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and the Romans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_the_Romans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dark_Ages_and_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dark_Ages_and_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dark Ages and Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dark_Ages_and_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Independence and monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_World_Wars_and_the_Great_Leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_World_Wars_and_the_Great_Leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The World Wars and the Great Leaders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_World_Wars_and_the_Great_Leaders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The World Wars and the Great Leaders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_World_Wars_and_the_Great_Leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greater_Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greater_Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Greater Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greater_Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Guard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Guard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Iron Guard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Guard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holocaust_in_Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holocaust_in_Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Holocaust in Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holocaust_in_Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>End of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania_and_communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania_and_communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Romania and communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania_and_communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1989_to_2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1989_to_2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>1989 to 2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1989_to_2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Romania</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تاريخ رومانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ رومانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Ruman%C3%ADa" title="Historia de Rumanía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Rumanía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Румыния тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Румыния тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Румыніі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Румыніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Румъния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Румъния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Romania" title="Història de Romania – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Romania" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Rumunska" title="Dějiny Rumunska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Rumunska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A6niens_historie" title="Rumæniens historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rumæniens historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Rum%C3%A4niens" title="Geschichte Rumäniens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Rumäniens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeenia_ajalugu" title="Rumeenia ajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rumeenia ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιστορία της Ρουμανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία της Ρουμανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="History of Romania" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Rumania" title="Historia de Rumania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Rumania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errumaniako_historia" title="Errumaniako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errumaniako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="تاریخ رومانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ رومانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Roumanie" title="Histoire de la Roumanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Roumanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Roman%C3%ADa" title="Historia de Romanía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia de Romanía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռումինիայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռումինիայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Rumunjske" title="Povijest Rumunjske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Rumunjske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Rumania" title="Historio di Rumania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Rumania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Romania" title="Sejarah Romania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Romania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_Romania" title="Storia della Romania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della Romania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="היסטוריה של רומניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של רומניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რუმინეთის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუმინეთის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Romania" title="Historia ya Romania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Romania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Romaniae" title="Historia Romaniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Romaniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C4%81nijas_v%C4%93sture" title="Rumānijas vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rumānijas vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunijos_istorija" title="Rumunijos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rumunijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1nia_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Románia történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Románia történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја на Романија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Романија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Geschiedenis van Roemenië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Roemenië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="ルーマニアの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーマニアの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanias_historie" title="Romanias historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romanias historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Rumunii" title="Historia Rumunii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Rumunii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Rom%C3%AAnia" title="História da Romênia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da Romênia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Rom%C3%A2niei" title="Istoria României – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria României" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История Румынии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Румынии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejiny_Rumunska" title="Dejiny Rumunska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dejiny Rumunska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Romunije" title="Zgodovina Romunije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Romunije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Историја Румуније – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Румуније" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_historia" title="Romanian historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Romanian historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C3%A4niens_historia" title="Rumäniens historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rumäniens historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanya_tarihi" title="Romanya tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Romanya tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkhang_Romaniya" title="Nkhang Romaniya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nkhang Romaniya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8538344">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Intro-missing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>has no lead section</b>, so one should be written.