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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Muslim conquest of the Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Crusader routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusader_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Offensive</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Offensive-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Offensive subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fatimid_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatimid_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fatimid preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatimid_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual-front_siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual-front_siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dual-front siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual-front_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Final assault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crusaders_enter_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusaders_enter_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Crusaders enter Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusaders_enter_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Eastern Christians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_the_Latin_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_the_Latin_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Founding of the Latin Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_the_Latin_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conclusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Jerusalem (1099)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Belagerung von Jerusalem (1099) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Belagerung von Jerusalem (1099)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_(1099)" title="حصار القدس (1099) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار القدس (1099)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A7%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(1099)" title="Երուսաղէմի Պաշարում (1099) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երուսաղէմի Պաշարում (1099)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerus%C9%99limin_m%C3%BChasir%C9%99si_(1099)" title="Yerusəlimin mühasirəsi (1099) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yerusəlimin mühasirəsi (1099)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%DB%B1%DB%B0%DB%B9%DB%B9)" title="قودس موحاصیره‌سی (۱۰۹۹) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قودس موحاصیره‌سی (۱۰۹۹)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7_(%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AF)" title="জেরুসালেম অবরোধ (১০৯৯) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেরুসালেম অবরোধ (১০৯৯)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC_(1099)" title="Обсада на Йерусалим (1099) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обсада на Йерусалим (1099)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setge_de_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Setge de Jerusalem (1099) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Setge de Jerusalem (1099)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obl%C3%A9h%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Jeruzal%C3%A9ma_(1099)" title="Obléhání Jeruzaléma (1099) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obléhání Jeruzaléma (1099)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Belagerung von Jerusalem (1099) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belagerung von Jerusalem (1099)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BC_(1099)" title="Πολιορκία της Ιερουσαλήμ (1099) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιορκία της Ιερουσαλήμ (1099)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_de_Jerusal%C3%A9n_(1099)" title="Sitio de Jerusalén (1099) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sitio de Jerusalén (1099)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C4%9Do_de_Jerusalemo_(1099)" title="Sieĝo de Jerusalemo (1099) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sieĝo de Jerusalemo (1099)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemgo_setioa_(1099)" title="Jerusalemgo setioa (1099) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jerusalemgo setioa (1099)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_(%DB%B1%DB%B0%DB%B9%DB%B9)" title="محاصره اورشلیم (۱۰۹۹) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محاصره اورشلیم (۱۰۹۹)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_(1099)" title="Siège de Jérusalem (1099) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Jérusalem (1099)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EB%A3%A8%EC%82%B4%EB%A0%98_%EA%B3%B5%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%84_(1099%EB%85%84)" title="예루살렘 공방전 (1099년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예루살렘 공방전 (1099년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(1099)" title="Երուսաղեմի պաշարում (1099) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երուսաղեմի պաշարում (1099)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Yerusalem_(1099)" title="Pengepungan Yerusalem (1099) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Yerusalem (1099)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Gerusalemme_(1099)" title="Assedio di Gerusalemme (1099) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Gerusalemme (1099)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_(1099)" title="המצור על ירושלים (1099) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המצור על ירושלים (1099)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90_(1099)" title="იერუსალიმის ალყა (1099) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იერუსალიმის ალყა (1099)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeruzs%C3%A1lem_ostroma_(1099)" title="Jeruzsálem ostroma (1099) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jeruzsálem ostroma (1099)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC_(1099)" title="Опсада на Ерусалим (1099) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Опсада на Ерусалим (1099)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Baitulmaqdis_(1099_M)" title="Pengepungan Baitulmaqdis (1099 M) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengepungan Baitulmaqdis (1099 M)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleg_van_Jeruzalem_(1099)" title="Beleg van Jeruzalem (1099) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beleg van Jeruzalem (1099)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A0%E6%94%BB%E5%9B%B2%E6%88%A6_(1099%E5%B9%B4)" title="エルサレム攻囲戦 (1099年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルサレム攻囲戦 (1099年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81-%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80_(1099)" title="Къудс-ГӀалин гуо лацар (1099) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къудс-ГӀалин гуо лацар (1099)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleiringen_av_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Beleiringen av Jerusalem (1099) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beleiringen av Jerusalem (1099)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdobycie_Jerozolimy_(1099)" title="Zdobycie Jerozolimy (1099) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zdobycie Jerozolimy (1099)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_de_Jerusal%C3%A9m_(1099)" title="Cerco de Jerusalém (1099) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco de Jerusalém (1099)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asediul_Ierusalimului_(1099)" title="Asediul Ierusalimului (1099) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asediul Ierusalimului (1099)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_(1099)" title="Осада Иерусалима (1099) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осада Иерусалима (1099)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%B8_(1099)" title="ජෙරුසලෙම වටලෑම (1099) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෙරුසලෙම වටලෑම (1099)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obliehanie_Jeruzalema_(1099)" title="Obliehanie Jeruzalema (1099) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obliehanie Jeruzalema (1099)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obleganje_Jeruzalema_(1099)" title="Obleganje Jeruzalema (1099) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obleganje Jeruzalema (1099)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_(1099)" title="Опсада Јерусалима (1099) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опсада Јерусалима (1099)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsada_Jerusalima_(1099)" title="Opsada Jerusalima (1099) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opsada Jerusalima (1099)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemin_piiritys_(1099)" title="Jerusalemin piiritys (1099) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jerusalemin piiritys (1099)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A4gringen_av_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Belägringen av Jerusalem (1099) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Belägringen av Jerusalem (1099)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_(1099)" title="எருசலேம் முற்றுகை (1099) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எருசலேம் முற்றுகை (1099)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kud%C3%BCs_Ku%C5%9Fatmas%C4%B1_(1099)" title="Kudüs Kuşatması (1099) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kudüs Kuşatması (1099)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%84%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_(1099)" title="Облога Єрусалима (1099) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Облога Єрусалима (1099)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_v%C3%A2y_h%C3%A3m_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Cuộc vây hãm Jerusalem (1099) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc vây hãm Jerusalem (1099)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7%E5%9B%B4%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%98%EF%BC%881099%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89" title="耶路撒冷围城战（1099年） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="耶路撒冷围城战（1099年）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7%E5%9B%B4%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%98_(1099%E5%B9%B4)" title="耶路撒冷围城战 (1099年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耶路撒冷围城战 (1099年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q456993#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&params=31_46_44_N_35_13_32_E_region:IL-JM_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°46′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°13′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.77889°N 35.22556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.77889; 35.22556</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian conquest of the First Crusade</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other sieges laid upon the city of Jerusalem in history, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Siege of Jerusalem (disambiguation)">Siege of Jerusalem</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Jerusalem (1099)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taking_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Crusaders,_15th_July_1099.