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cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Menu nagusia </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu nagusia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" 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[r]" accesskey="r">Aldaketa berriak</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x">Ausazko orria</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua.">Laguntza</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"> Bilatu </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Itxura </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class="">Dohaintza egin</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Zink" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class="">Sortu kontua</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Zink" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Hasi saioa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Tresna pertsonalak </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu">Dohaintza egin</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Zink" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."> Sortu kontua</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Zink" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"> Hasi saioa</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi">gehiago ikasi</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y">Ekarpenak</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n">Eztabaida</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ezaugarri_nagusiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezaugarri_nagusiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Ezaugarri nagusiak </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ezaugarri_nagusiak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ezaugarri nagusiak azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Ezaugarri_nagusiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propietate_fisikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propietate_fisikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Propietate fisikoak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propietate_fisikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ugaritasuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugaritasuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Ugaritasuna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ugaritasuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Isotopoak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konposatuak_eta_kimika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konposatuak_eta_kimika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Konposatuak eta kimika </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Konposatuak_eta_kimika-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Konposatuak eta kimika azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Konposatuak_eta_kimika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Erreaktibotasuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreaktibotasuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Erreaktibotasuna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreaktibotasuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zink(I)_konposatuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zink(I)_konposatuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Zink(I) konposatuak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zink(I)_konposatuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zink(II)_konposatuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zink(II)_konposatuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Zink(II) konposatuak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zink(II)_konposatuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Historia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Historia azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antzinako_erabilera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antzinako_erabilera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Antzinako erabilera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antzinako_erabilera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hasierako_ikerketak_eta_izendatzea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasierako_ikerketak_eta_izendatzea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Hasierako ikerketak eta izendatzea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hasierako_ikerketak_eta_izendatzea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Isolazioa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ondorengo_lanak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ondorengo_lanak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Ondorengo lanak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ondorengo_lanak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produkzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produkzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Produkzioa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Produkzioa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Produkzioa azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Produkzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meatzaritza_eta_tratamendua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meatzaritza_eta_tratamendua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Meatzaritza eta tratamendua </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meatzaritza_eta_tratamendua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ingurugiroan_eragina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingurugiroan_eragina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ingurugiroan eragina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ingurugiroan_eragina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikazioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikazioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aplikazioak </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aplikazioak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Aplikazioak azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Aplikazioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Korrosioaren_aurkako_babesa_eta_bateriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korrosioaren_aurkako_babesa_eta_bateriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Korrosioaren aurkako babesa eta bateriak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korrosioaren_aurkako_babesa_eta_bateriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nahasturak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nahasturak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Nahasturak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nahasturak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beste_erabilera_industrialak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beste_erabilera_industrialak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Beste erabilera industrialak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beste_erabilera_industrialak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kimika_organikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimika_organikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Kimika organikoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimika_organikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osagarri_dietetikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osagarri_dietetikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Osagarri dietetikoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osagarri_dietetikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hotzeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hotzeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Hotzeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hotzeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erabilera_topikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erabilera_topikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Erabilera topikoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erabilera_topikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funtzio_biologikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funtzio_biologikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Funtzio biologikoa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Funtzio_biologikoa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Funtzio biologikoa azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Funtzio_biologikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entzimak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entzimak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Entzimak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entzimak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seinaleztapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seinaleztapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Seinaleztapena </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seinaleztapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beste_proteina_batzuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beste_proteina_batzuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Beste proteina batzuk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beste_proteina_batzuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gomendio_dietetikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gomendio_dietetikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Gomendio dietetikoak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gomendio_dietetikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dieta_bidezko_sarrera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dieta_bidezko_sarrera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Dieta bidezko sarrera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dieta_bidezko_sarrera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gabezia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gabezia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Gabezia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gabezia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lurzoruen_konponketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lurzoruen_konponketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Lurzoruen konponketa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lurzoruen_konponketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nekazaritza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nekazaritza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Nekazaritza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nekazaritza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arriskuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arriskuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Arriskuak </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arriskuak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Arriskuak azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Arriskuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toxikotasuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxikotasuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Toxikotasuna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxikotasuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intoxikazioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intoxikazioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Intoxikazioak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intoxikazioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Erreferentziak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Ikus, gainera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Kanpo estekak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Zink</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 166 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-166" aria-hidden="true" > 166 hizkuntza </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9A%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AD" title="ዚንክ – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዚንክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जस्ता – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जस्ता" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%83" title="زنك – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زنك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%DD%A3" title="زنݣ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="زنݣ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%83" title="زنك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زنك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="জিংক – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জিংক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinc" title="Cinc – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cinc" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="जिंक – awadhiera" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जिंक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9" title="زینک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زینک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ng" title="Séng – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Séng" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цынк – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цынк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цынк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цынк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जस्ता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जस्ता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%89%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="သဉ့် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သဉ့်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="জিংক – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিংক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏི་ཚ། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏི་ཚ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cink" title="Cink – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cink" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80-i%C3%B2ng" title="Ā-iòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ā-iòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9" title="زینک – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زینک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingu" title="Zingu – korsikera" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Zingu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinek" title="Zinek – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zinek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinc" title="Sinc – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sinc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuat_yom" title="Kuat yom – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Kuat yom" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%92%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%B0" title="ޒިންކް – dhivehia" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޒިންކް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="dhivehia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ψευδάργυρος – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψευδάργυρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinko" title="Zinko – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zinko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsink" title="Tsink – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsink" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="روی – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkki" title="Sinkki – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sinkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsink" title="Tsink – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsink" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa – fijiera" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kapa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinc" title="Sinc – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sinc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinc" title="Sinc – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sinc" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinc" title="Cinc – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cinc" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A4" title="જસત – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જસત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinc" title="Shinc – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shinc" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82-y%C3%A8n" title="Â-yèn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Â-yèn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A5" title="אבץ – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जस्ता – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जस्ता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cink" title="Cink – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cink" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynk" title="Cynk – goi-sorabiera" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Cynk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="goi-sorabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenk" title="Zenk – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zenk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cink" title="Cink – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cink" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Ցինկ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցինկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Զինկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Զինկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seng" title="Seng – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinko" title="Zinko – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Zinko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinco" title="Zinco – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zinco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9C%E9%89%9B" title="亜鉛 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="亜鉛" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zinki" title="zinki – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="zinki" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng" title="Sèng – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sèng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="თუთია – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თუთია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzeng" title="Azzeng – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azzeng" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%A9%C5%8Bk%C9%A9" title="Zɩŋkɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Zɩŋkɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – kikuyuera" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyuera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Мырыш – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мырыш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%81" title="ಸತುವು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸತುವು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%97%B0" title="아연 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아연" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%AEnko" title="Çînko – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çînko" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – komiera" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zynk" title="Zynk – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Zynk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincum" title="Zincum – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zincum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9nk" title="Zénk – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zénk" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тутия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Тутия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingo" title="Zingo – liguriera" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Zingo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinch" title="Zinch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Zinch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinch" title="Zinch – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zinch" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinkas" title="Cinkas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cinkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinks" title="Cinks – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cinks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanitso" title="Fanitso – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanitso" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konutea" title="Konutea – maoriera" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konutea" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maoriera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="നാകം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80" title="Цайр – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цайр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="जस्त – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जस्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah_sari" title="Timah sari – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Timah sari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinco" title="Zinco – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Zinco" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="သွပ် – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သွပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – erziera" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जस्ता – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जस्ता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जस्ता – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जस्ता" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink_(element)" title="Zink (element) – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zink (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink" title="Sink – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sink" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinku" title="Cinku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Cinku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE" title="ଦସ୍ତା – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଦସ୍ତା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – osetiera" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4" title="ਜਿਸਤ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਿਸਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="जिंक – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जिंक" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynk" title="Cynk – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cynk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinch" title="Zinch – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Zinch" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%A9" title="زنک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زنک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%A9_(%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BC)" title="زنک (جست/کوټ) – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زنک (جست/کوټ)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinco" title="Zinco – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zinco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin" title="Sin – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – aromaniera" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цінк – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Цінк" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="दस्ता – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दस्ता" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingu" title="Zingu – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Zingu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincu" title="Zincu – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Zincu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="جست – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جست" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cink" title="Cink – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cink" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinok" title="Zinok – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zinok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cink" title="Cink – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cink" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng%27e" title="Zeng'e – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zeng'e" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinki" title="Sinki – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sinki" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinku" title="Zinku – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zinku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ng" title="Séng – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Séng" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink" title="Zink – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zink" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinki" title="Zinki – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zinki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="துத்தநாகம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துத்தநாகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="తుత్తునాగము – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తుత్తునాగము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%AF%D0%B9_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7)" title="Рӯй (филиз) – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рӯй (филиз)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5" title="สังกะสี – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สังกะสี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87inko" title="Çinko – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çinko" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Тутыя – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тутыя" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%86%D9%83" title="سىنك – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سىنك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цинк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="جست – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rux" title="Rux – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rux" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cink" title="Cink – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Cink" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%BDm" title="Kẽm – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kẽm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinkin" title="Zinkin – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Zinkin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singk" title="Singk – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Singk" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Цинкон – kalmykera" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Цинкон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmykera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="צינק – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צינק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Zinc" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%85" title="鋅 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鋅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-i%C3%A2n" title="A-iân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-iân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%85" title="鋅 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鋅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q758#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zink" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c">Artikulua</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eztabaida:Zink&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida (sortu gabe) [t]" accesskey="t">Eztabaida</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >euskara </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zink">Irakurri</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v">Aldatu</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e">Aldatu iturburu kodea</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h">Ikusi historia</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tresnak </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zink">Irakurri</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v">Aldatu</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e">Aldatu iturburu kodea</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=history">Ikusi historia</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Zink" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j">Honanzko esteka duten orriak</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Zink" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k">Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u">Fitxategia igo</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q">Orri bereziak</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&oldid=9598444" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra">Lotura iraunkorra</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago">Orri honen datuak</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Zink&id=9598444&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa">Artikulu hau aipatu</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZink">URL laburra lortu</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZink">QR kodea jaitsi</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Zink">Liburu bat sortu</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Zink&action=show-download-screen">Deskargatu PDF formatuan</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p">Inprimatzeko bertsioa</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Zinc" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q758" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata itema</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="hd" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #FFC0C0">Zinka</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3138" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center">30 <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">Kobrea</a> ← Zinka → <a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio">Galioa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" style="border-collapse:separate;width:248px;background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno"> </a> </td> <td style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td colspan="7" rowspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;">  </td> <td colspan="7" rowspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="3" style="border:none;text-align:center;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:10pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;">  30</td> <td