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Lead section">lead section guide</a> to make sure the introduction summarises the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory_and_the_Romans">Prehistory and the Romans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Prehistory and the Romans" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Prehistory and the Romans"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> remains found in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> were discovered in Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were about 42,000 years old. This may have been when the first <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> came to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's first and oldest <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> comes from people who lived in today's Romania. Approximately 5300 years BC. According to <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> it is not a matter of symbols, but the world's first writings. It belonged to the Vinča culture which inhabited all of today's Serbia with over 150 Vinča sites and minor parts of Western Romania, northwestern Bulgaria, eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina and Southeastern Hungary. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:REmpire-Dacia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/REmpire-Dacia.png/350px-REmpire-Dacia.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/REmpire-Dacia.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>The Roman province of Dacia in red.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> in the fourth book of <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">The Histories</a>, written in about 440 <small><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a></small>. Herodotus wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a> were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" title="Persian Empire">Persian</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius the Great</a> when he battled the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Getae were called the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> by the Romans. They were <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> who were living in <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, which is where Romania, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> are now. The Dacians attacked the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a>, the border of which was formed by the Danube, in 87 <small><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a></small>. This was during Emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>'s rule. The Dacians were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars (not yet started)">two battles</a> that lasted from 101 <small><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a></small> until 106 <small><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a></small>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman Empire made Dacia into the province of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a>. </p><p>A lot of <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, were found in Roman Dacia.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lot of gold and silver were found in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Carpathians">Western Carpathians</a>. Trajan went back to Rome with 165 tons (330,000 pounds) of gold and 330 tons (660,000 pounds) of silver after his <a href="/wiki/Conquest" class="mw-disambig" title="Conquest">conquest</a>. </p><p>There were many Romans living in the province of Roman Dacia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They spoke <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>. They began to write the local languages using the Latin <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>. Writing languages with the Latin alphabet is called <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a>. This became the first version of Romanian.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 3rd century, the province was attacked by groups of <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> people like the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>. They made the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> leave <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> about 271 <small><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a></small>. This became the Roman Empire's first <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/abandoned" class="extiw" title="wikt:abandoned">abandoned</a> province.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/origin" class="extiw" title="wikt:origin">origin</a> of modern Romanians is widely talked about by <a href="/wiki/Historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Historians">historians</a> to this day. It is thought that the Romanians were formed from large <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethnic" class="extiw" title="wikt:ethnic">ethnic</a> groups that came from both the south and north parts of the Danube.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dark_Ages_and_Middle_Ages">Dark Ages and Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Dark Ages and Middle Ages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Dark Ages and Middle Ages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trajan-Xanten.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Trajanus"><img alt="Trajanus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Trajan-Xanten.JPG/90px-Trajan-Xanten.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Trajan-Xanten.JPG/135px-Trajan-Xanten.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Trajan-Xanten.JPG/180px-Trajan-Xanten.JPG 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trajanus (not yet started)">Trajanus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cucutenireprezentarezoomorfica.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cucuteni-Trypillian culture"><img alt="Cucuteni-Trypillian culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Cucutenireprezentarezoomorfica.JPG/120px-Cucutenireprezentarezoomorfica.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Cucutenireprezentarezoomorfica.JPG/180px-Cucutenireprezentarezoomorfica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Cucutenireprezentarezoomorfica.JPG/240px-Cucutenireprezentarezoomorfica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="2316" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cucuteni-Trypillian culture (not yet started)">Cucuteni-Trypillian culture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Rome's flag"><img alt="Ancient Rome's flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/86px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/128px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/171px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>'s flag</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bran_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bran Castle"><img alt="Bran Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bran_Castle.jpg/120px-Bran_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bran_Castle.jpg/180px-Bran_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bran_Castle.jpg/240px-Bran_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bran_Castle" title="Bran Castle">Bran Castle</a></div> </li> </ul><p>From 271 to 275, the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> took over the abandoned Roman province.