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Taking_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Crusaders%2C_15th_July_1099.jpg/300px-Taking_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Crusaders%2C_15th_July_1099.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Taking_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Crusaders%2C_15th_July_1099.jpg/450px-Taking_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Crusaders%2C_15th_July_1099.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Taking_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Crusaders%2C_15th_July_1099.jpg/600px-Taking_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Crusaders%2C_15th_July_1099.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2287" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span><br /><i>Taking of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, 15th July 1099</i><br />painting by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Signol" title="Émile Signol">Émile Signol</a> (1847), <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>7 June 1099 – 15 July 1099</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&params=31_46_44_N_35_13_32_E_region:IL-JM_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°46′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°13′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.77889°N 35.22556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.77889; 35.22556</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Crusader victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Founding of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Christian_forces_of_the_First_Crusade" title="Christian forces of the First Crusade">Crusaders</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse">Raymond IV of Toulouse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert II of Normandy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Robert II, Count of Flanders">Robert II of Flanders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_III,_Count_of_Boulogne" title="Eustace III, Count of Boulogne">Eustace III of Boulogne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tancred,_Prince_of_Galilee" title="Tancred, Prince of Galilee">Tancred of Galilee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_IV,_Viscount_of_B%C3%A9arn" title="Gaston IV, Viscount of Béarn">Gaston IV of Béarn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Berenguer_Ramon_II,_Count_of_Barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenguer Ramon II, Count of Barcelona">Berenguer Ramon II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Embriaco" title="Guglielmo Embriaco">Guglielmo Embriaco</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_al-Dawla" title="Iftikhar al-Dawla">Iftikhar ad-Dawla</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 12,200–13,300 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div><ul><li>11,000–12,000 infantry</li><li>1,200–1,300 knights</li><li>2 <a href="/wiki/Siege_towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege towers">siege towers</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">battering ram</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Catapults" class="mw-redirect" title="Catapults">catapults</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Total unknown<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div><ul><li>Sizeable garrison of infantry and archers<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>400 cavalry<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>14 catapults<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~3,000 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Entire garrison killed<hr />3,000–70,000 Muslims and Jews massacred<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Jerusalem is located in Mediterranean"><img alt="Jerusalem is located in Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/300px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/450px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/600px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="862" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.374%;left:85.304%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jerusalem"><img alt="Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Jerusalem</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png" title="File:Relief Map of Mediterranean Sea.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Site of the siege relative to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Crusades_Battles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Crusades Battles"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crusades:_battles_in_the_Levant_(1096–1303)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>: battles in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (1096–1303)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Xerigordos" title="Siege of Xerigordos">Xerigordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Civetot" title="Battle of Civetot">Civetot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea" title="Siege of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dorylaeum_(1097)" title="Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)">1st Dorylaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch" title="Siege of Antioch">1st Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Samosata" title="Expedition to Samosata">Samosata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antioch_(1098)" title="Battle of Antioch (1098)">2nd Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ma%27arra" title="Siege of Ma'arra">Ma'arra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_from_Antioch_to_Jerusalem_during_the_First_Crusade" title="March from Antioch to Jerusalem during the First Crusade">Arqa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ascalon" title="Battle of Ascalon">1st Ascalon</a></li></ul> <p><b>Period post-First Crusade</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_siege_of_Arsuf" title="First siege of Arsuf">Arsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Melitene" title="Battle of Melitene">Melitene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mersivan" title="Battle of Mersivan">Mersivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1101#The_Nivernois" title="Crusade of 1101">1st Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1101#The_French_and_Bavarians" title="Crusade of 1101">2nd Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramla_(1101)" title="Battle of Ramla (1101)">1st Ramla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramla_(1102)" title="Battle of Ramla (1102)">2nd Ramla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli" title="Siege of Tripoli">1st Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1103)" title="Siege of Acre (1103)">1st Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1104)" title="Siege of Acre (1104)">2nd Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harran" title="Battle of Harran">Harran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramla_(1105)" title="Battle of Ramla (1105)">3rd Ramla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artah" title="Battle of Artah">Artah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Beirut_(1110)" title="Siege of Beirut (1110)">Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sidon" title="Siege of Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(1111%E2%80%931112)" title="Siege of Tyre (1111–1112)">1st Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaizar" title="Battle of Shaizar">1st Shaizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Sannabra" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Al-Sannabra">Al-Sannabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarmin" title="Battle of Sarmin">Sarmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ager_Sanguinis" title="Battle of Ager Sanguinis">Ager Sanguinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hab" title="Battle of Hab">Hab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Crusade" title="Venetian Crusade">Jaffa and 2nd Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yibneh" title="Battle of Yibneh">Yibneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1124)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1124)">1st Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(1125)" title="Battle of Azaz (1125)">Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_al-Saffar_(1126)" title="Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1126)">Marj al-Saffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Atharib_(1130)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Atharib (1130)">al-Atharib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafaniyya" title="Battle of Rafaniyya">Rafaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zengid_campaign_against_Antioch" title="Zengid campaign against Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qinnasrin" title="Battle of Qinnasrin">Qinnasrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ba%27rin" title="Battle of Ba'rin">Ba'rin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1138)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1138)">2nd Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shaizar" title="Siege of Shaizar">2nd Shaizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1144)" title="Siege of Edessa (1144)">Edessa 1144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1146)" title="Siege of Edessa (1146)">Edessa 1146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(1147)" title="Battle of Bosra (1147)">Bosra</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Constantinople_(1147)" title="Battle of Constantinople (1147)">1st Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dorylaeum_(1147)" title="Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)">2nd Dorylaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ephesus_(1147)" title="Battle of Ephesus (1147)">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Meander" title="Battle of the Meander">Meander Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Cadmus" title="Battle of Mount Cadmus">Mount Cadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1148)" title="Siege of Damascus (1148)">Damascus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Period post-Second Crusade</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inab" title="Battle of Inab">Inab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aintab" title="Battle of Aintab">Aintab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon" title="Siege of Ascalon">2nd Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Huleh_(1157)" title="Battle of Lake Huleh (1157)">Lake Huleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Butaiha" title="Battle of Butaiha">Butaiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Buqaia" title="Battle of al-Buqaia">al-Buqaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harim" title="Battle of Harim">Harim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bilbeis" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bilbeis">1st Bilbeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Babein" title="Battle of al-Babein">al-Babein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(1167)" title="Siege of Alexandria (1167)">1st Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bilbeis" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Bilbeis">2nd Bilbeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1169)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Damietta (1169)">1st Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ayla" title="Siege of Ayla">Ayla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(1174)" title="Siege of Alexandria (1174)">2nd Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgisard" title="Battle of Montgisard">Montgisard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hama_(1178)" title="Battle of Hama (1178)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Banias" title="Battle of Banias">Banias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Ayyun" title="Battle of Marj Ayyun">Marj Ayyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jacob%27s_Ford" title="Siege of Jacob's Ford">Jacob's Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Acre_(1179)" title="Attack on Acre (1179)">3rd Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_raids_on_the_Red_Sea" title="Crusader raids on the Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belvoir_Castle" title="Battle of Belvoir Castle">1st Belvoir Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Fule" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Al-Fule">Al-Fule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kerak" title="Siege of Kerak">1st Kerak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cresson" title="Battle of Cresson">Cresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kerak_(1187%E2%80%931188)" title="Siege of Kerak (1187–1188)">2nd Kerak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Hattin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">2nd Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(1187)" title="Siege of Tyre (1187)">3rd Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belvoir_Castle" title="Siege of Belvoir Castle">2nd Belvoir Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Laodicea_(1188)" title="Siege of Laodicea (1188)">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sahyun_Castle" title="Siege of Sahyun Castle">Sahyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Al-Shughur" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Al-Shughur">Al-Shughur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bourzey_Castle" title="Siege of Bourzey Castle">Bourzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Safed_(1188)" title="Siege of Safed (1188)">Safed</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">4th Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philomelion_(1190)" title="Battle of Philomelion (1190)">Philomelion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iconium_(1190)" title="Battle of Iconium (1190)">Iconium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">1st Arsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1192)">1st Jaffa</a></li></ul> <p><b>Period post-Third Crusade</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1197)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1197)">2nd Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toron" title="Siege of Toron">Toron</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zara" title="Siege of Zara">Zara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1203)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1203)">2nd Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">3rd Constantinople</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mount_Tabor" title="Siege of Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Machghara" title="Battle of Machghara">Machghara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1218%E2%80%931219)" title="Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)">2nd Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fariskur_(1219)" title="Battle of Fariskur (1219)">1st Fariskur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansurah_(1221)" title="Battle of Mansurah (1221)">1st Mansurah</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">Sixth Crusade</a> and aftermath</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Gaza_(1239)" title="Battle at Gaza (1239)">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1244)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1244)">3rd Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forbie" title="Battle of Forbie">Forbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon_(1247)" title="Siege of Ascalon (1247)">3rd Ascalon</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1249)" title="Siege of Damietta (1249)">3rd Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansurah_(1250)" title="Battle of Mansurah (1250)">2nd Mansurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fariskur_(1250)" title="Battle of Fariskur (1250)">2nd Fariskur</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Outremer" title="Fall of Outremer">End of the Crusader states in the Levant</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Arsuf" title="Fall of Arsuf">2nd Arsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Caesarea">Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Haifa_(1265)" title="Fall of Haifa (1265)">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Safed_(1266)" title="Siege of Safed (1266)">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(1268)" title="Siege of Antioch (1268)">2nd Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Crusade" title="Eighth Crusade">Eighth Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Fall of Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1271)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1271)">2nd Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Edward's Crusade">Lord Edward's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Homs" title="Second Battle of Homs">Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Margat" title="Siege of Margat">Margat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tripoli_(1289)" title="Fall of Tripoli (1289)">3rd Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">4th Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Ruad" title="Fall of Ruad">Ruad</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jerusalem" title="Category:Jerusalem">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/200px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/300px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/400px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1410" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">History</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Second Temple Period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 538 BCE–70 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 130–325 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Byzantine_period" title="Jerusalem during the Byzantine period">Byzantine</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 325–638 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Early_Muslim_period" title="History of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim period">Early Muslim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 638–1099</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1099–1187</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Jerusalem" title="Medieval Jerusalem">Late Medieval</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1187–1517</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Ottoman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1517–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Modern period <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_annexation_of_East_Jerusalem" title="Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem">Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem</a>)</li></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948-</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sieges</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Before Common Era</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem" title="Assyrian siege of Jerusalem">701 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">597 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">587 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">63 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(37_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)">37 BCE</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Common Era</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem" title="Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem">614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">637</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1099</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">1187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1244)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1244)">1244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1834)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1834)">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem" title="Battle for Jerusalem">1948</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Jerusalem" title="List of places in