" class="">داخل ٿيو</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="وڌيڪ چارا" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#مذهب"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 مذهب </div> </a> <ul id="toc-مذهب-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-پڻ_ڏسندا" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#پڻ_ڏسندا"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 پڻ ڏسندا </div> </a> <ul id="toc-پڻ_ڏسندا-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-خارجي_ڳنڍڻا" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#خارجي_ڳنڍڻا"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 خارجي ڳنڍڻا </div> </a> <ul id="toc-خارجي_ڳنڍڻا-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-حوالا" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#حوالا"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 حوالا </div> </a> <ul id="toc-حوالا-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="فھرست" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="عنوانن جي فھرست کي ٽوگل ڪريو" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > عنوانن جي فھرست کي ٽوگل ڪريو </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">چين</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ڪنھن مضمون ڏانھن ڪنھن ٻي ٻوليءَ ۾ وڃو. 309 ٻولين ۾ موجود آھي" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-309" aria-hidden="true" > 309 ٻوليون </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Китаи – ابقازیان" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Китаи" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="ابقازیان" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineu" title="Cineu – اچائينيز" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Cineu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="اچائينيز" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – اديگهي" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="اديگهي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China – آفريڪي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Volksrepubliek China" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="آفريڪي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepublik_China" title="Volksrepublik China – سوئس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Volksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سوئس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%93" title="ቻይና – امهاري" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻይና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="امهاري" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Popular_de_China" title="Republica Popular de China – ارگني" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Republica Popular de China" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="ارگني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina_seo_Folclice_Cynewise" title="Cina seo Folclice Cynewise – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cina seo Folclice Cynewise" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – انجيڪا" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="انجيڪا" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="چونڊ مضمون"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الصين – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%A5%DC%A1%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A8%DC%9D%DC%A2" title="ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܥܡܡܝܬܐ ܕܨܝܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܥܡܡܝܬܐ ܕܨܝܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="الشينوا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الشينوا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الصين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الصين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8" title="চীন – آسامي" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চীন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="آسامي" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China" title="República Popular China – اسٽورين" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República Popular China" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="اسٽورين" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – اويرس" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="اويرس" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinia" title="Sinia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sinia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन – اواڌي" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="اواڌي" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markani_Republika_China" title="Markani Republika China – ایمارا" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Markani Republika China" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ایمارا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in" title="Çin – آزربائيجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="آزربائيجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="چونڊ مضمون"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ҡытай Халыҡ Республикаһы – ڪينيڊا" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡытай Халыҡ Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ڪينيڊا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – بالينيس" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="بالينيس" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97n%C4%97j%C4%97s_Liaud%C4%97is_Respobl%C4%97ka" title="Kėnėjės Liaudėis Respoblėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėnėjės Liaudėis Respoblėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina" title="Sina – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Sina" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кітай – بيلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بيلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кітай – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кітай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – بلغاريائي" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاريائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaena" title="Jaena – بسلاما" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jaena" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="بسلاما" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripublik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Ripublik Rakyat Cina – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ripublik Rakyat Cina" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ခယ်ႏခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခယ်ႏခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – بمبارا" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="بمبارا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8" title="চীন – بنگلا" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگلا" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%AD%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ། – تبيتائي" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="تبيتائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8" title="গণচীন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গণচীন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Pobl_Sina" title="Republik Pobl Sina – بريٽن" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Pobl Sina" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="بريٽن" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – بوسنيائي" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسنيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cino" title="Cino – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Cino" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="بهترين مضمون"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Хитад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хитад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_de_la_Xina" title="República Popular de la Xina – ڪيٽالان" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Popular de la Xina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ڪيٽالان" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-hu%C3%A0_%C3%8Cng-m%C3%ACng_G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-hu%C3%B2-gu%C3%B3k" title="Dṳ̆ng-huà Ìng-mìng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dṳ̆ng-huà Ìng-mìng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Цийн Халкъан Республика – چیچن" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цийн Халкъан Республика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="چیچن" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangmasang_Republika_sa_Tsina" title="Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina – سبوانو" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="سبوانو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – چمورو" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="چمورو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A8%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%9B" title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ – چروڪي" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="چروڪي" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" title="China (People's Republic of China) – چايان" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="China (People's Republic of China)" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="چايان" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – مرڪزي ڪردش" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="مرڪزي ڪردش" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – ڪارسيڪائي" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="ڪارسيڪائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in" title="Çin – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çin" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADna" title="Čína – چيڪ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čína" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چيڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84sk%C3%B4_L%C3%ABdow%C3%B4_Rep%C3%B9blika" title="Chińskô Lëdowô Repùblika – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Chińskô Lëdowô Repùblika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%A3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%EA%99%97%D0%BD%D1%94" title="Срѣдинꙗнє – چرچ سلاوی" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Срѣдинꙗнє" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="چرچ سلاوی" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Китай Халăх Республики – چو واش" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Китай Халăх Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="چو واش" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Pobl_Tsieina" title="Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina – ويلش" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلش" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – ڊينش" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ڊينش" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepublik_China" title="Volksrepublik China – جرمن" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Volksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caina" title="Caina – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Caina" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet%C3%AA_%C5%9Eari%C3%AA_%C3%87ini" title="Cumhuriyetê Şariê Çini – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cumhuriyetê Şariê Çini" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinska_ludowa_republika" title="Chinska ludowa republika – لوئر سوربين" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Chinska ludowa republika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="لوئر سوربين" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="चीन देश – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चीन देश" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6" title="ސީނުކަރަ – دويهي" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސީނުކަރަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="دويهي" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC" title="ཀྲུང་ཀོ – زونخا" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཀྲུང་ཀོ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="زونخا" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – ايو" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ايو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Κίνα – يوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="يوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – انگريزي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انگريزي" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="بهترين مضمون"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88inio" title="Ĉinio – ايسپرانٽو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉinio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ايسپرانٽو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="بهترين مضمون"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China" title="República Popular China – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Popular China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina" title="Hiina – ايستونائي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ايستونائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="بهترين مضمون"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika – باسق" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinako Herri Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسق" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciina" title="Ciina – فلاهه" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ciina" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="فلاهه" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiina" title="Kiina – فنش" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فنش" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_Rahvavabariik" title="Hiina Rahvavabariik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hiina Rahvavabariik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaina_(matanitu)" title="Jaina (matanitu) – فجي" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jaina (matanitu)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="فجي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="چونڊ مضمون"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – فيروايس" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="فيروايس" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chine" title="Chine – فرانسيسي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسيسي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8publica_popul%C3%A8ra_de_China" title="Rèpublica populèra de China – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Rèpublica populèra de China" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – اترين فريسين" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="اترين فريسين" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_(st%C3%A2t)" title="Cine (stât) – فرائي لئين" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cine (stât)" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="فرائي لئين" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina" title="Sina – مغربي فريشن" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sina" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="مغربي فريشن" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daon-Phoblacht_na_S%C3%ADne" title="Daon-Phoblacht na Síne – آئرش" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daon-Phoblacht na Síne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="آئرش" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitay_Halk_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Kitay Halk Respublikası – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kitay Halk Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中華人民共和國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="中華人民共和國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachin" title="Lachin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lachin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluagh-phoblachd_na_S%C3%ACne" title="Sluagh-phoblachd na Sìne – اسڪاٽش گيلڪ" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sluagh-phoblachd na Sìne" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="اسڪاٽش گيلڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_da_China" title="República Popular da China – گليشئين" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Popular da China" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="گليشئين" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="چين – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چين" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADna_Tetar%C3%A3_Ret%C3%A3" title="Chína Tetarã Retã – گواراني" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chína Tetarã Retã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="گواراني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌺𐌹𐌸𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌹𐌸𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8" title="ચીન – گجراتي" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચીન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="گجراتي" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deynphobblaght_y_%C3%87heen" title="Deynphobblaght y Çheen – مينڪس" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Deynphobblaght y Çheen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="مينڪس" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin" title="Sin – هوسا" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="هوسا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-f%C3%A0_Ng%C3%ACn-m%C3%ACn_Khiung-f%C3%B2-koet" title="Chûng-fà Ngìn-mìn Khiung-fò-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng-fà Ngìn-mìn Khiung-fò-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – هوائي" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="هوائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="הרפובליקה העממית של סין – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה העממית של סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="चीनी जनवादी गणराज्य – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीनी जनवादी गणराज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – ڪروشيائي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ڪروشيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – اپر سربيائي" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="اپر سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin" title="Chin – هيٽي ڪرولي" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="هيٽي ڪرولي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna" title="Kína – هنگري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kína" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنگري" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Չինաստան – ارماني" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ارماني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Չինաստան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չինաստան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – انٽرلنگئا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انٽرلنگئا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – ايبن" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ايبن" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok – انڊونيشي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انڊونيشي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – اگبو" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="اگبو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina" title="Saina – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Saina" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina – الوڪو" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tsina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="الوڪو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Ченкехье – انگش" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ченкехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="انگش" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popul-Republiko_Chinia" title="Popul-Republiko Chinia – ادو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Popul-Republiko Chinia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ادو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna" title="Kína – آئيس لينڊڪ" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kína" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="آئيس لينڊڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – اطالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="اطالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%B4%E1%90%83%E1%93%87" title="ᓴᐃᓇ – انو ڪتوت" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓴᐃᓇ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="انو ڪتوت" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中華人民共和国 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中華人民共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piiplz_Ripoblik_a_Chaina" title="Piiplz Ripoblik a Chaina – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Piiplz Ripoblik a Chaina" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jungo_ke_prenu_gubyseltru" title="jungo ke prenu gubyseltru – لوجبين" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jungo ke prenu gubyseltru" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="لوجبين" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Républik Rakyat Cina – جاونيز" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Républik Rakyat Cina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاونيز" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩინეთი – جارجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جارجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1tay" title="Qıtay – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qıtay" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ccinwa" title="Ccinwa – ڪبائل" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ccinwa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="ڪبائل" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8D_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Хъутей Жылэ Республикэ – ڪبارڊيئن" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хъутей Жылэ Республикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="ڪبارڊيئن" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siini" title="Siini – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Siini" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caina" title="Caina – تياپ" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Caina" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="تياپ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina" title="Sina – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Sina" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – اڪويو" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="اڪويو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Қытай – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="ចិន – خمر" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="خمر" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಚೀನಿ ಜನರ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ – ڪناڊا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನಿ ಜನರ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="ڪناڊا" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="중화인민공화국 – ڪوريائي" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중화인민공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ڪوريائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кина – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кина" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Къытай Халкъ Республика – ڪراچي بالڪر" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къытай Халкъ Республика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="ڪراچي