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They lived in <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> until the 4th century, when another group of wandering peoples, the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, came to Dacia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gepids_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gepids-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Avars" title="Eurasian Avars">Avars</a>, with the Slavic people,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were in control of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> through the 8th century. In the 8th century, however, the country was taken over by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian Empire (not yet started)">Hungarian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gepids_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gepids-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, which ended Romania's Dark Ages. </p><p>The Bulgarians held Transylvania until the 11th century. The <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Uzes were a few of the people later noted in the history of Romania. </p><p>In 1310, now called the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basarab_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Basarab I">Basarab I</a> started the Romanian principality of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> was begun by <a href="/wiki/Drago%C5%9F" title="Dragoş">Dragoş</a> around 1352.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Romanians were living in three different areas: Wallachia (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i>Ţara Românească</i>—"Romanian Land"), Moldavia (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i>Moldova</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>. </p><p>Transylvania belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> from around the 10th century until the 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it turned into the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Transylvania">Principality of Transylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lasted until 1711.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> had been on the border of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> since the 14th century. As the Ottoman Empire's influence grew, it gradually fell under the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> (control) of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the 15th century. </p><p>The best known ruler of this period was <a href="/wiki/Vlad_III_the_Impaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad III the Impaler">Vlad III the Impaler</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Vlad_Dracula" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad Dracula">Vlad Dracula</a>, or <i><span class="Unicode">Vlad Ţepeş</span></i>, <small>IPA: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">['tsepeʃ]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, during the years of 1448, 1456–62, and 1476.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he was the leader of his people, he had an agreement with the Ottoman Empire to stay independent. Many people in Romania during this time thought of him as a ruler with a great sense of justice<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and defense for his country. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> was at its greatest when <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stephen the Great</a> was ruling between 1457 and 1504.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a great <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> leader, winning 47 battles and losing only 2.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After every battle he won, Stephen would build a <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a>. Because he won 47 of the battles that he fought, he ended up building 48 churches.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Stephen the Great's death, <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> came under the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> during the 16th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_and_monarchy">Independence and monarchy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Independence and monarchy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Independence and monarchy"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Transylvania was the organic part of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, and the Ottoman Empire controlled <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, almost all Romanians had limited rights as a citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They stayed this way even when they made up most of the people in those areas.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The violent <a href="/wiki/European_Revolutions_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="European Revolutions of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a> failed, due to Russian intervention. Under an 1856 treaty between Russia and the Ottomans, popular assemblies in 1859 in Moldavia and Wallachia picked the same person – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Cuza" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander John Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a> – to be the <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">prince</a> in those areas.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He managed to unite the people and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> was seen as a useful method. </p><p>The Prince cautiously did not proclaiming independence immediately because he knew it would bring a new war. Instead, he let Moldavia and Wallachia merge in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Principalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Principalities (not yet started)">United Principalities</a> of the Ottoman Empire and increasing self-government. The new union eventually developed into today's Romania. Its ruler gradually freed himself from Ottoman control and Bucharest became the capital. The abolition of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> led to a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> against the Prince staged by peasants who overthrew the regime. </p><p>Prince Karl of <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a> became the new leader, and was later called <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Prince Carol I of Romania</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War</a>, Romania battled on the Russian side.