Jerusalem">Places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jerusalem" title="West Jerusalem">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogues_of_Jerusalem" title="Synagogues of Jerusalem">Synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Jerusalem" title="List of mosques in Jerusalem">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Biblical_Zoo" title="Jerusalem Biblical Zoo">Biblical Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Lazarus" title="Tomb of Lazarus">Tomb of Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_University" title="Al-Quds University">Al-Quds University</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Jerusalem" title="List of people from Jerusalem">People</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Jerusalem" title="Demographic history of Jerusalem">Demographic history</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Jerusalem" title="Mayor of Jerusalem">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Jerusalem" title="Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem">Chief Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">Crusader kings</a></li></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Political status</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_significance_of_Jerusalem" title="Religious significance of Jerusalem">Religious significance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Law" title="Jerusalem Law">Jerusalem Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quds_Day" title="Quds Day">Quds Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization_of_Jerusalem" title="Judaization of Jerusalem">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Jerusalem" title="Islamization of Jerusalem">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel">US recognition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Jerusalem" title="Names of Jerusalem">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Jerusalem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Municipality" title="Jerusalem Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Jerusalem" title="Greater Jerusalem">Greater Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Jerusalem" title="Cuisine of Jerusalem">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Line_(Jerusalem)" title="City Line (Jerusalem)">City Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jerusalem" title="Transport in Jerusalem">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Jerusalem" title="List of songs about Jerusalem">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Jerusalem" title="Cartography of Jerusalem">Historical maps</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Template:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>siege of Jerusalem</b> marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, whose objective was Christian control of the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and removing the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> from Islamic control. The five-week siege began on 7 June 1099 and was carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_forces_of_the_First_Crusade" title="Christian forces of the First Crusade">Christian forces</a> of Western Europe mobilized by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Clermont" title="Council of Clermont">Council of Clermont</a> in 1095. The city had been governed for a century first by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> and later by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a>. A number of eyewitness accounts of the battle were recorded, including in the anonymous chronicle <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Francorum" title="Gesta Francorum">Gesta Francorum</a></i>. </p><p>After Jerusalem was captured on 15 July 1099, thousands to tens of thousands of Muslims and Jews were massacred by Crusader soldiers. As the Crusaders secured control over the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>, a place of Christian religious significance considered to be the site of the two destroyed <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Jewish Temples</a>, they also seized <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a>, both of Islamic religious significance, and repurposed them as Christian shrines. <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a>, prominent among the Crusader leadership, was elected as the first <a href="/wiki/Title_of_Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Title of Godfrey of Bouillon">ruler of Jerusalem</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Muslim conquest of the Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Piacenza" title="Council of Piacenza">Council of Piacenza</a> in 1095, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> received envoys from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I</a> asking <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Christians</a> for assistance in liberating large parts of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> who had conquered large parts of the region since 1070. The Seljuk <a href="/wiki/Atsiz_ibn_Uwaq" title="Atsiz ibn Uwaq">Atsiz ibn Uwaq</a> had conquered Jerusalem from the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Egyptian Fatimids</a> in 1073, making the pilgrimage to Jerusalem more difficult and suppressing a revolt of the city in 1077 in bloodbath.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responding to the call, Urban gave a sermon at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Clermont" title="Council of Clermont">Council of Clermont</a> in November 1095 which included a rousing call to arms for the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> and the return of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in Jerusalem to Christian hands.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His appeal marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Holy_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy war">holy war</a> for <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>, in which he guaranteed participants a place in heaven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusader_routes">Crusader routes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crusader routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the successful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch" title="Siege of Antioch">siege of Antioch</a> in June 1098, the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> remained in the area for the rest of the year. The <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> <a href="/wiki/Adhemar_of_Le_Puy" title="Adhemar of Le Puy">Adhemar of Le Puy</a> had died, and <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond I of Antioch">Bohemond of Taranto</a> had claimed <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> for himself. <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin of Boulogne</a> remained in <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a>, captured earlier in 1098. There was dissent among the princes over what to do next; <a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond IV of Toulouse">Raymond of Toulouse</a>, frustrated, left Antioch to capture the fortress at <a href="/wiki/Maarrat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarrat al-Nu'man">Maarrat al-Nu'man</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Maarat">siege of Maarat</a>. </p><p>By the end of the year, the minor knights and infantry were threatening to march to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a> without them. Eventually, on January 13, 1099, Raymond began the <a href="/wiki/March_from_Antioch_to_Jerusalem_during_the_First_Crusade" title="March from Antioch to Jerusalem during the First Crusade">march south, down the coast of the Mediterranean</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert of Normandy</a> and Bohemond's nephew <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_Prince_of_Galilee" title="Tancred, Prince of Galilee">Tancred</a>, who agreed to become his vassals. On their way, <a href="/wiki/March_from_Antioch_to_Jerusalem_during_the_First_Crusade" title="March from Antioch to Jerusalem during the First Crusade">the Crusaders besieged Arqa</a> but failed to capture it and abandoned the siege on May 13. The Fatimids had attempted to make peace on the condition that the Crusaders did not continue towards Jerusalem. This was ignored. <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_al-Dawla" title="Iftikhar al-Dawla">Iftikhar al-Dawla</a>, the Fatimid governor of Jerusalem, was aware of the Crusaders' intentions, and he expelled Jerusalem's Christian inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The further march towards Jerusalem met no resistance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Offensive">Offensive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatimid_preparations">Fatimid preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fatimid preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fatimid governor <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_al-Dawla" title="Iftikhar al-Dawla">Iftikhar al-Dawla</a> prepared the city for the siege after he heard about the arrival of the Crusaders. He prepared an elite troop of 400 Egyptian cavalrymen and expelled all <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Christians</a> from the city for fear of being betrayed by them (in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch" title="Siege of Antioch">siege of Antioch</a>, an Armenian man, Firouz, had helped Crusaders enter the city by opening the gates). To make the situation worse for the Crusaders, ad-Daula poisoned all the water wells in the surrounding area, and cut down all trees outside Jerusalem. On June 7, 1099, the Crusaders reached the outer fortifications of Jerusalem, which had been recaptured from the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Egyptian Fatimids</a> only the year before. The city was guarded by a defensive wall stretching four kilometers long, which was three meters thick and fifteen meters high. There were five major gates each guarded by a pair of towers.