style="font-size:16pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;">Zn</td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Silizio" title="Silizio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Sufre" title="Sufre"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Kaltzio" title="Kaltzio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Eskandio" title="Eskandio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Banadio" title="Banadio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kromo" title="Kromo"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalto" title="Kobalto"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Artseniko" title="Artseniko"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Estrontzio" title="Estrontzio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonio" title="Zirkonio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Teknezio" title="Teknezio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rodio" title="Rodio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmio" title="Kadmio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Indio" title="Indio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Eztainu" title="Eztainu"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Zesio" title="Zesio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Zerio" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Zerio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimio" title="Praseodimio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimio" title="Neodimio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Prometio" title="Prometio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Samario" title="Samario"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Europio" title="Europio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinio" title="Gadolinio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Terbio" title="Terbio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosio" title="Disprosio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Holmio" title="Holmio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Erbio" title="Erbio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lutezio" title="Lutezio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalo" title="Tantalo"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Wolframio" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolframio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Renio" title="Renio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Platino"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Merkurio_(elementua)" title="Merkurio (elementua)"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Talio" title="Talio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Berun" title="Berun"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Astato" title="Astato"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Frantzio" title="Frantzio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinio" title="Aktinio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinio" title="Protaktinio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunio" title="Neptunio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Amerizio" title="Amerizio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Curio" title="Curio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornio" title="Kalifornio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Einstenio" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstenio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Fermio" title="Fermio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevio" title="Mendelevio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelio" title="Nobelio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrentzio" title="Lawrentzio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordio" title="Rutherfordio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnio" title="Dubnio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgio" title="Seaborgio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrio" title="Bohrio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hasio" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerio" title="Meitnerio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtio" title="Darmstadtio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernizio" title="Kopernizio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovio" title="Flerovio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovio" title="Moskovio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorio" title="Livermorio"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Teneso" title="Teneso"> </a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson"> </a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoa" title="Taula periodikoa">Taula periodikoa</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #FFC0C0">Ezaugarri orokorrak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimikoen_zerrenda_izenaren_arabera" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementu kimikoen zerrenda izenaren arabera">Izena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimikoen_zerrenda_ikurraren_arabera" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementu kimikoen zerrenda ikurraren arabera">ikurra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenbaki_atomiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenbaki atomiko">zenbakia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zinka, Zn, 30</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Serie_kimiko" title="Serie kimiko">Serie kimikoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trantsizio-metal" title="Trantsizio-metal">trantsizio-metalak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoko_talde" title="Taula periodikoko talde">Taldea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoko_periodo" title="Taula periodikoko periodo">periodoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orbital_atomiko" title="Orbital atomiko">orbitala</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/12._taldeko_elementu" title="12. taldeko elementu">12</a>, <a href="/wiki/4._periodoko_elementu" title="4. periodoko elementu">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/D_orbitala" class="mw-redirect" title="D orbitala">d</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Masa_atomiko" title="Masa atomiko">Masa atomikoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">65,409(4) g/mol</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Konfigurazio_elektroniko" title="Konfigurazio elektroniko">Konfigurazio elektronikoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d10 4s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">Elektroiak</a> orbitaleko</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #FFC0C0">Propietate fisikoak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Materiaren_egoera" title="Materiaren egoera">Egoera</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solido" title="Solido">solidoa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dentsitate_(fisika)" title="Dentsitate (fisika)">Dentsitatea</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(0 °C, 101,325 kPa) 7138 g/L</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Urtze-puntu" title="Urtze-puntu">Urtze-puntua</a></th><td class="infobox-data">692,68 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin">K</a> (419,53 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius">°C</a>, 787,15 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Irakite-puntu" title="Irakite-puntu">Irakite-puntua</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.180 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin">K</a> (907 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius">°C</a>, 1.665 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Urtze-entalpia" title="Urtze-entalpia">Urtze-entalpia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,32 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_moleko" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule moleko">kJ·mol−1</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lurrun-presio" title="Lurrun-presio">Lurrun-presioa</a> <table width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presio" title="Presio">P</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unitatea)" title="Pascal (unitatea)">Pa</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>10</td> <td>100</td> <td>1 k</td> <td>10 k</td> <td>100 k </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenperatura" title="Tenperatura">T</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(unitatea)" title="Kelvin (unitatea)">K</a></td> <td>610</td> <td>670</td> <td>750</td> <td>852</td> <td>990</td> <td>1.185 </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #FFC0C0">Propietate atomikoak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura">Kristal-egitura</a></th><td class="infobox-data">hexagonala</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Oxidazio-zenbaki" title="Oxidazio-zenbaki">Oxidazio-zenbakia(k)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Zn/N2Zn3-1313491.html">[1]</a>, 2 (oxido <a href="/wiki/Anfoteriko" title="Anfoteriko">anfoterikoa</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Elektronegatibotasun" title="Elektronegatibotasun">Elektronegatibotasuna</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,65 (Paulingen eskala)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ionizazio-potentzial" title="Ionizazio-potentzial">Ionizazio-potentziala</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.a: 906,4 <a href="/wiki/Joule_moleko" title="Joule moleko">kJ/mol</a> 2.a: 1.733,3 kJ/mol 3.a: 3.833 kJ/mol</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Erradio_atomiko" title="Erradio atomiko">Erradio atomikoa</a> (batezbestekoa)</th><td class="infobox-data">135 <a href="/wiki/Pikometro" title="Pikometro">pm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Erradio atomikoa (kalkulatua)</th><td class="infobox-data">142 pm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Erradio_kobalente" title="Erradio kobalente">Erradio kobalentea</a></th><td class="infobox-data">131 pm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waalsen_erradio" title="Van der Waalsen erradio">Van der Waalsen erradioa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">139 pm</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #FFC0C0">Datu gehiago</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Eroankortasun_termiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Eroankortasun termiko">Eroankortasun termikoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(300 K) 116</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Soinuaren_abiadura" class="mw-redirect" title="Soinuaren abiadura">Soinuaren abiadura</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.850 <a href="/wiki/Metro_segundoko" title="Metro segundoko">m/s</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #FFC0C0">Isotopo egonkorrenak</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinkaren_isotopoak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zinkaren isotopoak (sortu gabe)">Zinkaren isotopoak</a> <table border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo">iso</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ugaritasun_natural" title="Ugaritasun natural">UN</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Semidesintegrazio-periodo" title="Semidesintegrazio-periodo">Sd-P</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo" title="Desintegrazio erradioaktibo">D</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio-energia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desintegrazio-energia (sortu gabe)">DE</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a>) </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio-produktu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desintegrazio-produktu (sortu gabe)">DP</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>64Zn </td> <td>%48,6 </td> <td colspan="4">Zn egonkorra da 34 <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroirekin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">65Zn </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Erradioisotopo_sintetiko" title="Erradioisotopo sintetiko">Sintetikoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">244,26 <a href="/wiki/Egun" title="Egun">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektroi-harrapaketa" title="Elektroi-harrapaketa">ε</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>65<a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">Cu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamma_izpi" title="Gamma izpi">γ</a> </td> <td>1,1155 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>66Zn </td> <td>%27,9 </td> <td colspan="4">Zn egonkorra da 36 <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroirekin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>67Zn </td> <td>%4,1 </td> <td colspan="4">Zn egonkorra da 37 <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroirekin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>68Zn </td> <td>%18,8 </td> <td colspan="4">Zn egonkorra da 38 <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroirekin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>69Zn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erradioisotopo_sintetiko" title="Erradioisotopo sintetiko">Sintetikoa</a> </td> <td>56,4 <a href="/wiki/Minutu" title="Minutu">min</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beta_desintegrazio" title="Beta desintegrazio">β−</a> </td> <td>0,906 </td> <td>69<a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio">Ga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>70Zn </td> <td>%0,6 </td> <td colspan="4">Zn egonkorra da 40 <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroirekin</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> Zinka <a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimiko" title="Elementu kimiko">elementu kimiko</a> bat da, Zn <a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimikoen_zerrenda_ikurraren_arabera" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementu kimikoen zerrenda ikurraren arabera">ikurra</a> eta 30 <a href="/wiki/Atomo-zenbaki" title="Atomo-zenbaki">zenbaki atomikoa</a> dituena. Zinka, nahiz eta zenbaitetan <a href="/wiki/Trantsizio-metal" title="Trantsizio-metal">trantsizio-metal</a> gisa sailkatu den, <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metala</a> da. Bere taldeko beste elementuekin dituen antzekotasunez gain, <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">magnesioaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio">berilioaren</a> zenbait ezaugarri dauzka. Elementu hau urria da <a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurrean</a>, baina erraz erauzten da. <a href="/wiki/Letoi" title="Letoi">Letoia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kobre</a> eta zink proportzio ezberdinez osaturiko <a href="/wiki/Metal-nahastura" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-nahastura">nahastura</a> bat, K.a. hirugarren milurtekoan erabiltzen zen <a href="/wiki/Egeo" title="Egeo">Egeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Iraken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabiar_Emirerri_Batuak" title="Arabiar Emirerri Batuak">Arabiar Emirerri Batuetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalmukia" title="Kalmukia">Kalmukian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistanen</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgian</a> eta K.a. bigarren milurtekoan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendebaldeko_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendebaldeko India (sortu gabe)">Mendebaldeko Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistanen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Sirian</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israelen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a> Zink <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metala</a> Indian <a href="/wiki/XII._mendea" title="XII. mendea">XII. mendean</a> hasi zen eskala handian produzitzen, nahiz eta antzinako erromatarrek eta greziarrek ezagutzen zuten.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajastan" title="Rajastan">Rajastaneko</a> <a href="/wiki/Meatze" class="mw-redirect" title="Meatze">meatzeek</a> zinkaren ekoizpena K.a. VI. mendean ematen zela frogatu dute.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Gaur egun, zinka puruaren frogarik zaharrena Zawarren (Rajasthan) aurkitutakoa da, K.a. IX. mendekoa. Zink purua erauzteko destilazio prozesu bat erabiltzen zen.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">Alkimistek</a> zinka erretzen zuten airean "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink_oxidoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zink oxidoa (sortu gabe)">filosofoen artilea</a>" edo "elur zuria" deitzen zutena sortzeko. Elementu hau ziurrenik <a href="/wiki/Parazeltso" title="Parazeltso">Parazeltso</a> alkimistak izendatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Aleman" title="Aleman">alemanezko</a> zinke hitzean oinarritua (arantza, hortza). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (sortu gabe)">Andreas Sigismund Marggraf</a> aleman kimikariari esleitzen zaio 1746. urtean zink metaliko puruaren aurkikuntza. <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Voltak</a> zinkaren propietate elektrokimikoak aurkitu zituzten 1800. urtean. <a href="/wiki/Korrosio" title="Korrosio">Korrosioaren</a> aurka burdina <a href="/wiki/Galbanizazio" class="mw-redirect" title="Galbanizazio">galbanizatzea</a> da (galbanizazio beroa) zinkaren aplikazio nagusia. Beste aplikazio batzuk <a href="/wiki/Bateria_elektriko" title="Bateria elektriko">bateria</a> elektrikoak, pieza txiki ez-egiturazkoen <a href="/wiki/Galdaketa" title="Galdaketa">galdaketa</a> eta letoia bezalako meta-nahasturak dira. Zinkaren konposatu ugari erabiltzen dira, hala nola zink karbonatoa eta zinka glukonatoa (osagarri dietetikoak), zink kloruroa (desodoranteak), zink piriotinea (<a href="/wiki/Zahi" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Zahi">zahiaren</a> aurkako xanpuak), zink sulfuroa (pintura lumineszenteetan) eta zinka metil edo zink dietila laborategi organikoetan. Zinka funtsezko <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> bat da, jaioberrien eta ondorengo garapenaren barne.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink_gabezia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zink gabezia (sortu gabe)">Zink gabeziak</a> bi mila milioi pertsona ingururi eragiten dio eta gaixotasun askori lotuta dago.<a href="#cite_note-:40-7">[7]</a> Haurretan, gabeziak hazkunde atzerapena, heltze sexualaren atzerapena, infekzio suszeptibilitatea eta <a href="/wiki/Beherako" title="Beherako">beherakoa</a> eragiten ditu.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> Zentro erreaktiboan zink atomoak dituzten <a href="/wiki/Entzima" title="Entzima">entzimak</a> oso zabalduta daude biokimikan, hala nola, alkoholaren deshidrogenasa gizakietan.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Zinkaren gehiegizko kontsumoak <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letargia" title="Letargia">letargia</a> eta kobre gabezia sor ditzake. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ezaugarri_nagusiak">Ezaugarri nagusiak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ezaugarri nagusiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ezaugarri nagusiak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Metal zuri urdinxka da, airean erretzen denean gar berde urdinxka igortzen duena. Aire lehorrak ez dio erasaten, baina hezetasuna badago <a href="/wiki/Oxido" title="Oxido">oxidozko</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Karbonato" title="Karbonato">karbonato</a> basikozko gainazala sortzen zaio, metala isolatuz eta <a href="/wiki/Korrosio" title="Korrosio">korrosiotik</a> babestuz. Metal honek erresistentzia handia dauka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deformazio_plastiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deformazio plastiko (sortu gabe)">deformazio plastikoaren</a> aurrean. Tenperatura igo ahala, erresistentzia murriztu egiten da; hain zuzen, zink-xaflak sortzeko 100 °C-etik gora egin behar da lan. Ezin da <a href="/wiki/Garraztasun" class="mw-redirect" title="Garraztasun">garraztasun</a> bidez gogortu eta giro-tenperaturan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isurpen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isurpen (sortu gabe)">isurpen</a>-fenomenoa jasaten du (gainerako metal eta <a href="/wiki/Metal-nahastura" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-nahastura">metal-nahastura</a> gehienek ez bezala) eta karga txikiek deformazio ez iraunkorrak eragiten dituzte. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propietate_fisikoak">Propietate fisikoak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Propietate fisikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Propietate fisikoak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Zinka metal urdin-zuri, distiratsu eta <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetismo" title="Diamagnetismo">diamagnetikoa</a> da<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a>, metalaren ohiko erabilera komertzialek akabera matea duten arren.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Burdin">Burdinak</a> baino dentsitate zerbait baxuagoa eta <a href="/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura">kristal-egitura</a> hexagonal bat du, atomo bakoitzak sei auzokide hurbilenak 265,9 pm-etan bere planoan eta beste sei distantzia handiagora 290,6 pm-tara dituelarik.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Metal gogorra eta hauskorra izaten da tenperatura gehienetan, baina 100 eta 150 °C artean malgua bihurtzen da.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> 210 ° C gainetik, metala hauskorra bihurtzen da berriro, eta irabiatuz haustu daiteke.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Zinka elektrizitatearen <a href="/wiki/Eroale_elektriko" title="Eroale elektriko">eroale</a> ona da.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> Metal bat izateko, zinkak urtze (419,5 ° C) eta irakite-puntu (907 ° C) erlatiboki baxuak ditu.<a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a> Fusio puntua <a href="/wiki/D_bloke" title="D bloke">d blokeko</a> metal guztien artean txikiena da <a href="/wiki/Merkurio_(elementua)" title="Merkurio (elementua)">merkurioaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kadmio" title="Kadmio">kadmioaren</a> ostean. Horregatik, besteak beste, zinka, kadmioa eta merkurioa sarritan ez dira d-blokeko gainontzeko metalen antzera <a href="/wiki/Trantsizio-metal" title="Trantsizio-metal">trantsizio-metal</a> kontsideratzen.<a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a> Metal-nahastura askok zinka dute, letoia barne. Zinkarekin nahastura bitarrak sortzen dituzten beste metalak <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio">antimonioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto">bismutoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre">urrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">burdina</a>, beruna, merkurioa, <a href="/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar">zilarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">magnesioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobalto" title="Kobalto">kobaltoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio">telurioa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio">sodioa</a> dira.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Zinka edo <a href="/wiki/Zirkonio" title="Zirkonio">zirkonioa</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetismo" title="Ferromagnetismo">ferromagnetikoak</a> ez diren arren, haien ZrZn2 nahasturak ferromagnetismoa du 35 <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> azpitik.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> Zink barra batek soinu bereizgarria sortzen du tolestean, eztainuaren antzera. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ugaritasuna">Ugaritasuna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ugaritasuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ugaritasuna">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Zinkak Lurraren <a href="/wiki/Lurrazal" title="Lurrazal">lurrazaleko</a> 75 ppm inguru (% 0,0075) osatzen du, eta 24. <a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimiko" title="Elementu kimiko">elementu</a> ugariena da. <a href="/wiki/Lurzoru" title="Lurzoru">Lurzoruak</a> 5-770 ppm zink du, batez bestekoa 64 ppm delarik. <a href="/wiki/Gesal" title="Gesal">Itsasoko urek</a> 30 ppb baino ez dute eta <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosferak</a>, 0,1-4 μg / m3.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> Orokorrean beste oinarrizko metal batzuekin batera aurkitu ohi da <a href="/wiki/Mea" title="Mea">meatan</a>, hala nola, <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kobrea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Berun" title="Berun">beruna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> Zinka kalkofilo bat da. Honek esan nahi du elementu hau mineraletan <a href="/wiki/Sufre" title="Sufre">sufre</a> eta beste <a href="/wiki/Kalkogeno" title="Kalkogeno">kalkogeno</a> astunago batzuekin batera aurkitzea errazagoa dela, <a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno">oxigeno</a> edo kalkogenoak ez diren <a href="/wiki/Halogeno" title="Halogeno">halogenoekin</a> baino. <a href="/wiki/Sulfuro" title="Sulfuro">Sulfuroak</a> lurrazala solidifikatzen joan zen heinean sortu ziren, Lurreko hasierako atmosferak eragindako <a href="/wiki/Erredox_erreakzio" title="Erredox erreakzio">erredox erreakzioen</a> pean.<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esfalerita" title="Esfalerita">Esfalerita</a>, zink sulfuro mota bat, zinka lortzeko gehien meatzen den mea da, bere zink kontzentrazioa % 60-62 artekoa izaten delako.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> Zinka lortzeko meatzen diren beste mineral honako hauek dira: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonita" title="Smithsonita">smithsonita</a> (zink <a href="/wiki/Karbonato" title="Karbonato">karbonatoa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hemimorfita" title="Hemimorfita">hemimorfita</a> (zink <a href="/wiki/Silikato" title="Silikato">silikatoa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wurtzita" title="Wurtzita">wurtzita</a> (beste zink sulfuro bat) eta, batzuetan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrazitina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrazitina (sortu gabe)">hidrazitina</a> (oinarrizko zink karbonatoa).<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> Wurtzita izan ezik, beste mineral guztiak zink sulfuro primitiboen <a href="/wiki/Meteorizazio" title="Meteorizazio">meteorizazioaren</a> ondorioz sortu ziren.<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a> Ezagutzen diren munduko zink baliabideak 1,9-2,8 mila milioi <a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">tona</a> ingurukoak dira.<a href="#cite_note-:19-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Gordailu handiak <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Estatu Batuetan</a> daude, eta <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranen</a> berriz erreserbarik handienak.<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Zinkaren oinarrizko erreserbaren azken estimazioa (gaur egungo meatzaritza eta ekoizpen praktikekin lotutako gutxieneko irizpide fisikoekin bat datorrena) 2009. urtean egin zen eta gutxi gorabehera 480 miloi tona zirela kalkulatu zen.<a href="#cite_note-:20-22">[22]</a> 346 milioi tona inguru meatu dira historia osoan zehar 2002ra arte, eta adituek 109-305 milioi tona erabiltzen ari direla estimatzen dute.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopoak">Isotopoak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Isotopoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Isotopoak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Sphalerite4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Esfalerita" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sphalerite4.jpg/220px-Sphalerite4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sphalerite4.jpg/330px-Sphalerite4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Sphalerite4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Esfalerita" title="Esfalerita">Esfalerita</a> (ZnS)</figcaption></figure> Zinkaren bost <a href="/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo">isotopo</a> existitzen dira naturan. 64Zn isotopoa da ugariena (% 48,63 <a href="/wiki/Ugaritasun_natural" title="Ugaritasun natural">ugaritasun naturala</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:7-26">[26]</a> Isotopo honek hain <a href="/wiki/Semidesintegrazio-periodo" title="Semidesintegrazio-periodo">semidesintegrazio-periodo</a> luzea du, 4.3 x 1018 urtekoa,<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> bere erradioaktibitatea alde batera utzi daitekeela.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Era berean, 70Zn (% 0,6), 1.3 x 1016 urte bitarteko semidesintegrazio-periodoa duena, ez da erradioaktiboa kontsideratzen. Naturan aurkitzen diren gainerako isotopoak 66Zn (% 28), 67Zn (% 4) eta 68Zn (% 19) dira. Hainbat dozena <a href="/wiki/Isotopo_erradioaktibo" title="Isotopo erradioaktibo">isotopo erradioaktibo</a> kategorizatu dira. 65Zn, 243,66 eguneko semidesintegrazio-periodoarekin, aktibotasun gutxien duen erradioisotopoa da, hurrengoa 72ZN izanik, 46,5 orduko semidesintegrazio-periodoarekin.<a href="#cite_note-:7-26">[26]</a> Zinkak 10 <a href="/wiki/Isomero_nuklear" title="Isomero nuklear">isomero nuklear</a> ditu. 69mZn isomeroak semidesintegrazio-periodo handiena du, 13,76 ordu.<a href="#cite_note-:7-26">[26]</a> Goi indizeko m hizkiak isotopo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaegonkortasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaegonkortasun (sortu gabe)">metaegonkorra</a> dela adierazten du. Isotopo metaegonkor baten nukleoa kitzikatutako egoeran dago eta oinarrizko egoerara itzuliko da <a href="/wiki/Gamma_izpi" title="Gamma izpi">gamma izpi</a> formako <a href="/wiki/Fotoi" title="Fotoi">fotoi</a> bat igorriz. 61Zn isomeroak kitzikatutako hiru egoera metaegonkor ditu eta 73Zn-k bi ditu.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> 65Zn, 71Zn, 77Zn eta 78Zn isotopoek kitzikatutako egoera metaegonkor bat baino ez dute.<a href="#cite_note-:7-26">[26]</a> Masa zenbakia 66 baino txikiagoa duen zinkaren erradioisotopo baten <a href="/wiki/Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo" title="Desintegrazio erradioaktibo">desintegrazio</a> modurik arruntena <a href="/wiki/Elektroi-harrapaketa" title="Elektroi-harrapaketa">elektroi-harrapaketa</a> da. Elektroi-harrapaketaren ondorio den desintegrazioaren produktua <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kobrearen</a> isotopo bat da. 66 masa zenbakia baino altuagoa duten zinkaren erradioisotopoen desintegrazio modu arruntena berriz, <a href="/wiki/Beta_desintegrazio" title="Beta desintegrazio">beta desintegrazioa</a> (β−) da, <a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio">galioaren</a> isotopo bat sortzen duena.