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_of_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Berlin of 1878">Treaty of Berlin of 1878</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was signed, the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great Powers</a> made Romania an <a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">independent</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return, they had to give Russia three of their southern <a href="/wiki/District" title="District">districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>. In 1881, the <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a>, with Prince Carol ruling as King Carol I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_World_Wars_and_the_Great_Leaders">The World Wars and the Great Leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: The World Wars and the Great Leaders" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: The World Wars and the Great Leaders"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Carol_II_of_Romania_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Carol II of Romania"><img alt="King Carol II of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/King_Carol_II_of_Romania_young.jpg/80px-King_Carol_II_of_Romania_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/King_Carol_II_of_Romania_young.jpg/120px-King_Carol_II_of_Romania_young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/King_Carol_II_of_Romania_young.jpg/160px-King_Carol_II_of_Romania_young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="935" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II of Romania</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Michael I of Romania"><img alt="Michael I of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mihai.jpg/90px-Mihai.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mihai.jpg/135px-Mihai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mihai.jpg/180px-Mihai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I of Romania</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu"><img alt="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu.jpg/84px-Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu.jpg/126px-Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu.jpg/168px-Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (not yet started)">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: World War I" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: World War I"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> started in August 1914, Romania said it was a neutral <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a>. In 1916, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> promised to give Romania parts of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> where many Romanians lived, if Romania started a war against Austria-Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanian_Officers_WWI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Romanian_Officers_WWI.jpg/250px-Romanian_Officers_WWI.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Romanian_Officers_WWI.jpg/375px-Romanian_Officers_WWI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Romanian_Officers_WWI.jpg/500px-Romanian_Officers_WWI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5310" data-file-height="3880" /></a><figcaption>Romanian Army officers in World War I.</figcaption></figure> <p>The military campaign ended in disaster after Romania's forces were defeated in 1917 and Moldova was one of the few parts of Romania that was not captured. When the Allies eventually won the war, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austria-Hungarian_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austria-Hungarian Empire (not yet started)">Austria-Hungarian Empire</a> was dissolved and an independent Hungarian republic was proclaimed. Bessarabia, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, and Transylvania became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> in 1918 as had been promised. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> in 1920, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> formally gave up any <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/claim" class="extiw" title="wikt:claim">claims</a> over Transylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romania and Bukovina were joined in 1919 as a <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/result" class="extiw" title="wikt:result">result</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Saint Germain">Treaty of Saint Germain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bessarabia joined with Romania in 1920 when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1920)" title="Treaty of Paris (1920)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greater_Romania">Greater Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Greater Romania" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Greater Romania"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After World War I was much bigger and more <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a>. The small Kingdom received ("major Transylvania"). The principalities Wallachia, Moldavia and Bessarabia (Moldova) together formed the "Greater Romania" 1918-1940. "Greater Romania" did not survive World War II. </p><p>Romanians called their country <i><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Mare" class="mw-disambig" title="România Mare">România Mare</a></i>, meaning <i>Great Romania</i> or <i>Greater Romania</i>, in the time between World War I and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. They called it so because it controlled 300,000 square kilometres (115,831 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of land. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> meant social unrest, high unemployment, strikes and riots, especially a miners' strike in 1929 in Valea Jiului and a strike in Griviţas maintenance workshops. By the mid-1930s, with a recovering Romanian economy, industry grew, although about 80% of Romanians still were engaged in agriculture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Guard">Iron Guard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Iron Guard" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Iron Guard"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In end of 1930s, Romania's liberal democracy was slowly being replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist dictatorship</a>. The Archangel Michael Legion, known as the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> organization, was led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corneliu_Codreanu_Zelea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corneliu Codreanu Zelea (not yet started)">Corneliu Codreanu Zelea</a>. In 1937 elections the party supported <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and got 15.5% of the votes and became the third biggest party. In 1938 king <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II of Romania</a> seized power over Romania. He dissolved all political parties and executed Corneliu Codreanu Zelea along with 12 other leaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: World War II" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: World War II"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212,_M%C3%BCnchen,_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ion Antonescu with Adolf Hitler in Munich (June 1941)"><img alt="Ion Antonescu with Adolf Hitler in Munich (June 1941)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg/87px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg/131px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg/175px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B03212%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Staatsbesuch_Ion_Antonescu_bei_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (June 1941)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania1941.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Romania in 1941"><img alt="Romania in 1941" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Romania1941.png/120px-Romania1941.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Romania1941.png/180px-Romania1941.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Romania1941.png/240px-Romania1941.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romania in 1941</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Razboiul_Sfant_Contra_Bolsevismului_(1941_stamp).