بالڪر" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="چیٖن – ڪشميري" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چیٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="ڪشميري" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%AEn" title="Çîn – ڪردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="ڪردي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – ڪومي" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="ڪومي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblek_Werin_China" title="Repoblek Werin China – ڪورنش" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Repoblek Werin China" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="ڪورنش" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кытай – ڪرغيز" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кытай" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="ڪرغيز" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_popularis_Sinarum" title="Res publica popularis Sinarum – لاطيني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res publica popularis Sinarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاطيني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repuvlika_Popular_Kina" title="Repuvlika Popular Kina – لڊينو" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Repuvlika Popular Kina" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="لڊينو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleksrepublik_China" title="Volleksrepublik China – لگزمبرگ" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Volleksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="لگزمبرگ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – ليزگهين" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="ليزگهين" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xina" title="Xina – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Xina" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayina" title="Cayina – گاندا" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Cayina" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="گاندا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – لمبرگش" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لمبرگش" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinn-a" title="Cinn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cinn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADna" title="Sína – لنگالا" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sína" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="لنگالا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດຈີນ – لائو" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຈີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="لائو" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinijos_Liaudies_Respublika" title="Kinijos Liaudies Respublika – ليٿونيائي" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinijos Liaudies Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليٿونيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABna" title="Ķīna – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Ķīna" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABna" title="Ķīna – لاتوين" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لاتوين" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok – مدورائي" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="مدورائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन – ميٿلي" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="ميٿلي" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Republik Rakyat Cina – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Republik Rakyat Cina" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – موڪشا" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="موڪشا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblika_Entim-Bahoakan%27_i_Sina" title="Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina – ملاگاسي" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ملاگاسي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haina" title="Haina – مائوري" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Haina" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="مائوري" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyaik_Cino" title="Republik Rakyaik Cino – مناڪابوا" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Republik Rakyaik Cino" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="مناڪابوا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Народна Република Кина – ميسي ڊونيائي" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Народна Република Кина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ميسي ڊونيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8" title="ചൈന – مليالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مليالم" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="چونڊ مضمون"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Хятад – منگولي" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منگولي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ – ماني پوري" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="ماني پوري" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – مراٺي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراٺي" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – ملي" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aina" title="Ċina – مالٽي" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ċina" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="مالٽي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – مرانڊيز" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="مرانڊيز" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တရုတ်ပြည်သူ့သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – برمي" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရုတ်ပြည်သူ့သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمي" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Китаень Раськень Республикась – ايريزيا" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Китаень Раськень Республикась" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ايريزيا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – مزيندراني" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="مزيندراني" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – نيپولٽن" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="نيپولٽن" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China – لو جرمن" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Volksrepubliek China" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="لو جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrippebliek_China" title="Volksrippebliek China – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Volksrippebliek China" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – نيپالي" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="نيپالي" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन – نيواري" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="نيواري" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok – نياس" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="نياس" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China – ڊچ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volksrepubliek China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ڊچ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkerepublikken_Kina" title="Folkerepublikken Kina – نارويائي نيوناسڪ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folkerepublikken Kina" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="نارويائي نيوناسڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – نارويائي بوڪمال" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="نارويائي بوڪمال" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populen_Republike_de_China" title="Populen Republike de China – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Populen Republike de China" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publyique_du_Peupl%27ye_d%27la_Chinne" title="Républyique du Peupl'ye d'la Chinne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Républyique du Peupl'ye d'la Chinne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1haena" title="Tšhaena – اتر سوٿو" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Tšhaena" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="اتر سوٿو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsii%CA%BCyishbizh%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tsiiʼyishbizhí Dineʼé Bikéyah – نواجو" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsiiʼyishbizhí Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="نواجو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – نيانجا" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="نيانجا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China – آڪسيٽن" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republica Populara de China" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="آڪسيٽن" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitai" title="Kitai – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kitai" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaayinaa" title="Chaayinaa – اورومو" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaayinaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="اورومو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8" title="ଚୀନ – اوڊيا" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚୀନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="اوڊيا" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – اوسيٽڪ" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="اوسيٽڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਚੀਨ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_ya_Too_na_Jhina" title="Republika ya Too na Jhina – پانگا سينان" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Republika ya Too na Jhina" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="پانگا سينان" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="چونڊ مضمون"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldang_Republika_ning_Tsina" title="Maldang Republika ning Tsina – پيم پينگا" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Maldang Republika ning Tsina" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="پيم پينگا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – پاپي امينٽو" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="پاپي امينٽو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publike_popul%C3%A9re_Kine" title="Républike populére Kine – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Républike populére Kine" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tscheine" title="Tscheine – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Tscheine" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84ska_Republika_Ludowa" title="Chińska Republika Ludowa – پولش" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chińska Republika Ludowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولش" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin-a" title="Cin-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cin-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Κίνα – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Κίνα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="چين – پشتو" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="پشتو" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="چونڊ مضمون"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – پورٽگليز" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورٽگليز" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailiku" title="Tailiku – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Tailiku" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa_Runallaqta_Ripuwlika" title="Chunwa Runallaqta Ripuwlika – ڪيچوا" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chunwa Runallaqta Ripuwlika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ڪيچوا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Populara_da_la_China" title="Republica Populara da la China – رومانش" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Republica Populara da la China" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="رومانش" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="چونڊ مضمون"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Popular%C4%83_Chinez%C4%83" title="Republica Populară Chineză – روماني" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Populară Chineză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="روماني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – ارومينين" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="ارومينين" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbleche_Popolare_Cinese" title="Repubbleche Popolare Cinese – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Repubbleche Popolare Cinese" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кітайска Народна Републіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кітайска Народна Републіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubushinwa" title="Ubushinwa – ڪنيار وانڊا" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubushinwa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ڪنيار وانڊا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="चीनदेशः – سنسڪرت" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चीनदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="سنسڪرت" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Кытай Дьон Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – ساخا" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кытай Дьон Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ساخا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱪᱤᱱ – سنتالي" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="سنتالي" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzina" title="Tzina – سارڊيني" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tzina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="سارڊيني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – سسلي" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="سسلي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_o_the_Fowk_o_Cheena" title="Republic o the Fowk o Cheena – اسڪاٽس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Republic o the Fowk o Cheena" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="اسڪاٽس" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinn%C3%A1" title="Kiinná – اتر سامي" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kiinná" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="اتر سامي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn%C3%A4" title="Sînä – سانگو" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sînä" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="سانگو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ccinwa" title="Ccinwa – تيچل هاتي" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ccinwa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="تيچل هاتي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%82%84%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၶႄႇ – شان" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶႄႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="شان" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="චීනය – سنهالا" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චීනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سنهالا" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="People's Republic of China" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADna" title="Čína – سلواڪي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čína" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلواڪي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudska_republika_Kitajska" title="Ljudska republika Kitajska – سلوويني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ljudska republika Kitajska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوويني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina" title="Saina – سموئا" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Saina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="سموئا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiina" title="Kiina – اناري سامي" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kiina" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="اناري سامي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayina" title="Chayina – شونا" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chayina" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="شونا" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiinaha" title="Shiinaha – سومالي" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shiinaha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="سومالي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кина – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneysa" title="Sneysa – سرانن تانگو" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Sneysa" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="سرانن تانگو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShayina" title="IShayina – سواتي" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IShayina" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="سواتي" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhina" title="Xhina – ڏکڻ سوٿي" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Xhina" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="ڏکڻ سوٿي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulksrepublik_China" title="Foulksrepublik China – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Foulksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="چونڊ مضمون"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Républik Rakyat Cina – سوڊاني" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Républik Rakyat Cina" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="سوڊاني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – سويڊش" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سويڊش" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Watu_wa_China" title="Jamhuri ya Watu wa China – سواحيلي" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jamhuri ya Watu wa China" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="سواحيلي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84sk%C5%8F_Ludow%C5%8F_Republika" title="Chińskŏ Ludowŏ Republika – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chińskŏ Ludowŏ Republika" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cong-kow" title="Cong-kow – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Cong-kow" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="சீனா – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyukoku" title="Cyukoku – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Cyukoku" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE" title="ಚೀನಾ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಚೀನಾ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%AB%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%91%E1%A5%A5%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥥᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥥᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE" title="చైనా – تلگو" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చైనా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="تلگو" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xina" title="Xina – تيتم" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Xina" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="تيتم" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ҷумҳурии Мардумии Чин – تاجڪ" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Мардумии Чин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศจีน – ٿائي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ٿائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%93" title="ቻይና – تگرينيائي" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቻይና" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="تگرينيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyta%C3%BD" title="Hytaý – ترڪمين" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hytaý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="ترڪمين" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tsina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXR" title="CXR – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="CXR" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – تسوانا" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="تسوانا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaina" title="Siaina – تونگن" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Siaina" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="تونگن" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Manmeri_Ripablik_bilong_Saina" title="Ol Manmeri Ripablik bilong Saina – تاڪ پسن" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ol Manmeri Ripablik bilong Saina" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="تاڪ پسن" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in" title="Çin – ترڪش" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترڪش" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cikuku" title="Cikuku – تاروڪو" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Cikuku" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="تاروڪو" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayina" title="Chayina – سونگا" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Chayina" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="سونگا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кытай – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кытай" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – تمبوڪا" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="تمبوڪا" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinit%C5%8D" title="Tinitō – تاهيتي" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Tinitō" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="تاهيتي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кыдат – تووينيائي" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кыдат" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="تووينيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай – ادمرت" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="ادمرت" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7_%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى – يوغور" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="يوغور" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Китайська Народна Республіка – يوڪراني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китайська Народна Республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="يوڪراني" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چین – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy" title="Xitoy – ازبڪ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ازبڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – وينڊا" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="وينڊا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega_Popo%C5%82are_Cineze" title="Repùblega Popołare Cineze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repùblega Popołare Cineze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitai" title="Kitai – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kitai" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Trung Quốc – ويتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ويتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyin%C3%A4n" title="Tsyinän – والپڪ" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tsyinän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="والپڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chine" title="Chine – ولون" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Chine" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="ولون" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanan_Katawhan_Republika_han_Tsina" title="Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina – واري" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="واري" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ewum_Popileer_bu_Siin" title="Réewum Popileer bu Siin – وولوف" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Réewum Popileer bu Siin" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="وولوف" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国 – وو چيني" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中华人民共和国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چيني" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Китдин Улус Орн – ڪيلمڪ" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Китдин Улус Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="ڪيلمڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShayina" title="IShayina – زھوسا" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IShayina" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="زھوسا" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩინეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩინეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="כינע – يدش" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כינע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="يدش" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Ol%C3%B3m%C3%ACnira_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_Ar%C3%A1_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_%E1%B9%A2%C3%A1%C3%ADn%C3%A0" title="Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira àwọn Ará ilẹ̀ Ṣáínà – يوروبا" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira àwọn Ará ilẹ̀ Ṣáínà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="يوروبا" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunghvaz_Yinzminz_Gunghozgoz" title="Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrippebliek_China" title="Volksrippebliek China – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Volksrippebliek China" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ – معياري مراڪشي تامازائيٽ" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="معياري مراڪشي تامازائيٽ" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国 – چيني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中华人民共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چيني" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中華人民共和國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中華人民共和國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-h%C3%B4a_J%C3%AEn-b%C3%AEn_Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok" title="Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中華人民共和國 – ڪينٽونيز" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中華人民共和國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="ڪينٽونيز" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShayina" title="IShayina – زولو" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IShayina" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="زولو" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q148#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="بين‌الزباني ڳنڍڻا سنواريو" class="wbc-editpage">ڳنڍڻن کي سنواريو</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نانءُپولارَ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:CiteThisPage&page=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&id=296981&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="ھن صفحي جو حوالو ڪيئن ڏجي بابت معلومات">ھن صفحي جو حوالو ڏيو</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25DA%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2586">مختصر یوآرایل وٺو</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25DA%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2586">ڪيوآر ڪوڊ ڊائونلوڊ ڪريو</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ڇاپيو/برآمديو </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">ڪو ڪتاب سرجيو</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:DownloadAsPdf&page=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=show-download-screen">PDF طور اتاريو</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&printable=yes" title="ھن صفحي جو پرنٽ وٺو [p]" accesskey="p">ڇپائتو مسودو</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ٻيون رٿائون </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" hreflang="en">وڪيميڊيا العام</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q148" title="اعدادخاني ۾ موجود لاڳاپيل اسم سان ڳنڍيو [g]" accesskey="g">وڪيڊيٽا اسم</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="صفحاتِي اوزار"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ڏيک"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ڏيک</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">سائڊبار ڏانھن چوريو</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">لڪايو</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%DA%8A_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="هي هڪ چونڊ مضمون آهن. وڌيڪ ڄاڻ لاءِ هتي ڪلڪ ڪيو."><img alt="هي هڪ چونڊ مضمون آهن. وڌيڪ ڄاڻ لاءِ هتي ڪلڪ ڪيو." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="sd" dir="rtl"> <table class="infobox geography vcard" cellspacing="5" style="width:22em; font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="adr" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name">عوامي جمھوريا چين</div> <div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r276456">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>中华人民共和国</li><li>Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr class=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"><table class="maptable" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:{{{width1}}};text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of چين (China)"><img alt="Flag of چين (China)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div></div></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:auto;text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="قومي نشان چين (China)"><img alt="{{{coat_alt}}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/85px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/128px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/170px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;">جھنڊو</td> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;">قومي نشان</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr class=""><td colspan="2" class="ترانو" style="text-align:center;"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">ترانو: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r276456"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A" title="رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي">رضاڪارن جي پيشقدمي</a>"</li><li>义勇军进行曲</li><li>Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:People%27s_Republic_of_China_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ايشيا جي نقشي ۾ چين تيز سائي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل. ھلڪي سائي رنگ وارا علائقا چين جي اختيار ۾ ناھن پر چين انھن جو دعويدار آهي"><img alt="ايشيا جي نقشي ۾ چين تيز سائي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل. ھلڪي سائي رنگ وارا علائقا چين جي اختيار ۾ ناھن پر چين انھن جو دعويدار آهي" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/People%27s_Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-People%27s_Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/People%27s_Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/450px-People%27s_Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/People%27s_Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/600px-People%27s_Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:0.3em;">ايشيا جي نقشي ۾ چين تيز سائي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل. ھلڪي سائي رنگ وارا علائقا چين جي اختيار ۾ ناھن پر چين انھن جو دعويدار آهي</div></td></tr><tr class=""><th style=""><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%86%DA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="گادي جو هنڌ">گادي جو هنڌ</a></th> <td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="بيجنگ">بيجنگ</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r286000">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-default{margin-left:30px}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&params=39_55_N_116_23_E_type:city">39°55′N 116°23′E / 39.917°N 116.383°E / 39.917; 116.383</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th style="">سڀ کان وڏو شهر</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="شنگھائي">شنگھائي</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th style="">دفتري ٻوليون</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3_%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="سليس چيني ٻولي">معياري چيني</a><a href="#cite_note-langlaw-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class=""><th style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="دفتري لپي (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">دفتري لپي</a></th> <td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="آسان چيني ٻولي (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">آسان چيني</a></td></tr><tr class=""><th style="">تسليم شدہ مقامي ٻوليون <a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></th> <td class="" style=""><div class="hlist plainlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"><ul><li>منگوليائي <ul><li>ايغور</li> <li>تبتي</li> <li>شوانگ ۽</li> <li>ٻيون ٻوليون</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th style=""><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%BE" title="نسلي گروھ">نسلي گروھ</a></th> <td class="" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r276456"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>91.51% ھان چيني</li><li><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;">چين ۾ 55 اقليتون آھن]]<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-right: 0; text-align: right; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1.30% شوانگ </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.86% مانچو </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.79% ايغور </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.79% هوئي </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.72% ميائو </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.65% يي </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.62% توجيا </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.47% منگول </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.44% تبتي </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.26% بويئي </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.15% ڪوريائي </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1.05% باقي ٻيا </li></ul> </div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th style=""><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8" title="مذهب">مذهب</a></th> <td class="" style="">ڏسو» <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%DB%BE_%D9%85%D8%B0%DA%BE%D8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چين ۾ مذھب (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">چين ۾ مذھب</a></td></tr><tr class=""><th style=""><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="مقامي آبادي">مقامي آبادي</a></th> <td class="" style="">چائنيز يا چيني</td></tr><tr class=""><th style="">حڪومت</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="وحداني رياست">وحداني</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%B2%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="مارڪسزم">مارڪسسٽ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ليننزم (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"> ليننسٽ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%BE%DA%AA_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ھڪ جماعتي رياست (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ھڪ جماعتي</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%BD_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سوشلسٽ رياست (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"> سوشلسٽ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%AA" title="ريپبلڪ">ريپبلڪ</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جنرل سيڪريٽري (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ڪميونسٽ پارٽيءَ جو جنرل سيڪريٽري</a>، <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="صدر (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"> ملڪ جو صدر</a> ۽ فوجي سربراھه</div></th> <td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%AF" title="شي جنپنگ">شي جنپنگ</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85" title="وزير اعظم">چين جو پريميئر</a></div></th> <td class="" style="">لي ڪيچيانگ</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="نائب صدر (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">نائب صدر</a></div></th> <td class="" style="">وانگ ڪيشن</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چيئرمين (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">نيشنل پيپلز ڪانگريس جو چيئرمين</a></div></th> <td class="" style="">لي زنشو</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چيئرمين (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">سياسي صلاحڪاري ڪانفرنس جو چيئرمين</a></div></th> <td class="" style="">وانگ يانگ</td></tr><tr class=""><th style=""><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="مقننه">مقننه </a></th> <td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%B2_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="نيشنل پيپلز ڪانگريس (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">نيشنل پيپلز ڪانگريس</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چين جي قيام جي تاريخ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">چين جي قيام جي تاريخ</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شيئا خاندان (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">شيئا خاندان</a> جي بادشاهي</div></th> <td class="" style="">ت. 2070 ق م</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• پھريون شھنشاھي انضمام</div></th> <td class="" style="">221 ق م</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ريپبلڪ جو قيام</div></th> <td class="" style="">1 جنوري 1912</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• خانہ جنگي بعد پيپلز ريپبلڪ جو اعلان</div></th> <td class="" style="">21 سيپٽمبر 1949<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ڪميونسٽ انقلاب</div></th> <td class="" style="">1 آڪٽوبر 1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• موجودہ آئين</div></th> <td class="" style="">4 ڊسمبر 1982</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ميڪائو تي اختيار جي چين جي حق ۾ منتقلي</div></th> <td class="" style="">2 ڊسمبر 1999</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; text-align:right;">پکيڙ</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• جملي</div></th> <td class="" style="">9٬596٬961 km2 (3٬705٬407 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-UN_Stat-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• پاڻي (%)</div></th> <td class="" style="">2.8%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; text-align:right;">آبادي</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2016 اندازو</div></th> <td class="" style="">1,403,500,365 <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Increase2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-11">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%A9%D9%8A%DA%99_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B8_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%AA%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%81%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="پکيڙ جي لحاظ کان ملڪن جي فھرست">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2010 مردم شماري</div></th> <td class="" style="">1,339,724,852 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•  گھاٽائي</div></th> <td class="" style="">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ممدد:سانچا تبديل جا پيغام (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">اوزا تبديل: invalid number</a>] (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by population density">83rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th style=""><a href="/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%84_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ڪل قومي پيداوار">جِي ڊي پي</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="مساوي قوت خريد">مساوي قوت خريد </a>)</th> <td class="" style="">2017 لڳ ڀڳ</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ڪل</div></th> <td class="" style="">$23.122 ٽرلين ڊالر <a href="#cite_note-imf.org-13">[13]</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• في سيڪڙو</div></th> <td class="" style="">$16,624<a href="#cite_note-imf.org-13">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DB%BE_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%DA%8A%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_(%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF)" title="دنيا ۾ جي ڊي پي واري فھرست (مساوي قوت خرید)">77th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th style=""><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%90%D9%8A._%DA%8A%D9%8A._%D9%BE%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="جِي. ڊي. پي">جِي. ڊي. پي </a> (رڳو نالي ۾ )</th> <td class="" style="">2017 لڳ ڀڳ</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-right:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ڪل</div></th> <td class="" style="">$11.938 ٽرلين ڊالر <a href="#cite_note-imf.org-13">[13]</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">2nd</a>)</td></tr> </tbody></table> چين (China)، جنھن جو سرڪاري نالو عوامي جمهوريه چين (People's Republic of China) آھي، <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%80%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اوڀر ايشيا">اوڀر ايشيا</a> ۾ واقع ھڪ ملڪ آھي جيڪو آبادي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو ملڪ آهي. ان جي آبادي ھڪ ارب چاليھ ڪروڙ آھي. ان جي پکيڙ 95,72,900 چورس ڪلوميٽر آھي ۽ <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس">روس</a>، <a href="/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%8A%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ڪيناڊا">ڪيناڊا</a> ۽ <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%AF%DA%8F%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون">آمريڪا</a> کان پوءِ دنيا جو چوٿون وڏو ملڪ آهي.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> روايتي چيني لکڻي ۾ "中國" لکندا آهن ۽ آسان چيني لکڻي ۾ "中国" لکندا آهن. گادي جو هنڌ <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="بيجنگ">بيجنگ</a> ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="شنگھائي">شنگھائي</a> آهي. چين جي معيشت <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%AF%DA%8F%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون">گڏيل رياستن</a> جي بعد دنيا جي ٻين وڏي معيشت آھي. ڪرنسي جو نالو <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="يوآن (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">(¥)</a> آهي. <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا برٽانيڪا">انسائيڪلوپيڊيا برٽانيڪا</a> مطابق چين پکيڙ ۾ <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس">روس</a> ۽ <a href="/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%8A%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ڪئناڊا">ڪينيڊا</a> کان پوءِ دنيا جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي جڏهن ته <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%AF%DA%8F%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون">آمريڪا</a> 95,25,067 چورس ڪلوميٽر جي پکيڙ سان چوٿون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آھي.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> ھي ملڪ انتظامي طور تي 23 صوبن (جن مان 23ھون صوبو <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تائيوان">تائيوان</a> آھي جيڪو تڪراري علائقو آهي)،<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> 5 خودمختيار ريجن ۽ 4 سڌي حڪمراني وارين ميونسپالٽين (<a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="بيجنگ">بيجنگ</a>، <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="شنگھائي">شنگھائي</a>، <a href="/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="چيانجين">چِيَانجَين</a> ۽<a href="/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF" title="چانگچنگ">چَانگچِنگ</a> ) ۽ ٻن خاص انتظامي ريجن (<a href="/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="هانگ ڪانگ">هانگ ڪانگ</a> ۽ <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="ميڪائو">مڪائو</a>) ۾ ورھايل آھي. <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تائيوان">تائيوان</a> پڻ چين جو حصو ھيو پر <a href="/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ">ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ</a> کان پوء ڪميونسٽ انقلاب بعد اھو چين جي ڪميونسٽ نظام جو حصو نہ ٿيو ۽ جمهوريه چين جي نالي سان الڳ ملڪ طور وجود قائم رکيو. ھانگ ڪانگ ۽ مڪائو ليز تي يورپي ملڪن جي نگراني ۾ رھيا پر ليز ختم ٿين بعد عوامي جمهوريه چين جي نگراني ۾ اچي ويا. چين جو ظھور دنيا جي شروعاتي تھذيب طور اتر چيني ميدان ۾ <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="پيلي ندي">يالو ندي</a> جي ڇوڙ واري علائقي ۾ ٿيو ھو. ھتي ھزارين سال لاڳيتو شاھي گھراڻن جون حڪومتون قائم رھيون جن سڀ کان پھريون گھراڻو <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A7_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شيئا گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">شيئا</a> ھيو جنھن جي بادشاھي جي شروعات 21ھين صدي ق.م. ۾ ٿي. ٽين صدي ق.م. ۾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%86_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چن گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">چِن گھراڻي</a> جي بادشاھي دوران ھي ملڪ متحد ٿي پھرين چيني ايمپائر بڻيو. ان بعد <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ھان گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ھان گھراڻي</a> جي 220 ق.م. کان 206 ق.م. تائين حڪومت قائم ٿي جنھن دور ۾ ھتي <a href="/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0" title="ڪاغذ">ڪاغذ</a> ٺاھڻ جي شروعات ٿي ۽ <a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قطب نما">قطب نما</a> ايجاد ٿيو ۽ زراعت ۽ طب ۾ سڌارا آيا. اھو قديم چين جو ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي وارو دؤر ھيو. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چينگ گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">چينگ گھراڻي</a> جي دؤر (618ع کان 907ع تائين) ۾ <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بارود">بارود</a> ۽ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%BD%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="منقوله ٽائيپ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">منقوله ٽائيپ</a> جون ايجادون ٿيون ۽ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="اتريون سانگ گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">اتر واري سانگ گھراڻي</a> جي دؤر (960ع کان 1127ع تائين) ۾ بارود، قطب نما، ڪاغذ سازي ۽ پرنٽنگ پريس جي ايجادن جي تڪميل عمل ۾ آئي. چينگ واري تھذيب ۾ شاھراھ ريشم واري لنگھ جو آغاز ٿيو جنھن ذريعي <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ميسوپوٽيميا">ميسوپوٽيميا</a> ۽ <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="آفريڪا">آفريڪا</a> کان واپارين جي آمد جي شروعات ٿي. چنگ ايمپائر ۾ چين جون حدون لڳ ڀڳ ساڳيون موجوده دؤر واريون رھيون. 1911ع واري انقلاب کان پوء 1912ع ۾ چين ۾ شاھي گھراڻي واري راڄ جو خاتمو ٿيو ۽ جمھوريه چين وجود ۾ آيو. <a href="/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ">ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ</a> ۾ چين تي جاپان قبضو ڪيو. بعد ۾ چيني گھرو ويڙھ بعد 1949ع م ھتي چيني ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي سربراھي ۾ <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مائوزي تنگ">مائوزي تنگ</a> عوامي جمهوريه چين جي قيام جو اعلان ڪيو. ڪومنتانگ پارٽي جي حڪومت شڪست کاڌي ۽ تائيوان تائين محدود ٿي وئي. چين ھڪ وحداني سوشلسٽ ۽ ھڪ جماعتي نظام واري ريپبلڪ آھي. ھي ملڪ گڏيل قومن (UNO) جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جو دائمي رڪن ملڪ آھي. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تاريخ">تاريخ</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=1" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: تاريخ">سنواريو</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="آڳاٽو_دور">آڳاٽو دور</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=2" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: آڳاٽو دور">سنواريو</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg/220px-National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg/330px-National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg/440px-National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="زيانرين غار (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">زيانرين غار</a> مان ڏھ ھزار سال اڳ جا برآمد ٿيل مٽي جا ٿانوَ</figcaption></figure> قديم آثارن وارين شھادتن مان ھتي ساڍا ٻاويھ لک سال اڳ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ھومني بن مانس (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ھومني بن مانسن</a> جي رھائش جو پتو پوي ٿو<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>. بيجنگ کان ڪجهه فاصلي تي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%DA%BE%D9%88%DA%AA%D8%A7%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="زھوڪاڊيئن (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">زھوڪاڊيئن</a> لڳ ھڪ غار مان پوڻا اٺ کان پوڻا ست لک سال اڳ جا ھتي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%BD%D8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ھومواريڪٽس (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ھومواريڪٽس</a> انسان جا پنڊ پھڻ پڻ مليا آهن جنھن کي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BB%DA%BE%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پيڪنگ وارو ماڻھو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">پيڪنگ واري ماڻھو</a> جو نالو ڏنو ويو. ھومواريڪٽس انسانن سڀ کان اڳ باھ ٻارڻ سکي ھئي<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="#cite_note-autogenerated198-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ھونان صوبو">ھونان صوبي</a> جي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BD%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ڊائو ڪائونٽي (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ڊائو ڪائونٽي</a> ۾ واقع <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="فيان غار (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">فيان غار</a> مان سوا لک سال کان اسي ھزار سالن تائين پراڻي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ھوموسيپيئن (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ھوموسيپيئن</a> انسانن جي ڏندن جا پنڊ پهڻ مليا آهن<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A6%DA%BE%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جيئھو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">جيئھو</a> مان ست ھزار سال ق م واري چيني نشانين واري لکڻي جا نشان مليا آهن<a href="#cite_note-earliest_writing-23">[23]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%8A%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ڊيمائيڊي (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ڊيمائيڊي </a> لڳ ڇھ ھزار سال ق م پراڻا چيني نشانين واري لکڻي جا آثار مليا آهن<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="شروعاتي_شاھي_خاندان">شروعاتي شاھي خاندان</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=3" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: شروعاتي شاھي خاندان">سنواريو</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption> چوڏھين صدي ق م واري <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شينگ گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">شينگ گھراڻي</a> جي پوئين دور ۾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ينچو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ينچو</a> نالي گادي واري شھر جا آثار</figcaption></figure> چين جو پھريون شاھي گھراڻو <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A7_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شيئا گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">شيئا</a> ھيو جيڪو 2100 ق م ۾ ظھور ۾ آيو<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> ان بعد <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شينگ گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">شينگ گھراڻي</a> جي راڄ جو پتو پوي ٿو<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> جنھن جو راڄ اوڀر چين ۾ <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="پيلي ندي">پيلي ندي</a> واري ميداني علائقي ۾ سترھين کان يارھين صدي ق م تائين رھيو<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> انھن جي دور جي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AA%D9%84_%DA%BE%DA%8F%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="اوراڪل ھڏين واري لپي (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">اوراڪل ھڏين واري لپي</a> چيني ٻولي جي قديم ترين لپي آهي<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> ۽ جديد چيني اکري نشان ان لپي جي اکري نشانن مان نڪتل آھن<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> شينگ گھراڻي جو راڄ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%A6%D9%88_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جئو گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">جئو گھراڻي</a> فتح ڪيو جنھن يارھين صدي ق م کان پنجين صدي ق م تائين راڄ ڪيو پر انھن جي اختيارن جي مرڪزيت فوجي جاگيرن ۾ ورھائجي وئي جنھن سان ڪجهه پرنسپلٽين جنم ورتو جن انھن جي اطاعت کان انڪار ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ ٽي سؤ سالن تائين جنگ جوٽيندا رھيا جنھن بعد اتي ست طاقتور رياستون باقي بچيون<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="چيني_ايمپائر">چيني ايمپائر</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=4" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: چيني ايمپائر">سنواريو</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg/220px-Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg/330px-Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg/440px-Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4184" data-file-height="2680" /></a><figcaption>چين جي پھرين شھنشاھ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%8A_%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چن شي ھوانگ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">چن شي ھوانگ</a> جنگ جوٽيندڙ رياستن کي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ديوار چين (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ديوار چين</a> ٺاھڻ لاء ھڪ راڄ ۾ متحد ڪيو. ان ديوار جو وڏو حصو <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="منگ گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"> منگ گھراڻي</a> جي دؤر سان تعلق رکندڙ آهي</figcaption></figure> ھڪ رياست جي حاڪم چن شي ھوانگ باقي ڇھ رياستون فتح ڪري 221ق م ۾ جنگن جو خاتمو آڻي چيني ايمپائر جو بنياد وڌو ۽ چن گھراڻي جي جئنگ بادشاھ پاڻ کي شھنشاھ سڏائڻ شروع ڪيو. ھن ايمپائر ۾ قانوني سڌارا نفاذ ڪيا. چيني ٻولي جي اکري نشانن، ماپ جي ايڪن ۽ ڪرنسي جي معيار ۾ اضافو آندو. گاڏن جي سرائين جي ڊيگھ کي وڌرايو ۽ روڊن جي ويڪر ۾ پڻ اضافو ڪرايو. ھن <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="گئانگشي">گئانگشي</a>، <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="گوئينگڊانگ صوبو"> گوئينگڊانگ</a> ۽ <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ويٽنام">ويٽنام</a> جي يو قبيلن کي فتح ڪيو<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> چن گھراڻي جو دؤر پندرهن سال ھليو ۽ جيئنگ جي وفات بعد سخت پاليسين جي ڪري بغاوتن جنم ورتو<a href="#cite_note-Bodde1986-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2007-36">[36]</a> گھرو ويڙھ شروع ٿي وئي جنھن ۾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سيئنگيينگ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">سيئنگيينگ</a> ۾ شاھي لائبريري کي ساڙيو ويو<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> 206 ق م ۾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ھان گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"> ھان گھراڻي</a> جو راڄ شروع ٿيو جيڪو 220ع تائين جاري رھيو<a href="#cite_note-Bodde1986-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2007-36">[36]</a> ھن ايمپائر جو راڄ فوجي مھمن ذريعي وچ ايشيا ، منگوليا ڏکڻ ڪوريا، چيني <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="يونان صوبو">يونان</a>، <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="گوئينگڊانگ صوبو"> گوئينگڊانگ</a> ۽ اتر ويٽنام تائين ڦھليو. وچ ايشيا ۽ سوگديا تي پھچڻ ڪري ھن ايمپائر شاھراھ ريشم جي ھماليہ جبلن واري انڊيا مان گذرندڙ گس جي بدران وچ ايشيا وارو گس شروع ڪيو ۽ ھان ايمپائر جلد ئي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي معيشت بڻجي وئي<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Han_Expansion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Han_Expansion.png/220px-Han_Expansion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Han_Expansion.png/330px-Han_Expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Han_Expansion.png/440px-Han_Expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ھان گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ھان گھراڻي</a> جي دؤر ۾ ٻين صدي ق م ۾ ايمپائر جي توسيع وارو نقشو</figcaption></figure> ھان گھراڻي جي خاتمي سان ھتي ٽن بادشاھتن جنم ورتو<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سائو وئي (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">سائو وئي</a> واري رياست تي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شين گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">شين گھراڻي</a> (265ع کان 420ع) قبضو ڪيو ۽ ھوئي نالي حاڪم جي بطور ھڪ ڪمزور شھنشاھ جي تاجپوشي تي ٻين رياستن سان گھرو ويڙھ شروع ٿي وئي. اتر چين وارن قبيلن سورھن بادشاھتون قائم ڪري ڇڏيون. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="زاينبي قبيلو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">زاينبي</a> قبيلي وارن انھن سڀني جو <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="اترئين وئي (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">اترئين وئي</a> جي نالي سان انضمام ڪرايو جنھن جي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شھنشاھ زاياوين (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">شھنشاھ زاياوين</a> قبائلي نفرتن واري پراڻين پاليسين جو خاتمو آڻي قبيلن کي چيني ثقافت ۾ ضم ڪيو. ڏکڻ چين ۾ جنرل <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE_%D9%88%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شھنشاھ وو لئيوسانگ گھراڻي وارو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">لئيو يو</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="لئيو سانگ گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">لئيو سانگ گھراڻو</a> کي چن گھراڻي جي جاء تي مضبوط ڪيو. چين اھڙي طرح اترئين ۽ ڏاکڻي ايمپائرن ۾ ورھايل رھيو ۽ اتي انھن ٻنھي گھراڻن جي کوڙ حاڪمن راڄ ڪيو. 581ع ۾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سوئي گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">سوئي گھراڻي</a> انھن ٻنھي راڄن کي گڏائي ھڪ ايمپائر ۾ تبديل ڪيو. سوئي گھراڻي جي دؤر ۾ ھان ماڻھن پوري چين ۾ زور ورتو. ھن دؤر ۾ زراعت ۽ معيشت ۾ سڌارا آيا، آبپاشي نظام کي بھتر ڪرڻ لاء چين جو وڏو ڪينال کوٽايو ويو ۽ ٻڌ ڌرم جي سرپرستي ڪئي وئي. سوئي گھراڻي جو راڄ گھڻو نہ ھلي سگھيو . اتر ڪوريا واري جنگ ھارائڻ ۽ عوامي ڪمن لاء عام ماڻھن کان بيگار ۾ ڪم وٺڻ ڪري ماڻھو انھن مان بيزار ٿي پيا<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>. ان بعد <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D8%A6%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چئنگ گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">چئنگ گھراڻي</a> ۽ وري پوء <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سانگ گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"> سانگ گھراڻي</a> جو راڄ شروع ٿيو ۽ چين جي معيشت، ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ ثقافت جي سونھري دؤر جو آغاز ٿيو<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> چئنگ ايمپائر اولھ وارن علائقن ۽ شاھراھ ريشم جو ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪيو<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> جنھن سان چيني واپارين جي ميسوپوٽاميا ۽ آفريڪا تائين رسد آسان ٿي<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> ايمپائر جي گادي وارو شھر <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شانگن (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">شانگن</a> دنيا جي وڏن شھري مرڪزن ۾ شمار ٿيڻ لڳو پر پوء اٺين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ بغاوت ٿيڻ جي ڪري تباھي جي ور چڙهي ويو<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> 907ع ۾ چئنگ ايمپائر ڪمزور ٿي ٽٽڻ شروع ڪيو. ان جا فوجي گورنر چوڻ کان نڪري ويا. اڳتي ھلي سانگ گھراڻي وري ايمپائر کي متحد ڪيو. سانگ ايمپائر دنيا جي پھرين رياست ھئي جنھن ڪاغذ واري ڪرنسي ۽ دنيا جي پھرين باقاعده مستقل نيوي فوج جي شروعات ڪئي. ان سامونڊي واپار ۽ جھازسازي جي صنعت کي ھٿي ڏني<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival_(detail_of_original).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival_%28detail_of_original%29.jpg/220px-Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival_%28detail_of_original%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival_%28detail_of_original%29.jpg/330px-Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival_%28detail_of_original%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival_%28detail_of_original%29.jpg/440px-Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival_%28detail_of_original%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>ٻارھين صديءَ جي ھڪ پينٽنگ جنھن ۾ سانگ گھراڻي جي ايمپائر جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="بيجنگ">بيجنگ</a> (موجوده <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86%DA%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ڪائيفنگ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ڪائيفنگ</a> شھر) ڏيکاريل</figcaption></figure> ڏھين ۽ يارھين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ چين جي آدمشماري ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ ڏھ ڪروڙ ھئي. گھڻي ڀاڱي وڌڻ جو سبب وچ چين ۽ ڏکڻ چين ۾ چانورن جي فصل ۾ واڌ ھيو جنھن سان چانورن جي پيداوار م وڏو اضافو آيو ۽ کاڌي جي فراواني ٿي وئي. سانگ گھراڻي جي دؤر ۾ ٻڌازم جي ڀيٽ ۾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%B2%D9%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="نئون ڪنفيوشسزم (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"> نئين ڪنفيوشسزم</a> کي فروغ مليو<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>، فن ۽ فلسفي ترقي ڪئي <a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> سانگ گھراڻي جي فوجي ڪمزوري جو فائدو جرچن ماڻهن جي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شين گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"> شين گھراڻي</a> ورتو جنھن بيئنجنگ شھر تي قبضو ڪيو. شين گھراڻي جو راڄ 1115ع کان 1234ع تائين ھليو<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>. 1271ع ۾ منگولن چين فتح ڪيو ۽ منگول سردار <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="قبلائي خان (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">قبلائي خان</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%86_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="يوئن گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">يوئن گھراڻي</a> جي ايمپائر جو بنياد وڌو. 1297ع تائين يوئن گھراڻي سانگ گھراڻي جا آخري بچيل علائقا فتح ڪري ورتا. منگولن جي آمد کان اڳ سانگ گھراڻي جي ايمپائر ۾ چين جي آبادي 12 ڪروڙ تائين ٿي چڪي هئي پر منگولن جي دور 1300ع ۾ گھٽجي ڇھ ڪروڙ تائين ٿي وئي<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%98%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ژيو يوئنژانگ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ژيو يوئنژانگ</a> نالي ھڪ ھاري يوئن گھراڻي جو 1368ع ۾ خاتمو آندو ۽ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="منگ گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">منگ گھراڻي</a> جو بنياد رکيو اھڙي طرح ان گھراڻي جو شھنشاھ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%BE%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%88_%D8%B4%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ھنگوو شھنشاھ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ھنگوو</a> گادي تي ويٺو. منگ گھراڻي جو دؤر سان چين جو ھڪ دفعو ٻيھر سونھري دؤر شروع ٿيو. معيشت مضبوط ٿي ۽ بحري فوج دنيا جي مضبوط ترين بحريه بڻجي وئي. فن ۽ ثقافت کي فروغ مليو. ان گھراڻي جي دؤر ۾ ايڊمرل <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%98%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%BE%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ژينگ ھي (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ژينگ ھي</a> ھندي سمنڊ جا اوڀر آفريڪا تائين سفر ڪيا<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/220px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/330px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/440px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>منگ ايمپائر جي توسيع</figcaption></figure> منگ گھراڻي جي شروعاتي دؤر ۾ ايمپائر جي گادي جو هنڌ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="نانچنگ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">نانچنگ</a> شھر کان <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="بيجنگ">بيجنگ</a> منتقل ڪيو ويو<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> 1644ع ۾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="لي زيچانگ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">لي زيچانگ</a> جي اڳواڻي م ھارين جي باغي ويڙھاڪن بيجنگ تي قبضو ڪيو. شڪست وقت <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE_%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شھنشاھ چاگجين (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">شھنشاھ چاگجين</a> خودڪشي ڪري ڇڏي. لي زيچانگ جي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D9%86_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شن گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">شن گھراڻي</a> جو جلد ئي چنگ گھراڻي جي مانچو منگ گھراڻي جي جنرل وو سانگوئي جي مدد سان خاتمو آندو ۽ بيجنگ جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو. اھڙي طرح بيجنگ ۾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چنگ گھراڻو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">چنگ گھراڻي</a> جي راڄ جي شروعات ٿي. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="آخري_چنگ_گھراڻي_جي_ايمپائر">آخري چنگ گھراڻي جي ايمپائر</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=5" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: آخري چنگ گھراڻي جي ايمپائر">سنواريو</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg/200px-Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg/300px-Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg/400px-Regaining_the_Provincial_Capital_of_Ruizhou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>اوڻويھون صدي ۾ ٿيل تائيپنگ بغاوت (1850–1864)</figcaption></figure> چنگ گھراڻي جي ايمپائر 1644ع کان 1912ع تائين قائم رهي. اھو چين جو آخري شاھي خاندان ھيو. منگ گھراڻي کان چنگ گھراڻي وٽ ايمپائر جي منتقلي واري گھرو ويڙھ (1618–1683) ۾ اڍائي ڪروڙ ماڻھو ھلاڪ ٿيا ۽ چين جي معيشت تباھ ٿي ھڪ ننڍڙي معيشت ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> ڏکڻ چين ۾ منگ جي خاتمي بعد منگوليا، تبت ۽ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چنگجيانگ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">چنگجيانگ</a> ۽ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="زنگار خانيٽ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">زنگار خانيٽ</a> فتح ڪري ايمپائر ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> چنگ مخالف جذبات کي ڪچلڻ لاءِ مرڪزي آپيشاهي قائم ڪئي وئي. زراعت کي فروغ ۽ واپار کي روڪيو ويو <a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> اوڻويھين صدي ۾ چنگ ايمپائر جون برطانيا ۽ فرانس سان آفيم واريون جنگون لڳيون. ھانگ ڪانگ ان کان کسي برطانيا ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو ۽ چين کي معاوضي ادا ڪرڻ لاء مجبور ڪيو ويو ۽ معاھدن ھيٺ بندرگاھون ورتيون ويون<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> 1842ع ۾ نانڪنگ وارو معاھدو ڪيو ويو. 1894 ۽ 1895ع ۾ جاپان جنگ شروع ڪري ڪوريائي اپٻيٽ ۽ تائيوان وارو ٻيٽ چيني ايمپائر کان کسي ورتا<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>. 1876 کان 1879ع ۾ اتر چين ۾ ڏڪار آيو جنھن ۾90 لکن کان 130 لکن تائين ماڻھو فوت ٿي ويا<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>. 1898ع ۾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE_%DA%AF%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B4%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شھنشاھ گئانگشو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">شھنشاھ گئانگشو</a> ملڪ ۾ جديد آئيني بادشاهت جي قيام لاء سڌارا شروع ڪيا پر <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%84%DA%AA%D9%87_%DA%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ملڪه ڊويجر سڪسي (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ملڪه ڊويجر سڪسي</a> انھن ۾ رڪاوٽون وڌيون. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="باڪسر واري بغاوت (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">باڪسر واري بغاوت</a> (1899–1901) ايمپائر کي وڌيڪ ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو. 1911- 1912ع واري <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%86%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چنھائي انقلاب (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">چنھائي انقلاب</a> چنگ گھراڻي جي راڄ جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو ۽ ريپبلڪ جو قيام عمل ۾ آيو. جمھوريه چين 1912ع کان 1949ع تائين قائم رھيو. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="جمھوریه_چين">جمھوریه چين</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=6" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: جمھوریه چين">سنواريو</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Republic_of_China_proclaimtion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Republic_of_China_proclaimtion.png/220px-Republic_of_China_proclaimtion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Republic_of_China_proclaimtion.png/330px-Republic_of_China_proclaimtion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Republic_of_China_proclaimtion.png/440px-Republic_of_China_proclaimtion.png 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>سن يات سين 1912ع ۾ ريپبلڪ آف چين جو اعلان ڪندي</figcaption></figure> پھرين جنوري 1912ع ۾ چين ريپبلڪ ۾ تبديل ٿي ويو ۽ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BD%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ڪومنتانگ پارٽي (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ڪومنتانگ پارٽي</a> (نيشنل پارٽي) جو اڳواڻ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سن يات سين (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">سن يات سين</a> چين جو عارضي صدر مقرر ٿيو<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> صدارت پعد ۾ اڳوڻي چنگ ايمپائر جي جنرل <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="يوئان شڪائي (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">يوئان شڪائي</a> جي حوالي ڪئي وئي جنھن 1915ع ۾ پاڻ کي چين جو شھنشاھ قرار ڏئي ڇڏيو. چين ۾ ان جي سخت مذمت ڪئي وئي، خود سندس پارٽي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيئينگ آرمي (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">بيئينگ آرمي</a> ان جي مخالفت ڪئي. ھن کي اقتدار ڇڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو ۽ ٻيھر ريپبلڪ جو قيام عمل ۾ آيو<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> 1916ع ۾ يوئان شڪائي جي وفات بعد چين سياسي طور تي ورھائجي ويو هو. بيجنگ درحقيقت بي اختيار ٿي وئي ھئي علائقائي فوجي سردارن چين جي وڏي حصي تي ڪنٽرول رکيون ويٺا هئا<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> 1920ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ جمھوريه چين جي ملٽري اڪيڊمي جي پرنسيپال <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D9%8A%DA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چيانگ ڪائي شيڪ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">چيانگ ڪائي شيڪ</a> جي سربراهي ۾ ڪومنتانگ ملڪ کي متحد رکيو<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> ڪومنتانگ حڪومت ملڪ جي گادي جي ھنڌ کي بيجنگ کان <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="نانچنگ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">نانچنگ</a> منتقل ڪيو ۽ سياسي عمل جي سن يات سين جي ڏنل خيالن مطابق نگھباني ڪندي چين جي رياست کي ھڪ جديد جمھوري رياست ۾ تبديل ڪيو<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> چيني فوجي اڳواڻن ۾ نفاق جي ڪري چيانگ ڪائي شيڪ لاء چيني ڪميونسٽن جي پيپلز لبريشن آرمي سان ويڙھ مشڪل ٿي پئي. اھا ويڙھ ڪومنتانگ 1927 کان جاري رکندي پئي آئي. 1936ع ۾ جاپاني حملي کان اڳ ڪومنتانگ پيپلز لبريشن آرمي جي لانگ مارچ کي شڪست ڏيندي پئي آئي <a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg/220px-1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg/330px-1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg/440px-1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D9%8A%DA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چيانگ ڪائي شيڪ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">چيانگ ڪائي شيڪ</a> ۽ <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مائوزي تنگ">مائوزي تنگ</a> ٻين جنگ عظيم جي خاتمي تي جام لھرائيندي</figcaption></figure> ٻين چين جاپان جنگ 1937ع کان 1945 تائين جاري رھي. ان جنگ ۾ چين جي دفاع لاء ڪومنتانگ ۽ پيپلز لبريشن آرمي پاڻ ۾ اتحاد ڪري گڏجي جنگ وڙھي. ان جنگ ۾ ٻہ ڪروڙ چيني مارجي ويا<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> جاپاني قبضي دوران لڳ ڀڳ 40000 کان 300000 چيني رڳو <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AA%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="نانڪنگ وارو قتل عام (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">نانڪنگ واري قتل عام</a> ۾ ھلاڪ ٿيا<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> ٻين جنگ عظيم دوران چين جو شمار اتحادين ۾ ھيو<a href="#cite_note-Justus-72">[72]</a> گڏيل قومن جي پڌرنامي ۾ پڻ ان کي چئن وڏين طاقتن سان گڏ ھڪ طاقتور ملڪ طور تسليم ڪيو ويو<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> ان کي جنگ جي اھم فاتح ملڪن ۾ شمار ڪيو ويو<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> 1945 ۾ جاپان جي پيش پوڻ بعد تائيوان ۽ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B3%DA%AA%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پيسڪيڊورس (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">پيسڪيڊورس</a> واري <a href="/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AC%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ٻيٽن جي جھرمٽ">ٻيٽن جي جھرمٽ</a> کي واپس چين اختيار حوالي ڪيو ويو. جنگ پوري چين کي تباھ ڪري ڇڏيو هو. ٻين جنگ عظيم جي خاتمي بعد وري ڪومنتانگ ۽ پيپلز لبريشن آرمي وچ ۾ گھرو ويڙھ شروع ٿي وئي. 1947 ۾ آئين جي حڪمراني بحال ڪئي وئي<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="عوامي_جمهوريه_چين_جو_قيام">عوامي جمهوريه چين جو قيام</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=7" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: عوامي جمهوريه چين جو قيام">سنواريو</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=sd&wpDestFile=Mao_proclaiming_the_establishment_of_the_PRC_in_1949.jpg" class="new" title="فائل:Mao proclaiming the establishment of the PRC in 1949.jpg">فائل:Mao proclaiming the establishment of the PRC in 1949.jpg</a><figcaption> 1949ع ۾ چيئرمين <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مائوزي تنگ">مائوزي تنگ</a> عوامي جمهوريه چين جي قيام جو اعلان ڪندي</figcaption></figure> 1949ع ۾ چين جو لڳ ڀڳ سمورو علائقو ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جي اختيار ۾ اچي چڪو هو. ڪومنتانگ شڪست کائيندي تائيوان ۽ ٻين ٻيٽن تائين محدود ٿي وئي. 21 سيپٽمبر 1949ع تي چيئرمين مائوزي تنگ عوامي جمهوريه چين جي قيام جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو<a href="#cite_note-prcfounding-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-prcf2-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-prcf3-80">[80]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="تيان مين اسڪوائر (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">تيان مين اسڪوائر</a> تي ان جو جشن ملهايو ويو<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> 1950ع ۾ پيپلز لبريشن آرمي ھائنان ٻيٽ تائيوان واري جمھوريه چين جي حڪومت کان کسي ورتو<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> ۽ تبت کي عوامي جمھوريه چين ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> اولھ چين ۾ ڪومنتانگ جي مسلمانن طرفان بغاوت 1950 کان 1958ع تائين جاري رهندي آئي<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg/220px-Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg/330px-Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg/440px-Deng_Xiaoping_and_Jimmy_Carter_at_the_arrival_ceremony_for_the_Vice_Premier_of_China._-_NARA_-_183157-restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="2343" /></a><figcaption> 1979ع ۾ عوامي جمهوريه چين جو <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%8A%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ڊينگ شيائوپنگ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ڊينگ شيائوپنگ</a> آمريڪي صدر <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BD%D8%B1" title="جمي ڪارٽر">جمي ڪارٽر</a> سان گڏ</figcaption></figure> انقلابي حڪومت زرعي سڌارا آڻي ھارين ۾ پنھنجي مقبوليت کي مستحڪم ڪيو. ان دوران ڏھ کان ويھ لک زميندارن کي ماريو ويو<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> چين ھڪ الڳ صنعتي نظام جوڙيو ۽ پنھنجا ايٽمي ھٿيار ٺاھڻ شروع ڪيا<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> 1950 ۾ چين جي آبادي 55 ڪروڙ ھئي جيڪا 1974 ۾ وڌي 90 ڪروڙ ٿي وئي<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> 1966ع ۾ مائوزي تنگ ۽ ان جي حامين ثقافتي انقلاب شروع ڪيو جيڪو مائوزي تنگ جي 1976ع ۾ وفات تائين جاري رهيو. 1971 ۾ عوامي جمهوريه چين گڏيل قومن ۾ تائيوان واري جمھوريه چين جي جاء ورتي ۽ سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جو دائمي رڪنيت پڻ حاصل ڪئي<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>. 1978۾ عوامي جمهوريه چين سوشلسٽ نظام ۾ گڏيل معيشت جو آغاز شروع ڪيو<a href="#cite_note-Ref_e-89">[89]</a> 4 ڊسمبر 1982 تي چين ۾ موجوده آئين نافذ ٿيو. 1989ع ۾ تيان مين اسڪوائر تي احتجاج ڪندڙ شاگردن جي قتل عام جو واقعو پيش آيو. 2081ع ۾ ھن ملڪ ورلڊ ٽريڊ آرگنائيزيشن ۾ شموليت اختيار ڪئي. 2012 کان وٺي ھن ملڪ تي چين جي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جو جنرل سيڪريٽري <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%AF" title="شي جنپنگ">شي جنپنگ</a> اقتدار ۾ آھي. ان ھڪ ٻار واري پاليسي ۾ تبديلي آندي، جيلن کي سڌاريو ۽ ڪرپشن جي خلاف عملي قدم کنيا. 2019 ۾ ھن ملڪ ۾ ڪووڊ 19 وائرس واري وبا شروع ٿي. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="جاگرافي">جاگرافي</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=8" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: جاگرافي">سنواريو</a>]</div> چين اوڀر پاسي سمنڊن سان لڳي ٿو جن ۾ اوڀر چائنا سمنڊ، ڪوريا جو نار (Bay), پيلو سمنڊ، ۽ ڏکڻ چائنا سمنڊ جيڪو ڪوريا کان ويٽ نام تائين ڦھليل آھي. چين جو محل وقوع اتر ۾ 35 00 ڊگري ۽ اوڀر ۾ 105 00 تي آهي. پکيڙ 9,596,960 چورس ڪلوميٽر، جنھن ۾ 9,326,410 چورس ڪلوميٽر خشڪي ۽ 270,550 چورس ڪلوميٽر پاڻي آھي. زمين سان ملندڙ ھن جي سرحد 22,457 ڪلوميٽر آهي جيڪا چوڏھن ملڪن سان مليس ٿي جن ۾ افغانستان 91 ڪلوميٽر، ڀوٽان 477 ڪلوميٽر، برما 2,129 ڪلوميٽر، انڊيا 2,659 ڪلوميٽر، قزاخستان 1,765 ڪلوميٽر، اتر ڪوريا 1,352 ڪلوميٽر، ڪرغزستان 1,063 ڪلوميٽر، لائوس 475 ڪلوميٽر، منگوليا سان 4,630 ڪلوميٽر، نيپال 1,389 ڪلوميٽر ، پاڪستان 438 ڪلوميٽر، روس اتر ۽ اوڀر پاسي کان 4,133، روس اتر اولھ 46 ڪلوميٽر، تاجڪستان 477 ڪلو ميٽر ويٽنام 1,297 ڪلوميٽر، علائقائي سرحد ۾ ھانگ ڪانگ 33 ڪلوميٽر، ميڪائو 3 ڪلوميٽر. چين جي 14,500 ڪلوميٽر سرحد مٿي ڄاڻايل سمنڊن سان لڳي ٿي . سندس سمنڊن ۾ پنھنجي سرحد کان 12 ناٽيڪل ميل تائين جو دعويدار آهي. سامونڊي سطح کان سراسري بلندي 1,840 ميٽر آهي. سڀ کان اونھو مقام ڪرپشن پينڊي جو 154 ميٽر سمند جي سطح کان ھيٺ آھي. اوچو مقام مائونٽ ايوريسٽ آھي جيڪو 8,848 ميٽر بلند آهي . چين جا قدرتي وسيلا ڪوئلو، ڪچو لوھ، پيٽروليم، قدرتي گيس، پارو، ٽين، ٽنگسٽين، سرمو، مينگنيز، موليبڊينم، وينيڊيم، ميگنيٽائيٽ، اليومنيم، شيھو، جست، يورينيم. چين جي 54.7 سيڪڙو زمين زرعي آھي. جنھن مان 11.3 سيڪڙو تي مستقل فصلن جي پوکي ٿيندي آهي،41.8 چراگاھون، 22.3 ٻيلا اٿس.آبپاشي واري زمين ڪل 690,070 چورس ڪلوميٽر اٿس. ايشيا جو مڪمل ملڪن ۾ پکيڙ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو ملڪ آهي <a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سياسي_نظام">سياسي نظام</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=9" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: سياسي نظام">سنواريو</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:China_Senate_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/China_Senate_House.jpg/200px-China_Senate_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/China_Senate_House.jpg/300px-China_Senate_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/China_Senate_House.jpg/400px-China_Senate_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2430" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left;text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BD_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="گريٽ ھال آف پيپلز (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">گريٽ ھال آف پيپلز</a> جتي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A6%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%B2_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="نئشنل پيپلز ڪانگريس (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">نئشنل پيپلز ڪانگريس</a> ويھندي آھي</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG/200px-Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG/300px-Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG/400px-Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3235" data-file-height="2408" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left;text-align:center">چيني ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جو ۽ چيني حڪومت جي رياستي ڪائونسل جو صدر مقام <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="زونگنانھاء (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">زونگنانھاء</a></div></div></div></div> موجوده آئين مطابق عوامي جمهوريه چين ھڪ سوشلسٽ رياست آھي جنھن جي حڪومت عوامي جمھوري آمريت تحت ڪم ڪندي جنھن جي اڳواڻي مزدور ۽ ھاري اتحاد ذريعي ڪئي ويندي ۽ رياستي ادارا جمھوري مرڪزيت جي اصول تحت ڪم ڪندا<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/220px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/330px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/440px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BD_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BD%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چيني ڪميونسٽ پارٽي (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">چيني ڪميونسٽ پارٽي</a> ملڪ جي باني ۽ حاڪم پارٽي آھي</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:363px;max-width:363px"><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Xi_Jinping_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Xi_Jinping_2019.jpg/115px-Xi_Jinping_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Xi_Jinping_2019.jpg/173px-Xi_Jinping_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Xi_Jinping_2019.jpg/230px-Xi_Jinping_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="739" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%AF" title="شي جنپنگ">شي جنپنگ</a> چيني ڪميونسٽ پارٽي جو جنرل سيڪريٽري ۽ عوامي جمهوريه چين جو صدر</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Li_Keqiang_20191101_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Li_Keqiang_20191101_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Li_Keqiang_20191101_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Li_Keqiang_20191101_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Li_Keqiang_20191101_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Li_Keqiang_20191101_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Li_Keqiang_20191101_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="367" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left;text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D9%8A%DA%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="لي ڪيچيانگ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">لي ڪيچيانگ</a> عوامي جمهوريه چين جو پريميئر</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Li_Zhanshu_in_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Li_Zhanshu_in_2016.jpg/116px-Li_Zhanshu_in_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Li_Zhanshu_in_2016.jpg/174px-Li_Zhanshu_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Li_Zhanshu_in_2016.jpg/232px-Li_Zhanshu_in_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="489" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left;text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="لي زنشو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">لي زنشو </a> نيشنل پيپلز ڪانگريس جي اسٽينڊنگ ڪاميٽي جو چيئرمين</div></div><div style="clear:left"></div></div></div> چين ھڪ جماعتي نظام واري رياست آھي جنھن تي ملڪ جي ڪميونسٽ پارٽي حڪمران آهي. 2018 ۾ نيشنل پيپلز ڪانگريس آئين ۾ تبديلي ڪري صدر لاء ٻن مدن واري حد جو شرط ختم ڪري ڇڏيو جنھن ڪري زي جنپنگ ٽيون ڀيرو ملڪ جو صدر چونڊيو ويو<a href="#cite_note-BaturoElgie2019-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kroenig2020-93">[93]</a> صدر رياستي سربراھ ھوندو آھي جنھن کي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%B2_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="نيشنل پيپلز ڪانگريس (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">نيشنل پيپلز ڪانگريس</a> چونڊيندي آھي. حڪومت جو سربراھ پريميئر سڏبو آهي جيڪو <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="عوامي جمهوريه چين جي رياستي ڪائونسل (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"> رياستي ڪائونسل</a> جي صدرات ڪندو آهي جنھن جا رڪن چار وائيس پريميئر، وزارتن جا سربراھ ۽ ڪميشنن جا سربراھ ھوندا آھن<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-XiJinpingLiKeqiang-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تائيوان_وارو_تنازعو">تائيوان وارو تنازعو</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=10" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: تائيوان وارو تنازعو">سنواريو</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:China_administrative.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/China_administrative.png/200px-China_administrative.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/China_administrative.png/300px-China_administrative.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/China_administrative.png/400px-China_administrative.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>چين جا پاڙيسري ملڪن سان سرحدي تنازعن جو نقشو.</figcaption></figure> عوامي جمھوريه چين جي قيام واري ڏينهن کان ھي ملڪ تائيوان ۽ ڀرواري ٻيٽن جو دعويدار آھي. ھي ملڪ تائيوان کي پنھنجو صوبو قرار ڏئي ٿو <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AA%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ڪنمين (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ڪنمين</a> ۽ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ماتسيو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ماتسيو</a> کي چين پنھنجي صوبي <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="فوجيئن صوبو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">فوجيئن</a> جو حصو قرار ڏئي ٿو. پر اھي ٻيٽ ڏکڻ چيني سمنڊ ۾ تائيوان وارو جمھوريه چين پنھجن صوبن <a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ھائنان صوبو">ھائنان</a> ۽ <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="گوئينگڊانگ صوبو"> گوئينگڊانگ</a> جو حصو قرار ڏئي ٿو<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرحدي_تڪرار">سرحدي تڪرار</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=11" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: سرحدي تڪرار">سنواريو</a>]</div> چين پنھنجا سرحدي تڪرار 14 مان 12 ملڪن سان نبيري ڇڏيا آهن<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> باقي ڀن ملڪن ۾ انڊيا ۽ ڀوٽان اچي وڃن ٿا. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="انتظامي_ورهاست">انتظامي ورهاست</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=12" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: انتظامي ورهاست">سنواريو</a>]</div> عوامي جمھوريه چين ۾ 22 صوبا آھن ۽ 23ويھون صوبو تائيوان کي قرار ڏئي ٿو جيڪو اڃثا سندس اختيار ۾ ناھي. ان کان سواءِ ھي ملڪ پنج خودمختيار ريجن ۽ چاري سڌي اختيار وارين ميونسپالٽين ۽ ٻن خاص خطن ھرھڪ ھانگ ڪانگ ۽ ميڪائو ۾ ورھايل آھي<a href="#cite_note-Brown2013-100">[100]</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-top-right" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/China_administrative.gif/550px-China_administrative.gif" decoding="async" width="550" height="449" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/China_administrative.gif/825px-China_administrative.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/China_administrative.gif 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="699" usemap="#ImageMap_ee805b582005bcb8" 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coords="410,235,404,239,411,241,417,245,423,248,423,255,426,260,430,259,432,256,436,262,430,262,430,265,428,268,433,274,432,277,445,277,451,281,456,277,458,272,465,269,462,264,453,259,445,239,434,235,433,231,428,236,426,239,422,237,415,239" alt="جيانگسو" title="جيانگسو" /><area href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A" shape="poly" coords="403,239,408,247,403,250,398,247,398,252,391,259,395,264,401,265,403,273,397,279,404,282,403,286,407,297,414,295,413,300,417,295,429,300,435,293,434,290,440,288,439,286,442,279,433,278,434,274,428,270,430,265,430,263,435,262,435,259,432,257,431,259,427,260,425,256,422,255,423,248,419,248" alt="آن‌هوئي" title="آن‌هوئي" /><area href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" shape="poly" coords="458,271,455,277,460,281,465,279,463,274" alt="شنگهائي" title="شنگهائي" /><area href="/wiki/%DA%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" shape="poly" coords="443,277,439,288,435,288,435,293,428,303,433,314,436,315,439,324,442,324,445,321,447,324,456,326,459,317,462,317,467,310,471,293,460,286,455,289,453,286,456,285,459,282,455,278,451,281" alt="چجيانگ" title="چجيانگ" /><area href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A" shape="poly" coords="382,308,387,317,381,329,383,329,386,354,392,352,394,356,389,363,403,360,406,363,409,347,413,343,412,341,414,338,413,334,419,329,418,324,424,320,433,315,428,305,429,300,421,299,417,295,412,300,414,295,411,293,404,299,400,297,399,299" alt="جيانگشي" title="جيانگشي" /><area href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" shape="poly" coords="436,315,432,316,422,320,418,324,420,329,413,333,415,338,412,343,406,358,417,361,422,374,436,361,451,347,455,326,448,324,446,321,442,324,437,324" alt="فوجيان" title="فوجيان" /><area href="/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AA%D9%86%DA%AF" shape="poly" coords="385,388,387,395,430,395,429,388" alt="هنگ ڪنگ" title="هنگ ڪنگ" /><area href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" shape="poly" coords="382,391,378,395,378,404,400,404,400,397,387,397" alt="ماڪائو" title="ماڪائو" /><area href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" shape="poly" coords="474,348,467,351,456,369,456,375,458,381,463,385,464,390,467,383,471,378,476,359,476,355,478,352" alt="استان تائيوان" title="استان تائيوان" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:60%; text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">صوبا (省) </th> <th>صوبائي دعویٰ </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%BE%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="اينھئي صوبو">اَينھُئِي</a> (Anhui)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="فيوجن صوبو"> فِيوجَن</a> (Fujian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="گينسو صوبو">گَينسُو</a> (Gansu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="گوئينگڊانگ صوبو"> گَوئَينگڊَانگ</a> (Guangdong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B2%DA%BE%D9%88_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="گزھو صوبو">گِزھُو</a> (Guizhou)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ھائنان صوبو"> ھائِنان</a> (Hainan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ھيبئي صوبو"> ھَيبَئِي</a> (Hebei)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ھيلانگجيئينگ صوبو"> ھَيلانگجِيئَينگ</a> (Heilongjiang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ھينان صوبو"> ھَينَان</a> (Henan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ھوبئي صوبو"> ھُوبَئَي</a> (Hubei)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ھونان صوبو"> ھَونان</a> (Hunan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%88_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="جئانگسو صوبو"> جَئانگسُو</a> (Jiangsu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="جئانگشي صوبو">جِئانگشي</a> (Jiangxi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="جيلن صوبو">جِيلِن</a> (Jilin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="لئائوننگ صوبو">لِئَائَونِنگ</a> (Liaoning)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="چنگھائي صوبو"> چِنگھَائِي</a> (Qinghai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="شانڪسي صوبو">شَانڪسِي</a> (Shaanxi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A6%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="شئنڊانگ صوبو">شِئَنڊَانگ</a> (Shandong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="شانشي صوبو">شَانشِي</a> (Shanxi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="سيچوان صوبو">سِيچوَان</a> (Sichuan)</li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="يونان صوبو"> يُونَان</a> (Yunnan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ججيئانگ صوبو">جَجِيئَانگ</a> (Zhejiang)</li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="تائيوان صوبو">تائيوان</a> (Taiwan) <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تائيوان"> جمھوريه چين</a> جي اختياري ھيٺ</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">خودمختيار ريجن (自治区) </th> <th colspan="2">ميونسپالٽيون(直辖市) </th> <th colspan="2">خاص انتظامي خطا (特别行政区) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="گئانگشي">گُئَانگشِي</a> (Guangxi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="انر منگوليا">اِنَر منگوليا</a> / نِيئَاء مِنگَو (Inner Mongolia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ننگشيا">نِنگشِيا</a> (Ningxia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سنڪيانگ">سنڪيانگ</a> (شِنجِيانگ) (Xinjiang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="تبت">تبت جي خودمختيار ريجن </a> / زيزانگ (Tibat)</li></ul> </td> <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="بيجنگ">بيجنگ</a> (Beijing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF" title="چانگچنگ">چَانگچِنگ</a> (Chongqing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="شنگھائي">شنگھائي</a> (Shanghai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="چيانجين">چِيَانجَين</a>(Tianjin)</li></ul> </td> <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ھانگ ڪانگ">ھانگ ڪانگ</a> / شيئانگانگ (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="ميڪائو">ميڪائو</a> / ايئومن (Macau)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="معيشيت">معيشيت</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=13" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: معيشيت">سنواريو</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png/220px-Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png/330px-Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png/440px-Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>چين ۽ ٻين وڏين ترقي پذير معيشتن جي جي ڊي پي في ڪس مساوي قوت خريد جي بنياد تي 1990–2013 چين جي تيز معاشي واڌ نيري رنگ سان ڏيکاريل<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></figcaption></figure> ناليوار جي ڊي پي جي شرح مطابق 2010 کان وٺي چين دنيا جي ٻين وڏي معيشت آھي<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> ان جي ڪل جي ڊي پي 2018 جي انگن اکرن مطابق 13.5 ٽرلين ڊالر يا 90 ٽرلين يوئان ھئي<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> عالمي بينڪ جي انگن اکرن مطابق مساوي قوت خريد واري جي ڊي پي مطابق 2014 کان چين دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي معيشت آھي<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> عالمي بينڪ مطابق چين جي جي ڊي پي 1978ع ۾ 150 ارب ڊالر ھئي جيڪا 2018ع ۾ وڌي 13.6 ٽرلين ڊالرن تي پھتي<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> 1978ع ۾ چين اندر معاشي اصلاحن واري وقت کان ان جي معيشت جي واڌ جي شرح 6 سيڪڙو رھي<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> چين برآمدات ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو ۽ درآمدات ۾ دنيا جو ٻيون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي<a href="#cite_note-ChinaBiggestTrader-107">[107]</a> 2010ع کان 2019ع تائين عالمي جي ڊي پي ۾ چين جو حصو 25 سيڪڙو کان 39 سيڪڙو تائين رھيو<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>. دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڏھ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينجن مان 3 چين ۾ واقع آھن<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>.