<a href="#cite_note-:7-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konposatuak_eta_kimika">Konposatuak eta kimika</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konposatuak eta kimika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Konposatuak eta kimika">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erreaktibotasuna">Erreaktibotasuna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreaktibotasuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Erreaktibotasuna">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Electron_shell_030_zinc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Zinkaren elektroi geruzak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Electron_shell_030_zinc.png/220px-Electron_shell_030_zinc.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Electron_shell_030_zinc.png/330px-Electron_shell_030_zinc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Electron_shell_030_zinc.png/440px-Electron_shell_030_zinc.png 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1835" /></a><figcaption>Zinkaren elektroi geruzak</figcaption></figure> Zinkaren <a href="/wiki/Konfigurazio_elektroniko" title="Konfigurazio elektroniko">konfigurazio elektronikoa</a> [Ar]3d104s2 da eta <a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoa" title="Taula periodikoa">taula periodikoaren</a> <a href="/wiki/12._taldeko_elementu" title="12. taldeko elementu">12. taldeko</a> kide da. Neurrizko erreaktibotasuna duen metala da eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agente_murriztaile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agente murriztaile (sortu gabe)">agente murriztaile</a> sendoa.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> Metal puruaren gainazalak azkar galtzen du distira, azkenean babesten duen oinarrizko zink karbonato (Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2 geruza bat osatuz, atmosferako <a href="/wiki/Karbono_dioxido" title="Karbono dioxido">karbono dioxidoarekin</a> erreakzionatuz.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Geruza honek airearekin eta urarekin gehiago ez erreakzionatzen laguntzen du. Zinka erretzean, gar berde-urdina eta distiratsua sortzen da, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink_oxido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zink oxido (sortu gabe)">zink oxido</a> kea sortzen duena.<a href="#cite_note-:8-30">[30]</a> Zinkak erraz erreakzionatzen du <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azidoekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkaliekin</a> eta beste ez-metalekin.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Oso purua den zinkak, <a href="/wiki/Giro-tenperatura" title="Giro-tenperatura">giro tenperaturan</a>, soilik azidoekin eta motel erreakzionatzen du.<a href="#cite_note-:8-30">[30]</a> Azido gogorrek, esate baterako, <a href="/wiki/Azido_klorhidriko" title="Azido klorhidriko">azido klorhidriko</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Azido_sulfuriko" title="Azido sulfuriko">sulfurikoak</a>, gainazaleko geruza erauz dezakete eta ondorengo erreakzioak, urarekin, hidrogenoaren gasa askatzen du.<a href="#cite_note-:8-30">[30]</a> Zinkaren kimikan +2 oxidazio egoera nagusi da. Oxidazio-egoera horretan konposatuak sortzen direnean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektroi_geruza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektroi geruza (sortu gabe)">kanpoko geruzako</a> s elektroiak galdu egiten dira, konfigurazio elektronikoa [Ar]3d10 duen ioia emanez.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Soluzio urtsuetan, oktaedro itxurako konposatu bat [Zn(H2O)6]2+ da espezie nagusia.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Zinka zink kloruroarekin batera lurruntzeak, 285 ° C-tik gorako tenperaturetan, Zn2Cl2 eratzen du, +1 oxidazio-egoera duen zink konposatu bat.<a href="#cite_note-:8-30">[30]</a> Ez dira zinkaren konposaturik ezagutzen +1 edo +2 oxidazio egoera ez dutenak.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Kalkuluek adierazten dute +4 oxidazio egoera duen zink konposatu bat existitzea oso zaila dela.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Zinkaren kimika lehen lerroko trantsizioko metalen, <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikelaren</a> eta kobrearen, kimikaren antzekoa da, nahiz eta betetako d-geruza bat duen eta konposatuak <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetismo" title="Diamagnetismo">diamagnetikoak</a> eta, orokorrean, kolorerik gabeak diren.<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a> Zink eta magnesioaren <a href="/wiki/Erradio_ioniko" title="Erradio ioniko">erradio ionikoak</a> ia berdinak dira. Horregatik, gatz baliokideek kristal egitura bera dute<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a>, eta erradio ionikoa faktore erabakigarri bat den beste kasuetan, zinkaren kimikak antz handia du magnesioarenarekin.<a href="#cite_note-:8-30">[30]</a> Beste alderdi batzuetan, lehenengo lerroko trantsizioko metalen antzekotasun gutxi dago. Zinkak <a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno">N-</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sufre" title="Sufre">S-</a> emaileekin <a href="/wiki/Lotura_kobalente" title="Lotura kobalente">kobalentzia</a> handiagoko eta konplexu egonkorragoak diren zubiak osatzen ditu.<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zink(I)_konposatuak">Zink(I) konposatuak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zink(I) konposatuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Zink(I) konposatuak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Zinc_acetate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Zink azetatoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Zinc_acetate.JPG/220px-Zinc_acetate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Zinc_acetate.JPG/330px-Zinc_acetate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Zinc_acetate.JPG/440px-Zinc_acetate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Zink azetatoa</figcaption></figure> Zink(I) konposatuak arraroak dira eta oxidazio egoera baxua egonkortzeko ligand handiak behar dituzte. Zink(I) konposatu gehienek formalki [Zn2]2+ nukleoa dute, [Hg2]2+ katioi dimerialaren antzekoa dena, <a href="/wiki/Merkurio_(elementua)" title="Merkurio (elementua)">merkurio</a>(I) konposatuetan agertzen dena. Ioiaren izaera <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetismo" title="Diamagnetismo">diamagnetikoak</a> egitura dimerikoa berretsi egiten du. Zn-Zn lotura duen lehen zink(I) konposatua, (η5-C5Me5)2Zn2, lehen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalozeno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metalozeno (sortu gabe)">dimetalozenoa</a> da ere. [Zn2]2+ ioia azkar zink metalera eta zink(II) ioira deskonposatzen da, eta oso egoera konkretuetan lortu da soilik.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zink(II)_konposatuak">Zink(II) konposatuak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zink(II) konposatuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Zink(II) konposatuak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Zinc_chloride.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Zink kloritoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Zinc_chloride.jpg/220px-Zinc_chloride.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Zinc_chloride.jpg/330px-Zinc_chloride.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Zinc_chloride.jpg/440px-Zinc_chloride.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Zink kloritoa</figcaption></figure> Zinkaren <a href="/wiki/Konposatu_bitar" title="Konposatu bitar">konposatu bitarrak</a> <a href="/wiki/Metaloide" title="Metaloide">metaloide</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble">gas nobleak</a> ez diren <a href="/wiki/Ez-metal" title="Ez-metal">ez-metal</a> gehienentzat ezagutzen dira. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink_oxido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zink oxido (sortu gabe)">ZnO</a> oxidoa soluzio urtsu neutroetan ia disolbaezina den hauts zuria da, baina <a href="/wiki/Anfoteriko" title="Anfoteriko">anfoterikoa</a> da, indartsuak diren soluzio basiko eta azidoetan disolbatzen baita.<a href="#cite_note-:8-30">[30]</a> Beste <a href="/wiki/Kalkogeno" title="Kalkogeno">kalkogenoek</a> (ZnS, ZnSe eta ZnTe) elektronika eta optikan aplikazio askotarikoak dituzte.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/15._taldeko_elementu" title="15. taldeko elementu">Pniktogenoak</a> (Zn3N2, Zn3P2, Zn3As2 eta Zn3Sb2),<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroxido" title="Peroxido">peroxidoa</a> (ZnO2), hidruroa (ZnH2) eta karburoa (ZnC2) ere ezagutzen dira.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Lau <a href="/wiki/Haluro" title="Haluro">haluroen</a> artean, ZnF2k du izaera ionikoena, beste batzuek (ZnCl2, ZnBr2 eta ZnI2) urtze puntu nahiko baxuak dituzte eta kobalenteen antz handiagoa dutela esan ohi da.<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a> Zn2+ ioiak dituzten <a href="/wiki/Disoluzio" title="Disoluzio">soluzio</a> basiko ahuletan, Zn(OH)2 hidroxidoa <a href="/wiki/Prezipitatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Prezipitatu">prezipitatu</a> zuri gisa sortzen da. Soluzio alkalino indartsuagoetan, hidroxidoa disolbatu egiten da zinkatinak osatzeko ([Zn(OH)4]2-).<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a> Zn(NO3)2 nitratoa, Zn(ClO3)2 kloratoa, ZnSO4 sulfatoa, Zn3(PO4)2 fosfatoa, ZnMoO4 molibdatoa, Zn(CN)2 zianuroa, Zn(AsO4)2·8H2O arsenatoa eta ZnCrO4 kromatoa (kolorea duen zinkaren konposatu bakanetako bat) zinkaren beste konposatu ez-organikoen adibide batzuk dira.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Zinkaren <a href="/wiki/Konposatu_organiko" title="Konposatu organiko">konposatu organiko</a> baten adibide errazena azetatoa da (Zn(O2CCH3)2). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Historia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antzinako_erabilera">Antzinako erabilera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Antzinako erabilera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Antzinako erabilera">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hemmoorer_Eimer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Erromatar garaiko letoizko ontzi bat, Alemaniako Hemmoor herrian aurkitua." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hemmoorer_Eimer.jpg/220px-Hemmoorer_Eimer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hemmoorer_Eimer.jpg/330px-Hemmoorer_Eimer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hemmoorer_Eimer.jpg/440px-Hemmoorer_Eimer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Erroma" title="Antzinako Erroma">Erromatar garaiko</a> <a href="/wiki/Letoi" title="Letoi">letoizko</a> ontzi bat, Alemaniako <a href="/wiki/Hemmoor" title="Hemmoor">Hemmoor</a> herrian aurkitua.</figcaption></figure> Antzinako garaietako zink ez-puruaren erabilerari buruzko zenbait adibide isolatu aurkitu dira. Zink <a href="/wiki/Mea" title="Mea">meak</a> zink-kobre nahasturazko <a href="/wiki/Letoi" title="Letoi">letoia</a> egiteko erabiltzen ziren zinka elementu isolatu gisa aurkitu baino milaka urte lehenago. K.a. XIV. mende eta X. mende bitarteko letoi <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">judearrak</a> % 23 zinka du.<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a> Letoia egiteko jakituria <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Grezia" title="Antzinako Grezia">antzinako Greziara</a> hedatu zen K.a. VII. mendean, baina gutxi erabili zen.<a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a> % 80-90 zink duten <a href="/wiki/Metal-nahastura" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-nahastura">metal-nahasturaz</a> (falta den ehunekoa <a href="/wiki/Berun" title="Berun">berun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">burdina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio">antimonio</a> eta beste metalez osatua) eginiko apaingarriak aurkitu dira, duela 2.500 urtekoak.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> % 87,5 zinka duen estatuatxo bat aurkitu zen <a href="/wiki/Dazia_(antzinako_eskualdea)" title="Dazia (antzinako eskualdea)">daziar</a> aztarnategi batean, ziurrenik historiaurrekoa dena.<a href="#cite_note-:10-43">[43]</a> Ezagutzen diren <a href="/wiki/Pilula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilula">pilula</a> zaharrenak zink karbonatoak erabiliz eginak dira, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrozinzita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrozinzita (sortu gabe)">hidrozinzita</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Smithsonita" title="Smithsonita">smithsonita</a>. Pilulak mindutako begientzat erabiltzen ziren eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relitto_del_Pozzino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relitto del Pozzino (sortu gabe)">Relitto del Pozzino</a> erromatar ontzian aurkitu ziren, K.a. 140 urtean hondoratu zena.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Letoiaren fabrikazioa <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Erroma" title="Antzinako Erroma">erromatarrek</a> K.a. 30. urterako ezagutzen zuten.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> Letoia egiteko <a href="/wiki/Kalamina_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kalamina (argipena)">kalamina</a> hautsa (zink <a href="/wiki/Silikato" title="Silikato">silikato</a> edo karbonatoa), <a href="/wiki/Harrikatz" title="Harrikatz">ikatza</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kobrea</a> elkarrekin <a href="/wiki/Arragoa" title="Arragoa">arragoa</a> batean berotuz egiten zuten.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> Ondoren, kalamina letoia moldatzen zuten armak egiteko erabiltzeko.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Erromatarrek garai kristauan egindako txanpon batzuk ziurrenik kalamina letoizkoak dira.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estrabon" title="Estrabon">Estrabonek</a> K.a. I. mendean (baina K.a. IV. mendeko <a href="/wiki/Teoponpo" title="Teoponpo">Teoponpo</a> historialariaren lana aipatuz, orain galdutakoa) "gezurrezko zilar tantak" aipatzen ditu, kobrearekin nahastean letoia sortzen dutenak. Erreferentzia hau zink kantitate txikiei buruzkoa izan daiteke, <a href="/wiki/Sulfuro" title="Sulfuro">sulfuro</a> meak galdatzean sortutako hondakina.<a href="#cite_note-:11-48">[48]</a> Era honetan lortutako zinka askotan baztertu egiten zen, baliogabekoa zelakoan.<a href="#cite_note-:10-43">[43]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berne_zink_taula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berne zink taula (sortu gabe)">Berne zink taula</a> zinkaren nahastura batez eginiko pieza bat da, <a href="/wiki/Galia" title="Galia">Galia</a> erromatar garaikoa.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charaka_Samhita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charaka Samhita (sortu gabe)">Charaka Samhita</a> testuak, 300 eta 500 urteen bitartean idatzi zela uste denak<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>, metal bat aipatzen du, oxidatzerakoan pushpanjan deiturikoa sortzen duena. Zink oxidoa dela uste da.<a href="#cite_note-:11-48">[48]</a> Zawarko zink meatzeak, <a href="/wiki/Udaipur" title="Udaipur">Udaipurretik</a> gertu, <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Inperioa" title="Maurya Inperioa">Mauryar arotik</a> aktiboak izan dira. Bertan zink metalaren galdaketa, ordea, XII. mende inguruan hasi zela dirudi.<a href="#cite_note-:12-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Estimazio baten arabera, kokapen honetan milioi bat tona zink metaliko eta zink oxido sortu ziren XII eta XVI mendeen artean.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> Beste estimazio batek 60.000 tona zink metalikoa ekoitzi zirela dio, garai berdinean.<a href="#cite_note-:12-51">[51]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasaratna_Samuccaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasaratna Samuccaya (sortu gabe)">Rasaratna Samuccaya</a> testuak, XIII. mendean idatzia, zinka zuten bi motatako meak aipatzen ditu: bat metala erauzteko erabiltzen zena eta beste bat eta helburu sendagarrietarako erabiltzen zena.<a href="#cite_note-:14-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hasierako_ikerketak_eta_izendatzea">Hasierako ikerketak eta izendatzea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hasierako ikerketak eta izendatzea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Hasierako ikerketak eta izendatzea">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madanapala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madanapala (sortu gabe)">Madanapala</a> (Taka dinastia) <a href="/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">hindu</a> erregearen medikuntza Lexiconean, zinka Yasada edo Jasada izendapena zuen metal gisa jasotzen zen. 1374. urte inguruan idatzi zen.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Kalamina <a href="/wiki/Artile" title="Artile">artilea</a> eta beste substantzia organikoak erabiliz <a href="/wiki/Erredox_erreakzio" title="Erredox erreakzio">erredukzionatuta</a> zink ez-puruaren galdaketa eta erauzketa XIII. mendean lortu zen Indian.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-55">[55]</a> Txinatarrek ez zuten teknika hau ikasi XVII. mendera arte.<a href="#cite_note-:13-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Zinc_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/170px-Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/255px-Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/340px-Zinc_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>Zink elementuaren sinbolo alkimiko</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">Alkimistek</a> zink metala airean erretzen zuten eta <a href="/wiki/Kondentsadore" class="mw-disambig" title="Kondentsadore">kondentsadore</a> bat erabiliz sortzen zen zink oxidoa biltzen zuten. Zenbait alkimistek zink oxido honi lana philosophica deitzen zioten, "filosofoaren artilea" esan nahi duena latinez. Artile itsurako xerloak zirelako eman zioten izen hori, nahiz eta beste batzuentzat elur zuria zirudien eta nix album izena ematen zioten.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Metalaren izena seguruenik <a href="/wiki/Parazeltso" title="Parazeltso">Parazeltsok</a> dokumentatu zuen lehenik, <a href="/wiki/Suitza" title="Suitza">Suitzan</a> jaiotako alkimista alemaniarrak. Metalari zinkum edo zinken deitu zion bere Liber Mineralium II liburuan, <a href="/wiki/XVI._mendea" title="XVI. mendea">XVI. mendean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-55">[55]</a> Hitza alemanezko zinke hitzetik eratorria da ziurrenik, eta ustez "hortz-itxurakoa edo zorrotza" esan nahi zuen (zink metalezko kristalek orratz itxura dute).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Baliteke baita ere zink hitzak "<a href="/wiki/Eztainu" title="Eztainu">eztainu</a> itxurako" esan nahi izatea, eztainua alemanez zinn esaten baita.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Beste aukera bat ere bada: سنگ seng <a href="/wiki/Persiera" title="Persiera">persierazko</a> hitzetik eratorria izatea, harria esanahia duena.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Libavius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Libavius (sortu gabe)">Andreas Libavius</a> alemaniarrak 1596. urtean portugaldarrei harrapatutako merkantzia-ontzi batetik "calay" izendatu zuen produktu baten kantitate bat jaso zuen.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Libaviusek laginaren propietateak deskribatu zituen, zinka izan zitekeelarik. Zinka Europara <a href="/wiki/Ekialde_Urruna" title="Ekialde Urruna">Ekialdetik</a> inportatzen zen erregularki XVII. mendean eta XVIII. mendearen hasieran<a href="#cite_note-:13-55">[55]</a>, baina batzuetan oso garestia zen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isolazioa">Isolazioa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Isolazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Isolazioa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf-flip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf-flip.jpg/220px-Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf-flip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf-flip.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (sortu gabe)">Andreas Sigismund Marggraf</a>, zink purua isolatzea lortu zuen lehen pertsonatzat hartzen da.</figcaption></figure> Zink metalikoa <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> 1300. urtean isolatu zen<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>, Mendebaldean baino askoz lehenago. Europan isolatu aurretik, Indiatik inportatu zen 1600. urte inguruan.<a href="#cite_note-:15-65">[65]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malachy_Postlethwayt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malachy Postlethwayt (sortu gabe)">Postlewayten</a> Universal Dictionaryk, Europako informazio teknologikoa ematen duen iturri garaikideak, ez zuen zinka 1751 baino lehenago aipatzen, baina elementua lehenago ikertu zen.<a href="#cite_note-:14-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=P._M._de_Respour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. M. de Respour (sortu gabe)">P. M. de Respour</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">alkimista</a> flandiarrak zink oxidotik zink metalikoa erauzi zuela jakinarazi zuen 1668an.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/XVIII._mendea" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII. mendearen</a> hasieran, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Geoffroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne François Geoffroy (sortu gabe)">Étienne François Geoffroyk</a> deskribatu zuen nola zink oxidoa kristal horietan kondentsatzen den, galdatzen ari den zink mea gainean jarritako burdin barretan.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> Britainia Handian, John Lanek zinka galdatzeko esperimentuak egin zituztela esaten da. Ziurrenik <a href="/wiki/Landore" title="Landore">Landoren</a> egin zituen, bere 1726ko porrotaren aurretik.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Britainia Handian 1738an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Champion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Champion (sortu gabe)">William Championek</a> kalaminatik zinka erauzteko prozesu bat patentatu zuen.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Bere teknika <a href="/wiki/Rajastan" title="Rajastan">Rajastaneko</a> zink meatzetan erabiltzen zenaren antzekoa zen, baina ez dirudi zonalde hori bisitatu zuenik.<a href="#cite_note-:15-65">[65]</a> Championen prozesua 1851. urteraino erabili zen.<a href="#cite_note-:13-55">[55]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Marggraf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Marggraf (sortu gabe)">Andreas Marggraf</a> kimikari alemaniarra hartzen da zink metal purua isolatu zuen lehen pertsona gisa, nahiz eta Anton von Swab <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">kimikari</a> suediarrak <a href="/wiki/Kalamina_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kalamina (argipena)">kalaminatik</a> zinka destilatu zuen lau urte lehenago.<a href="#cite_note-:13-55">[55]</a> Bere 1746ko esperimentuan, Marggrafek kalamina eta ikatz nahasketa bat berotu zuen itxitako ontzi batean, kobrerik gabe, metal bat lortzeko.<a href="#cite_note-:10-43">[43]</a> Prozedura hau komertzialki praktikoa bihurtu zen 1752. urterako.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ondorengo_lanak">Ondorengo lanak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ondorengo lanak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Ondorengo lanak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Luigi_Galvani_oil-painting_(CardioNetworks_ECGpedia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Galbanizazioa Luigi Galvani italiarraren omenez izendatu zen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Luigi_Galvani_oil-painting_%28CardioNetworks_ECGpedia%29.jpg/220px-Luigi_Galvani_oil-painting_%28CardioNetworks_ECGpedia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Luigi_Galvani_oil-painting_%28CardioNetworks_ECGpedia%29.jpg/330px-Luigi_Galvani_oil-painting_%28CardioNetworks_ECGpedia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Luigi_Galvani_oil-painting_%28CardioNetworks_ECGpedia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galbanizazio" class="mw-redirect" title="Galbanizazio">Galbanizazioa</a> <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> italiarraren omenez izendatu zen.</figcaption></figure> William Champion anaiak, Johnek, zink sulfitoa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaltzinazio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaltzinazio (sortu gabe)">kaltzinatzeko</a> prozesu bat patentatu zuen 1758an. Prozesu honetan oxido bat sortzen zen, gero erretorta prozesuan erabili ahal zena.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> Honen aurretik, zinka ekoizteko soilik kalamina erabiltzen zen. 1798an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Christian_Ruberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Christian Ruberg (sortu gabe)">Johann Christian Rubergek</a> galdaketa prozesua hobetu zuen, lehen galdatze erretorta horizontala eraikiz.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Jacques_Daniel_Dony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony (sortu gabe)">Jean-Jacques Daniel Donyk</a> antzeko makina bat eraiki zuen <a href="/wiki/Belgika" title="Belgika">Belgikan</a>, zink gehiago prozesatzen zuena.<a href="#cite_note-:13-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> mediku italiarrak 1780an aurkikuntza garrantzitsua egin zuen: berriki disekatutako igel baten <a href="/wiki/Bizkarrezur-muin" title="Bizkarrezur-muin">bizkarrezur-muina</a> burdin barra bati letoizko kako batez lotzerakoan, igelaren hanka uzkurtu egiten zen.<a href="#cite_note-:16-70">[70]</a> Era oker batean, nerbio eta muskuluek <a href="/wiki/Elektrizitate" title="Elektrizitate">elektrizitatea</a> sortzeko modu bat aurkitu zuela pentsatu zuen eta efektuari “animalien elektrizitatea” deitu zion.<a href="#cite_note-:17-71">[71]</a> Gelaxka galbanikoa eta galbanizazio prozesua Luigi Galvaniren omenez izendatu ziren, eta bere aurkikuntzek <a href="/wiki/Bateria_elektriko" title="Bateria elektriko">bateria elektrikoetarako</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galbanizazio" class="mw-redirect" title="Galbanizazio">galbanizazioetarako</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babes_katodiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babes katodiko (sortu gabe)">babes katodikoetarako</a> bidea ireki zuten.<a href="#cite_note-:17-71">[71]</a> Galvaniren lagun <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Voltak</a> efektua ikertzen jarraitu zuen eta <a href="/wiki/Pila_voltaiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Pila voltaiko">pila voltaikoa</a> asmatu zuen 1800. urtean.<a href="#cite_note-:16-70">[70]</a> Voltaren pilaren oinarrizko unitatea gelaxka galbaniko sinplifikatua zen: kobre eta zink plakak <a href="/wiki/Elektrolito" title="Elektrolito">elektrolito</a> batez bereiziak eta eroale bati kanpotik konektatuta. Unitateak serialki pilatuta zeuden, zelula voltaikoa egiteko. Elektrizitatea ekoizteko, <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroiak</a> zinketik kobrera zuzentzen ziren eta zinka jatea ahalbidetuz.<a href="#cite_note-:16-70">[70]</a> Zinkaren izaera ez-magnetikoak eta soluzioetan kolorerik ez izateak, biokimikan eta elikaduran zuen garrantziaren aurkikuntza atzeratu zuten.<a href="#cite_note-:18-72">[72]</a> Hau 1940. urtean aldatu zen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anhidrasa_karboniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anhidrasa karboniko (sortu gabe)">anhidrasa karbonikoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbono_dioxido" title="Karbono dioxido">karbono dioxidoa</a> odoletik ateratzen duen <a href="/wiki/Entzima" title="Entzima">entzima</a> batek, bere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gune_aktibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gune aktibo (sortu gabe)">gune aktiboan</a> zinka zuela ikusi zenean.<a href="#cite_note-:18-72">[72]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karboxipeptidasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karboxipeptidasa (sortu gabe)">Karboxipeptidasa</a> entzima digestiboa zinka zuen bigarren entzima ezaguna bihurtu zen 1955ean.<a href="#cite_note-:18-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produkzioa">Produkzioa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Produkzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Produkzioa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meatzaritza_eta_tratamendua">Meatzaritza eta tratamendua</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Meatzaritza eta tratamendua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Meatzaritza eta tratamendua">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:0.5em"> <caption>2014ko zink ekoizpena, herrialdeen arabera </caption> <tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe6"> <th>Postua</th> <th>Herrialdea</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tona" title="Tona">Tonak</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika"><img alt="Txinako Herri Errepublika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Txina" class="mw-redirect" title="Txina">Txina</a></td> <td align="right">5,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td align="right">1,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/22px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/33px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/44px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td align="right">1,300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td align="right">820,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak"><img alt="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Ameriketako Estatu Batuak</a></td> <td align="right">700,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko"><img alt="Mexiko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko">Mexiko</a></td> <td align="right">700,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:World_Zinc_Production_2006.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="2006ko zink ekoizpena herrialdeka, ehunekoetan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/World_Zinc_Production_2006.svg/220px-World_Zinc_Production_2006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/World_Zinc_Production_2006.svg/330px-World_Zinc_Production_2006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/World_Zinc_Production_2006.svg/440px-World_Zinc_Production_2006.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>2006ko zink ekoizpena herrialdeka, ehunekoetan<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></figcaption></figure> Zinka laugarren metal erabiliena da, burdina, aluminioa eta kobrearen atzetik. 13 milioi tona inguru ekoizten dira urtero.<a href="#cite_note-:19-18">[18]</a> Munduko zink ekoizle handiena Nyrstar da, Australiako OZ Minerals eta Belgikako Umicore enpresen elkarketatik sortua.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Munduko zinkaren % 70a meatzaritzatik lortzen da, gainerako % 30a zinka birziklatzetik dator.