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post"><img alt="Post" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Razboiul_Sfant_Contra_Bolsevismului_%281941_stamp%29.svg/120px-Razboiul_Sfant_Contra_Bolsevismului_%281941_stamp%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Razboiul_Sfant_Contra_Bolsevismului_%281941_stamp%29.svg/180px-Razboiul_Sfant_Contra_Bolsevismului_%281941_stamp%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Razboiul_Sfant_Contra_Bolsevismului_%281941_stamp%29.svg/240px-Razboiul_Sfant_Contra_Bolsevismului_%281941_stamp%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Post" class="mw-disambig" title="Post">Post</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Death" in Iasi"><img alt=""Death" in Iasi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_5.jpg/120px-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_5.jpg/180px-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_5.jpg/240px-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Death" in <a href="/wiki/Iasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iasi">Iasi</a></div> </li> </ul><p><a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II of Romania</a> declared the country as neutral when <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> broke out in 1939, but included since the Soviet Union occupied Bessarabia and northern Bukovina an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Hitler's Germany</a>. This occurred after field marshal <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> forced the <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> Carol II of Romania to abdicate. Antonescu appointed himself "conducator", Romania's dictator, and signed at the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">November 23 of 1940</a> three-powers pact with Nazi Germany. Hitler's Germany was dependent on a continuous importation of <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> and crude <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> from the Romanian oil fields of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploesti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ploesti (not yet started)">Ploesti</a>. In 1940, yjr <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> took over the legitimate domination in Northern <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> to the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>The country's troops fought together with the German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> against the Soviet Union. In summer of 1941, Romania join Hitler's war against the Soviet Union in combination also <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> join Hitlers war. Romania built <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> and began conducting a <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">massive persecution of Jews</a>, of which became very extreme in the city of Iasi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holocaust_in_Romania">Holocaust in Romania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Holocaust in Romania" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Holocaust in Romania"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romania participated in the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. The author of the book "The Destruction of the European Jews" Raul Hilberg writes follow: "There was / ... / moment when the Germans actually had to intervene and slow the speed with which the Romanian measures were taken." The hunt for Jews in eastern Romania (including Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transnistria and the city of Iasi) had more the character of <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> than the German, well-organized camps and transport. </p><p>There were pogroms in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iasi</a>. The homes for the Jewish minority in Iasi were marked with crosses. On June 27, 1941, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> make a phone call with the city's mayor and Antonescu said into the phone: "clean the city <a href="/wiki/Iasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iasi">Iasi</a> from the Jews." The Holocaust in Romania began. <a href="/wiki/Police_officer" title="Police officer">Police officers</a> and many civilians went to every Jewish home marked with a cross in the town and murdered thousands of Jews on the same day. Antonescu ordered the police in cooperation with the Romanian Army and the German SS troops to kill all Jews in east Romania within the next coming years. The Jews living on the countryside were killed right on the spot. The Jews in the cities were first collected in the <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deported</a> away. </p><p>On October 22, 1941 the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet union</a> with bombs blow up the Romanian military headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, and killed 66 Romanian soldiers. As revenge Ion Antonescu decided that for every dead Romanian officer, 200 Soviet <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communists</a> must be killed and for each dead soldier, 100 communists must be killed. All other Communists were imprisoned and Jewish families were taken hostage in the hope that the partisan movement would cease its operations.<sup id="cite_ref-levandehistoria.se_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levandehistoria.se-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-romania.bloggsida.se_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romania.bloggsida.se-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day after, in Bucharest, on October 23, 1941, around 5 000 people mostly Jews were arrested and later executed by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging">hanging</a>. In the Soviet village <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalnik (not yet started)">Dalnik</a>, almost 20,000 Jews were burned alive in ocked buildings .<sup id="cite_ref-levandehistoria.se_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levandehistoria.se-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-romania.bloggsida.se_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romania.bloggsida.se-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the massacre, many of the Jews who remained in <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> were sent to <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>. On October 25, 1941, approximately 40,000 Jews, was gathering together on a special closed military secured area. The Jews had to stay outdoors for more than ten days without food or supply. Many died of cold and starvation. The survivors were murdered one month later.<sup id="cite_ref-levandehistoria.se_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levandehistoria.se-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-romania.bloggsida.se_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romania.bloggsida.se-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Totally approximately 469,000 Jews were murdered by the military and police in Romania between 1941 and 1944, including the 325,000 murdered Jews in <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_war">End of war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: End of war" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: End of war"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> liberated most of Soviet territory and started advancing westward from its borders to defeat Nazi Germany and its allies. If the Soviet Union could hit Romania, Nazi Germany's last hope is gone, said the military leadership of the Red Army. Russians deposited the entire 1.5 million soldiers in the attack against Romania. Romania's reserves were only 138 000 soldiers. During the summer of 1944 it began the attack on <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> and the Romanian army fled the area. On 2 August, the whole area was captured by the Red Army. The Russians then went a long way in Romania and on 23 August they reached Bucharest. The public opinion turned in the country against Antonescu and of summer 1944 he was deposed and imprisoned. The new government signed a ceasefire and extradited itself to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The