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crusaders divided themselves into two large groups: <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_II,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Robert II, Count of Flanders">Robert of Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_Prince_of_Galilee" title="Tancred, Prince of Galilee">Tancred</a> planned to besiege from north, while <a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse">Raymond of Toulouse</a> positioned his forces to the south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual-front_siege">Dual-front siege</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dual-front siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm/220px--Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="3532" data-mwtitle="Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_(Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_(Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm/Gesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGesta_Francorum_-_Liber_X_%28Capture_of_Jerusalem_and_Battle_of_Ascalon%29.webm&lang=la&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="la" label="Latina ‪(la)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Reading of the contemporary source <i>Gesta Francorum - Liber X</i> detailing the capture of Jerusalem and Battle of Ascalon from the Crusader's perspective, in Latin with English subtitles</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1099_Siege_of_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/1099_Siege_of_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-1099_Siege_of_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/1099_Siege_of_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-1099_Siege_of_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/1099_Siege_of_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-1099_Siege_of_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>13th-century <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature</a> depicting the siege</figcaption></figure> <p>The Fatimids now had to be prepared to fight on two fronts. After taking their positions, the Crusaders launched their first attack on June 13; the main problem was that they had no access to wood for the construction of siege equipment, because all the trees had been cut down. However, Tancred had a vision of finding a stack of wood hidden in a cave, and they used it to make a ladder. A knight named Rainbold scaled the ladder to gain a foothold on the wall but was unsuccessful. Since that assault was a failure, the Crusaders retreated and did not make any attempt until they got their tools and equipment. The Crusaders faced many more difficulties such as the lack of water, the scorching summer heat of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, and the shortage of food. By the end of June, word came that a Fatimid army was marching north from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The mounting pressure forced the Crusaders to act quickly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_assault">Final assault</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Final assault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 June 1099, the Crusaders heard about the arrival of English and <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> ships at the port of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>. The English and Genoese sailors had brought all the necessary material with them for the construction of the siege equipment. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert of Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_II,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Robert II, Count of Flanders">Robert of Flanders</a> procured timber from the nearby forests. Under the command of <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Embriaco" title="Guglielmo Embriaco">Guglielmo Embriaco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaston_IV,_Viscount_of_B%C3%A9arn" title="Gaston IV, Viscount of Béarn">Gaston of Béarn</a>, the Crusaders began the construction of their siege weapons. They constructed the finest siege equipment of the 11th century in almost three weeks. This included: two massive wheel-mounted <a href="/wiki/Siege_tower" title="Siege tower">siege towers</a>, a battering ram with an iron-clad head, and numerous scaling ladders and a series of portable <a href="/wiki/Wattle_(construction)" title="Wattle (construction)">wattle</a> screens; now they were ready to attack<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fatimids kept an eye on the preparation by the Franks and they set up their <a href="/wiki/Mangonel" title="Mangonel">mangonels</a> on the wall in the firing range once an assault began. </p><p>On 14 July 1099, the Crusaders launched their attack. Godfrey and his allies were positioned towards the Northern wall of Jerusalem, and their priority was to break through the outer curtain of the walls of the city. By the end of the day they penetrated the first line of defense. On the South Raymond of Toulouse's forces were met with ferocious resistance by the Fatimids. On 15 July the assault recommenced in the Northern front; Godfrey and his allies gained success and the Crusader <a href="/wiki/Ludolf_of_Tournai" title="Ludolf of Tournai">Ludolf of Tournai</a> was the first to mount the wall. The Franks quickly gained a foothold on the wall, and as the city's defenses collapsed, waves of panic shook the Fatimids. </p><p>In the southwest area the <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provencals</a> managed to storm the city walls, which later led to the Crusaders calling the gate they built in this area <a href="/wiki/Beaucaire,_Gard" title="Beaucaire, Gard">Beaucaire</a> Gate.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusaders_enter_Jerusalem">Crusaders enter Jerusalem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crusaders enter Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 July 1099, the crusaders made their way into the city through the tower of David and began massacring large numbers of the inhabitants, Muslims and Jews alike. The Fatimid governor of the city, <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_al-Dawla" title="Iftikhar al-Dawla">Iftikhar Ad-Daulah</a>, managed to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to eyewitness accounts the streets of Jerusalem were filled with blood. How many people were killed is a matter of debate, with the figure of 70,000 given by the Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a> (writing c.1200) considered to be a significant exaggeration; 40,000 is plausible, given the city's population had been swollen by refugees fleeing the advance of the crusading army.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massacre">Massacre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aftermath of the siege led to the mass slaughter of thousands of Muslims and Jews, which contemporaneous sources suggest was savage and widespread, and to the conversion of Muslim holy sites on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> into Christian shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atrocities committed against the inhabitants of cities taken by storm after a siege were normal in ancient<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and medieval warfare by both Christians and Muslims. The crusaders had already done so <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch" title="Siege of Antioch">at Antioch</a>, and Fatimids had done so themselves at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(962)" title="Siege of Taormina (962)">Taormina</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rometta" title="Siege of Rometta">Rometta</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Tyre_(996%E2%80%93998)" title="Revolt of Tyre (996–998)">Tyre</a>. However, it is speculated that the massacre of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, both Muslims and Jews, may have exceeded even these standards.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muslims">Muslims</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Muslims sought shelter in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">al-Aqsa Mosque</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a>, both located on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>. According to the <i>Gesta Francorum</i>, speaking only of the Temple Mount area, "...[our men] were killing and slaying even to the Temple of Solomon, where the slaughter was so great that our men waded in blood up to their ankles..." Raymond of Aguilers also wrote about the Temple Mount area: "In the Temple and porch of Solomon men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle reins." Writing about the Temple Mount area, Fulcher of Chartres, who was not an eyewitness to the Jerusalem siege because he had stayed with <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> at the time, says: "In this temple 10,000 were killed. Indeed, if you had been there you would have seen our feet coloured to our ankles with the blood of the slain. But what more shall I relate? None of them were left alive; neither women nor children were spared."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eyewitness <i>Gesta Francorum</i> states that some people were spared. Its anonymous author wrote, "When the pagans had been overcome, our men seized great numbers, both men and women, either killing them or keeping them captive, as they wished."<sup id="cite_ref-fordham.edu_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordham.edu-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the same source writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Our leaders] also ordered all the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> dead to be cast outside because of the great stench, since the whole city was filled with their corpses; and so the living Saracens dragged the dead before the exits of the gates and arranged them in heaps, as if they were houses. No one ever saw or heard of such slaughter of pagan people, for funeral pyres were formed from them like pyramids, and no one knows their number except God alone. But Raymond caused the Emir and the others who were with him to be conducted to Ascalon, whole and unhurt."<sup id="cite_ref-fordham.edu_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordham.edu-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another eyewitness source, Raymond of Aguilers, reports that some Muslims survived. After recounting the slaughter on the Temple Mount, he reports of some who "took refuge in the Tower of David, and, petitioning Count Raymond for protection, surrendered the Tower into his hands."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Muslims left with the Fatimid governor for Ascalon.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A version of this tradition is also known to the later Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir" title="Ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a> (10, 193–95), who recounts that after the city was taken and pillaged, "A band of Muslims barricaded themselves into the Oratory of David (Mihrab Dawud) and fought on for several days. They were granted their lives in return for surrendering. The Franks honored their word and the group left by night for Ascalon."