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Komertzialki purua den zinka Goi Maila Berezi bezala ezagutzen da (ingelesez, Special High Grade edo SHG), eta % 99.995eko purutasuna du.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Mundu mailan, zink berriaren % 95 sulfuro mea gordailuetatik ateratzen da, eta horietan esfalerita (ZnS) kobre, berun eta burdin sulfuroekin nahastua egoten da ia beti.<a href="#cite_note-:21-77">[77]</a> Zink minak mundu osoan zehar sakabanatuta daude, Txina, Australia eta Perun daudelarik eremu nagusiak. Txinak 2014. urtean munudko zink ekoizpenaren % 38 ekoiztu zen.<a href="#cite_note-:20-22">[22]</a> Zink metala meatzaritza erabiliz produzitzen da.<a href="#cite_note-:22-78">[78]</a> Mea fin-fin birrindu egiten da; ondoren, flotazio prozesuan sartzen da mineralak gangatik bereizteko (hidrofobizitatearen propietatean oinarrituta), zink sulfuro mea kontzentratu bat lortzeko.<a href="#cite_note-:22-78">[78]</a> Ore honek % 50a zinka, % 32 sufrea, % 13 burdina eta % 5 SiO2 du.<a href="#cite_note-:22-78">[78]</a> Txigortzeak zink sulfuro kontzentratuta zink oxido bihurtzen du:<a href="#cite_note-:21-77">[77]</a> <dl><dd>2 ZnS + 3 O 2 → 2 ZnO + 2 SO 2</dd></dl> Sufre dioxidoa azido sulfurikoa ekoizteko erabiltzen da, lixibiatzeko prozesurako beharrezkoa dena. Zink karbonatoa edo zink silikatoa (Namibiako Skorpion Gordailuan adibidez) erabiltzen badira zinkaren ekoizpenean, txigortzea alde batera utzi daiteke.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Zinc_world_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mundu mailako zink produkzioa urteetan zehar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Zinc_world_production.svg/220px-Zinc_world_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Zinc_world_production.svg/330px-Zinc_world_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Zinc_world_production.svg/440px-Zinc_world_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Mundu mailako zink produkzioa urteetan zehar</figcaption></figure> Ekoizpenean jarraitzeko bi oinarrizko metodo erabiltzen dira: pirometalurgia edo elektrohigadura. Pirometalurgiak zink oxido karbono edo karbono monoxidoan erreduzitzen du 950 °Cko tenperaturan metalera. Zink lurrun bezala destilatzen da beste metaletatik banatzeko, tenperatura horietan lurruntzen ez direnak.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Zink lurruna kondentsadore batean biltzen da.<a href="#cite_note-:21-77">[77]</a> Ondorengo ekuazioek prozesu hau deskribatzen dute:<a href="#cite_note-:21-77">[77]</a> <dl><dd>2 ZnO + C → 2 Zn + CO 2</dd> <dd>ZnO + CO → Zn + CO 2</dd></dl> Elektrohigaduran, zinka azido sulfurikoaren bidez lixibiatzen da meatik:<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <dl><dd>ZnO + H 2SO 4 → ZnSO 4 + H 2O</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Skorpion_Zink_Mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Namibiako Scorpion Zink meategia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Skorpion_Zink_Mine.jpg/220px-Skorpion_Zink_Mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Skorpion_Zink_Mine.jpg/330px-Skorpion_Zink_Mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Skorpion_Zink_Mine.jpg/440px-Skorpion_Zink_Mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibiako</a> Scorpion Zink meategia</figcaption></figure> Azkenik, zinka elektrolisi bidez erreduzitzen da.<a href="#cite_note-:21-77">[77]</a> <dl><dd>2 ZnSO 4 + 2 H 2O → 2 Zn + 2 H 2SO 4 + O 2</dd></dl> Azido sulfurikoa berreskuratzen eta birziklatu egiten da lixibiatze prozesuan berrerabiltzeko. Galbanizatutako lehengai arku elektrikozko labe batera botatzen denean, zinka hautsetik berreskuratzen da hainbat prozesu bidez, batez ere Waelz prozesua (2014ean, % 90).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ingurugiroan_eragina">Ingurugiroan eragina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ingurugiroan eragina»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Ingurugiroan eragina">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Zink sulfuriko duten meak birfintzean, sufre dioxidoaren eta <a href="/wiki/Kadmio" title="Kadmio">kadmio</a> lurrun bolumen handiak sortzen diru. Galdaketa <a href="/wiki/Zepa_(metalurgia)" title="Zepa (metalurgia)">zepek</a> eta beste hondakinek metal kantitate handiak dituzte. 1,1 miloi tona zink metaliko eta 130 mila tona berun inguru meatu eta galdatu ziren <a href="/wiki/Kelmis" title="Kelmis">La Calamine</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res" title="Plombières">Plombières</a> belgikar herrietan 1806 eta 1882 bitartean.<a href="#cite_note-:23-83">[83]</a> Iraganeko meatzaritza-operazioek zinka eta kadmioa askatzen dute, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geul (sortu gabe)">Geul</a> ibaiaren sedimentuak metal kantitate handiak dituzte.<a href="#cite_note-:23-83">[83]</a> Duela bi mila urte inguru, meatzaritza eta galdaketaren eraginez sortutako zink emisioak urtean 10 mila tona inguru ziren. 1850. hamarkadatik aurrera 10 bider handitu ondoren, zink emisioak urtean 3.4 milioi tona izatera iritsi ziren 80.ko hamarkadan. 1990eko hamarkadan, 2,7 miloi tonetara jaitsi ziren. Hala ere, 2005. urtean <a href="/wiki/Artikoa" title="Artikoa">Artikoko</a> <a href="/wiki/Troposfera" title="Troposfera">troposferari</a> buruz egindako ikerketa batek erakutsi zuen bertako kontzentrazioek ez zutela gainbehera islatzen. Emisio antropogeno eta naturalen arteko ratioa 20-1ekoa da.<a href="#cite_note-:32-84">[84]</a> Industria eta meatzaritza eremuetatik igarotzen diren ibaietan zink kontzentrazioa 20 ppm-koa izan daiteke.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hondakin-uren_tratamendu" title="Hondakin-uren tratamendu">Hondakin tratamendu</a> eraginkorrak asko murrizten ditu kopuru hauek: <a href="/wiki/Rhin" title="Rhin">Rhin</a> ibaian egindako tratamenduak, esate baterako, zinkaren maila 50 ppb-ra jaitsi du.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> Kutsadura honek eraginak izan ditzake: kontzentrazioak 2 ppm-ra iristen badira, arrainek odolean eraman dezaketen oxigenoaren kantitatean eragiten du.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="thumb" style="margin: 0px; clear: both;"> <div class="noresize" style="overflow: auto; overflow-x: scroll; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historikoki Derwent ibaian zink kontzentrazio altuak egotearen erantzulea bada ere[86], Lutanako zink fabrika Tasmaniako esportatzaile handiena da, estatuaren BPGaren % 2,5 sortzen duelarik. Urtean 250.000 tona zink baino gehiago sortzen ditu.[87]"><img alt="Historikoki Derwent ibaian zink kontzentrazio altuak egotearen erantzulea bada ere[86], Lutanako zink fabrika Tasmaniako esportatzaile handiena da, estatuaren BPGaren % 2,5 sortzen duelarik. Urtean 250.000 tona zink baino gehiago sortzen ditu.[87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg/1150px-The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg" decoding="async" width="1150" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg/1725px-The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg/2300px-The_Zinc_Works_and_Incat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11034" data-file-height="1462" /></a> </div></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="margin: 5px; font-size:90%">Historikoki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Derwent_(Tasmania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derwent (Tasmania) (sortu gabe)">Derwent</a> ibaian zink kontzentrazio altuak egotearen erantzulea bada ere<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutana (sortu gabe)">Lutanako</a> zink fabrika <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmaniako</a> esportatzaile handiena da, estatuaren <a href="/wiki/BPG" class="mw-redirect" title="BPG">BPGaren</a> % 2,5 sortzen duelarik. Urtean 250.000 tona zink baino gehiago sortzen ditu.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></div> Zinkaren meatzaritzak, birfintzeak edota zinka duten lohiekin lurra fertilizatzeak <a href="/wiki/Lurzoruaren_kutsadura" title="Lurzoruaren kutsadura">lurrak kutsatzen</a> ditu. Lur kilo lehor bakoitzeko hainbat zink gramo izatera iritsi daitezke. 500 ppm baino gehiago dituzten lurretan, landareek beste ezinbesteko metal batzuk (hala nola, burdina eta <a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso">manganesoa</a>) xurgatzeko duten gaitasuna kaltetu egiten da. 2000 ppm-tik 180.000 ppm-rako (% 18) zink mailak erregistratu dira lurzoru lagin batzuetan.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikazioak">Aplikazioak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aplikazioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Aplikazioak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Zinkaren aplikazio nagusiak (<a href="/wiki/AEB" class="mw-redirect" title="AEB">AEBetako</a> portzentaiak dira)<a href="#cite_note-:24-88">[88]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Galbanizazio" class="mw-redirect" title="Galbanizazio">Galbanizazioa</a> (% 55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letoi" title="Letoi">Letoia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Brontze" title="Brontze">brontzea</a> (% 16)</li> <li>Beste nahasturak (% 21)</li> <li>Hainbat (% 8)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korrosioaren_aurkako_babesa_eta_bateriak">Korrosioaren aurkako babesa eta bateriak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Korrosioaren aurkako babesa eta bateriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Korrosioaren aurkako babesa eta bateriak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Feuerverzinkte_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Galbanizatutako metal baten gainazaleren detailea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Feuerverzinkte_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg/220px-Feuerverzinkte_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Feuerverzinkte_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg/330px-Feuerverzinkte_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Feuerverzinkte_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg/440px-Feuerverzinkte_Oberfl%C3%A4che.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galbanizazio" class="mw-redirect" title="Galbanizazio">Galbanizatutako</a> metal baten gainazaleren detailea</figcaption></figure> Zinka <a href="/wiki/Korrosio" title="Korrosio">korrosioaren</a> aurkako agente gisa erabiltzen da gehien<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a>, eta galbanizazioa (<a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">burdina</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Altzairu" title="Altzairu">altzairuaren</a> estaldura) forma ezagunena da. 2009an, Ameriketako Estatu Batuetan, erabilitako zink metalaren % 55a edo 893.000 tona, galbanizaziorako erabili ziren.<a href="#cite_note-:24-88">[88]</a> Zinka burdina edo altzairua baino erreaktiboagoa da eta, beraz, tokiko <a href="/wiki/Erredox_erreakzio" title="Erredox erreakzio">oxidazio</a> ia guztiak erakartzen ditu, korrosioak guztiz jaten duen arte.<a href="#cite_note-:25-89">[89]</a> Oxido eta karbonatozko (Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2) babes geruza bat sortzen da gainazalean, zinkak korrosioa jasaten duen heinean.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> Babes honek zink geruza urratzen denean ere irauten du, baina degradatzen joaten da zinkak korrosioa jasaten duen heinean.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> Zinka elektrokimikoki aplikatzen da edo urtutako zink moduan, urtze-galbanizazioaz edota lainoztatzeaz. Galbanizazioa kate lotura hesietan, babes barandetan, esekidura-zubietan, argiztapenetan, metalezko teilatuetan eta autoen gorputzetan erabiltzen da.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> Zinkaren erreaktibotasun erlatiboak eta bere oxidazioa erakartzeko gaitasunak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babes_katodiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babes katodiko (sortu gabe)">babes katodikoan</a> (BK) erabiltzeko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babes_anodo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babes anodo (sortu gabe)">babes anodo</a> eraginkorra egiten du. Esate baterako, lurperatutako kanalizazio baten babes katodikoa zinkarekin egindako anodoak kanalizaziora konektatzen lortzen da.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> Zinkak <a href="/wiki/Anodo" title="Anodo">anodo</a> gisa jokatzen du (negatiboa den <a href="/wiki/Borne_(elektroteknia)" title="Borne (elektroteknia)">bornea</a>), pixkanaka korrosioa jasanez <a href="/wiki/Korronte_elektriko" title="Korronte elektriko">korronte elektrikoa</a> altzairuzko kanalizaziora igortzen duen bitartean.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> Zinka <a href="/wiki/Ur_gazi" title="Ur gazi">itsasoko uren</a> esposizioa jasaten duten metalak katodikoki babesteko ere erabiltzen da.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Zink disko bat itsasontzi baten burdinazko lemari atxikitzen bazaio, astiro jasango du korrosioa lema oso-osorik mantentzen diren bitartean.<a href="#cite_note-:25-89">[89]</a> Era berean, helize bati edo <a href="/wiki/Gila_(nautika)" title="Gila (nautika)">gilaren</a> metalezko babesari atxikitako zink estalki batek aldi baterako babesa eskaintzen du. -0.76 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volteko</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oinarrizko_elektrodo_potentzial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oinarrizko elektrodo potentzial (sortu gabe)">oinarrizko elektrodo potentzialarekin</a>, zinka baterientzako anodo material gisa erabiltzen da (erreaktiboagoa den <a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio">litioa</a> (SEP -3.04 V) <a href="/wiki/Litio-ioizko_bateria" title="Litio-ioizko bateria">litiozko baterien</a> anodoentzat erabiltzen da). Zink hautsa era honetan erabiltzen da bateria alkalinoetan eta zink-karbono baterietako zorroa (anodo gisa funtzionatzen duena era berean) zink xafla batez osatua dago.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Zinka zink-aire bateriaren anodo edo erregai gisa ere erabiltzen da.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Zink-zerio erredox fluxu-bateriak ere zinkean oinarritutako erdi-zelula negatiboetan oinarritzen dira.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nahasturak">Nahasturak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nahasturak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Nahasturak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Oso erabilia den zink-nahastura bat letoia da. Nahastura honetan kobrea % 3 eta % 45 arteko edozein zink kopururekin aleatzen da, letoi motaren arabera.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> Letoia oro har, kobrea baino harikorragoa eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duktilitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duktilitate (sortu gabe)">duktilagoa</a> da, eta korrosioarekiko erresistentzia handiagoa du.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> Propietate hauek erabilgarria egiten dute komunikazio ekipamendu, hardware, musika tresna eta ur-balbuletan.<a href="#cite_note-:5-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass;_magnification_400X.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Burdinurtutako letoizko mikroegitura lauak, 400x handipenarekin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg/220px-Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg/330px-Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg/440px-Microstructure_of_rolled_and_annealed_brass%3B_magnification_400X.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Burdinurtutako letoizko mikroegitura lauak, 400x handipenarekin</figcaption></figure> Asko erabiltzen diren beste zink-nahastura batzuk, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikel_zilar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikel zilar (sortu gabe)">nikel zilarra</a>, aluminio soldadura eta <a href="/wiki/Brontze" title="Brontze">brontze</a> komertziala dira.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> Zinka kanalizazio garaikideetan ere erabiltzen da, tradizionalki erabilitako <a href="/wiki/Berun" title="Berun">berun</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eztainu" title="Eztainu">eztainu</a> nahasturaren ordez.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> % 85-88 zinka, % 4-10 kobrea eta % 2-8 aluminioa duten nahasturek makina-errodamendu mota batzuetan erabilera mugatua dute. Zinka AEBtako <a href="/wiki/Zentimo" title="Zentimo">zentimo</a> bateko <a href="/wiki/Txanpon" title="Txanpon">txanponetako</a> metal nagusia da 1982tik.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Zink nukleoa kobrezko geruza mehe batez estalita dago, kobrezko txanpon baten itxura emateko. 1994. urtean, 33.200 tona zink erabili ziren <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Ameriketako Estatu Batuetan</a> 13,6 mila milioi txanpon ekoizteko.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Kobrea, aluminioa eta <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">magnesioa</a> kantitate txikietan duten nahasturak erabilgarriak dira hainbat <a href="/wiki/Galdaketa" title="Galdaketa">galdaketa</a> motatarako, bereziki automobilgintza, elektrizitate eta hardware industrietan.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zamak" title="Zamak">Zamak</a> izenarekin merkaturatzen dira metal-nahastura hauek.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Honen adibide bat zink aluminioa da. Bere urtze puntu baxuak, bere <a href="/wiki/Biskositate" title="Biskositate">biskositate</a> baxuarekin bat, forma txiki eta korapilatuak ekoizteko aukera ematen du. Laneko tenperatura baxuak galdaketa produktuen hozte azkarra dakar, eta honek muntai ekoizpen azkarrak.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Beste nahastura batek, Prestal izenarekin merkaturatzen denak, % 78 zink eta % 22 aluminioa dauka, eta altzairua bezain sendoa, baina plastikoa bezain malgua dela esaten da.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Nahastura honen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superplastizitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superplastizitate (sortu gabe)">superplastizitate</a> horri esker, zeramika eta zementuarekin egindako moldeetan galdatzea ahalbidetzen du.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> Antzeko metal-nahasturak, berun-kopuru txiki bat gehituta, hoztutakoan xafla gisa biribildu daitezke. % 96 zinka eta % 4 aluminioa duen nahastura bat trokelak egiteko erabiltzen da, metalezko moldeak garestiegiak liratekeen produkzioetarako.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Fatxada, teilatu, eta <a href="/wiki/Xafla" title="Xafla">xafla</a> estrukturako beste aplikazio batzuetarako, <a href="/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio">titanioa</a> eta kobrea duten zink nahasturak erabiltzen dira.<a href="#cite_note-:26-104">[104]</a> Aleatu gabeko zinka hauskorregia da fabrikazio prozesu hauetarako.<a href="#cite_note-:26-104">[104]</a> Material trinko, merke eta lantzeko erraza denez, zinka berunaren ordezko gisa erabiltzen da. <a href="/wiki/Saturnismo" title="Saturnismo">Berunarekiko kezka</a> hazten joan den heinean, zinka ordezko eraginkor gisa agertzen da hainbat aplikazioetarako: arrantzatik hasi<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>, pneumatikoen oreka eta bolanteetaraino.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadmio" title="Kadmio">Kadmio</a> zink <a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio">telurikoa</a> nahastura <a href="/wiki/Erdieroale" title="Erdieroale">erdieroale</a> bat da, eta sentsore gailu txikien multzo batean banatu daitekeena.<a href="#cite_note-:27-107">[107]</a> Gailu horiek <a href="/wiki/Txip" title="Txip">zirkuitu integratu</a> baten antzekoak dira eta <a href="/wiki/Gamma_izpi" title="Gamma izpi">gamma izpien</a> <a href="/wiki/Fotoi" title="Fotoi">fotoien</a> energia detektatu dezakete.<a href="#cite_note-:27-107">[107]</a> Maskara xurgatzaile baten atzean, nahastura honen sentsore multzoek izpien norabidea zehaztu dezakete.<a href="#cite_note-:27-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beste_erabilera_industrialak">Beste erabilera industrialak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Beste erabilera industrialak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Beste erabilera industrialak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Zinc_oxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Zink oxidoa pigmentu gisa erabiltzen da margo zurietan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zinc_oxide.jpg/220px-Zinc_oxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zinc_oxide.jpg/330px-Zinc_oxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zinc_oxide.jpg/440px-Zinc_oxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Zink oxidoa pigmentu gisa erabiltzen da margo zurietan.</figcaption></figure> 2009an, Amerikako Estatu Batuetako zinkaren ekoizpenaren laurden bat gutxi gorabehera zink konposatuetan kontsumitu zen<a href="#cite_note-:24-88">[88]</a>; hainbat industrialki erabiltzen direlarik. Zink oxidoa margoetan pigmentu txuri gisa eta gomaren fabrikazioan <a href="/wiki/Katalizatzaile" title="Katalizatzaile">katalizatzaile</a> gisa erabiltzen da, beroa ateratzeko. Zink oxidoa gomazko polimeroak eta plastikoak <a href="/wiki/Erradiazio_ultramore" class="mw-redirect" title="Erradiazio ultramore">erradiazio ultramoretik</a> babesteko erabiltzen da.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> Zink oxidoaren propietate <a href="/wiki/Erdieroale" title="Erdieroale">erdieroaleak</a> direla eta, <a href="/wiki/Baristore" title="Baristore">baristore</a> eta fotokopiagailuetan erabilgarria da.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Zink zink-oxido zikloa bi urratsetako prozesu <a href="/wiki/Termokimika" title="Termokimika">termokimikoa</a> da, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogeno_produkzioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogeno produkzioa (sortu gabe)">hidrogenoa sortzeko</a> erabiltzen dena.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Zink kloruroa sarritan zurean gehitzen da suaren aurkako babes gisa<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> eta batzuetan egur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontserbatzaile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontserbatzaile (sortu gabe)">kontserbatzaile</a> gisa<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>. Beste produktu kimikoen fabrikazioan erabiltzen da.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> Zink metiloa (Zn(CH3)2) <a href="/wiki/Sintesi_organiko" title="Sintesi organiko">sintesi organiko</a> askotan erabiltzen da.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Zink sulfuroa (ZnS) pigmentu <a href="/wiki/Luminiszentzia" title="Luminiszentzia">lumineszenteetan</a> erabiltzen da, hala nola, erlojuen orratzetan, X izpi eta telebistako pantailetan eta pintura lumineszenteetan.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> ZnS kristalak <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laserretan</a> erabiltzen dira, espektroaren erdialdeko <a href="/wiki/Infragorri" title="Infragorri">infragorrietan</a> lan egiten dutenetan zehazki.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Zink sulfatoa kimiko bat da pigmentu eta <a href="/wiki/Tindu" title="Tindu">tindagaietan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> Zink piriotina zikinkeriaren aurkako pinturetan erabiltzen da.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Zinka hautsa batzuetan propultsatzaile gisa erabiltzen da <a href="/wiki/Suziri" title="Suziri">kohete</a> modeloetan.<a href="#cite_note-:28-114">[114]</a> % 70 zink eta % 30 <a href="/wiki/Sufre" title="Sufre">sufre</a> hautsa duen konprimatutako nahasketa pizten denean erreakzio kimiko bortitz bat ematen da.<a href="#cite_note-:28-114">[114]</a> Honek zink sulfuroa sortzen du, gas beroa, beroa eta argi kantitate handiekin batera.<a href="#cite_note-:28-114">[114]</a> Zink metal xaflak zink barrak egiteko erabiltzen da.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> 64Zn, zinkaren isotopo ugarienak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktibazio_neutroniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktibazio neutroniko (sortu gabe)">aktibazio neutronikoa</a> jasateko erraztasun handia dauka, oso erradioaktiboa den 65Zn bihurtuz. Honek 244 eguneko <a href="/wiki/Semidesintegrazio-periodo" title="Semidesintegrazio-periodo">erdi-bizitza</a> du eta <a href="/wiki/Gamma_erradiazio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma erradiazio">gamma erradiazio</a> handia sortzen du. Hori dela eta, erreaktore nuklearretan korrosioaren aurka erabiltzen den zink oxidoa 64Zn isotopoz xahutzen da erabili baino lehen. Arrazoi beragatik, zinka arma nuklearrak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonba_gatzatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonba gatzatu (sortu gabe)">gatzatzeko</a> material gisa proposatu da (kobaltoa beste gatzatze material bat da, ezagunagoa)<a href="#cite_note-:29-116">[116]</a>. 64Zn isotopoz hornitutako <a href="/wiki/Bonba_nuklear" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonba nuklear">bonba nuklear</a> batek, eztanda egiterakoan, 65Zn <a href="/wiki/Euri_erradiaktibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Euri erradiaktibo">kantitate handiak sortuko</a> lituzke, armaren <a href="/wiki/Erradioaktibitatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Erradioaktibitatea">erradioaktibitatea</a> nabarmen handituz<a href="#cite_note-:29-116">[116]</a>. Ez dago informaziorik honelako arma bat inoiz eraiki, probatu edo erabili denik.<a href="#cite_note-:29-116">[116]</a> 65Zn trazatzaile gisa erabiltzen da, zinka daramaten metal-nahasturen higadura aztertzeko, edo zinkak organismoetan jarraitzen duen bidea eta rola aztertzeko.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Zink ditiokarbonamato konplexuak nekazaritzako erabiltzen dira <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungizida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fungizida (sortu gabe)">fungizidak</a> gisa. Horien artean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zineb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zineb (sortu gabe)">Zineb</a>, Metiram, Propineb eta Ziram daude.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Zink naftalatoa zura kontserbatzekok erabiltzen da.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> ZDDP formako zinka motor olioan erabiltzen da, <a href="/wiki/Higadura" title="Higadura">higaduraren</a> aurkako gehigarri gisa.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kimika_organikoa">Kimika organikoa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kimika organikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Kimika organikoa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:DiphenylzincCarbonylAddition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Difenilzinka aldehido bati gehitzeko prozesua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DiphenylzincCarbonylAddition.png/220px-DiphenylzincCarbonylAddition.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DiphenylzincCarbonylAddition.png/330px-DiphenylzincCarbonylAddition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DiphenylzincCarbonylAddition.png/440px-DiphenylzincCarbonylAddition.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Difenilzinka <a href="/wiki/Aldehido" title="Aldehido">aldehido</a> bati gehitzeko prozesua</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organozink_konposatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organozink konposatu (sortu gabe)">Organozink</a> kimika karbono-zink loturak dituzten konposatuen zientzia da, hauen propietate fisikoak, sintesiak eta erreakzio kimikoak deskribatzen dituena. Organozink konposatu asko garrantzitsuak dira.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Aplikazio garrantzitsuen artean daude <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankland_Duppa_erreakzio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankland Duppa erreakzio (sortu gabe)">Frankland Duppa erreakzioa</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformatsky_erreakzio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reformatsky erreakzio (sortu gabe)">Reformatsky erreakzioa</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simmons-Smith_erreakzio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simmons-Smith erreakzio (sortu gabe)">Simmons-Smith erreakzioa</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbier_erreakzio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbier erreakzio (sortu gabe)">Barbier erreakzioa</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a>. Zinkak katalizatzaile moduan aplikazio asko ditu sintesi organikoetan, sintesi asimetrikoak barne. Metal preziatu konplexuen alternatiba merke eta eskuragarria da. Zinka katalizatzaile gisa erabiltzerakoan lortutako emaitzak (errendimendua eta ee) <a href="/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio">paladioarekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio">rutenioarekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio">iridioarekin</a> eta besteekin lortzen direnaren antzekoak dira, eta zinka metalezko katalizatzaile aukera bat da.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osagarri_dietetikoa">Osagarri dietetikoa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Osagarri dietetikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Osagarri dietetikoa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Zinc_50_mg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="50mg zink pilulak, osagarri dietetiko gisa saltzen direnak. Dosi honek bai AEBtan (40 mg) zein Europar Batasunean (25 mg) gomendatzen den eguneroko dosia gainditzen du." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Zinc_50_mg.jpg/220px-Zinc_50_mg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Zinc_50_mg.jpg/330px-Zinc_50_mg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Zinc_50_mg.jpg/440px-Zinc_50_mg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1721" /></a><figcaption>50mg zink pilulak, osagarri dietetiko gisa saltzen direnak. Dosi honek bai AEBtan (40 mg) zein Europar Batasunean (25 mg) gomendatzen den eguneroko dosia gainditzen du.</figcaption></figure> Pilula bakar batean eta erraz eskuratu daitezkeen eguneroko <a href="/wiki/Bitamina" title="Bitamina">bitamina</a> eta mineral osagarrietan, zinka zink oxido, zink azetato edo zink glukonato gisa egon ohi da.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Zinka <a href="/wiki/Antioxidatzaile" title="Antioxidatzaile">antioxidatzaile</a> gisa hartzen da normalean. Hala eta guztiz ere, <a href="/wiki/Erredox_erreakzio" title="Erredox erreakzio">erredox</a> inertea da eta, beraz, funtzio horri era ez zuzenean soilik bete dezake.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Oro har, zink osagarria elementu honen gabezi arrisku handia dagoenean gomendatzen da (errenta ertain eta baxuko herrialdeak adibidez), prebentziozko neurri gisa.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Zink gabezia <a href="/wiki/Depresio-nahasmendu_larri" title="Depresio-nahasmendu larri">depresio-nahasmendu larriarekin</a> lotu da, eta zink osagarriak hartzea tratamendu eraginkorra izan daiteke.