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It is one of the most elaborate, and certainly the most studied, of all [[Australian Aboriginal sign languages]]. ==Social context== While many neighbouring language groups such as [[Arrernte language|Arrernte]] and the [[Western Desert Language]] have auxiliary sign languages, Warlpiri Sign Language, along with [[Warumungu Sign Language]], appears to be the most well developed and widely used — it is as complete a system of communication as spoken Warlpiri. This is possibly due to the tradition that widows should not speak during an extended mourning period which can last for months or even years; during this time they communicate solely by sign language. In Warlpiri communities, widows also tend to live away from their families, with other widows or young single women. As a result, it is typical for Warlpiri women to have a better command of the sign language than men, and among older women at [[Yuendumu]], Warlpiri Sign Language is in constant use, whether they are under a speech ban or not.<ref>Dail-Jones, M. A. (1984). ''A Culture in Motion: A Study of the Interrelationship of Dancing, Sorrowing, Hunting and Fighting as Performed by the Warlpiri Women of Central Australia.'' M.A. Thesis, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.</ref> However, all members of the community understand it, and may sign in situations where speaking is undesirable, such as while hunting, in private communication, across distances, while ill, or for subjects that require a special reverence or respect. Many also use signs as an accompaniment to speech. ==Linguistics== British linguist [[Adam Kendon]] (1988) argues that Warlpiri Sign Language is best understood as a manual representation of the spoken [[Warlpiri language]] (a [[manually coded language]]), rather than as a separate language; individual signs represent [[morphemes]] from spoken Warlpiri, which are expressed in the same [[word order]] as the oral language. However, "markers of [[Grammatical case|case]] relations, [[Grammatical tense|tense]], and [[clitic]]ised [[pronoun]]s are not signed." Some spatial grammatical features are present which do not exist in spoken Warlpiri, though spoken Warlpiri incorporates directionals in its verbs, and in such cases sign corresponds to speech. ==See also== *[[Yolngu Sign Language]] ==References== <references/> ==Further reading== {{refbegin|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |first=Cheryl D. |last=Wright |year=1980 |title=Walpiri Hand Talk: An Illustrated Dictionary of Hand Signs used by the Walpiri People of Central Australia |location=Darwin |publisher=N.T. Department of Education |isbn=9780642509772 }} * {{cite journal |first=Mervyn |last=Meggitt |author-link=Mervyn Meggitt |year=1954 |title=Sign Language among the Walbiri of Central Australia |journal=Oceania |volume=25 |number=1/2 |pages=2–16 |doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.1954.tb00620.x |jstor=40328952 }} Reprinted in {{cite book |year=1978 |title=Aboriginal Sign Languages of The Americas and Australia |location=New York |publisher=Plenum Press |volume=2 |pages=409–423 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-2409-6 |isbn=978-1-4684-2411-9 |editor-last1=Umiker-Sebeok |editor-last2=Sebeok |editor-first1=D. Jean |editor-first2=Thomas A. }} * {{cite book |first=Adam |last=Kendon |author-link=Adam Kendon |year=1985 |chapter=Iconicity in Warlpiri Sign language |title=Inconicity: Essay on the Nature of Culture |editor1-last=Bouissac |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Herzfeld |editor2-first=Michael |editor3-last=Posner |editor3-first=Roland |location=Tübingen |publisher=Stauffenburger Verlag }} * {{cite journal |first=Adam |last=Kendon |author-link=Adam Kendon |year=1988 |title=Parallels and Divergences between Warlpiri Sign Language and Spoken Warlpiri: Analyses of Signed and Spoken Discourses |journal=Oceania |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=239–254 |jstor=40331045 |doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.1988.tb02282.x }} * {{cite book |first=Adam |last=Kendon |author-link=Adam Kendon |year=1988 |title=Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521360081 }} * {{cite journal |first=Adam |last=Kendon |author-link=Adam Kendon |year=1980 |title=The Sign Language of the Women of Yuendumu: A Preliminary Report on the Structure of Warlpiri Sign Language |journal=Sign Language Studies |volume=27 |pages=101–112 |doi=10.1353/sls.1980.0005 }} * {{cite journal |first=Adam |last=Kendon |author-link=Adam Kendon |year=1984 |title=Knowledge of Sign Language in an Australian Aboriginal Community |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=556–576 |doi=10.1086/jar.40.4.3629797 |jstor=3629797 |jstor-access=free }} * {{cite journal |first=Adam |last=Kendon |author-link=Adam Kendon |year=1985 |title=Variation in Central Australian Aboriginal Sign language: A preliminary report |journal=Language in Central Australia |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=1–11 }} * {{cite journal |first=Adam |last=Kendon |author-link=Adam Kendon |year=1987 |title=Speaking and signing simultaneously in Warlpiri sign language users |journal=Multilingua |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=25–68 |doi=10.1515/mult.1987.6.1.25 }} * 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