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> letter also refers to some Jewish residents who left with the Fatimid governor.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tancred claimed the Temple quarter for himself and offered protection to some of the Muslims there, but he was unable to prevent their deaths at the hands of his fellow crusaders. Additionally, the crusaders claimed the Muslim holy sites of the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa mosque as important Christian sites. They renamed them <i>Templum Domini</i> and <i>Templum Salomonis</i>, respectively. In 1141, the <i>Templum Domini</i> would be consecrated and the <i>Templum Solomonis</i> would become the headquarters for the Knights Templar.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Aix" title="Albert of Aix">Albert of Aachen</a>, who was not present but wrote using independent interviews conducted with survivors back in Europe, wrote that even beyond the first round of slaughter that accompanied the fall of Jerusalem, there was another round, "On the third day after the victory, judgement was pronounced by the leaders and everyone seized weapons and surged forth for a wretched massacre of all the crowd of gentiles which was still left... whom they had previously spared for the sake of money and human pity".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number killed is not specified, nor is this massacre related in any other contemporary sources. </p><p>Although the crusaders killed many of the Muslim and Jewish residents, eyewitness accounts (<i>Gesta Francorum</i>, Raymond of Aguilers, and the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> documents) demonstrate that some Muslim and Jewish residents were allowed to live, as long as they left Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jews">Jews</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">History of the Jews and the Crusades</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jerusalem_map.jpg/220px-Jerusalem_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jerusalem_map.jpg/330px-Jerusalem_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Jerusalem_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>map of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Jews had fought side-by-side with Muslim soldiers to defend the city, and as the crusaders breached the outer walls, the Jews of the city retreated to their synagogue to "prepare for death".<sup id="cite_ref-hoover_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Muslim chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi" title="Ibn al-Qalanisi">Ibn al-Qalanisi</a>, "The Jews assembled in their synagogue, and the Franks burned it over their heads."<sup id="cite_ref-gibb_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibb-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A contemporary Jewish communication confirms the destruction of the synagogue, though it does not corroborate that any Jews were inside it when it was burned.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This letter was discovered among the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> collection in 1975 by historian <a href="/wiki/Shelomo_Dov_Goitein" title="Shelomo Dov Goitein">Shelomo Dov Goitein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kedar63_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kedar63-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians believe that it was written just two weeks after the siege, making it "the earliest account on the conquest in any language."<sup id="cite_ref-kedar63_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kedar63-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_the_Karaite_elders_of_Ascalon" title="Letter of the Karaite elders of Ascalon">letter of the Karaite elders of Ascalon</a> from the Cairo Geniza indicates that some prominent Jews held for ransom by the crusaders were freed when the Ascalon <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a> Jewish community paid the requested sums of money. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Christians">Eastern Christians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eastern Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No eyewitness source refers to crusaders killing Eastern Christians in Jerusalem, and early Eastern Christian sources (Matthew of Edessa, Anna Comnena, Michael the Syrian, etc.) make no such allegation about the crusaders in Jerusalem. According to the Syriac Chronicle, all the Christians had already been expelled from Jerusalem before the crusaders arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presumably this would have been done by the Fatimid governor to prevent their possible collusion with the crusaders.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Francorum" title="Gesta Francorum">Gesta Francorum</a></i> claims that on Wednesday, August 9, two and a half weeks after the siege, Peter the Hermit encouraged all the "Greek and Latin priests and clerics" to make a thanksgiving procession to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This indicates that some Eastern Christian clergy remained in or near Jerusalem during the siege. In November 1100, when Fulcher of Chartres personally accompanied Baldwin on a visit to Jerusalem, they were greeted by both Greek and Syrian clerics and laity (Book II, 3), indicating an Eastern Christian presence in the city a year later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_of_the_Latin_Kingdom">Founding of the Latin Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Founding of the Latin Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_dore_crusades_the_discovery_of_the_true_cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gustave_dore_crusades_the_discovery_of_the_true_cross.jpg/220px-Gustave_dore_crusades_the_discovery_of_the_true_cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gustave_dore_crusades_the_discovery_of_the_true_cross.jpg/330px-Gustave_dore_crusades_the_discovery_of_the_true_cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gustave_dore_crusades_the_discovery_of_the_true_cross.jpg/440px-Gustave_dore_crusades_the_discovery_of_the_true_cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption>"The Discovery of the True Cross" (<a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 July, a council was held to discuss who would be crowned the king of Jerusalem. On 22 July, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a>, who had played the most fundamental role in the city's conquest, was made <i><a href="/wiki/Title_of_Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Title of Godfrey of Bouillon">Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri</a></i> ("advocate" or "defender" of the Holy Sepulchre). He would not accept the title of king, saying that he refused to wear a crown of gold in the city where Christ wore a <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">crown of thorns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raymond had refused any title at all, and Godfrey convinced him to give up the Tower of David as well. Raymond then went on a pilgrimage, and in his absence <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Chocques" title="Arnulf of Chocques">Arnulf of Chocques</a>, whom Raymond had opposed due to his own support for <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bartholomew" title="Peter Bartholomew">Peter Bartholomew</a>, was elected the first <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarch</a> on August 1 (the claims of the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Greek Patriarch</a> were ignored). On August 5, Arnulf, after consulting the surviving inhabitants of the city, discovered the relic of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>. </p><p>On August 12, Godfrey led an army, with the True Cross carried in the vanguard, against the Fatimid army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ascalon" title="Battle of Ascalon">Battle of Ascalon</a> of 1099. The crusaders were successful, but following the victory, the majority of them considered their crusading vows to have been fulfilled, and all but a few hundred knights returned home. Nevertheless, their victory paved the way for the establishment of the crusader <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. </p><p>The siege quickly became legendary and in the 12th century it was the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_J%C3%A9rusalem" title="Chanson de Jérusalem">Chanson de Jérusalem</a>, a major <i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chanson de geste</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_cycle" title="Crusade cycle">Crusade cycle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first crusaders succeeded in their endeavor. <a href="/wiki/Urban_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban II">Urban II</a> had ignited the flame of holy war in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Clermont" title="Council of Clermont">Council of Clermont</a>. Many other crusades were launched through time for various reasons and motives. Jerusalem remained in Christian hands for almost a century until the crusaders were defeated by <a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">Saladin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a> in 1187, and three months later, the last defenders were expelled from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquest of Jerusalem in the First Crusade has continued to reverberate through time and has ever since shaped relations among the different faith traditions of the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrance1994">France 1994</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsbridge2004">Asbridge 2004</a>, p. 308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrance1994">France 1994</a>, pp. 346–350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrance1994">France 1994</a>, p. 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsbridge2004">Asbridge 2004</a>, p. 300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubenstein2011">Rubenstein 2011</a>, p. 