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Zinka <a href="/wiki/Beherako" title="Beherako">beherakoa</a> tratatzeko erabiltzen da, batez ere garapen bidean dauden herrialdeetako umeen artean; tresna sinple, merke eta kritikoa baita. Beherakoa izatean zinka gorputzean agortu egiten da. Baina azken ikerketek iradokitzen dute zinka berreskuratzeko 10 eta 14 eguneko tratamendu bat jarraituz gero, beherakoaren iraupena eta larritasuna murrizten dela, eta etorkizuneko gertakariak saihestu ditzakeela hiru hilabetez.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Cochraneko berrikuspen baten arabera, zink osagarria hartzen dutenek adinarekin erlazionatutako makularen degenerazioa garatzeko aukera gutxiago dituztela.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Zink osagarria tratamendu eraginkorra da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akrodermatitis_enteropatika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akrodermatitis enteropatika (sortu gabe)">akrodermatitis enteropatikarako</a>, zink xurgapenari eragiten dion nahasketa genetikorako. Aldez aurretik hilkorra zen kaltetuak ziren haurrentzat.<a href="#cite_note-:42-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritisa</a> asko gutxitzen da zinka hartuz gero. Hau bi arrazoirengatik gertatu liteke: <a href="/wiki/Digestio_aparatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestio aparatu">digestio aparatuko</a> ioien mikrobioen aurkako eragin zuzenagatik edo zelula immuneen zinkaren xurgapena eta berriro askatzearen (<a href="/wiki/Granulozito" title="Granulozito">granulozito</a> guztiek askatzen dute zinka) ondorioz. Baliteke biak batera ere geratzea.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> 2011n, ikertzaileek aurkitu zuten zink kantitate handiak gehitzen bazitzaizkion gernu-lagin bati, <a href="/wiki/Droga" title="Droga">droga</a> detekzioa ezeztatzen zuela. Ikertzaileek ez zuten ikertu zink osagarri dietetiko bat oralki kontsumitzeak efektu bera izan zezakeen edo ez.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Zinka <a href="/w/index.php?title=GABAA_hartzaile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GABAA hartzaile (sortu gabe)">GABAA hartzailearen</a> modulatzaile alosteriko negatiboa da.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hotzeria">Hotzeria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hotzeria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Hotzeria">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Zink osagarriak (askotan zink azetato edo zink glukonato <a href="/wiki/Gozoki" title="Gozoki">gozokiak</a>) <a href="/wiki/Hotzeri" title="Hotzeri">hotzeriaren</a> tratamenduan erabiltzen diren osagarri dietetikoak dira.<a href="#cite_note-:30-141">[141]</a> Zink osagarriek, 75 mg eguneko baino dosi handiagoak hartuz gero (sintomak hasi eta 24 ordu baino lehenago hasita), hotzeriaren sintomak egun batez murrizten dituztela frogatu da.<a href="#cite_note-:30-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-:31-142">[142]</a> Datuen gabezia dela eta, ez da nahikoa ebidentziarik zink osagarrien <a href="/wiki/Prebentzio_(medikuntza)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prebentzio (medikuntza)">prebentziozko</a> erabilerak hotzeria hartzeko aukera murrizten duela zehazteko.<a href="#cite_note-:31-142">[142]</a> Zink osagarrien efektu kaltegarriak ahoan, besteak beste, zapore txarra eta <a href="/wiki/Goragale" title="Goragale">goragalea</a> dira.<a href="#cite_note-:30-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-:31-142">[142]</a> Zinka duten sudurrarentzako espraien erabilera <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosmia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anosmia (sortu gabe)">usaimenaren galerarekin</a> erlazionatua dagoela ikusi da.<a href="#cite_note-:30-141">[141]</a> Hori dela eta, 2009ko ekainean, Estatu Batuetako <a href="/wiki/Droga_eta_Elikagaien_Administrazioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Droga eta Elikagaien Administrazioa">Droga eta Elikagaien Administrazioak</a> kontsumitzaileei mota honetako produktuak erabiltzen uzteko abisua eman zuen.<a href="#cite_note-:30-141">[141]</a> Gizakien <a href="/wiki/Errinobirus" title="Errinobirus">errinobirusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patogeno" title="Patogeno">patogeno</a> biralik arruntena gizakietan, hotzeriaren eragile nagusia da.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Zinkak hotzeriaren gogortasuna edo/eta iraupena murrizteko martxan jartzen duen mekanismoa ez dago argi. Zenbait ikerketen arabera, <a href="/wiki/Hantura" title="Hantura">hantura</a> nasala gutxitu edo desagertzea eta errinobirusaren hartzailearen loturaren <a href="/wiki/Entzimen_inhibitzaile" class="mw-redirect" title="Entzimen inhibitzaile">inhibizio</a> zuzena dira.<a href="#cite_note-:30-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erabilera_topikoa">Erabilera topikoa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erabilera topikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Erabilera topikoa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Zinkaren erabilera topikoak <a href="/wiki/Azal_(anatomia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azal (anatomia)">larruazalean</a> erabiltzen direnak izaten dira, askotan zink oxido moduan. Zink-prestakinek eguzkiak eragindako <a href="/wiki/Erredura" title="Erredura">erreduren</a> aurkako babesa ematen dute.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> Haurraren <a href="/wiki/Pixoihal" title="Pixoihal">pixoihala</a> doan zonaldean (<a href="/wiki/Perineo" title="Perineo">perineoan</a>) pixka bat jarriz gero pixoihala aldatzen den bakoitzean, <a href="/wiki/Pixoihalen_dermatitis" title="Pixoihalen dermatitis">pixoihalak eragindako dermatitisaren</a> aurkako babesa eskaini dezake.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> Zink mota batzuk hortzetako pasta eta aho garbitzaileetan erabiltzen dira, <a href="/wiki/Halitosi" title="Halitosi">halitosia</a> saihesteko.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Zink piritionea berriz, xanpuetan erabiltzen da, <a href="/wiki/Zahi_(buru-azala)" title="Zahi (buru-azala)">zahia</a> saihesteko.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funtzio_biologikoa">Funtzio biologikoa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Funtzio biologikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Funtzio biologikoa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Zinka <a href="/wiki/Gizaki" title="Gizaki">gizakientzat</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-:33-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-:34-148">[148]</a>, beste <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animalia</a> batzuentzat<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landare" title="Landare">landareentzat</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-84">[84]</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroorganismo">mikroorganismoentzat</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> funtsezko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aztarna_elementu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aztarna elementu (sortu gabe)">aztarna elementua</a> da. Zinka 300 <a href="/wiki/Entzima" title="Entzima">entzimaren</a> eta 1000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transkripzio_faktore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transkripzio faktore (sortu gabe)">transkripzio faktore</a> baino gehiagoren funtzionamendurako beharrezkoa da<a href="#cite_note-:34-148">[148]</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalotioneina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metalotioneina (sortu gabe)">metalotioneinetan</a> gorde eta transferitu egiten da.<a href="#cite_note-:18-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Mota honetako bigarren metal elementu ugariena da gizakietan <a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">burdinaren</a> ondoren, eta entzima klase guztietan agertzen den metal bakarra da.<a href="#cite_note-:32-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:34-148">[148]</a> Proteinetan, zink ioiak <a href="/wiki/Azido_aspartiko" title="Azido aspartiko">azido aspartikoaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azido_glutamiko" title="Azido glutamiko">azido glutamikoaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zisteina" title="Zisteina">zisteinaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Histidina" title="Histidina">histidinaren</a> aminoazidoen albo kateetan koordinatzen dira sarritan. Proteinetako zink lotura honen azalpen teoriko eta konputazionala (beste trantsizio metalekin ere gertatzen den bezala) zaila da.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Gutxi gorabehera, 2-4 gramo zink<a href="#cite_note-:36-153">[153]</a> daude giza gorputzean zehar banatuta. Zink gehiena burmuinetan, giharretan, hezurretan, giltzurrunean eta gibelean dago, eta kontzentrazio handienak prostatan eta begiaren zatietan daude.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernal-hazi" title="Ernal-hazi">Semena</a> bereziki aberatsa da zinkean, <a href="/wiki/Prostata" title="Prostata">prostatako</a> guruin funtzioaren funtsezko faktorea eta <a href="/wiki/Sexu-organo" title="Sexu-organo">ugalketa organoen</a> hazkundean.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Gizakietan, zinkaren rol biologikoak nonahi daude.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:33-147">[147]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Ligando" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligando">Ligando</a> organiko sorta zabaletan" elkarreraginean datza<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a>, eta <a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a> eta <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNAren</a> metabolismoan, <a href="/wiki/Seinale_transdukzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Seinale transdukzio">seinale transdukzioan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gene-adierazpen" title="Gene-adierazpen">gene-adierazpenean</a> funtzioak ditu. <a href="/wiki/Apoptosi" title="Apoptosi">Apoptosia</a> ere arautzen du. 2006ko ikerketa batek giza proteinen % 10 inguru (2800) potentzialki zink loturak dituztela estimatu zuen. Honez gain, beste ehunka proteinek zinkaren garraio eta trafikoan parte hartzen dute.<a href="#cite_note-:32-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burmuin" title="Burmuin">Burmuinetan</a>, zinka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Besikula_sinaptiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besikula sinaptiko (sortu gabe)">besikula sinaptiko</a> espezifikoetan gordetzen da <a href="/wiki/Neurona" title="Neurona">neurona</a> glutamatergikoen bidez eta neuronen kitzikakortasuna modulatu dezakete.<a href="#cite_note-:33-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-:34-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-:35-156">[156]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastikotasun_sinaptiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastikotasun sinaptiko (sortu gabe)">Plastikotasun sinaptikoan</a> funtsezko papera betetzen du eta, beraz, ikaskuntzan.<a href="#cite_note-:33-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Zink <a href="/wiki/Homeostasi" title="Homeostasi">homeostasiak</a> <a href="/wiki/Nerbio-sistema_zentral" title="Nerbio-sistema zentral">nerbio-sistema zentralaren</a> erregulazio funtzionalean ere paper kritikoa jokatzen du.<a href="#cite_note-:33-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-:34-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-:35-156">[156]</a> L- eta D-histidinak burmuinetako zink hartzea errazten dute.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC30A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC30A3 (sortu gabe)">SLC30A3</a> burmuinetako zink homeostasian eragina duen zink garraiatzaile nagusia da.<a href="#cite_note-:33-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entzimak">Entzimak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Entzimak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Entzimak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Carbonic_anhydrase.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Anhidrasa karbonikoaren errepresentazioa. Zink atomoa erdian ikusi daiteke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Carbonic_anhydrase.png/220px-Carbonic_anhydrase.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Carbonic_anhydrase.png/330px-Carbonic_anhydrase.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Carbonic_anhydrase.png/440px-Carbonic_anhydrase.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anhidrasa_karboniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anhidrasa karboniko (sortu gabe)">Anhidrasa karbonikoaren</a> errepresentazioa. Zink atomoa erdian ikusi daiteke</figcaption></figure> Zinka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_azido_eta_baseak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis azido eta baseak (sortu gabe)">Lewis azido</a> eraginkorra da, <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilazio" title="Hidroxilazio">hidroxilazioan</a> eta beste erreakzio entzimatikoetan agente <a href="/wiki/Katalisi" title="Katalisi">katalitiko</a> baliagarria delarik.<a href="#cite_note-:37-159">[159]</a> Metal honek koordinazio geometriko malgua du baita ere, eta horri esker, erabiltzen duten proteinek erreakzio biologikoak egiteko <a href="/wiki/Proteina#Egitura" title="Proteina">konformazioak</a> bizkor aldatu ditzakete.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Zink duten entzimen bi adibide <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anhidrasa_karboniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anhidrasa karboniko (sortu gabe)">anhidrasa karbonikoa</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karboxipeptidasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karboxipeptidasa (sortu gabe)">karboxipeptidasa</a> dira, <a href="/wiki/Karbono_dioxido" title="Karbono dioxido">karbono dioxidoaren</a> (CO2) proteinen erregulazio eta digestiorako funtsezkoak direnak, hurrenez hurren.<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a> Ornodunen odolean, anhidrasa karbonikoak CO2a bikarbonatoan bihurtzen du, eta entzima berak bikarbonatoa CO2an bihurtzen du biriken bidez botatzeko.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Entzima hau gabe, bihurketa hau milioi bat aldiz motelagoa litzateke<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a> odolean arrunta den 7ko <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pHan</a> edo 10 edo gehiagoko pHa beharko luke abiadura mantentzeko.<a href="#cite_note-:18-72">[72]</a> Erlaziorik ez duen anhidrasa β-karbonikoa landaretan beharrezkoa da hostoen formazioan, <a href="/wiki/Azido_azetiko" title="Azido azetiko">azido azetikoaren</a> sintesian eta <a href="/wiki/Hartzidura_alkoholiko" title="Hartzidura alkoholiko">hartzidura alkoholikoan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Karboxipeptidasak <a href="/wiki/Peptido" title="Peptido">peptidoen</a> loturak mozten ditu proteinen digestioan zehar. Lotura kobalente koordinatu bat sortzen da terminal peptidoaren eta zinkari loturiko C=O talde baten artean, eta karbonoari karga positiboa ematen dio. Horrek zinkaren inguruko entziman poltsiko <a href="/wiki/Hidrofobia" title="Hidrofobia">hidrofobiko</a> bat sortzen laguntzen du, digestioan dagoen proteinaren alde ez-polarra erakartzen duena.<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seinaleztapena">Seinaleztapena</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Seinaleztapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Seinaleztapena">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Zinkak mezulari funtzioa betetzen duela ikusi da, seinaleztapen bideak aktibatzeko gai delarik. Bide horietako askok <a href="/wiki/Minbizi" title="Minbizi">minbizi</a> hazkunde arraroak bultzatzen dituzte. ZIP garraiolarien bidez eraso daitezke.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beste_proteina_batzuk">Beste proteina batzuk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Beste proteina batzuk»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Beste proteina batzuk">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Zinc_finger_rendered.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Zink hatzek ADN sekuentziak irakurtzen laguntzen dute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Zinc_finger_rendered.png/220px-Zinc_finger_rendered.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Zinc_finger_rendered.png/330px-Zinc_finger_rendered.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Zinc_finger_rendered.png/440px-Zinc_finger_rendered.png 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink_hatz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zink hatz (sortu gabe)">Zink hatzek</a> ADN sekuentziak irakurtzen laguntzen dute</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink_hatz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zink hatz (sortu gabe)">Zink hatzetan</a> zinkak funtzio soilik estrukturala betetzen du.<a href="#cite_note-:18-72">[72]</a> Zink hatzek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transkripzio_faktore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transkripzio faktore (sortu gabe)">transkripzio faktore</a> batzuen zatiak osatzen dituzte. Faktore hauek <a href="/w/index.php?title=ADN_sekuentzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ADN sekuentzia (sortu gabe)">ADNaren oinarrizko sekuentziak</a> antzematen dituzten proteinak dira, <a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADNaren</a> transkripzio eta erreplikazioan zehar. Zink hatzetan bederatzi edo hamar Zn2+ ioi egon ohi dira. Hauen funtzioa hatzaren estruktura mantentzea da. Horretarako, transkripzio faktoreko lau <a href="/wiki/Aminoazido" title="Aminoazido">aminoazidoak</a> lotzen dituzte.<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a> Transkripzio faktorea ADNaren helizearen inguruan biltzen da eta hatzak erabiltzen ditu ADN sekuentziara egoki lotzeko. <a href="/wiki/Odol-plasma" title="Odol-plasma">Odol-plasman</a>, zinka <a href="/wiki/Albumina" title="Albumina">albumina</a> (60%, afinitate baxua) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transferrina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transferrina (sortu gabe)">transferrinari</a> (% 10) lotu eta hauen bidez garraiatzen da.<a href="#cite_note-:36-153">[153]</a> Transferrinak <a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">burdina</a> ere garraiatzen duenez, gehiegizko burdina izateak zinkaren xurgapena murrizten du, eta alderantziz. Antzeko antagonismoa ere <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kobrearekin</a> eman ohi da.<a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">[erreferentzia behar]</a> Odol-plasmako zink kontzentrazioa nahiko egonkorra izaten da, zink kontsumoarekin erlazio handirik gabe.<a href="#cite_note-:37-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Listu-guruin" title="Listu-guruin">Listu-guruineko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostata" title="Prostata">prostatako</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistema_immunologiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema immunologiko">sistema immunologikoko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Heste" title="Heste">hesteetako</a> zelulek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komunikazio_zelular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komunikazio zelular (sortu gabe)">zink seinaleztapena</a> erabiltzen dute beste zelula batzuekin komunikatzeko.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Zinka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalotioneina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metalotioneina (sortu gabe)">metalotioneina</a> erreserbetan gorde daiteke mikroorganismoetan, edo animalien heste edo <a href="/wiki/Gibel" title="Gibel">gibeletan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-72">[72]</a> Hesteetako zeluletako metalotioneina zink xurgapena %15-40 tartean doitzeko gai da.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Hala eta guztiz ere, zink gutxiegi edo gehiegi hartzea kaltegarria izan daiteke. Gehiegizko hartzeak kobrezko xurgapena bereziki kaltetzen du, metalotioneinak bi metalak xurgatzen dituelako.<a href="#cite_note-:45-166">[166]</a> Giza <a href="/wiki/Dopamina" title="Dopamina">dopamina</a> garraiatzaileak afinitate handiko zink <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkartze_gune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elkartze gune (sortu gabe)">elkartze gune</a> bat du zelulatik kanpo. Zinka bertara lotzen denean, dopamina berrartzea inhibitzen du eta <a href="/wiki/Anfetamina" title="Anfetamina">anfetaminak</a> induzitutako dopamina kanporatzeko fluxua anplifikatzen du.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-:38-169">[169]</a> Giza <a href="/wiki/Serotonina" title="Serotonina">serotonina</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Noradrenalina" title="Noradrenalina">noradrenalina</a> garraiatzaileek ez dituzte zinka lotzeko guneak.<a href="#cite_note-:38-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gomendio_dietetikoak">Gomendio dietetikoak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gomendio dietetikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Gomendio dietetikoak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Estatu Batuetako</a> Medikuntzako Institutu Nazionalak (IOM) zinkaren Estimatutako Bataz besteko Beharrak (<a href="/wiki/Ingeles" title="Ingeles">ingelesez</a>, Estimated Average Requirements edo EARs) eta Gomendatutako Dieta bidezko Sarrerak (<a href="/wiki/Ingeles" title="Ingeles">ingelesez</a>, Recommended Dietary Allowances edo RDA) eguneratu zituen 2001. urtean. Zinkaren egungo EARak 14 urtetik gorako emakume eta gizonentzat 6,8 eta 9,4 <a href="/wiki/Miligramo" title="Miligramo">mg</a>/eguneko dira, hurrenez hurren. RDAk 8 eta 11 mg/eguneko dira. RDAk EAR baino altuagoak dira batezbesteko beharrak baino altuagoak dituzten pertsonen eskakizunak barne hartzeko. Haurdunaldiko RDA 11 mg/eguneko da. Edoskitzerako RDA 12 mg/eguneko da. 12 hilabeterainoko haurrentzat RDA 3 mg/eguneko da. 1 eta 13 urte bitarteko umeentzat berriz, kantitatea 3 mg/eguneko baloretik 8 mg-ra handitzen doa adinaren arabera.<a href="#cite_note-:39-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elikagaien_Segurtasuneko_Europako_Agintaritza" title="Elikagaien Segurtasuneko Europako Agintaritza">Elikagaien Segurtasuneko Europako Agintaritzak</a> (EFSA) dietaren inguruko informazio multzoari Dietaren Erreferentzia Balioak deitzen dio. AEBtako RDAren ordez Biztanleriaren Erreferentzia Sarrera (<a href="/wiki/Ingeles" title="Ingeles">ingelesez</a>, Population Reference Intake edo PRI) erabiltzen du, eta Bataz besteko Beharra EAR beharrean. 18 urte edo gehiagoko jendearentzako PRIa kalkulatzeko dietaren <a href="/wiki/Azido_fitiko" title="Azido fitiko">fitato</a> kopurua kontuan hartzen du. Horrela, fitato kopurua 300 mg-tik 1200 mg-ra igotzen den heinean, zink kantitatea 7,5 mg-tik 12,7 mg-ra igotzen da emakumeentzat eta 9,4 mg-tik 16,3 mg-ra gizonentzat. Kopuru hauek AEBtakoak baino altuagoak dira.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Eguneko dosi maximoa aldiz baxuagoa da, eta 25 mg/egunekoa da Europan, AEBtan 40 mg diren bitartean.<a href="#cite_note-:39-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Etiketatuei dagokienez, Estatu Batuetan eguneroko balioaren ehunekoetan azaldu behar da. Zinkaren etiketatzeari dagokionez, % 100 balioa 15 mg zen, baina 2016ko maiatzetik aurrera 11 mg-ra jaitsi da.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Enpresek 2020rako urtarrilaren 1a arteko tartea dute datu hau aldatu ahal izateko.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dieta_bidezko_sarrera">Dieta bidezko sarrera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Dieta bidezko sarrera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Dieta bidezko sarrera">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Zinka duten elikagai eta espeziak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg/220px-Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg/330px-Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg/440px-Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Zinka duten elikagai eta espeziak</figcaption></figure> Animalien produktuek, esaterako, <a href="/wiki/Haragi" title="Haragi">haragiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrain" title="Arrain">arrainak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itsaski" title="Itsaski">itsaskiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hegazti" title="Hegazti">hegaztiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrautza_(janaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrautza (janaria)">arrautzak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Esneki" title="Esneki">esnekiek</a> zinka dute. Landareen zink kontzentrazioa lurrean dagoen kontzentrazioaren araberakoa da. Lurrean zink egokia badago, zink gehien dituzten elikagaiak <a href="/wiki/Gari" title="Gari">garia</a> (germenak eta aleak) eta haziak dira, besteak beste, <a href="/wiki/Sesamo" title="Sesamo">sesamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitxoleta" title="Mitxoleta">mitxoleta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argi-belar" title="Argi-belar">argi-belar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apio" title="Apio">apio</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mostaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Mostaza">mostazarenak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Zinka <a href="/wiki/Babarrun" title="Babarrun">babarrunetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruitu_lehor" title="Fruitu lehor">fruitu lehorretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbendol" title="Arbendol">arbendoletan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ale_oso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ale oso (sortu gabe)">ale osoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuia-pipita" title="Kuia-pipita">kuia pipitetan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ekilore_hazi" title="Ekilore hazi">ekilore hazietan</a> aurki daiteke baita ere.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Landareen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fitato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fitato (sortu gabe)">fitatoak</a> lekale eta zerealetan aurkitzen dira bereziki eta zinkaren xurgapena oztopatzen dute. Beste iturri batzuk <a href="/wiki/Elikagai_gotortu" title="Elikagai gotortu">elikagai gotortuak</a> eta hainbat motako osagarri dietetikoak dira. 1998ko berrikuspen batek ondorioztatu zuen zink oxidoa eta zink karbonatoa ia disolbaezinak direla eta gorputzak gaizki xurgatzen dituela.<a href="#cite_note-:41-177">[177]</a> Azterketa honek aipatzen zituen ikerketek ziotenaren arabera, <a href="/wiki/Odol-plasma" title="Odol-plasma">plasman</a> zink kontzentrazio baxuagoa zuten zink oxido eta zink karbonatoa kontsumitzen zuten pertsonek zink azetatoa eta <a href="/wiki/Sulfato" title="Sulfato">sulfato</a> <a href="/wiki/Gatz_(kimika)" title="Gatz (kimika)">gatzak</a> hartzen zituztenekin alderatuta.<a href="#cite_note-:41-177">[177]</a> Elikagai gotortuen kasuan, hala ere, 2003. urteko berrikuspen batek zerealak (zink oxidoa dutenak) gomendatzen zituzten iturri finko eta merke gisa, garestiagoak ziren moduak bezain absortzio ona zutelarik.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> 2005eko ikerketa baten arabera, zink konposatu desberdinak, oxidoa eta sulfatoa barne, ez zuten xurgapenean desberdintasun estatistikoki esanguratsurik adierazten <a href="/wiki/Arto" title="Arto">arto</a> opiletan eransten zirenean.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gabezia">Gabezia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gabezia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Gabezia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Zink gabezia normalean dietaren bidez nahikoa ez hartzeagatik izaten da, baina absortzio txarrarekin, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acrodermatitis_enteropathica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acrodermatitis enteropathica (sortu gabe)">acrodermatitis enteropathicarekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibel" title="Gibel">gibeleko</a> gaixotasun kronikoekin, <a href="/wiki/Giltzurrun" title="Giltzurrun">giltzurruneko</a> gaixotasun kronikoekin, igitai zelularen gaixotasunarekin, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetesarekin</a> eta beste gaixotasun kroniko batzuekin lotu daiteke.<a href="#cite_note-:40-7">[7]</a> Zink gabezia jasateko arriskuan dauden taldeen artean, adinekoak, garapen bidean dauden herrialdeetako haurrak eta giltzurruneko disfuntzioa dutenak daude. Zink gabezia leunaren <a href="/wiki/Sintoma" title="Sintoma">sintomak</a> anitzak dira.<a href="#cite_note-:37-159">[159]</a> Emaitza klinikoak honako hauek dira: hazkunde moteldua, <a href="/wiki/Beherako" title="Beherako">beherakoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zutitzearen_disfuntzio" title="Zutitzearen disfuntzio">inpotentzia</a> eta sexu-heldutasunaren atzerapena, <a href="/wiki/Alopezia" title="Alopezia">alopezia</a>, begi eta larruazaleko lesioak, gosea murriztea, aldaketa kognitiboak, karbohidratoen erabileran akatsak eta ugalketa <a href="/wiki/Teratologia" title="Teratologia">teratologia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:37-159">[159]</a> Zink gabezia leunak immunitatea murrizten du<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a>, baina gehiegizko zinkak baita ere.<a href="#cite_note-:36-153">[153]</a> Zink gabeziak duten animaliek bi aldiz <a href="/wiki/Elikagai" title="Elikagai">elikagai</a> gehiago behar dute pisua hartzeko zink nahikoa duten animaliekin alderatuta.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> Nahiz eta zenbait kezka egon<a href="#cite_note-:43-181">[181]</a>, mendebaldeko <a href="/wiki/Barazkijale" class="mw-redirect" title="Barazkijale">barazkijale</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Begano" class="mw-redirect" title="Begano">beganoek</a> ez dute zink gabezia haragia jaten dutenak baino gehiago sufritzen.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Zinkaren landare-iturri nagusiak honako hauek dira: babarrunak, itsasoko barazkiak, zereal gotortuak, soja-elikagaiak, fruitu lehorrak, ilarrak eta haziak.<a href="#cite_note-:43-181">[181]</a> Hala ere, ale osoetan eta <a href="/wiki/Zuntz_dietetiko" title="Zuntz dietetiko">zuntzetan</a> dauden fitatoek zinkaren xurgapena oztopatu dezakete, eta zink janaldi eskasaren ondorioak ez dira ondo ezagutzen. Zenbait ikerketen arabera, fitato altuko dieta bat jarraitzen dutenek eguneko zink kantitate gomendatua (15 mg) baino gehiago beharko lukete. Hau barazkijale batzuen kasua izan liteke.<a href="#cite_note-:43-181">[181]</a> Hala ere, gogoeta hauek egiterakoan kontuan izan behar da zinkaren biomarkatzaile egokiak eskasak direla, eta gehien erabiltzen denak, plasmako zinkak, sentsibilitate eta zehaztasun eskasa duela.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Honengatik, zink gabeziak diagnostikatzeak erronka izaten jarraitzen du.