انھن ۾ شنگھائي اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج، ھانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج ۽ شينجن اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج شامل آهن<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>.2020, جي عالمي مالياتي مرڪزن جي اشاريي مطابق دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪَ مقابلي وارن ڏھن ماليتي مرڪزن ۾ چين اندر چار مرڪز: شنگھائي، شينجن، ھانگ ڪانگ ۽ بيجنگ آھن<a href="#cite_note-GFCI2-112">[112]</a>. آڪسفورڊ معاشيات جي ھڪ رپورٽ مطابق 2035 ۾ ناليوار جي ڊي پي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي ڏھ سڀ کان وڏن شھرن ۾ چين جا چار شھر شامل ھوندا جن ۾ <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="شنگھائي">شنگھائي</a>، <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="شينجن (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">شينجن</a>، <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="بيجنگ">بيجنگ</a> ۽ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AC%D9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="گوانگجو (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">گوانگجو</a> شامل ھوندا<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>. 2010 کان وٺي چين دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو مينيوفيڪچرنگ ڪندڙ ملڪ آهي. ان کان اڳ اھو درجو ھڪ سؤ سالن کان آمريڪا جو ھيو<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>. 2012ع کان چين ھاء ٽيڪ مينيوفيڪچرنگ ۾ دنيا جو ٻيون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي <a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> آمريڪا کان پوء دنيا ۾ چين ٻيون نمبر وڏي ريزڪي منڊي آھي<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a>. 2016 ۾ دنيا اندر اِي ڪامرس ۽ اڪائونٽنگ ۾ دنيا جي مارڪيٽ م 40 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ هو <a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> ۽ 2019 ۾ اھو حصو وڌي 50 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> چين دنيا ۾ اليڪٽرڪ گاڏين جي واپار ۾ سڀ کان اڳڀرو آهي. 2018ع ۾ انھن گاڏين جي مينيوفيڪچرنگ ۽ خريداري ۾ اڌو اڌ حصيدار رھيو<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> ڪارن جي بيٽرين ۽ انھن جي ڪچي مال جي پيداوار ۾ بہ پوري دنيا ۾ اڳڀرو آهي <a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> 2018 ۾ دنيا ۾ شمسي توانائي جي گنجائش ۾ چين ڪل پيداوار جي گنجائش جو 40 سيڪڙو رکندڙ ھيو<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="آبادي">آبادي</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=14" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: آبادي">سنواريو</a>]</div> جولائي 2017 ۾ چين جي آبادي.1,379,302,771 ھئي. ھتان جا رھاڪو چيني يا چائنيز سڏبا آهن.آبادي جو 91.6 سيڪڙو ھان نسل جا ماڻهو آھن ، باقي آبادي ۾ 1.3 سيڪڙو جئانگ (Zhuang)، 1.3 سيڪڙو ھئي (Hui)۽ 7.1 سيڪڙو منچو (Manchu), ائيگر (Uighur), ميئائو (Miao)، يي (Yi), توجيا ( Tujia), تبتي (Tibetan), منگول، دونگ (Dong), بوييئي (Buyei),يائو (Yao), بائي (Bai), ڪوريائي (Korean),ھاني (Hani),لي،قزاخ، دائي، وغيره شامل آهن. چيني حڪومت مطابق چين ۾ 56 تسليم شده نسلن جا ماڻهو رهن ٿا. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ٻوليون">ٻوليون</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=15" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: ٻوليون">سنواريو</a>]</div> چين ۾ سرڪاري ٻولي معياري چيني آھي جنھن کي ماندر (Mandar) چوندا آهن. ان جو لھجو بيجنگ وارو آھي.ٻيون ٻوليون اقليتن جون آھن جن ۾ يئو (Yue) ڪينٽن وارن جي ٻولي، وو (Wu) شنگھائيء وارن جي، منبيئي (Minbei ) فوجائو (Fuzhou) وارن جي، منان (Minnan) تائيواني ھوڪئين (Hokkien-Taiwanese), جئانگ (Xiang), گين (Gan),ھاڪا لھجو ( Hakka dialects) اقليتي گروھن جون ٻوليون آھن. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="مذهب">مذهب</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=16" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: مذهب">سنواريو</a>]</div> ھتي 18.2 سيڪڙو آبادي ٻڌازم ، 5.1 سيڪڙو عيسائيت، 1.8 سيڪڙو مسلمان، 21.9 سيڪڙو روايتي لوڪ مذھب ، 0.1 سيڪڙو ھندو، 0.1 سيڪڙو يھودي، 0.7 سيڪڙو ٻيا جن ۾ تائو ازم وارا اچي وڃن ٿا. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="پڻ_ڏسندا">پڻ ڏسندا</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=17" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: پڻ ڏسندا">سنواريو</a>]</div> <ul><li><a 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display: none;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88:%DA%AA%DA%86%D9%88" title="سانچو:ڪچو"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB:%DA%AA%DA%86%D9%88" title="سانچو بحث:ڪچو"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:EditPage/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88:%DA%AA%DA%86%D9%88" title="خاص:EditPage/سانچو:ڪچو"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="حوالا">حوالا</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&action=edit&section=19" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: حوالا">سنواريو</a>]</div> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> Chan, Kam Wing (2007). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf">Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications</a>" (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Geography_and_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurasian Geography and Economics (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Eurasian Geography and Economics</a> 48 (4): 383–412. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2747%2F1538-7216.48.4.383">10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf">http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2011.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Misconceptions+and+Complexities+in+the+Study+of+China%27s+Cities%3A+Definitions%2C+Statistics%2C+and+Implications&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BEurasian+Geography+and+Economics%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Chan%2C+Kam+Wing&rft.au=Chan%2C+Kam+Wing&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=383%E2%80%93412&rft_id=info:doi/10.2747%2F1538-7216.48.4.383&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.washington.edu%2Fchinageo%2FChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf">آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا</a> 15 January 2013 حوالو موجود آهي <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%DA%AA_%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="وي بيڪ مشين">وي بيڪ مشين</a>. p. 395 </li> <li id="cite_note-langlaw-2"><a href="#cite_ref-langlaw_2-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/english/laws/2005-09/19/content_64906.htm">"Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)"</a>. Chinese Government. حاصل ڪيل 21 June 2013. <q>For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=Law+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+on+the+Standard+Spoken+and+Written+Chinese+Language+%28Order+of+the+President+No.37%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Chinese+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Flaws%2F2005-09%2F19%2Fcontent_64906.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> {ميڪائو ۾ پورچوگيزي ٻولي ۽ ھانگ ڪانگ ۾ انگريزي} </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> {{<cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwchinatoday.com/general/a.htm#LANGU">General Information of the People's Republic of China (PRC): Languages</a>, chinatoday.com, حاصل ڪيل 17 April 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=General+Information+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+%28PRC%29%3A+Languages&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=chinatoday.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwchinatoday.com%2Fgeneral%2Fa.htm%23LANGU&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Link rot">مئل ڳنڍڻو</a>]}} </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> {سرڪاري طور تي تسليم ڪيل اقليتون} </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Constitution/2007-11/15/content_1372963.htm">"Constitution of the People's Republic of China"</a>. The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. حاصل ڪيل 8 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+National+People%27s+Congress+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npc.gov.cn%2Fenglishnpc%2FConstitution%2F2007-11%2F15%2Fcontent_1372963.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116225447/http://rt.com/news/china-new-leader-xi-734/">"New man at helm: Xi Jinping elected to lead China"</a>. RT.com. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFPeaslee" class="citation">Peaslee, Amos J., "Data Regarding the 'People's Republic of China'", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=9ATxCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA533">Constitutions of Nations, Vol. I, 2nd ed.</a>, Dordrecht: Springer, صفحو. 533, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-94-017-7125-2" title="خاص:BookSources/978-94-017-7125-2">978-94-017-7125-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Data+Regarding+the+%27People%27s+Republic+of+China%27&rft.aufirst=Amos+J.&rft.aulast=Peaslee&rft.btitle=Constitutions+of+Nations%2C+Vol.+I%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-94-017-7125-2&rft.pages=533&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ATxCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA533&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> . </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFChaurasia" class="citation">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=D2auy-nwS5IC&pg=PA1">"Introduction"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=D2auy-nwS5IC&printsec=frontcover">History of Modern China</a>, New Delhi: Atlantic, صفحو. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=D2auy-nwS5IC&pg=PA1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/9788126903153" title="خاص:BookSources/9788126903153">9788126903153</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.aufirst=Radhey+Shyam&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+China&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9788126903153&rft.pages=1&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Atlantic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.fr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD2auy-nwS5IC%26pg%3DPA1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> . </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_Stat-10"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_Stat_10-0">↑</a> {{cite web|url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf">http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf</a> |title=Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=UN Statistics |year=2007 |accessdate=31 July 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224063215/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20101224063215/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf</a> |archivedate=24 December 2010 |df= </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-11"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_11-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/">"World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision"</a>. ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. حاصل ڪيل 10 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=World+Population+Prospects%3A+The+2017+Revision&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA.UN.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funpd%2Fwpp%2FDataQuery%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST">"Population density (people per sq. km of land area)"</a>. IMF. حاصل ڪيل 16 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=Population+density+%28people+per+sq.+km+of+land+area%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=IMF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FEN.POP.DNST&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-imf.org-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_13-0">13.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_13-1">13.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_13-2">13.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_13-3">13.3</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=89&pr.y=14&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=">"IMF report for China"</a>. IMF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=IMF+report+for+China&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=IMF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2017%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D89%26pr.y%3D14%26sy%3D2016%26ey%3D2018%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D924%26s%3DNGDPD%252CPPPGDP%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-NBS2015-14"><a href="#cite_ref-NBS2015_14-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/201601/t20160119_1306072.html">"China's Economy Realized a Moderate but Stable and Sound Growth in 2015"</a>. National Bureau of Statistics of China. حاصل ڪيل 20 January 2016. <q>Taking the per capita disposable income of nationwide households by income quintiles, that of the low-income group reached 5,221 yuan, the lower-middle-income group 11,894 yuan, the middle-income group 19,320 yuan, the upper-middle-income group 29,438 yuan, and the high-income group 54,544 yuan. The Gini Coefficient for national income in 2015 was 0.462.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=China%27s+Economy+Realized+a+Moderate+but+Stable+and+Sound+Growth+in+2015&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FPressRelease%2F201601%2Ft20160119_1306072.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf">"Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone"</a> (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. حاصل ڪيل 3 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2016%3A+Human+Development+for+Everyone&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2016_human_development_report.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/">"China"</a>. CIA. حاصل ڪيل 3 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=China&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchina%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/">https://www.britannica.com/place/</a> China "China"] Check <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;"></code> value (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#bad_url" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>). Encyclopædia Britannica. حاصل ڪيل 4 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=China&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2F+China&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  line feed character in <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> at position 34 (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#invisible_char" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/china.html">China</a>, Washington Post </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Ciochon, Russell; Larick, Roy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.archaeology.org/0001/newsbriefs/china.html">"Early Homo erectus Tools in China"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology (magazine) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Archeology</a>. حاصل ڪيل 30 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Early+Homo+erectus+Tools+in+China&rft.au=Larick%2C+Roy&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.aulast=Ciochon&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archeology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.archaeology.org%2F0001%2Fnewsbriefs%2Fchina.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623160018/http://www.unesco.org/ext/field/beijing/whc/pkm-site.htm">"The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. وقت 23 June 2016 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ext/field/beijing/whc/pkm-site.htm">اصل</a> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 6 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=The+Peking+Man+World+Heritage+Site+at+Zhoukoudian&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fext%2Ffield%2Fbeijing%2Fwhc%2Fpkm-site.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  Unknown parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated198-21"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated198_21-0">↑</a> Shen, G.; Gao, X.; Gao, B.; Granger, De (Mar 2009). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d502c36487e27d90c7962fc60d28c48ab16c8f0e">Age of Zhoukoudian Homo erectus determined with (26)Al/(10)Be burial dating</a>". Nature 458 (7235): 198–200. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07741">10.1038/nature07741</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19279636">19279636</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.458..198S">2009Natur.458..198S</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d502c36487e27d90c7962fc60d28c48ab16c8f0e">https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d502c36487e27d90c7962fc60d28c48ab16c8f0e</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Age+of+Zhoukoudian+Homo+erectus+determined+with+%2826%29Al%2F%2810%29Be+burial+dating&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Shen%2C+G.&rft.au=Shen%2C+G.&rft.au=Gao%2C+X.&rft.au=Gao%2C+B.&rft.au=Granger%2C+De&rft.date=Mar+2009&rft.volume=458&rft.issue=7235&rft.pages=198%E2%80%93200&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature07741&rft_id=info:pmid/19279636&rft_id=info:bibcode/2009Natur.458..198S&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2Fd502c36487e27d90c7962fc60d28c48ab16c8f0e&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> Rincon, Paul (14 October 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34531861">Fossil teeth place humans in Asia '20,000 years early'</a>". <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34531861">https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34531861</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fossil+teeth+place+humans+in+Asia+%2720%2C000+years+early%27&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Rincon%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&rft.date=14+October+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-34531861&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-earliest_writing-23"><a href="#cite_ref-earliest_writing_23-0">↑</a> Rincon, Paul (17 April 2003). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2956925.stm">'Earliest writing' found in China</a>". <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2956925.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2956925.stm</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Earliest+writing%27+found+in+China&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Rincon%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&rft.date=17+April+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F2956925.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiu_Xigui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiu Xigui (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Qiu Xigui</a> (2000). Chinese Writing. English translation of 文字學概論 by Gilbert L. Mattos and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Jerry Norman</a>. Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4. Berkeley: The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-1-55729-071-7" title="خاص:BookSources/978-1-55729-071-7">978-1-55729-071-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> Tanner, Harold M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&pg=PA35">China: A History</a>. Hackett Publishing. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-87220-915-2" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-87220-915-2">978-0-87220-915-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&pg=PA35">https://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&pg=PA35</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+History&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Harold+M.&rft.au=Tanner%2C%26%2332%3BHarold+M.&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B35%E2%80%9336&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-915-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIWC9wCX2c8C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia%E2%80%93Shang%E2%80%93Zhou_Chronology_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project</a> by People's Republic of China </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> Pletcher, Kenneth (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A1nwvKNPMWkC&pg=PA35">The History of China</a>. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-1-61530-181-2" title="خاص:BookSources/978-1-61530-181-2">978-1-61530-181-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A1nwvKNPMWkC&pg=PA35">https://books.google.com/books?id=A1nwvKNPMWkC&pg=PA35</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+China&rft.aulast=Pletcher&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Pletcher%2C%26%2332%3BKenneth&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B35&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-181-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA1nwvKNPMWkC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> Fowler, Jeaneane D.; Fowler, Merv (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpJNfIAZltoC&pg=PA17">Chinese Religions: Beliefs and Practices</a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-1-84519-172-6" title="خاص:BookSources/978-1-84519-172-6">978-1-84519-172-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpJNfIAZltoC&pg=PA17">https://books.google.com/books?id=rpJNfIAZltoC&pg=PA17</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Religions%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Jeaneane+D.&rft.au=Fowler%2C%26%2332%3BJeaneane+D.&rft.au=Fowler%2C%26%2332%3BMerv&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B17&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-172-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpJNfIAZltoC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> William G. Boltz, Early Chinese Writing, World Archaeology, Vol. 17, No. 3, Early Writing Systems. (Feb. 1986), pp. 420–436 (436). </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> David N. Keightley, "Art, Ancestors, and the Origins of Writing in China", Representations, No. 56, Special Issue: The New Erudition. (Autumn, 1996), pp.68–95 [68]. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Hollister, Pam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA904">"Zhengzhou"</a>. ۾ Schellinger, Paul E.; Salkin, Robert M. International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. صفحو. 904. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6" title="خاص:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6">978-1-884964-04-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Zhengzhou&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft.aulast=Hollister&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-04-6&rft.pages=904&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWLRxJEU49EC%26pg%3DPA904&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> Allan, Keith (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BzfRFmlN2ZAC&pg=PA4">The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-19-958584-7" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-19-958584-7">978-0-19-958584-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BzfRFmlN2ZAC&pg=PA4">https://books.google.com/books?id=BzfRFmlN2ZAC&pg=PA4</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Linguistics&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Allan%2C%26%2332%3BKeith&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B4&rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958584-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBzfRFmlN2ZAC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Warring-States">"Warring States"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=Warring+States&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FWarring-States&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> Sima Qian, Translated by Burton Watson. Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty I, pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/0-231-08165-0" title="خاص:BookSources/0-231-08165-0">0-231-08165-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodde1986-35">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Bodde1986_35-0">35.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodde1986_35-1">35.1</a> Bodde, Derk. (1986). "The State and Empire of Ch'in", in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/0-521-24327-0" title="خاص:BookSources/0-521-24327-0">0-521-24327-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2007-36">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2007_36-0">36.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2007_36-1">36.1</a> Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofimperia00broo">The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han</a>. London: Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-674-02477-9" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-674-02477-9">978-0-674-02477-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofimperia00broo">https://archive.org/details/historyofimperia00broo</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Chinese+Empires%3A+Qin+and+Han&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Mark+Edward&rft.au=Lewis%2C%26%2332%3BMark+Edward&rft.date=2007&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02477-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofimperia00broo&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFCotterell" class="citation">Cotterell, Arthur, The Imperial Capitals of China, Pimlico, صفحا. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bZI764AEfcsC&pg=PA35">35–36</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.aulast=Cotterell&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Capitals+of+China&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED460052&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED460052">"Dahlman, Carl J; Aubert, Jean-Eric. China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st century"</a>. World Bank Publications via Eric.ed.gov. حاصل ڪيل 22 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=Dahlman%2C+Carl+J%3B+Aubert%2C+Jean-Eric.+China+and+the+Knowledge+Economy%3A+Seizing+the+21st+century&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications+via+Eric.ed.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eric.ed.gov%2FERICWebPortal%2Fcustom%2Fportlets%2FrecordDetails%2Fdetailmini.jsp%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_%26ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0%3DED460052%26ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0%3Dno%26accno%3DED460052&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> Whiting, Marvin C. (2002). Imperial Chinese Military History. iUniverse. p. 214 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> Ki-Baik Lee (1984). A new history of Korea. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2">978-0-674-61576-2</a>. p.47. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> David Andrew Graff (2002). Medieval Chinese warfare, 300–900. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/0-415-23955-9" title="خاص:BookSources/0-415-23955-9">0-415-23955-9</a>. p.13. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> Adshead, S. A. M. (2004). T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFNishijima" class="citation">Nishijima, Sadao, "The Economic and Social History of Former Han", ۾ Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael, Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, صفحا. 545–607, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8">978-0-521-24327-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=The+Economic+and+Social+History+of+Former+Han&rft.aufirst=Sadao&rft.aulast=Nishijima&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+I%3A+the+Ch%27in+and+Han+Empires%2C+221+B.C.+%93+A.D.+220&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24327-8&rft.pages=545-607&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> Bowman, John S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john">Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/104">104–105</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john">https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Chronologies+of+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Bowman%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+S.&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiachronolo00john%2Fpage%2F104+104%E2%80%93105%5D&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiachronolo00john&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> City University of HK Press (2007). China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilization. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/962-937-140-5" title="خاص:BookSources/962-937-140-5">962-937-140-5</a>. p.71 جي </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/0-500-05090-2" title="خاص:BookSources/0-500-05090-2">0-500-05090-2</a>. p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sjzPPg8eK7sC&pg=PA3">Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-313-26449-8" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-313-26449-8">978-0-313-26449-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sjzPPg8eK7sC&pg=PA3">https://books.google.com/books?id=sjzPPg8eK7sC&pg=PA3</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Neo-Confucianism%3A+Eight+Major+Philosophers+of+the+Song+and+Ming+Periods&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B3&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26449-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsjzPPg8eK7sC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nsong/hd_nsong.htm">"Northern Song dynasty (960–1127)"</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. حاصل ڪيل 27 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=Northern+Song+dynasty+%28960%931127%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fnsong%2Fhd_nsong.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">wanfangdata.com.cn <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Thesis_Y1795153.aspx">http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Thesis_Y1795153.aspx</a>. حاصل ڪيل 15 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wanfangdata.com.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FThesis_Y1795153.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  Missing or empty <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#citation_missing_title" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinchina00gern/page/22">Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276</a>. Stanford University Press. 1962. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinchina00gern/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-8047-0720-6" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-8047-0720-6">978-0-8047-0720-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinchina00gern/page/22">https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinchina00gern/page/22</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+China+on+the+Eve+of+the+Mongol+Invasion%2C+1250%E2%80%931276&rft.date=1962&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinchina00gern%2Fpage%2F22+22%5D&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0720-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinchina00gern%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> Ping-ti Ho. "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in Études Song, Series 1, No 1, (1970). pp. 33–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> Rice, Xan (25 July 2010). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/kenya-china">Chinese archaeologists' African quest for sunken ship of Ming admiral</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/kenya-china">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/kenya-china</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chinese+archaeologists%27+African+quest+for+sunken+ship+of+Ming+admiral&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Guardian%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Xan&rft.au=Rice%2C%26%2332%3BXan&rft.date=25+July+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjul%2F25%2Fkenya-china&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109100108/http://www.iep.utm.edu/wangyang/">"Wang Yangming (1472—1529)"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. وقت 9 November 2013 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/wangyang/">اصل</a> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Wang+Yangming+%281472%941529%29&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fwangyang%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Unknown parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> John M. Roberts (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC">A Short History of the World</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/0-19-511504-X" title="خاص:BookSources/0-19-511504-X">0-19-511504-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> The Cambridge History of China: Volume 10, Part 1, by John K. Fairbank, p37 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> . 九州出版社. 2010. pp. 104–112. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-7-5108-0062-7" title="خاص:BookSources/978-7-5108-0062-7">978-7-5108-0062-7</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B104%E2%80%93112&rft.pub=%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.isbn=978-7-5108-0062-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> . 花城出版社. 1996. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-7-5360-2320-8" title="خاص:BookSources/978-7-5360-2320-8">978-7-5360-2320-8</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B71&rft.pub=%E8%8A%B1%E5%9F%8E%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.isbn=978-7-5360-2320-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainslie_Thomas_Embree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ainslie Thomas Embree (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Ainslie Thomas Embree</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_Gluck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carol Gluck (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Carol Gluck</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xn-6yMhAungC">Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p.597. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/1-56324-265-6" title="خاص:BookSources/1-56324-265-6">1-56324-265-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546176/Sino-Japanese-War">"Sino-Japanese War (1894–95)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. حاصل ڪيل 12 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Sino-Japanese+War+%281894%9395%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F546176%2FSino-Japanese-War&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/U8480E/U8480E05.htm">"Dimensions of need – People and populations at risk"</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). حاصل ڪيل 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Dimensions+of+need+%93+People+and+populations+at+risk&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations+%28FAO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2FU8480E%2FU8480E05.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> Eileen Tamura (1997). China: Understanding Its Past. Volume 1. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/0-8248-1923-3" title="خاص:BookSources/0-8248-1923-3">0-8248-1923-3</a>. p.146. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_G._Haw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen G. Haw (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Stephen Haw</a>, (2006). Beijing: A Concise History. Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/0-415-39906-8" title="خاص:BookSources/0-415-39906-8">0-415-39906-8</a>. p.143. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> Bruce Elleman (2001). Modern Chinese Warfare. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/0-415-21474-2" title="خاص:BookSources/0-415-21474-2">0-415-21474-2</a>. p.149. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> Graham Hutchings (2003). Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/0-674-01240-2" title="خاص:BookSources/0-674-01240-2">0-674-01240-2</a>. p.459. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> Peter Zarrow (2005). China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/0-415-36447-7" title="خاص:BookSources/0-415-36447-7">0-415-36447-7</a>. p.230. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> M. Leutner (2002). The Chinese Revolution in the 1920s: Between Triumph and Disaster. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/0-7007-1690-4" title="خاص:BookSources/0-7007-1690-4">0-7007-1690-4</a>. p.129. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> Hung-Mao Tien (1972). Government and Politics in Kuomintang China, 1927–1937 (Volume 53). Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/0-8047-0812-6" title="خاص:BookSources/0-8047-0812-6">0-8047-0812-6</a>. pp. 60–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suisheng_Zhao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suisheng Zhao (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Suisheng Zhao</a> (2000). China and Democracy: Reconsidering the Prospects for a Democratic China. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/0-415-92694-7" title="خاص:BookSources/0-415-92694-7">0-415-92694-7</a>. p.43. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> David Ernest Apter, Tony Saich (1994). Revolutionary Discourse in Mao's Republic. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/0-674-76780-2" title="خاص:BookSources/0-674-76780-2">0-674-76780-2</a>. p.198. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml">"Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan"</a>. BBC — History. Retrieved 14 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/IMTFE/IMTFE-8.html">"Judgement: International Military Tribunal for the Far East"</a>. Chapter VIII: Conventional War Crimes (Atrocities). November 1948. Retrieved 4 February 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-Justus-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Justus_72-0">↑</a> Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, Mark A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62">Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's Foreign Policies, 1933–1945</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-8476-9416-7" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-8476-9416-7">978-0-8476-9416-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62">https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt%27s+Foreign+Policies%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+D.&rft.au=Doenecke%2C%26%2332%3BJustus+D.&rft.au=Stoler%2C%26%2332%3BMark+A.&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9416-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdMF9rX6mX8C%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unmultimedia.org/searchers/yearbook/page.jsp?volume=1946-47&page=38">The Moscow Declaration on general security</a>". Yearbook of the United Nations 1946–1947. Lake Success, NY: United Nations. 1947. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/243471225">243471225</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.unmultimedia.org/searchers/yearbook/page.jsp?volume=1946-47&page=38">http://www.unmultimedia.org/searchers/yearbook/page.jsp?volume=1946-47&page=38</a>. Retrieved 25 April 2015.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Moscow+Declaration+on+general+security&rft.atitle=Yearbook+of+the+United+Nations+1946%E2%80%931947&rft.date=1947&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B3&rft.place=Lake+Success%2C+NY&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=info:oclcnum/243471225&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1942-declaration-united-nations/">"Declaration by United Nations"</a>. United Nations. حاصل ڪيل 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=Declaration+by+United+Nations&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fsections%2Fhistory-united-nations-charter%2F1942-declaration-united-nations%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> Hoopes, Townsend, and Douglas Brinkley. FDR and the Creation of the U.N. (Yale University Press, 1997) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> Gaddis, John Lewis (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesorig0000gadd">The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesorig0000gadd/page/24">24</a>–25. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-231-12239-9" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-231-12239-9">978-0-231-12239-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesorig0000gadd">https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesorig0000gadd</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Origins+of+the+Cold+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931947&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rft.au=Gaddis%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+Lewis&rft.date=1972&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatesorig0000gadd%2Fpage%2F24+24%5D%E2%80%9325&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12239-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatesorig0000gadd&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> Tien, Hung-mao (1991). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xCxMn-2msr8C&pg=PA3">The Constitutional Conundrum and the Need for Reform</a>". in Feldman, Harvey. Constitutional Reform and the Future of the Republic of China. M.E. Sharpe. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-87332-880-7" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-87332-880-7">978-0-87332-880-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xCxMn-2msr8C&pg=PA3">https://books.google.com/books?id=xCxMn-2msr8C&pg=PA3</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+Conundrum+and+the+Need+for+Reform&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Reform+and+the+Future+of+the+Republic+of+China&rft.aulast=Tien&rft.aufirst=Hung-mao&rft.au=Tien%2C%26%2332%3BHung-mao&rft.date=1991&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B3&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.isbn=978-0-87332-880-7&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-prcfounding-78"><a href="#cite_ref-prcfounding_78-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218071231/http://www.international.ucla.edu/eas/documents/mao490921.htm">"The Chinese people have stood up"</a>. UCLA Center for East Asian Studies. وقت 18 February 2009 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/documents/mao490921.htm">اصل</a> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 16 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+people+have+stood+up&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UCLA+Center+for+East+Asian+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isop.ucla.edu%2Feas%2Fdocuments%2Fmao490921.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-prcf2-79"><a href="#cite_ref-prcf2_79-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFPeaslee" class="citation">Peaslee, Amos J., "Data Regarding the 'People's Republic of China'", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ATxCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA533">Constitutions of Nations, Vol. I, 2nd ed.</a>, Dordrecht: Springer, صفحو. 533, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-94-017-7125-2" title="خاص:BookSources/978-94-017-7125-2">978-94-017-7125-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Data+Regarding+the+%27People%27s+Republic+of+China%27&rft.aufirst=Amos+J.&rft.aulast=Peaslee&rft.btitle=Constitutions+of+Nations%2C+Vol.+I%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-94-017-7125-2&rft.pages=533&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ATxCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA533&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-prcf3-80"><a href="#cite_ref-prcf3_80-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFChaurasia" class="citation">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D2auy-nwS5IC">History of Modern China</a>, New Delhi: Atlantic, صفحو. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D2auy-nwS5IC&pg=PA1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-81-269-0315-3" title="خاص:BookSources/978-81-269-0315-3">978-81-269-0315-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.aufirst=Radhey+Shyam&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+China&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0315-3&rft.pages=1&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Atlantic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD2auy-nwS5IC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> Ben Westcott; Lily Lee (30 September 2019). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/29/asia/china-beijing-mao-october-1-70-intl-hnk/index.html">They were born at the start of Communist China. 70 years later, their country is unrecognizable</a>". CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/29/asia/china-beijing-mao-october-1-70-intl-hnk/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/29/asia/china-beijing-mao-october-1-70-intl-hnk/index.html</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=They+were+born+at+the+start+of+Communist+China.+70+years+later%2C+their+country+is+unrecognizable&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.aulast=Ben+Westcott&rft.au=Ben+Westcott&rft.au=Lily+Lee&rft.date=30+September+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F09%2F29%2Fasia%2Fchina-beijing-mao-october-1-70-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19500509&id=FUw_AAAAIBAJ&pg=3627,3301880">Red Capture of Hainan Island</a>". The Tuscaloosa News. 9 May 1950. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19500509&id=FUw_AAAAIBAJ&pg=3627,3301880">https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19500509&id=FUw_AAAAIBAJ&pg=3627,3301880</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Red+Capture+of+Hainan+Island&rft.jtitle=The+Tuscaloosa+News&rft.date=9+May+1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1817%26dat%3D19500509%26id%3DFUw_AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3627%2C3301880&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016102314/http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Tibet/tibet.pdf">"The Tibetans"</a> (PDF). University of Southern California. وقت 16 October 2013 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Tibet/tibet.pdf">اصل</a> (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 20 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=The+Tibetans&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Fdept%2FLAS%2Fir%2Fcews%2Fdatabase%2FTibet%2Ftibet.