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrance1994">France 1994</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The massacre at the sack of Jerusalem has become a commonplace motive in popular depictions, however the exact historical events are difficult to reconstruct with any certainty. Arab sources give figures of between 3,000 and 70,000 casualties (in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a>, respectively). The latter figure is rejected as unrealistic as it is very unlikely that the city at the time had a total population of this order; medieval chroniclers tend to substantially exaggerate both troop strength and casualty figures; they cannot be taken at face value naively, and it is less than straightforward to arrive at realistic estimates based on them. For a further study of the Arab accounts see Hirschler, Konrad (2014). The Jerusalem Conquest of 492/1099 in the Medieval Arabic Historiography of the Crusades: From Regional Plurality to Islamic Narrative.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cline, Eric H.(2007) [2004]. <i>Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel</i>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 159–160. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03120-7">978-0-472-03120-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen,_S._J.2017" class="citation book cs1">Allen, S. J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/983482121"><i>An introduction to the crusades</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0023-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0023-2"><bdi>978-1-4426-0023-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/983482121">983482121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+crusades&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F983482121&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0023-2&rft.au=Allen%2C+S.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F983482121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas F. Madden, <i>The New Concise History of the Crusades</i> at 33 (Rowman & Littlefield Pub., Inc., 2005). The Syriac Chronicle to 1234 is one source claiming that Christians were expelled from Jerusalem before the Crusaders' arrival. (<a href="#CITEREFTrittonGibb1933">Tritton & Gibb 1933</a>, p. 273) Presumably, this was done to prevent their collusion with the Crusaders.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsbridge,_Thomas_S.2005" class="citation book cs1">Asbridge, Thomas S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1089166882"><i>The first crusade : a new history : the roots of conflict between Christianity and Islam</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518905-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518905-6"><bdi>978-0-19-518905-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089166882">1089166882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+crusade+%3A+a+new+history+%3A+the+roots+of+conflict+between+Christianity+and+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1089166882&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518905-6&rft.au=Asbridge%2C+Thomas+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1089166882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eisenstadt, David (March 1997).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_9.html">Jerusalem in the Crusader Period</a>. Accessed 12 May 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsbridge,_Thomas_S.2005" class="citation book cs1">Asbridge, Thomas S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1089166882"><i>The First Crusade : a new history : the roots of conflict between Christianity and Islam</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518905-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518905-6"><bdi>978-0-19-518905-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089166882">1089166882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Crusade+%3A+a+new+history+%3A+the+roots+of+conflict+between+Christianity+and+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1089166882&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518905-6&rft.au=Asbridge%2C+Thomas+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1089166882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostick,_Conor2009" class="citation book cs1">Kostick, Conor (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/973781366"><i>The Siege of Jerusalem</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-725231-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-725231-9"><bdi>978-1-84-725231-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/973781366">973781366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973781366&rft.isbn=978-1-84-725231-9&rft.au=Kostick%2C+Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F973781366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrey1921" class="citation book cs1">Krey, August. C. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/cde-jlem.asp#raymond3"><i>The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants</i></a>. Princeton Univ. pp. 257–62<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2019</span>. <q>But these were small matters compared to what happened at the Temple of Solomon, a place where religious services are ordinarily chanted. What happened there? If I tell the truth, it will exceed your powers of belief. So let it suffice to say this much, at least, that in the Temple and porch of Solomon, men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle reins. [quoting eyewitness Raymond d'Aguiliers]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Crusade%3A+The+Accounts+of+Eyewitnesses+and+Participants&rft.pages=257-62&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Krey&rft.aufirst=August.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fsource%2Fcde-jlem.asp%23raymond3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrey1921" class="citation book cs1">Krey, August. C. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/gesta-cde.asp#jerusalem2"><i>The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants</i></a>. Princeton Univ. pp. 256–57<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2019</span>. <q>One of our knights, named Lethold, clambered up the wall of the city, and no sooner had he ascended than the defenders fled from the walls and through the city. Our men followed, killing and slaying even to the Temple of Solomon, where the slaughter was so great that our men waded in blood up to their ankles...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Crusade%3A+The+Accounts+of+Eyewitnesses+and+Participants&rft.pages=256-57&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Krey&rft.aufirst=August.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fsource%2Fgesta-cde.asp%23jerusalem2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschler2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hirschler, Konrad (2014). "The Jerusalem Conquest of 492/1099 in the Medieval Arabic Historiography of the Crusades: From Regional Plurality to Islamic Narrative". <i>Crusades13</i>: 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crusades13&rft.atitle=The+Jerusalem+Conquest+of+492%2F1099+in+the+Medieval+Arabic+Historiography+of+the+Crusades%3A+From+Regional+Plurality+to+Islamic+Narrative&rft.pages=74&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Hirschler&rft.aufirst=Konrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury1992" class="citation book cs1">Bradbury, Jim (1992). <i>The Medieval Siege</i> (New ed.). Woodbridge: The Boydell. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851153577" title="Special:BookSources/0851153577"><bdi>0851153577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Siege&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=296&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=The+Boydell&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0851153577&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2012" class="citation book cs1">Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780307280503/page/222"><i>Jerusalem : the Biography</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307280503" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307280503"><bdi>978-0307280503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+%3A+the+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0307280503&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon+Sebag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780307280503%2Fpage%2F222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulk_(or_Fulcher)_of_Chartres,_"Gesta_Francorum_Jerusalem_Expugnantium_[The_Deeds_of_the_Franks_Who_Attacked_Jerusalem]"1912" class="citation book cs1">Fulk (or Fulcher) of Chartres, "Gesta Francorum Jerusalem Expugnantium [The Deeds of the Franks Who Attacked Jerusalem]", republished (1912). Krey, August C.; Duncan, Frederick (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-jlem.html#fulcher1"><i>Parallel Source Problems in Medieval History</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 109–115<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parallel+Source+Problems+in+Medieval+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=109-115&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Fulk+%28or+Fulcher%29+of+Chartres%2C+%22Gesta+Francorum+Jerusalem+Expugnantium+%5BThe+Deeds+of+the+Franks+Who+Attacked+Jerusalem%5D%22&rft.aufirst=republished&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fsource%2Fcde-jlem.html%23fulcher1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fordham.edu-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fordham.edu_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fordham.edu_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/gesta-cde.asp">"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"</a>. <i>sourcebooks.fordham.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sourcebooks.fordham.edu&rft.atitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fsource%2Fgesta-cde.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/raymond-cde.asp">"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"</a>. <i>sourcebooks.fordham.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sourcebooks.fordham.edu&rft.atitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fsource%2Fraymond-cde.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://san.beck.org/AB18-Crusaders.html">"Crusaders, Greeks, and Muslims by Sanderson Beck"</a>. <i>san.beck.