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Garapen_bidean_dagoen_herrialde" title="Garapen bidean dagoen herrialde">Garapen bidean dauden herrialdeetako</a> bi mila milioi pertsona inguruk zink gabezia dute.<a href="#cite_note-:40-7">[7]</a> Umeetan, <a href="/wiki/Infekzio" title="Infekzio">infekzioak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Beherako" title="Beherako">beherakoa</a> areagotzea eragiten du eta urtero 800.000 haurren heriotzan eragin zuzena du.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Munduko_Osasun_Erakundea" title="Munduko Osasun Erakundea">Munduko Osasun Erakundeak</a> zink gehigarriak gomendatzen ditu <a href="/wiki/Desnutrizio" class="mw-redirect" title="Desnutrizio">desnutrizio</a> larria eta beherakoa tratatzeko.<a href="#cite_note-:44-184">[184]</a> Zink osagarriek gaixotasunak prebenitzen eta hilkortasuna murrizten laguntzen dute, batez ere jaiotza-pisu baxua edo gelditutako hazkundea duten haurretan.<a href="#cite_note-:44-184">[184]</a> Hala eta guztiz ere, zink osagarriak ez lirateke bakarrik eman behar, askotan hainbat gabezi dituztelako, eta zinkak beste mikronutriente batzuekin elkar eragiten baitu.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lurzoruen_konponketa">Lurzoruen konponketa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lurzoruen konponketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Lurzoruen konponketa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ainar_arrunt" title="Ainar arrunt">Ainar arrunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erica" title="Erica">Erica</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Vaccinium" title="Vaccinium">Vaccinium</a> espezieak zink altuko lurzoruetan hazi daitezke, ioi toxikoen lekualdaketa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micorriza_ericoide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micorriza ericoide (sortu gabe)">micorriza ericoide</a> onddoaren akzioak ekiditen baitu.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nekazaritza">Nekazaritza</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nekazaritza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Nekazaritza">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Zink gabeziak <a href="/wiki/Nekazaritza" title="Nekazaritza">nekazaritza</a>-landareen mikronutriente gabezia ohikoena izaten dela dirudi. Bereziki ohikoa da <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> handiko lurretan.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Zink gabezia jasaten dute landatzen diren <a href="/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia">Turkia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indiako</a> lurren erdiak, <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txinakoen</a> herenak, eta <a href="/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Australia" title="Mendebaldeko Australia">Mendebaldeko Australiako</a> gehienek. Zink <a href="/wiki/Ongarri" title="Ongarri">ongarritzeak</a> erantzun egokia eman duela ikusi da lurralde horietan.<a href="#cite_note-:32-84">[84]</a> Zink gabezia duten lurzoruetan hazten diren landareek gaixotasun gehiago jasaten dituzte. Era naturalean, zinka batez ere arroken erosioaren bitartez gehitzen da lurrera, baina gizakiak beste hainbat moduetan gehitu du: <a href="/wiki/Erregai_fosil" title="Erregai fosil">erregai fosilen</a> errekuntza, meatzaritzako hondakinak, fosfato ongarriak, <a href="/wiki/Pestizida" title="Pestizida">pestizidak</a>... Gehiegizko zinka landareentzako toxikoa da, nahiz eta zink toxikotasuna oso gutxi hedatua dagoen.<a href="#cite_note-:32-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arriskuak">Arriskuak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Arriskuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Arriskuak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxikotasuna">Toxikotasuna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Toxikotasuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Toxikotasuna">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:United_States_penny,_obverse,_2002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1982tik aurrera, AEBtako zentimo txanponak zinkarekin egiten dira. Txanpon hauek irensteak hainbat intoxikazio eragin ditu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/220px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/330px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/440px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>1982tik aurrera, AEBtako zentimo txanponak zinkarekin egiten dira. Txanpon hauek irensteak hainbat intoxikazio eragin ditu.</figcaption></figure> Zinka osasun ona izateko funtsezko baldintza den arren, gehiegizko zinka kaltegarria izan daiteke. Zinkaren gehiegizko xurgapenak <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kobrea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">burdinaren</a> xurgapena eragozten du.<a href="#cite_note-:45-166">[166]</a> Soluzioan dagoen zink <a href="/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi">ioi</a> askea oso toxikoa da landare, <a href="/wiki/Ornogabe" title="Ornogabe">ornogabe</a> eta baita arrain ornodunentzat ere.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Ioi Askearen Jarduera Eredua literaturan ongi frogatua dago, eta ioi librearen kantitate mikromolarrak organismo batzuk hiltzen direla erakusten du. 2006o ikerketa batek 6 mikro<a href="/wiki/Mol" title="Mol">molek</a> uretan zeuden <a href="/wiki/Daphnia" title="Daphnia">Daphnia</a> guztien % 93 hil zituela frogatu zuen.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Zink ioi librea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_azido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis azido (sortu gabe)">Lewis azido</a> indartsua da, <a href="/wiki/Korrosio" title="Korrosio">korrosiboa</a> izateraino. Urdaileko azidoak <a href="/wiki/Azido_klorhidriko" title="Azido klorhidriko">azido klorhidrikoa</a> du. Bertan zink metalikoa azkar disolbatzen da, korrosiboa den zink kloruroa sortuz. 1982tik aurrerako AEBtako <a href="/wiki/Zentimo" title="Zentimo">zentimo</a> bat (% 97,5ean zinkez osatua) irensteak urdaileko estaldurari kaltea eragin diezaioke, urdaileko azidoan zink ioiak duen disolbagarritasun altuarengatik.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Ikerketek frogatzen dutenez, egunero 100-300 mg zink hartzen duten pertsonek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobre_gabezi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kobre gabezi (sortu gabe)">kobre gabezia</a> pairatu dezakete. 2007ko froga batean ikusi zenez, egunean 80 mg zink hartzen zuten adinduak gehiagotan izaten ziren gernu konplikazioengatik ospitalizatuak <a href="/wiki/Plazebo" title="Plazebo">plazeboa</a> hartzen zutenak baino.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Egunean 100-300 mg hartzeak kobrearen eta burdinaren erabilerari eragin diezaiokete, eta <a href="/wiki/Kolesterol" title="Kolesterol">kolesterolean</a> kalteberak eragin ditzakete.<a href="#cite_note-:45-166">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lurzoru" title="Lurzoru">Lurzoruan</a> 500 ppm baino gehiagoko zinka badago, beste <a href="/w/index.php?title=Funtsezko_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funtsezko metal (sortu gabe)">funtsezko metalen</a> xurgapenean eragiten du, hala nola burdina eta manganesoa.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> Zink astintzeak izeneko egoera bat sor daiteke, <a href="/wiki/Galbanizazio" class="mw-redirect" title="Galbanizazio">galbanizatutako</a> materialak <a href="/wiki/Soldadura" title="Soldadura">soldatzean</a> sortzen diren zink keak arnastean.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> Zinka <a href="/wiki/Hortz-protesi" title="Hortz-protesi">hortz-protesietarako</a> kremen duen osagai komun bat da, eta gramo bakoitzeko 17 eta 38 mg zink izan dezakete. Produktu horien gehiegizko erabilerak desgaitasuna eta baita heriotza ere sortu izana erreklamatu da.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Estatu Batuetako <a href="/wiki/Elikagai_eta_Sendagaien_Administrazioa" title="Elikagai eta Sendagaien Administrazioa">Elikagai eta Sendagaien Administrazioak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ingeles" title="Ingeles">ingelesez</a>, Food and Drug Administration edo FDA) zinkak sudurreko nerbio-hartzaileetan kalteak sortzen dituela dio, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anosmia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anosmia (sortu gabe)">anosmia</a> eraginez. 1930. hamarkadan <a href="/wiki/Poliomielitis" title="Poliomielitis">polio</a> infekzioak sendatzeko zinka zuten <a href="/wiki/Sendagai" title="Sendagai">sendagaiak</a> erabili ziren, eta detektatu ziren anosmia kasuekin erlazioa izan dezakete. Sendagai hauek ez ziren baliagarriak izan.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> 2009ko ekainaren 16an, FDAk zinkean oinarritutako <a href="/wiki/Hotzeri" title="Hotzeri">hotzeria</a> tratatzeko sudurrerako produktuak kentzea agindu zuen. FDAk esan zuen usain galerak bizitza arriskuan jartzen duela, usaimen gutxi duten pertsonek ezin dituztelako gas edo ke ihesak nabaritu, eta ezin dutelako esan elikagaiak hondatuak daudenik jan aurretik.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intoxikazioak">Intoxikazioak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Intoxikazioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: Intoxikazioak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> 1982an, AEBetan kobrez estalitako baina gehienbat zinkarekin egindako zentimo txanponak erabiltzen hasi ziren. Zink zentimoek zink intoxikazioak sortzeko arriskua dute, heriotza eragin dezaketelarik. 425 zentimoren janaldi kroniko kasu baten ondorioz (zink <a href="/wiki/Kilo" title="Kilo">kilo</a> bat baino gehiago) heriotza bat gertatu zen heste eta urdaileko bakterioen eta onddoen <a href="/wiki/Septizemia" title="Septizemia">septizemiaren</a> ondorioz. 12 gramo zink jan zituen beste gaixo batek <a href="/wiki/Letargia" title="Letargia">letargia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a> (muskulu mugimenduen koordinazio falta handia) bakarrik jasan zituen.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Zinkdun txanponak irensteak sortutako pozoiduren beste hainbat kasu ere ezagutu dira.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Zentimoak eta beste txanpon txiki batzuk <a href="/wiki/Txakur" title="Txakur">txakurrek</a> ere jaten dituzte batzuetan, eta <a href="/wiki/Albaitaritza" title="Albaitaritza">albaitariek</a> kendu behar dizkiete. <a href="/wiki/Txanpon" title="Txanpon">Txanpon</a> bidezko zink pozoitze hauek askotan hilgarriak dira txakurrentzat, <a href="/wiki/Anemia_hemolitiko" title="Anemia hemolitiko">anemia hemolitiko</a> larria eta gibeleko edo giltzurrunetako kalteak eragiten baitituzte. Oka eta beherakoa sintoma posibleak dira.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Zinka oso toxikoa da <a href="/wiki/Psittaciformes" title="Psittaciformes">loroentzat</a> eta intoxikazioak sarritan hilgarriak izan daitezke.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Galbanizatutako latetan gordetako fruta-zukuen kontsumoak zink intoxikazioak eragin ditu loroetan.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093433/http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Brass2007.pdf">«Of brass and bronze in prehistoric Southwest Asia»</a> web.archive.org 2015-09-24 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_2-1">b</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305440378900158">«The composition of the copper alloys used by the Greek, Etruscan and Roman civilizations: 3. The Origins and Early Use of Brass»</a> Journal of Archaeological Science 5 (1): 1–16. 1978-03-01  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0305-4403%2878%2990015-8">10.1016/0305-4403(78)90015-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0305-4403">0305-4403</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/30/zinc">«Zinc - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table»</a> www.rsc.org (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_zinc_frameset.htm">«India Was the First to Smelt Zinc by Distillation Process»</a> www.infinityfoundation.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Gurjar, L.; Kharakwal, J.. (2006-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/articles/10.5334/aa.06112/">«Zinc and Brass in Archaeological Perspective»</a> Ancient Asia 1 (0)  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5334%2Faa.06112">10.5334/aa.06112</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2042-5937">2042-5937</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-5">f</a> Hambidge, K. Michael; Krebs, Nancy F.. (2007-4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17374687">«Zinc deficiency: a special challenge»</a> The Journal of Nutrition 137 (4): 1101–1105.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F137.4.1101">10.1093/jn/137.4.1101</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0022-3166">0022-3166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17374687">17374687</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-:40-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:40_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:40_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:40_7-2">c</a> (Ingelesez) Prasad, Ananda S.. (2003-02-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmj.com/content/326/7386/409">«Zinc deficiency: Has been known of for 40 years but ignored by global health organisations»</a> BMJ 326 (7386): 409–410.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.326.7386.409">10.1136/bmj.326.7386.409</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1468-5833">1468-5833</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595353">12595353</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC1125304">PMC1125304</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> Maret, Wolfgang. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23595681">«Zinc and the zinc proteome»</a> Metal Ions in Life Sciences 12: 479–501.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-1_14">10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_14</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1559-0836">1559-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23595681">23595681</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-15">p</a> (Ingelesez) Lide, David R.. (2004-06-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WDll8hA006AC&pg=PT893&hl=en">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. </a> CRC Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780849304859" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780849304859">9780849304859</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-5">f</a> (Ingelesez) Heiserman, David. (1991-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=24l-Cpal9oIC&hl=en">Exploring Chemical Elements and Their Compounds. </a> McGraw-Hill Companies,Incorporated <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780830630158" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780830630158">9780830630158</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> Wells, Alexander Frank. (2012-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/structural-inorganic-chemistry-9780199657636?cc=es&lang=en&">Structural Inorganic Chemistry. </a> Oxford University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780199657636" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780199657636">9780199657636</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Scoffern, John. (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SSkKAAAAIAAJ&hl=en">The Useful Metals and Their Alloys, Including Mining Ventilation, Mining Jurisprudence, and Metallurgic Chemistry Employed in the Conversion of Iron, Copper, Tin, Zinc, Antimony and Lead Ores; with Their Applications to the Industrial Arts. </a> Houlston and Wright (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-1">b</a> (Ingelesez) Association, American Galvanizer's. (2018-12-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galvanizeit.org/design-and-fabrication/design-considerations/zinc-metal-properties">«Zinc Metal Properties»</a> American Galvanizer's Association (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Ingalls, Walter Renton. (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RhNDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA133&hl=en">Production and Properties of Zinc: A Treatise on the Occurrence and Distribution of Zinc Ore, the Commercial and Technical Conditions Affecting the Production of the Spelter, Its Chemical and Physical Properties and Uses in the Arts, Together with a Historical and Statistical Review of the Industry. </a> Engineering and mining journal (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-15">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-15">p</a> (Ingelesez) Emsley, John. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&hl=en">Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. </a> Oxford University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780198503408" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780198503408">9780198503408</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-16">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-10">k</a> (Ingelesez) Hampel, Clifford A.. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books/about/The_Encyclopedia_of_the_Chemical_Element.html?id=3UV2QgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y">The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. </a> Reinhold Book Corporation <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780278916432" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780278916432">9780278916432</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-17">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-12">m</a> (Ingelesez) Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A.. (2012-12-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=EvTI-ouH3SsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&hl=eu&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix7dLT4pDfAhUMyoUKHbUnAiwQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Chemistry%20of%20the%20Elements&f=false">Chemistry of the Elements. </a> Elsevier <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780080501093" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780080501093">9780080501093</a>. 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(2008-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EnST...42.7038G">«In-Use Stocks of Metals: Status and Implications»</a> Environmental Science and Technology 42: 7038–7045.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fes800420p">10.1021/es800420p</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344916300064">«The anthropogenic cycle of zinc: Status quo and perspectives»</a> Resources, Conservation and Recycling 123: 1–10. 2017-08-01  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2016.01.006">10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.01.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0921-3449">0921-3449</a>. 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(2009-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJS..180..225H">«Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Observations: Data Processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results»</a> The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 180: 225–245.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F180%2F2%2F225">10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0067-0049">0067-0049</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-09). </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A. H.. (2003-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">«The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties»</a> Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0375-9474">0375-9474</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-09). </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Porter, Frank C.. (1994-06-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books/about/Corrosion_Resistance_of_Zinc_and_Zinc_Al.html?id=C-pAiedmqp8C&redir_esc=y">Corrosion Resistance of Zinc and Zinc Alloys. </a> CRC Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780824792138" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780824792138">9780824792138</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-09). </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-30">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_30-5">f</a> 1859-, Holleman, A. F. (Arnold Frederick),. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14949442">Lehrbuch der anorganischen Chemie. </a> (91.-100., verb. und stark erw. Aufl. / von Nils Wiberg. argitaraldia) De Gruyter <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/3110075113" title="Berezi:BookSources/3110075113">3110075113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14949442">14949442</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-09). </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Hinds, John Iredelle Dillard. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xMUMAAAAYAAJ&hl=en">Inorganic Chemistry: With the Elements of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry. </a> Wiley (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-09). </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> Rob., Ritchie,. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56447119">Chemistry. </a> (New ed. argitaraldia) Letts Educational <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/1843154382" title="Berezi:BookSources/1843154382">1843154382</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=56447119">56447119</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-09). </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> 1936-, Burgess, John,. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4442507">Metal ions in solution. </a> Ellis Horwood <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0470262931" title="Berezi:BookSources/0470262931">0470262931</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4442507">4442507</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-09). </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> 1938-, Brady, James E.,. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12452321">General chemistry : principles and structure. </a> (3rd ed., SI version. argitaraldia) Wiley <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/047186739X" title="Berezi:BookSources/047186739X">047186739X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=12452321">12452321</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-09). </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> Kaupp, Martin; Dolg, Michael; Stoll, Hermann; von Schnering, Hans Georg. (1994-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00088a012">«Oxidation State +IV in Group 12 Chemistry. Ab Initio Study of Zinc(IV), Cadmium(IV), and Mercury(IV) Fluorides»</a> Inorganic Chemistry 33 (10): 2122–2131.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fic00088a012">10.1021/ic00088a012</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0020-1669">0020-1669</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-09). </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> 1955-, Housecroft, Catherine E.,. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/228102552">Inorganic chemistry. </a> (3rd ed. argitaraldia) Pearson Prentice Hall <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780131755536" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780131755536">9780131755536</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=228102552">228102552</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-11). </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120717190353/http://www.americanelements.com/znsu.html">«Zinc Sulfide: AMERICAN ELEMENTS Supplier & Tech Info»</a> archive.is 2012-07-17 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-11). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28150660">Academic American encyclopedia.. </a> Grolier Incorporated 1994 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0717220532" title="Berezi:BookSources/0717220532">0717220532</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28150660">28150660</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-11). </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120717120313/http://www.americanelements.com/znp.html">«Zinc Phosphide: AMERICAN ELEMENTS Supplier & Tech Info»</a> archive.is 2012-07-17 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-11). </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> Shulzhenko, A. A.; Ignatyeva, I. Yu.; Osipov, A. S.; Smirnova, T. I.. (2000-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000DRM.....9..129S">«Peculiarities of interaction in the Zn-C system under high pressures and temperatures»</a> Diamond and Related Materials 9: 129–133.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0925-9635%2899%2900231-9">10.1016/S0925-9635(99)00231-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0925-9635">0925-9635</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-11). </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930230236/http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/prep.asp?prep=cv7p0521">«Wayback Machine»</a> web.archive.org 2007-09-30 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-11). </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32347397">Handbook of inorganic compounds. </a> CRC Press 1995 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0849386713" title="Berezi:BookSources/0849386713">0849386713</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32347397">32347397</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-11). </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-43">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_43-2">c</a> 1892-, Weeks, Mary Elvira,. ([2003]). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71322678">The discovery of the elements. </a> Kessinger Pub <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0766138720" title="Berezi:BookSources/0766138720">0766138720</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=71322678">71322678</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122102750/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23049-worlds-oldest-pills-treated-sore-eyes.html">«World's oldest pills treated sore eyes - health - 07 January 2013 - New Scientist»</a> web.archive.org 2013-01-22 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> Giachi, Gianna; Pallecchi, Pasquino; Romualdi, Antonella; Ribechini, Erika; Lucejko, Jeannette Jacqueline; Perla Colombini, Maria; Mariotti Lippi, Marta. (2013-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..110.1193G">«Ingredients of a 2,000-y-old medicine revealed by chemical, mineralogical, and botanical investigations»</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 110: 1193–1196.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1216776110">10.1073/pnas.1216776110</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060411200556/http://www.answers.com/zinc">«zinc: Definition and Much More From Answers.com»</a> web.archive.org 2006-04-11 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz8oAAAAYAAJ&printsec=toc&hl=en">Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge. </a> W. & R. Chambers, Limited 1901 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-48">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_48-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40543567">2000 years of zinc and brass. </a> (Rev. ed. argitaraldia) British Museum 1998 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0861591240" title="Berezi:BookSources/0861591240">0861591240</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=40543567">40543567</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Rehren, Thilo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/5991939/A_Roman_zinc_tablet_from_Bern_Switzerland_reconstruction_of_the_manufacture_Rehren_1996_ISA_Ankara_">«A Roman zinc tablet from Bern, Switzerland: reconstruction of the manufacture (Rehren 1996, ISA Ankara)»</a> Archaeometry 1994 (ISA Ankara) (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/history-of-indian-medical-literature-1a-text/oclc/165833440">A history of Indian medical literature 1,A 1,A. </a> Forsten <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9789069801247" title="Berezi:BookSources/9789069801247">9789069801247</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-51">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_51-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80463423">Crustal evolution and metallogeny in the northwestern Indian shield : a festschrift for Asoke Mookherjee. </a> Alpha Science 2000 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/1842650017" title="Berezi:BookSources/1842650017">1842650017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=80463423">80463423</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> www.tandfonline.com  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1983.9979899">10.1080/00438243.1983.9979899</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-53">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_53-1">b</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249007087_Zinc_production_in_medieval_India">«Zinc production in medieval India»</a> ResearchGate (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Ray, Prafulla Chandra. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DL1HAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&hl=en">A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century, A.D.: With Sanskrit Texts, Variants, Translation and Illustrations. </a> Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works, Limited (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-55">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_55-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_55-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_55-6">g</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azmc.co/en/encyclopedia/discovering-the-8th-metal/">Discovering the 8th Metal-Zinc. </a> (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Arny, Henry Vinecome. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gRNKAAAAMAAJ&hl=en">Principles of Pharmacy. </a> W. B. Saunders (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> Clark., Hoover, Herbert. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/759686450">Georgius agricola de re metallica.. </a> Kessinger Pub. Co <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0766131971" title="Berezi:BookSources/0766131971">0766131971</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=759686450">759686450</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> Gerhartz, executive ed.: Wolfgang. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/311987978">Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry / Vol. A. Alphabetically arranged articles. 25, Starch and other polysaccharides to surfactants.. </a> (5., completely rev. ed. argitaraldia) VCH Verl.