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Unknown parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> John W. Garver (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNCghCIbyVAC&q=C.I.A%20%20Ma%20bufang&pg=PA169">The Sino-American alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War strategy in Asia</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-7656-0025-7" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-7656-0025-7">978-0-7656-0025-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNCghCIbyVAC&q=C.I.A%20%20Ma%20bufang&pg=PA169">https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNCghCIbyVAC&q=C.I.A%20%20Ma%20bufang&pg=PA169</a>. Retrieved 20 July 2013.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sino-American+alliance%3A+Nationalist+China+and+American+Cold+War+strategy+in+Asia&rft.aulast=John+W.+Garver&rft.au=John+W.+Garver&rft.date=1997&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B169&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0025-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZNCghCIbyVAC%26q%3DC.I.A%2520%2520Ma%2520bufang%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> Busky, Donald F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6b0j1VINWgC">Communism in History and Theory</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.11. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/87600493/">"A Country Study: China"</a>. www.loc.gov. حاصل ڪيل 3 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=A+Country+Study%3A+China&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F87600493%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> Madelyn Holmes (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJK-GRriJAoC">Students and teachers of the new China: thirteen interviews</a>. McFarland. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-7864-3288-2" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-7864-3288-2">978-0-7864-3288-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJK-GRriJAoC">https://books.google.com/books?id=lJK-GRriJAoC</a>. Retrieved 7 November 2011.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students+and+teachers+of+the+new+China%3A+thirteen+interviews&rft.aulast=Madelyn+Holmes&rft.au=Madelyn+Holmes&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B185&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3288-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlJK-GRriJAoC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> Michael Y.M. Kao. "Taiwan's and Beijing's Campaigns for Unification" in Harvey Feldman and Michael Y. M. Kao (eds., 1988): Taiwan in a Time of Transition. New York: Paragon House. p.188. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref_e-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Ref_e_89-0">↑</a> Hart-Landsberg, Martin; and Burkett, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monthlyreview.org/chinaandsocialism.htm">"China and Socialism: Market Reforms and Class Struggle"</a>. Monthly Review. Retrieved 30 October 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-cia.gov-90"><a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_90-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fch.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Missing or empty <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#citation_missing_title" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_91-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/constitution2019/201911/1f65146fb6104dd3a2793875d19b5b29.shtml">"Constitution of the People's Republic of China"</a>. The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. حاصل ڪيل 20 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+People%27s+Congress+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npc.gov.cn%2Fenglishnpc%2Fconstitution2019%2F201911%2F1f65146fb6104dd3a2793875d19b5b29.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-BaturoElgie2019-92"><a href="#cite_ref-BaturoElgie2019_92-0">↑</a> Alexander Baturo; Robert Elgie (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263">The Politics of Presidential Term Limits</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-19-883740-4" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-19-883740-4">978-0-19-883740-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263">https://books.google.com/books?id=ncSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Presidential+Term+Limits&rft.aulast=Alexander+Baturo&rft.au=Alexander+Baturo&rft.au=Robert+Elgie&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B263&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-883740-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncSbDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kroenig2020-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Kroenig2020_93-0">↑</a> Matthew Kroenig (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXLKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">The Return of Great Power Rivalry: Democracy Versus Autocracy from the Ancient World to the U. S. and China</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 176–177. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-0-19-008024-2" title="خاص:BookSources/978-0-19-008024-2">978-0-19-008024-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXLKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">https://books.google.com/books?id=dXLKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+Great+Power+Rivalry%3A+Democracy+Versus+Autocracy+from+the+Ancient+World+to+the+U.+S.+and+China&rft.aulast=Matthew+Kroenig&rft.au=Matthew+Kroenig&rft.date=2020&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B176%E2%80%93177&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-008024-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdXLKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a> Shirk, Susan (13 November 2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinafile.com/chinas-next-leaders-guide-whats-stake">China's Next Leaders: A Guide to What's at Stake</a>". China File. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.chinafile.com/chinas-next-leaders-guide-whats-stake">http://www.chinafile.com/chinas-next-leaders-guide-whats-stake</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China%27s+Next+Leaders%3A+A+Guide+to+What%27s+at+Stake&rft.jtitle=China+File&rft.aulast=Shirk&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Shirk%2C%26%2332%3BSusan&rft.date=13+November+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinafile.com%2Fchinas-next-leaders-guide-whats-stake&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-XiJinpingLiKeqiang-95"><a href="#cite_ref-XiJinpingLiKeqiang_95-0">↑</a> Moore, Malcolm (15 November 2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9679477/Xi-Jinping-crowned-new-leader-of-China-Communist-Party.html">Xi Jinping crowned new leader of China Communist Party</a>". The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9679477/Xi-Jinping-crowned-new-leader-of-China-Communist-Party.html">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9679477/Xi-Jinping-crowned-new-leader-of-China-Communist-Party.html</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+crowned+new+leader+of+China+Communist+Party&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Moore%2C%26%2332%3BMalcolm&rft.date=15+November+2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fchina%2F9679477%2FXi-Jinping-crowned-new-leader-of-China-Communist-Party.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130912132339/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/34History7320.html">"Chinese Civil War"</a>. Cultural-China.com. وقت 12 September 2013 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.cultural-china.com/en/34History7320.html">اصل</a> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 16 June 2013. <q>To this day, since no armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed, there is controversy as to whether the Civil War has legally ended.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=Chinese+Civil+War&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Cultural-China.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.cultural-china.com%2Fen%2F34History7320.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/groundless-to-view-china-as-expansionist-says-beijing-after-pm-modi-s-ladakh-visit-1696727-2020-07-03">"Groundless to view China as expansionist, says Beijing after PM Modi's Ladakh visit"</a>. India Today. حاصل ڪيل 13 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Groundless+to+view+China+as+expansionist%2C+says+Beijing+after+PM+Modi%27s+Ladakh+visit&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fworld%2Fstory%2Fgroundless-to-view-china-as-expansionist-says-beijing-after-pm-modi-s-ladakh-visit-1696727-2020-07-03&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> Fravel, M. Taylor (1 October 2005). "Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's Compromises in Territorial Disputes". International Security 30 (2): 46–83. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1162%2F016228805775124534">10.1162/016228805775124534</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0162-2889">0162-2889</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Regime+Insecurity+and+International+Cooperation%3A+Explaining+China%27s+Compromises+in+Territorial+Disputes&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.aulast=Fravel&rft.aufirst=M.+Taylor&rft.au=Fravel%2C%26%2332%3BM.+Taylor&rft.date=1+October+2005&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=46%E2%80%9383&rft_id=info:doi/10.1162%2F016228805775124534&rft.issn=0162-2889&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a> Fravel, M. Taylor (2008). Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/9780691136097" title="خاص:BookSources/9780691136097">9780691136097</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strong+Borders%2C+Secure+Nation%3A+Cooperation+and+Conflict+in+China%27s+Territorial+Disputes&rft.aulast=Fravel&rft.aufirst=M.+Taylor&rft.au=Fravel%2C%26%2332%3BM.+Taylor&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780691136097&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown2013-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown2013_100-0">↑</a> Kerry Brown (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BywdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Contemporary China</a>. Macmillan International Higher Education - University of Sydney. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:BookSources/978-1-137-28159-3" title="خاص:BookSources/978-1-137-28159-3">978-1-137-28159-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BywdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">https://books.google.com/books?id=BywdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+China&rft.aulast=Kerry+Brown&rft.au=Kerry+Brown&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B7&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education+-+University+of+Sydney&rft.isbn=978-1-137-28159-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBywdBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators">"World Bank World Development Indicators"</a>. World Bank. حاصل ڪيل 8 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=World+Bank+World+Development+Indicators&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fdata-catalog%2Fworld-development-indicators&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a> Kollewe, Justin McCurry Julia (14 February 2011). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/feb/14/china-second-largest-economy">China overtakes Japan as world's second-largest economy</a>" (en-GB ۾). The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/feb/14/china-second-largest-economy">https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/feb/14/china-second-largest-economy</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+overtakes+Japan+as+world%27s+second-largest+economy&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Kollewe&rft.aufirst=Justin+McCurry+Julia&rft.au=Kollewe%2C%26%2332%3BJustin+McCurry+Julia&rft.date=14+February+2011&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2011%2Ffeb%2F14%2Fchina-second-largest-economy&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinaplus.cri.cn/news/business/12/20190121/238654.html">"China's economy grew 6.6 percent in 2018, officials say"</a>. chinaplus.cri.cn. حاصل ڪيل 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=China%27s+economy+grew+6.6+percent+in+2018%2C+officials+say&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chinaplus.cri.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinaplus.cri.cn%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F12%2F20190121%2F238654.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?locations=CN-US&start=2000&year_high_desc=true">"GDP PPP (World Bank)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. حاصل ڪيل 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=GDP+PPP+%28World+Bank%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD%3Flocations%3DCN-US%26start%3D2000%26year_high_desc%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=CN">"GDP (current US$) – China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. حاصل ڪيل 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=GDP+%28current+US%24%29+%93+China&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%3Flocations%3DCN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2016&locations=CN&start=1961&year_high_desc=true">"GDP growth (annual %) – China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. حاصل ڪيل 25 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=GDP+growth+%28annual+%25%29+%93+China&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG%3Fend%3D2016%26locations%3DCN%26start%3D1961%26year_high_desc%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaBiggestTrader-107"><a href="#cite_ref-ChinaBiggestTrader_107-0">↑</a> White, Garry (10 February 2013). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/9860518/China-trade-now-bigger-than-US.html">China trade now bigger than US</a>". The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/9860518/China-trade-now-bigger-than-US.html">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/9860518/China-trade-now-bigger-than-US.html</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+trade+now+bigger+than+US&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft.au=White%2C%26%2332%3BGarry&rft.date=10+February+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Feconomics%2F9860518%2FChina-trade-now-bigger-than-US.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Roach, Stephen S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/09/why-china-is-central-to-global-growth/">"Why China is central to global growth"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Economic_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Economic Forum (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">World Economic Forum</a>. حاصل ڪيل 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Why+China+is+central+to+global+growth&rft.aufirst=Stephen+S.&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2016%2F09%2Fwhy-china-is-central-to-global-growth%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Desjardins, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/economies-global-growth-2019/">"The Economies Adding the Most to Global Growth in 2019"</a>. Visual Capitalist. حاصل ڪيل 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=The+Economies+Adding+the+Most+to+Global+Growth+in+2019&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.aulast=Desjardins&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visual+Capitalist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visualcapitalist.com%2Feconomies-global-growth-2019%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.valuewalk.com/2019/02/top-10-largest-stock-exchanges/">"Top 10 Largest Stock Exchanges in the World By Market Capitalization"</a>. ValueWalk. حاصل ڪيل 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Top+10+Largest+Stock+Exchanges+in+the+World+By+Market+Capitalization&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ValueWalk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.valuewalk.com%2F2019%2F02%2Ftop-10-largest-stock-exchanges%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-13/china-s-stock-market-tops-10-trillion-for-first-time-since-2015">China's Stock Market Tops $10 Trillion First Time Since 2015</a>" (en ۾). Bloomberg.com. 13 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-13/china-s-stock-market-tops-10-trillion-for-first-time-since-2015">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-13/china-s-stock-market-tops-10-trillion-for-first-time-since-2015</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China%27s+Stock+Market+Tops+%2410+Trillion+First+Time+Since+2015&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.date=13+October+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-10-13%2Fchina-s-stock-market-tops-10-trillion-for-first-time-since-2015&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-GFCI2-112"><a href="#cite_ref-GFCI2_112-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf">"The Global Financial Centres Index 28"</a> (PDF). Long Finance. حاصل ڪيل 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.btitle=The+Global+Financial+Centres+Index+28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Long+Finance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longfinance.net%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2FGFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/10/cities-in-2035/">"These will be the most important cities by 2035"</a>. World Economic Forum. حاصل ڪيل 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=These+will+be+the+most+important+cities+by+2035&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2019%2F10%2Fcities-in-2035%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a> Marsh, Peter (13 March 2011). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/002fd8f0-4d96-11e0-85e4-00144feab49a">China noses ahead as top goods producer</a>". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Financial Times (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ft.com/content/002fd8f0-4d96-11e0-85e4-00144feab49a">https://www.ft.com/content/002fd8f0-4d96-11e0-85e4-00144feab49a</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+noses+ahead+as+top+goods+producer&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BFinancial+Times%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Marsh%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.date=13+March+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F002fd8f0-4d96-11e0-85e4-00144feab49a&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86">  </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Levinson, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42135.pdf">"U.S. Manufacturing in International Perspective"</a> (PDF). Federation of American Scientists.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=U.S.+Manufacturing+in+International+Perspective&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR42135.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsb20181/report/sections/industry-technology-and-the-global-marketplace/patterns-and-trends-of-knowledge--and-technology-intensive-industries#medium-high-technology-industries-in-china">"Report – S&E Indicators 2018 | NSF – National Science Foundation"</a>. www.nsf.gov. حاصل ڪيل 8 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Report+%93+S%26E+Indicators+2018+%7C+NSF+%93+National+Science+Foundation&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nsf.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fstatistics%2F2018%2Fnsb20181%2Freport%2Fsections%2Findustry-technology-and-the-global-marketplace%2Fpatterns-and-trends-of-knowledge--and-technology-intensive-industries%23medium-high-technology-industries-in-china&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Shane, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/23/business/china-retail-sales-us/index.html">"China will overtake the US as the world's biggest retail market this year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN">CNN</a>. حاصل ڪيل 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=China+will+overtake+the+US+as+the+world%27s+biggest+retail+market+this+year&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F01%2F23%2Fbusiness%2Fchina-retail-sales-us%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Fan, Ziyang; Backaler, Joel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/five-trends-shaping-the-future-of-e-commerce-in-china/">"Five trends shaping the future of e-commerce in China"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Economic_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Economic Forum (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">World Economic Forum</a>. حاصل ڪيل 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Five+trends+shaping+the+future+of+e-commerce+in+China&rft.au=Backaler%2C+Joel&rft.aufirst=Ziyang&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2018%2F09%2Ffive-trends-shaping-the-future-of-e-commerce-in-china%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Lipsman, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emarketer.com/content/global-ecommerce-2019">"Global Ecommerce 2019"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=EMarketer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EMarketer (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">eMarketer</a>. حاصل ڪيل 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=Global+Ecommerce+2019&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Lipsman&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eMarketer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emarketer.com%2Fcontent%2Fglobal-ecommerce-2019&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Huang, Echo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1552991/china-buys-one-out-of-every-two-electric-vehicles-sold-globally/">"China buys one out of every two electric vehicles sold globally"</a>. Quartz. حاصل ڪيل 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=China+buys+one+out+of+every+two+electric+vehicles+sold+globally&rft.aufirst=Echo&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1552991%2Fchina-buys-one-out-of-every-two-electric-vehicles-sold-globally%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/renewable/china-dominates-the-global-lithium-battery-market/">"China Dominates the Global Lithium Battery Market"</a>. Institute for Energy Research. حاصل ڪيل 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=China+Dominates+the+Global+Lithium+Battery+Market&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Energy+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituteforenergyresearch.org%2Frenewable%2Fchina-dominates-the-global-lithium-battery-market%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2019/01/23/china-installs-44-3-gigawatts-of-solar-in-2018/">"China Installs 44.3 Gigawatts Of Solar In 2018"</a>. CleanTechnica. حاصل ڪيل 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.atitle=China+Installs+44.3+Gigawatts+Of+Solar+In+2018&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CleanTechnica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2019%2F01%2F23%2Fchina-installs-44-3-gigawatts-of-solar-in-2018%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.power-technology.com/comment/global-pv-capacity-expected-reach-969gw-2025/">"Global PV capacity is expected to reach 969GW by 2025"</a>. 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