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=san.beck.org&rft.atitle=Crusaders%2C+Greeks%2C+and+Muslims+by+Sanderson+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsan.beck.org%2FAB18-Crusaders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrieli1984" class="citation book cs1">Gabrieli, Francesco (1984) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JU0eSxDCOmIC&pg=PA11">"From Godefry to Saladin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabhistoriansof00gabr/page/11"><i>Arab Historians of the Crusades</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05224-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05224-2"><bdi>0-520-05224-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Godefry+to+Saladin&rft.btitle=Arab+Historians+of+the+Crusades&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-520-05224-2&rft.aulast=Gabrieli&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJU0eSxDCOmIC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1998" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=azwfTqidCLYC&pg=PA265"><i>The First Crusade</i></a> (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1656-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1656-3"><bdi>0-8122-1656-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Crusade&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=265&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8122-1656-3&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DazwfTqidCLYC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiebfried2013" class="citation journal cs1">Giebfried, John (2013). "The Crusader Rebranding of Jerusalem's Temple Mount". <i>Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies</i>. <b>44</b>: 77–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcjm.2013.0036">10.1353/cjm.2013.0036</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162282953">162282953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comitatus%3A+A+Journal+of+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Crusader+Rebranding+of+Jerusalem%27s+Temple+Mount&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=77-94&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcjm.2013.0036&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162282953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Giebfried&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Aachen2013" class="citation book cs1">of Aachen, Albert (2013). <i>History of the Journey to Jerusalem</i>. Translated by Edgington, Susan. Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409466529" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409466529"><bdi>978-1409466529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Journey+to+Jerusalem&rft.place=Surrey%2C+UK&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1409466529&rft.aulast=of+Aachen&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Thomas F. Madden, <i>New Concise History</i> at 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir,_Ramsay1959" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Ramsay (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/41696665"><i>Muir's historical atlas : mediæval & modern</i></a>. G. Philip. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41696665">41696665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muir%27s+historical+atlas+%3A+medi%C3%A6val+%26+modern&rft.pub=G.+Philip&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41696665&rft.au=Muir%2C+Ramsay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F41696665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoover-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoover_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University" title="Saint Louis University">Saint Louis University</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Madden" title="Thomas F. Madden">Thomas F. Madden</a>, author of <i>A Concise History of the Crusades</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031040612/http://www.hoover.org/publications/uk/2994821.html">CROSS PURPOSES: The Crusades</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institute">Hoover Institute</a> television show, 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibb-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gibb_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R</a>. <i>The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi</i>. Dover Publications, 2003 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486425193" title="Special:BookSources/0486425193">0486425193</a>), p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Z._Kedar" title="Benjamin Z. Kedar">Kedar, Benjamin Z</a>. "The Jerusalem Massacre of July 1099 in the Western Historiography of the Crusades." The Crusades. Vol. 3 (2004) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/075464099X" title="Special:BookSources/075464099X">075464099X</a>), pp. 15–76, p. 64. Edward Peters, ed. The First Crusade. 2nd ed. University of Pennsylvania, 1998, p. 264–272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kedar63-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kedar63_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kedar63_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kedar: p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrittonGibb1933" class="citation journal cs1">Tritton, A. S.; <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a> (1933). "The First and Second Crusades from an Anonymous Syriac Chronicle". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></i>. <b>65</b> (2): 273–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00074839">10.1017/S0035869X00074839</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250347065">250347065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+First+and+Second+Crusades+from+an+Anonymous+Syriac+Chronicle&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=273-305&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00074839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250347065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tritton&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft.au=Gibb%2C+H.+A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas F. Madden. A Concise History of the Crusades, 1999, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gesta Francorum. Bk. 10.39, ed. R. Hill. London, 1962, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1980" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Bernard (1980). <i>The Latin Church in the Crusader States</i>. Variorum Publications. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Church+in+the+Crusader+States&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Variorum+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/19px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/30px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/39px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1033" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Portal:Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conor_Kostick" title="Conor Kostick">Conor Kostick</a>, <i>The Siege of Jerusalem</i>, London, 2009. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Rodney Stark, <i>God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades</i>, New York, 2009.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Hans E. Mayer, <i>The Crusades</i>, Oxford, 1965. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith" title="Jonathan Riley-Smith">Jonathan Riley-Smith</a>, <i>The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading</i>, Philadelphia, 1999. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Frederic Duncalf, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parallelsourcepr00dunciala"><i>Parallel source problems in medieval history</i></a>, New York, London : Harper & Brothers, 1912. via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. See Chapter III for background, sources and problems related to the siege of Jerusalem.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenstein2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rubenstein" title="Jay Rubenstein">Rubenstein, Jay</a> (2011). <i>Armies of heaven : the first crusade and the quest for apocalypse</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01929-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01929-8"><bdi>978-0-465-01929-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+heaven+%3A+the+first+crusade+and+the+quest+for+apocalypse&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01929-8&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance1994" class="citation book cs1">France, John (1994). <i>Victory in the East : a military history of the First Crusade</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521589871" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521589871"><bdi>978-0521589871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+in+the+East+%3A+a+military+history+of+the+First+Crusade&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0521589871&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sir Archibald Alison, <i>Essays, Political, Historical, and Miscellaneous – vol. II</i>, London, 1850.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-jlem.html">The Siege and Capture of Jerusalem: Collected Accounts</a> Primary sources from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymedren.about.com/library/prm/bl1cfc.htm">Climax of the First Crusade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051101135130/http://historymedren.about.com/library/prm/bl1cfc.htm">Archived</a> 2005-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Detailed examanination by J. Arthur McFall originally appeared in <i>Military History</i> magazine.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsbridge2004" class="citation book cs1">Asbridge, Thomas S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=61KQAAAAMAAJ"><i>The First Crusade: A New History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2084-2"><bdi>978-0-7432-2084-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Crusade%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2084-2&rft.aulast=Asbridge&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D61KQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsbridge2012" class="citation book cs1">Asbridge, Thomas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rK8nA9U0OE4C"><i>The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84983-770-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84983-770-5"><bdi>978-1-84983-770-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%3A+The+War+for+the+Holy+Land&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84983-770-5&rft.aulast=Asbridge&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrK8nA9U0OE4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Jerusalem+%281099%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>S.J. Allen, <i>An Introduction to The Crusades</i>, University of Toronto Press, 2017 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456993#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4532389-6">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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