-Ges <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/3527201254" title="Berezi:BookSources/3527201254">3527201254</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=311987978">311987978</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Skeat, Walter W.; Skeat, Walter William. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ls_XijT33IUC&pg=PA622&hl=en">A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. </a> Cosimo, Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9781596050921" title="Berezi:BookSources/9781596050921">9781596050921</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37891012">Handbook of extractive metallurgy. </a> Wiley-VCH 1997 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/3527287922" title="Berezi:BookSources/3527287922">3527287922</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=37891012">37891012</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Lach, Donald F.. (2010-01-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0xD7BYXv_YC&pg=PA426&hl=en">Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume II: A Century of Wonder. Book 3: The Scholarly Disciplines. </a> University of Chicago Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780226467139" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780226467139">9780226467139</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-12). </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010201408/http://science.marshall.edu/castella/chm448/elements3.pdf">«Transition metal ellements»</a> web.archive.org 2014-10-10 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-13). </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Vaughan, L. Brent. (2012-10-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Encyclopedia-Britannica-Reference-Library-Knowledge/dp/1231735112">The Junior Encyclopedia Britannica; A Reference Library of General Knowledge Volume 3. </a> Rarebooksclub.com <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9781231735114" title="Berezi:BookSources/9781231735114">9781231735114</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-13). </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Habib, Irfan. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA86">Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500. </a> Pearson Education India <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788131727911" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788131727911">9788131727911</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-13). </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-65">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_65-1">b</a> www.tandfonline.com  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1179%2Ftns.1945.006">10.1179/tns.1945.006</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-13). </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> www.tandfonline.com  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1984.9979929">10.1080/00438243.1984.9979929</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-13). </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=J90PQpnE5l4C&pg=PA1550&lpg=PA1550&dq=Dr+John+Lane+and+the+foundation+of+the+non-ferrous+metal+industry+in+the+Swansea+valley&source=bl&ots=ScQBWgcKRE&sig=rbaW9G1PZV4ocYYa3zj321crwlo&hl=eu&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT3_Wj8ZzfAhV8SRUIHXEwA34Q6AEwAnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Dr%20John%20Lane%20and%20the%20foundation%20of%20the%20non-ferrous%20metal%20industry%20in%20the%20Swansea%20valley&f=false">The Elements. </a> PediaPress (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-13). </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Comyns, Alan E.. (2007-06-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jlq-ckWvQSQC&hl=en">Encyclopedic Dictionary of Named Processes in Chemical Technology. </a> CRC Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9781420008647" title="Berezi:BookSources/9781420008647">9781420008647</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-13). </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> 1974-, Gray, Leon,. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57692895">Zinc. </a> Marshall Cavendish Benchmark <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0761419225" title="Berezi:BookSources/0761419225">0761419225</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=57692895">57692895</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-70">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_70-2">c</a> (Ingelesez) Warren, Neville G.. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eL9Xn6nQ6XQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en">Physics. </a> Pascal Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9781740200851" title="Berezi:BookSources/9781740200851">9781740200851</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-71">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_71-1">b</a> (Ingelesez) Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gV1MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA80&hl=en">The New international encyclopædia. </a> Dodd, Mead and Co. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-72">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_72-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_72-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_72-6">g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39147745">Advanced inorganic chemistry.. </a> (6th edition. argitaraldia) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0471199575" title="Berezi:BookSources/0471199575">0471199575</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=39147745">39147745</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217021239/http://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zinc/mcs-2008-zinc.pdf">«Mineral Commodity Summaries 2007: Zinc»</a> web.archive.org 2008-12-17 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126122526/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116590371844647445">«Zinifex, Umicore Combine to Form Top Zinc Maker - WSJ»</a> web.archive.org 2017-01-26 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021135539/http://www.zincworld.org/recycling.html">«Welcome to Zinc World - your Web Resource for all things Zinc»</a> web.archive.org 2011-10-21 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304154218/http://nyrstar.com/nyrstar/en/products/zinccongalvanising/techdownloads/shg_budel.pdf">«Special High Grade Zinc (SHG) 99.995%»</a> web.archive.org (Nyrstar) 2009-03-04 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-77">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_77-4">e</a> 1927-, Porter, Frank,. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23144901">Zinc handbook : properties, processing, and use in design. </a> M. Dekker <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0824783409" title="Berezi:BookSources/0824783409">0824783409</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23144901">23144901</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-78">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_78-2">c</a> Terkel., Rosenqvist,. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58800505">Principles of extractive metallurgy. </a> (2nd ed. argitaraldia) Tapir Academic Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/8251919223" title="Berezi:BookSources/8251919223">8251919223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58800505">58800505</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> Borg, G.. (2003-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113/98.4.749">«Geology of the Skorpion Supergene Zinc Deposit, Southern Namibia»</a> Economic Geology 98 (4): 749–771.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2113%2F98.4.749">10.2113/98.4.749</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0361-0128">0361-0128</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> Colin., Bodsworth,. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30079249">The extraction and refining of metals. </a> CRC Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0849344336" title="Berezi:BookSources/0849344336">0849344336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=30079249">30079249</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> K., Gupta, C.. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21197603">Hydrometallurgy in extraction processes. </a> CRC Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0849368049" title="Berezi:BookSources/0849368049">0849368049</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21197603">21197603</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Worrell, Ernst; Reuter, Markus. (2014-04-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books/about/Handbook_of_Recycling.html?id=gQfUAgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y">Handbook of Recycling: State-of-the-art for Practitioners, Analysts, and Scientists. </a> Newnes <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780123965066" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780123965066">9780123965066</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-83">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_83-1">b</a> Kucha, H.; Martens, A.; Ottenburgs, R.; de Vos, W.; Viaene, W.. (1996-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996EnGeo..27....1K">«Primary minerals of Zn-Pb mining and metallurgical dumps and their environmental behavior at Plombières, Belgium»</a> Environmental Geology 27: 1–15.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00770598">10.1007/BF00770598</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-84">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_84-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_84-5">f</a> (Ingelesez) Broadley, Martin R.; White, Philip J.; Hammond, John P.; Zelko, Ivan; Lux, Alexander. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01996.x">«Zinc in plants»</a> New Phytologist 173 (4): 677–702.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2007.01996.x">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01996.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1469-8137">1469-8137</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Heath, Alan G.. (1995-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5NPVTuBtGF4C&hl=en">Water Pollution and Fish Physiology. </a> CRC Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780873716321" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780873716321">9780873716321</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321090648/http://www.derwentestuary.org.au/file.php?id=193">«Derwent Estuary – Water Quality Improvement Plan for Heavy Metals»</a> web.archive.org 2012-03-21 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427031313/http://www.tchange.com.au/resources/zinifex_smelter.html">«Zinifex Zinc Smelter - Hobart, Tasmania»</a> web.archive.org 2009-04-27 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-88">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_88-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608154555/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zinc/myb1-2009-zinc.pdf">«Zinc: World Mine Production (zinc content of concentrate) by Country"»</a> web.archive.org 2011-06-08 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-89">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_89-1">b</a> Albert., Stwertka,. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33013451">A guide to the elements. </a> Oxford University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0195080831" title="Berezi:BookSources/0195080831">0195080831</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33013451">33013451</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Dalard, F.; Ghali, E.; Benzine, K.; Salhi, E.; Bounoughaz, M.. (2003-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022824813564">«A comparative study of the electrochemical behaviour of Algerian zinc and a zinc from a commercial sacrificial anode»</a> Journal of Materials Science 38 (6): 1139–1145.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022824813564">10.1023/A:1022824813564</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1573-4803">1573-4803</a>. 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(1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JPS....57...61W">«Recycling zinc batteries: an economical challenge in consumer waste management»</a> Journal of Power Sources 57: 61–65.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-7753%2895%2902242-2">10.1016/0378-7753(95)02242-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0378-7753">0378-7753</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a> Culter, T.. (1996-6). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/535134/">«A design guide for rechargeable zinc-air battery technology»</a> Southcon/96 Conference Record: 616–621.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FSOUTHC.1996.535134">10.1109/SOUTHC.1996.535134</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060312003601/http://www.electric-fuel.com/evtech/papers/paper11-1-98.pdf">«Zinc Air Battery-Battery Hybrid for Powering Electric Scooters and Electric Buses»</a> web.archive.org 2006-03-12 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Cooper, J. F.; Fleming, D.; Hargrove, D.; Koopman, R.; Peterman, K.. (Thu Apr 20 00:00:00 EDT 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/82465">A refuelable zinc/air battery for fleet electric vehicle propulsion. </a> (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468612020257">«The developments and challenges of cerium half-cell in zinc–cerium redox flow battery for energy storage»</a> Electrochimica Acta 90: 695–704. 2013-02-15  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electacta.2012.12.066">10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.066</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0013-4686">0013-4686</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58451784">The organ : an encyclopedia. </a> Routledge 2006 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0415941741" title="Berezi:BookSources/0415941741">0415941741</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58451784">58451784</a>. 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C.. (1981-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JOM....33k..12A">«Casting with Zinc Alloys»</a> JOM - Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society 33: 12–20.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03339527">10.1007/BF03339527</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1047-4838">1047-4838</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a> Geoff., Davies,. 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(1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.19384">Engineering Metals And Their Alloys. </a> (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-104">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:26_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_104-1">b</a> 1927-, Porter, Frank,. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30155481">Corrosion resistance of zinc and zinc alloys. </a> M. Dekker <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0824792130" title="Berezi:BookSources/0824792130">0824792130</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=30155481">30155481</a>. 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(1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jlac.18490710206">«Notiz über eine neue Reihe organischer Körper, welche Metalle, Phosphor u. s. w. enthalten»</a> Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 71 (2): 213–216.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18490710206">10.1002/jlac.18490710206</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1099-0690">1099-0690</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rp-photonics.com/encyclopedia.html">«Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology - an Open Access Resource of In-Depth Information, Free Articles, Nonlinear and Fiber Optics»</a> www.rp-photonics.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003001764">«Worldwide occurrence and effects of antifouling paint booster biocides in the aquatic environment: a review»</a> Environment International 30 (2): 235–248. 2004-04-01  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0160-4120%2803%2900176-4">10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00176-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0160-4120">0160-4120</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-:28-114">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:28_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_114-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202034703/http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/demos/zinc_sulfur/zinc_sulfur.htm">«Demonstrations - Zinc + Sulfur»</a> web.archive.org 2008-12-02 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121002508/http://www.zinccounters.co.uk/html/tech/tech.htm">«Zinc Counters - technical information»</a> web.archive.org 2008-11-21 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-116">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:29_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_116-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/occasional/cswmd/CSWMD_OccationalPaper-8.pdf">«Weapons of Mass Destruction»</a> ndupress.ndu.edu (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/chemistry/compounds-and-elements/zinc#3427000114">«Zinc | Encyclopedia.com»</a> www.encyclopedia.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/72868955">Ullmann's agrochemicals.. </a> Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA 2007 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9783527316045" title="Berezi:BookSources/9783527316045">9783527316045</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=72868955">72868955</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a> F., Walker, J. C.. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/209934701">Primary wood processing : principles and practice. </a> (2nd ed. argitaraldia) Springer <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9781402043932" title="Berezi:BookSources/9781402043932">9781402043932</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=209934701">209934701</a>. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471264180.or066.01">«The Allylic Trihaloacetimidate Rearrangement»</a> Organic Reactions (American Cancer Society): 1–107.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F0471264180.or066.01">10.1002/0471264180.or066.01</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780471264187" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780471264187">9780471264187</a>. 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(1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cber.188702001268">«Neue Synthese zweiatomiger einbasischer Säuren aus den Ketonen»</a> Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 20 (1): 1210–1211.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.188702001268">10.1002/cber.188702001268</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1099-0682">1099-0682</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-17). </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a> Simmons, Howard E.; Smith, Ronald D.. (1958-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01552a080">«A NEW SYNTHESIS OF CYCLOPROPANES FROM OLEFINS»</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society 80 (19): 5323–5324.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01552a080">10.1021/ja01552a080</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863">0002-7863</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-17). </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a> (Frantsesez) texte, Académie des sciences (France) Auteur du. 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(2013-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23319127">«Zinc biochemistry: from a single zinc enzyme to a key element of life»</a> Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) 4 (1): 82–91.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3945%2Fan.112.003038">10.3945/an.112.003038</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2156-5376">2156-5376</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23319127">23319127</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3648744">PMC3648744</a>. 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(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-17). </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014976341300078X">«Potential roles of zinc in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder»</a> Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 37 (5): 911–929. 2013-06-01  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2013.03.018">10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0149-7634">0149-7634</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-17). </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a> Bhutta, Z. A.; Bird, S. M.; Black, R. E.; Brown, K. H.; Gardner, J. M.; Hidayat, A.; Khatun, F.; Martorell, R. et al.. (2000-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11101480">«Therapeutic effects of oral zinc in acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials»</a> The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72 (6): 1516–1522.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F72.6.1516">10.1093/ajcn/72.6.1516</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0002-9165">0002-9165</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11101480">11101480</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-17). </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a> Evans, Jennifer R; Lawrenson, John G. (2017-07-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub4">«Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration»</a> Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd000254.pub4">10.1002/14651858.cd000254.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1465-1858">1465-1858</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-17). </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-136"><a href="#cite_ref-:42_136-0">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Emsley, John. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&hl=en">Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. </a> Oxford University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780198503408" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780198503408">9780198503408</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-08). </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a> Aydemir, Tolunay Beker; Blanchard, Raymond K.; Cousins, Robert J.. (2006-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..103.1699A">«Zinc supplementation of young men alters metallothionein, zinc transporter, and cytokine gene expression in leukocyte populations»</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 103: 1699–1704.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510407103">10.1073/pnas.0510407103</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-17). </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a> Valko, M.; Morris, H.; Cronin, M. T. D.. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15892631">«Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress»</a> Current Medicinal Chemistry 12 (10): 1161–1208. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0929-8673">0929-8673</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15892631">15892631</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-17). </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Lents, Nathan H.; Venkatratnam, Abhishek. (2011-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jat/article/35/6/333/770673">«Zinc Reduces the Detection of Cocaine, Methamphetamine, and THC by ELISA Urine Testing»</a> Journal of Analytical Toxicology 35 (6): 333–340.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fanatox%2F35.6.333">10.1093/anatox/35.6.333</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0146-4760">0146-4760</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-17). </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Smart, Trevor G.; Harvey, Robert J.; Dunne, Emma L.; Hosie, Alastair M.. (2003-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1030">«Zinc-mediated inhibition of GABAA receptors: discrete binding sites underlie subtype specificity»</a> Nature Neuroscience 6 (4): 362–369.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn1030">10.1038/nn1030</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1546-1726">1546-1726</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-17). </li> <li id="cite_note-:30-141">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:30_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:30_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:30_141-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:30_141-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:30_141-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:30_141-5">f</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/">«Office of Dietary Supplements - Zinc»</a> ods.od.nih.gov (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-:31-142">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:31_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_142-2">c</a> Singh, Meenu; Das, Rashmi R. (2013-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4">Zinc for the common cold. </a> John Wiley & Sons, Ltd  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd001364.pub4">10.1002/14651858.cd001364.pub4</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a> (Ingelesez) CDC. (2017-09-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html">«Antibiotics Aren’t Always the Answer»</a> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Roldán, S.; Winkel, E. G.; Herrera, D.; Sanz, M.; Winkelhoff, A. J. Van. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.20004.x">«The effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc lactate on the microflora of oral halitosis patients: a dual-centre, double-blind placebo-controlled study»</a> Journal of Clinical Periodontology 30 (5): 427–434.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-051X.2003.20004.x">10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.20004.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1600-051X">1600-051X</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Marks, R.; Pearse, A. D.; Walker, A. P.. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb02314.x">«The effects of a shampoo containing zinc pyrithione on the control of dandruff»</a> British Journal of Dermatology 112 (4): 415–422.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.1985.tb02314.x">10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb02314.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1365-2133">1365-2133</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Maret, Wolfgang. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_12">«Zinc and Human Disease»</a> Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases (Springer, Dordrecht): 389–414.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-7500-8_12">10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_12</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9789400774995" title="Berezi:BookSources/9789400774995">9789400774995</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-147">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_147-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_147-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_147-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_147-5">f</a> (Ingelesez) Prakash, Atish; Bharti, Kanchan; Majeed, Abu Bakar A.. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/fcp.12110">«Zinc: indications in brain disorders»</a> Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 29 (2): 131–149.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Ffcp.12110">10.1111/fcp.12110</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1472-8206">1472-8206</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-:34-148">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:34_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:34_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:34_148-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:34_148-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:34_148-4">e</a> (Ingelesez) Urade, Yoshihiro; Cherasse, Yoan; Cherasse, Yoan; Urade, Yoshihiro. (2017/11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/11/2334">«Dietary Zinc Acts as a Sleep Modulator»</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18 (11): 2334.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms18112334">10.3390/ijms18112334</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29113075">29113075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5713303">PMC5713303</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a> Prasad, Ananda. (2008). Molecular Medicine 14 (5-6): 1.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2119%2F2008-00033.prasad">10.2119/2008-00033.prasad</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1076-1551">1076-1551</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18385818">18385818</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC2277319">PMC2277319</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Sugarman, Barrett. (1983-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/5/1/137/438721">«Zinc and Infection»</a> Reviews of Infectious Diseases 5 (1): 137–147.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fclinids%2F5.1.137">10.1093/clinids/5.1.137</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0162-0886">0162-0886</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Haase, Hajo; Rink, Lothar; Plum, Laura M.; Plum, Laura M.; Rink, Lothar; Haase, Hajo. (2010/4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/7/4/1342">«The Essential Toxin: Impact of Zinc on Human Health»</a> International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7 (4): 1342–1365.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph7041342">10.3390/ijerph7041342</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617034">20617034</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC2872358">PMC2872358</a>. 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(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-:36-153">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:36_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:36_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:36_153-2">c</a> (Ingelesez) Rink, Lothar. (2000/11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/zinc-and-the-immune-system/23B26245CF0F773E5F1AA19E9800B82B">«Zinc and the immune system»</a> Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59 (4): 541–552.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0029665100000781">10.1017/S0029665100000781</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0029-6651">0029-6651</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Wapnir, Raul A.. (1990-09-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qfKdaCoZS18C&hl=en">Protein Nutrition and Mineral Absorption. </a> CRC Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780849352270" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780849352270">9780849352270</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Berdanier, Carolyn D.; Dwyer, Johanna T.; Feldman, Elaine B.. (2007-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJpieIePsmUC&hl=en">Handbook of Nutrition and Food. </a> CRC Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9781420008890" title="Berezi:BookSources/9781420008890">9781420008890</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-:35-156">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:35_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:35_156-1">b</a> (Ingelesez) Bitanihirwe, Byron K. Y.; Cunningham, Miles G.. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/syn.20683">«Zinc: The brain's dark horse»</a> Synapse 63 (11): 1029–1049.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fsyn.20683">10.1002/syn.20683</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1098-2396">1098-2396</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165017308001355">«Zinc and cortical plasticity»</a> Brain Research Reviews 59 (2): 347–373. 2009-03-01  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2008.10.003">10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.10.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0165-0173">0165-0173</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a> Yokel, Robert A.. (2006-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17119290">«Blood-brain barrier flux of aluminum, manganese, iron and other metals suspected to contribute to metal-induced neurodegeneration»</a> Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD 10 (2-3): 223–253. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1387-2877">1387-2877</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17119290">17119290</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-18). </li> <li id="cite_note-:37-159">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:37_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:37_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:37_159-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:37_159-3">d</a> (Ingelesez) Medicine, Institute of. (2000-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10026/dietary-reference-intakes-for-vitamin-a-vitamin-k-arsenic-boron-chromium-copper-iodine-iron-manganese-molybdenum-nickel-silicon-vanadium-and-zinc">Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. </a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780309072793" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780309072793">9780309072793</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-19). </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38573609">Biochemical and physiological aspects of human nutrition. </a> W.B. 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(2002-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/content/277/24/21505">«The Role of Zinc Ions in Reverse Transport Mediated by Monoamine Transporters»</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (24): 21505–21513.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M112265200">10.1074/jbc.M112265200</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1083-351X">1083-351X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11940571">11940571</a>. 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(2005-02-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmj.com/content/330/7487/347">«Zinc deficiency: what are the most appropriate interventions?»</a> BMJ 330 (7487): 347–349.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.330.7487.347">10.1136/bmj.330.7487.347</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1756-1833">1756-1833</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705693">15705693</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC548733">PMC548733</a>. 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(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-24). </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219203257/http://www.fertilizer.org/HomePage/LIBRARY/Our-selection2/Fertilizer-use.html/Zinc-in-Soils-and-Crop-Nutrition.html">«IFA : International Fertilizer Industry Association - Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition / Fertilizer use / Our selection / LIBRARY / HomePage / IFA»</a> web.archive.org 2013-02-19 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-24). </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306032807/http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/infobase/eisler/chr_26_zinc.pdf">«Zinc Hazard to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review»</a> web.archive.org 2012-03-06 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-24). </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X06000361">«Mechanisms of chronic waterborne Zn toxicity in Daphnia magna»</a> Aquatic Toxicology 77 (4): 393–401. 2006-05-25  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquatox.2006.01.006">10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.01.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0166-445X">0166-445X</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-24). </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">↑</a> Bothwell, Dawn N.; Mair, Eric A.; Cable, Benjamin B.. (2003-3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12612262">«Chronic ingestion of a zinc-based penny»</a> Pediatrics 111 (3): 689–691. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1098-4275">1098-4275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12612262">12612262</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-24). </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">↑</a> Johnson, Aaron R.; Munoz, Alejandro; Gottlieb, Justin L.; Jarrard, David F.. (2007-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2006.09.047">«High Dose Zinc Increases Hospital Admissions Due to Genitourinary Complications»</a> The Journal of Urology 177 (2): 639–643.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.juro.2006.09.047">10.1016/j.juro.2006.09.047</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0022-5347">0022-5347</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-24). </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100218110256/http://www.tampabay.com/news/health/lawsuits-blame-denture-adhesives-for-neurological-damage/1073320">«Lawsuits blame denture adhesives for neurological damage - St. Petersburg Times»</a> web.archive.org 2010-02-18 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-24). </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Oxford, John Sidney; Öberg, Bo. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n24Pju7kHIYC&pg=PA142&hl=en">Conquest of Viral Diseases: A Topical Review of Drugs and Vaccines. </a> Elsevier <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780444805669" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780444805669">9780444805669</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-24). </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621011505/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jun/17/science/sci-zicam17">«FDA says Zicam nasal products harm sense of smell - Los Angeles Times»</a> web.archive.org 2012-06-21 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-24). </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">↑</a> www.tandfonline.com  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1081%2Fclt-100102426">10.1081/clt-100102426</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-24). </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Bennett, Daniel R.; Baird, Curtis J.; Chan, Kwok-ming; Crookes, Peter F.; Bremner, Cedric G.; Gottlieb, Michael M.; Naritoku, Wesley Y.. (1997-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00000433-199706000-00008">«Zinc Toxicity Following Massive Coin Ingestion»</a> The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 18 (2): 148–153.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00000433-199706000-00008">10.1097/00000433-199706000-00008</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0195-7910">0195-7910</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-24). </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">↑</a> pubs.rsna.org  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1148%2Fradiology.158.2.3941880">10.1148/radiology.158.2.3941880</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-24). </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">↑</a> Stowe, C. M.; Nelson, R.; Werdin, R.; Fangmann, G.; Fredrick, P.; Weaver, G.; Arendt, T. D.. (1978-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/689968">«Zinc phosphide poisoning in dogs»</a> Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 173 (3): 270. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0003-1488">0003-1488</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/689968">689968</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-24). </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Reece, R. L.; Dickson, D. B.; Burrowes, P. J.. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1986.tb02979.x">«Zinc toxicity (new wire disease) in aviary birds»</a> Australian Veterinary Journal 63 (6): 199–199.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1751-0813.1986.tb02979.x">10.1111/j.1751-0813.1986.tb02979.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1751-0813">1751-0813</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-24). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera">Ikus, gainera</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimiko" title="Elementu kimiko">Elementu kimiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12._taldeko_elementu" title="12. taldeko elementu">12. taldeko elementu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D_bloke" title="D bloke">D bloke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trantsizio-metal" title="Trantsizio-metal">Trantsizio-metal</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <table style="width: 80%" align="center"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="eeeeff" align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoko_talde" title="Taula periodikoko talde">Taldea →</a> <a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoko_periodo" title="Taula periodikoko periodo">↓ Periodoa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1._taldeko_elementu" class="mw-redirect" title="1. taldeko elementu">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2._taldeko_elementu" class="mw-redirect" title="2. taldeko elementu">2</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/3._taldeko_elementu" title="3. taldeko elementu">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/4._taldeko_elementu" title="4. taldeko elementu">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/5._taldeko_elementu" title="5. taldeko elementu">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/6._taldeko_elementu" title="6. taldeko elementu">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/7._taldeko_elementu" title="7. taldeko elementu">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/8._taldeko_elementu" title="8. taldeko elementu">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/9._taldeko_elementu" title="9. taldeko elementu">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/10._taldeko_elementu" title="10. taldeko elementu">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/11._taldeko_elementu" title="11. taldeko elementu">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/12._taldeko_elementu" title="12. taldeko elementu">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/13._taldeko_elementu" title="13. taldeko elementu">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/14._taldeko_elementu" title="14. taldeko elementu">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/15._taldeko_elementu" title="15. taldeko elementu">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/16._taldeko_elementu" class="mw-redirect" title="16. taldeko elementu">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/17._taldeko_elementu" class="mw-redirect" title="17. taldeko elementu">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/18._taldeko_elementu" class="mw-redirect" title="18. taldeko elementu">18</a> </td></tr> <tr align="CENTER"> <td bgcolor="eeeeff"><a href="/wiki/1._periodoko_elementu" title="1. periodoko elementu">1</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffcc;color:red;border:2px solid black;">1 <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">H</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td align="left" colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccffff;color:red;border:2px solid black;">2 <a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio">He</a> </td></tr> <tr align="CENTER"> <td bgcolor="eeeeff"><a href="/wiki/2._periodoko_elementu" title="2. periodoko elementu">2</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff9999;color:black;border:2px solid black;">3 <a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio">Li</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:2px solid black;">4 <a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="11">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:2px solid black;">5 <a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro">B</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccffcc;color:black;border:2px solid black;">6 <a href="/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono">C</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffcc;color:red;border:2px solid black;">7 <a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno">N</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffcc;color:red;border:2px solid black;">8 <a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno">O</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffcc;color:red;border:2px solid black;">9 <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">F</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccffff;color:red;border:2px solid black;">10 <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr align="CENTER"> <td bgcolor="eeeeff"><a href="/wiki/3._periodoko_elementu" title="3. periodoko elementu">3</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff9999;color:black;border:2px solid black;">11 <a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio">Na</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:2px solid black;">12 <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">Mg</a> </td> <td bgcolor="white" colspan="11"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#dddddd;color:black;border:2px solid black;">13 <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">Al</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:2px solid black;">14 <a href="/wiki/Silizio" title="Silizio">Si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccffcc;color:black;border:2px solid black;">15 <a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo">P</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccffcc;color:black;border:2px solid black;">16 <a href="/wiki/Sufre" title="Sufre">S</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffcc;color:red;border:2px solid black;">17 <a href="/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro">Cl</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccffff;color:red;border:2px solid black;">18 <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr align="CENTER"> <td bgcolor="eeeeff"><a href="/wiki/4._periodoko_elementu" title="4. periodoko elementu">4</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff9999;color:black;border:2px solid black;">19 <a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio">K</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:2px solid black;">20 <a href="/wiki/Kaltzio" title="Kaltzio">Ca</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">21 <a href="/wiki/Eskandio" title="Eskandio">Sc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">22 <a href="/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio">Ti</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">23 <a href="/wiki/Banadio" title="Banadio">V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">24 <a href="/wiki/Kromo" title="Kromo">Cr</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">25 <a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso">Mn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">26 <a href="/wiki/Burdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Burdin">Fe</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">27 <a href="/wiki/Kobalto" title="Kobalto">Co</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">28 <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">29 <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">Cu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">30 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#dddddd;color:black;border:2px solid black;">31 <a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio">Ga</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:2px solid black;">32 <a href="/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio">Ge</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:2px solid black;">33 <a href="/wiki/Artseniko" title="Artseniko">As</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccffcc;color:black;border:2px solid black;">34 <a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio">Se</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffcc;color:blue;border:2px solid black;">35 <a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo">Br</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccffff;color:red;border:2px solid black;">36 <a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr align="CENTER"> <td bgcolor="eeeeff"><a href="/wiki/5._periodoko_elementu" title="5. periodoko elementu">5</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff9999;color:black;border:2px solid black;">37 <a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio">Rb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:2px solid black;">38 <a href="/wiki/Estrontzio" title="Estrontzio">Sr</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">39 <a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio">Y</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">40 <a href="/wiki/Zirkonio" title="Zirkonio">Zr</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">41 <a href="/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio">Nb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">42 <a href="/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno">Mo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px dashed brown;">43 <a href="/wiki/Teknezio" title="Teknezio">Tc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">44 <a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio">Ru</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">45 <a href="/wiki/Rodio" title="Rodio">Rh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">46 <a href="/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio">Pd</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">47 <a href="/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar">Ag</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">48 <a href="/wiki/Kadmio" title="Kadmio">Cd</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#dddddd;color:black;border:2px solid black;">49 <a href="/wiki/Indio" title="Indio">In</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#dddddd;color:black;border:2px solid black;">50 <a href="/wiki/Eztainu" title="Eztainu">Sn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:2px solid black;">51 <a href="/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio">Sb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:2px solid black;">52 <a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio">Te</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffcc;color:black;border:2px solid black;">53 <a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo">I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccffff;color:red;border:2px solid black;">54 <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr align="CENTER"> <td bgcolor="eeeeff"><a href="/wiki/6._periodoko_elementu" title="6. periodoko elementu">6</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff9999;color:black;border:2px solid black;">55 <a href="/wiki/Zesio" title="Zesio">Cs</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:2px solid black;">56 <a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario">Ba</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffccff">* </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px solid black;">71 <a href="/wiki/Lutezio" title="Lutezio">Lu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">72 <a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio">Hf</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">73 <a href="/wiki/Tantalo" title="Tantalo">Ta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">74 <a href="/wiki/Wolframio" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolframio">W</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">75 <a href="/wiki/Renio" title="Renio">Re</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">76 <a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio">Os</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">77 <a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio">Ir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">78 <a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Platino">Pt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px solid black;">79 <a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre">Au</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:blue;border:2px solid black;">80 <a href="/wiki/Merkurio_(elementua)" title="Merkurio (elementua)">Hg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#dddddd;color:black;border:2px solid black;">81 <a href="/wiki/Talio" title="Talio">Tl</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#dddddd;color:black;border:2px solid black;">82 <a href="/wiki/Berun" title="Berun">Pb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#dddddd;color:black;border:2px solid black;">83 <a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto">Bi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:2px dashed brown;">84 <a href="/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio">Po</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffcc;color:black;border:2px dashed brown;">85 <a href="/wiki/Astato" title="Astato">At</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:2px dashed brown;">86 <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr align="CENTER"> <td bgcolor="eeeeff"><a href="/wiki/7._periodoko_elementu" title="7. periodoko elementu">7</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff9999;color:black;border:2px dashed brown;">87 <a href="/wiki/Frantzio" title="Frantzio">Fr</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:2px dashed brown;">88 <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Ra</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">** </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">103 <a href="/wiki/Lawrentzio" title="Lawrentzio">Lr</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">104 <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordio" title="Rutherfordio">Rf</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">105 <a href="/wiki/Dubnio" title="Dubnio">Db</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">106 <a href="/wiki/Seaborgio" title="Seaborgio">Sg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">107 <a href="/wiki/Bohrio" title="Bohrio">Bh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">108 <a href="/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio">Hs</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#e8e8e8;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">109 <a href="/wiki/Meitnerio" title="Meitnerio">Mt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#e8e8e8;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">110 <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtio" title="Darmstadtio">Ds</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#e8e8e8;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">111 <a href="/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio">Rg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:blue;border:2px dotted green;">112 <a href="/wiki/Kopernizio" title="Kopernizio">Cn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#e8e8e8;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">113 <a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio">Nh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#dddddd;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">114 <a href="/wiki/Flerovio" title="Flerovio">Fl</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#dddddd;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">115 <a href="/wiki/Moskovio" title="Moskovio">Mc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#e8e8e8;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">116 <a href="/wiki/Livermorio" title="Livermorio">Lv</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#e8e8e8;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">117 <a href="/wiki/Teneso" title="Teneso">Ts</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#e8e8e8;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">118 <a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr align="CENTER"> <td colspan="20"> </td></tr> <tr align="CENTER"> <td colspan="4" bgcolor="eeeeff" align="right">* Lantanoideak </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px solid black;">57 <a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano">La</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px solid black;">58 <a href="/wiki/Zerio_(elementua)" title="Zerio (elementua)">Ce</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px solid black;">59 <a href="/wiki/Praseodimio" title="Praseodimio">Pr</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px solid black;">60 <a href="/wiki/Neodimio" title="Neodimio">Nd</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px dashed brown;">61 <a href="/wiki/Prometio" title="Prometio">Pm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px solid black;">62 <a href="/wiki/Samario" title="Samario">Sm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px solid black;">63 <a href="/wiki/Europio" title="Europio">Eu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px solid black;">64 <a href="/wiki/Gadolinio" title="Gadolinio">Gd</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px solid black;">65 <a href="/wiki/Terbio" title="Terbio">Tb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px solid black;">66 <a href="/wiki/Disprosio" title="Disprosio">Dy</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px solid black;">67 <a href="/wiki/Holmio" title="Holmio">Ho</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px solid black;">68 <a href="/wiki/Erbio" title="Erbio">Er</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px solid black;">69 <a href="/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio">Tm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffccff;color:black;border:2px solid black;">70 <a href="/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio">Yb</a> </td></tr> <tr align="CENTER"> <td colspan="4" bgcolor="eeeeff" align="right">** Aktinidoak </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px dashed brown;">89 <a href="/wiki/Aktinio" title="Aktinio">Ac</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px solid black;">90 <a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio">Th</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px dashed brown;">91 <a href="/wiki/Protoaktinio" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoaktinio">Pa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px solid black;">92 <a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio">U</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px dashed brown;">93 <a href="/wiki/Neptunio" title="Neptunio">Np</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px solid black;">94 <a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio">Pu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">95 <a href="/wiki/Amerizio" title="Amerizio">Am</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">96 <a href="/wiki/Kurio" title="Kurio">Cm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">97 <a href="/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio">Bk</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">98 <a href="/wiki/Kalifornio" title="Kalifornio">Cf</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">99 <a href="/wiki/Einstenio" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstenio">Es</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">100 <a href="/wiki/Fermio" title="Fermio">Fm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">101 <a href="/wiki/Mendelevio" title="Mendelevio">Md</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:2px dotted green;">102 <a href="/wiki/Nobelio" title="Nobelio">No</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zink&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236167">.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wikimedia proiektuak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a> Datuak: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q758" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q758">Q758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Multimedia: <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zinc">Zinc</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q758%22">Q758</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Identifikadoreak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX529698">XX529698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119731249">119731249</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119731249">(data)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4137453-8">4137453-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85149842">sh85149842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560063">00560063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137237">ph137237</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300011037">300011037</a></li> <li>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/zinc">url</a></li> <li>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D015032">D015032</a></li> <li>Kimikako identifikadoreak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAS_erregistro_zenbakia" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS erregistro zenbakia">CAS erregistro zenbakia</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7440-66-6">7440-66-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ChEBI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ChEBI (sortu gabe)">ChEBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:30185">30185</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ChemSpider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ChemSpider (sortu gabe)">ChemSpider</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.22430.html">22430</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DrugBank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DrugBank (sortu gabe)">DrugBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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