Red Army killed the members from the old fascist regime (including <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>) on June 1, 1946. </p><p>At the end of the war, Romania was allowed to keep the whole of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> in west and <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> from south, but lost <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa Oblast</a> in the east (with rich oil reserves) which became parts of the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> was split in half because in the north part the majority ethnic group was Ukrainian and in the south part Romanian. </p><p>The Soviet Union replaced the royal <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> with a communist regime in 1947. The Soviet Union took the country's resources, which led to increased <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> in Romania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romania_and_communism">Romania and communism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Romania and communism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Romania and communism"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_PCR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption>The coat of arms of the Communist party in Romania.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdicated</a> the throne and had to leave Romania in 1947 because of the Communists. Romania changed from a monarchy into a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">USSR</a> occupied Romania until the late 1950s, when Soviet troops left Romania. During this time, resources in Romania were taken by the Soviet Union due to agreements made by Communist leaders. </p><p>After the Soviet troops left Romania, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a> wanted Romania to become more independent from Moscow. Romania started following slightly different foreign <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/policy" class="extiw" title="wikt:policy">policies</a> than Moscow. After the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967, Romania began talks with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and started <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/relation" class="extiw" title="wikt:relation">relations</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romania started to have their own relations with <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> countries. Romania officials were allowed to participate in peace talks between Israel and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and between Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending" title="Deficit spending">national debt</a> Romania owed to other countries went from $3 billion to almost $10 billion between 1977 and 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of money that Romania owed other countries caused them to <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/rely" class="extiw" title="wikt:rely">rely</a> on banks and other lenders from around the world. President Nicolae Ceauşescu's <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarchic</a> ways meant he did not want to rely on other countries and Romania paid back money borrowed from other countries. This affected the Romanian economy. To try to stay in power, Ceauşescu had anyone who disagreed with him arrested and put in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people were killed or hurt. Almost 60,000 people were put in <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospitals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceauşescu eventually lost power and was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution of 1989">Romanian Revolution of 1989</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1989_to_2007">1989 to 2007</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: 1989 to 2007" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: 1989 to 2007"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1989, the National Salvation Front came into power. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a>. When they came into power, several other <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/party" class="extiw" title="wikt:party">parties</a> from before World War II were remade. These included the <a href="/wiki/Christian-Democratic_National_Peasants%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party">Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">National Liberal Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democrat_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Social Democrat Party">Romanian Social Democrat Party</a>. In April 1990, as a result of several <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/rally" class="extiw" title="wikt:rally">rallies</a>, <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/protest" class="extiw" title="wikt:protest">protests</a> started. The people who protested did not <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/recognize" class="extiw" title="wikt:recognize">recognize</a> the results of the <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/election" class="extiw" title="wikt:election">election</a>. This was because they thought that members of the National Salvation Front were communists. More and more people protested, and it became a demonstration – a very big protest. This was called the <a href="/wiki/Golaniad" title="Golaniad">Golaniad</a>, and it became very violent. </p><p>When the National Salvation Front lost power, several other parties were made. These were the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partidul_Social_Democrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partidul Social Democrat (not yet started)">Social Democratic Party</a>, the Democratic Party, and a couple of other parties from before the war. The Social Democratic Party ruled Romania from 1990 until 1996. Ion Iliescu was the head of state, or person in charge. After 1996, several other parties came into power and lost it. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a> became the president. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Romania became closer friends with <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. In 2004, Romania joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and hosted the 2008 summit.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a member on January 1, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrinkaus2003" class="citation cs2">Trinkaus, E. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925185013/http://www.geo.edu.ro/sgr/mod/downloads/PDF/Trinkaus-JHE-2003-45-245.pdf">"Early Modern Human Cranial remains from the Peştera cu Oase"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>, <b>45</b> (3): 245–253, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2003.08.003">10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.08.003</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14580595">14580595</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.edu.ro/sgr/mod/downloads/PDF/Trinkaus-JHE-2003-45-245.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=Early+Modern+Human+Cranial+remains+from+the+Pe%C5%9Ftera+cu+Oase&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=245-253&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2003.08.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14580595&rft.aulast=Trinkaus&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.edu.ro%2Fsgr%2Fmod%2Fdownloads%2FPDF%2FTrinkaus-JHE-2003-45-245.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFZilhão2006" class="citation cs2">Zilhão, João (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213011303/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cookie_setting_error.html">"Neanderthals and Moderns Mixed and It Matters"</a>, <i>Evolutionary Anthropology</i>, <b>15</b> (5): 183–195, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fevan.20110">10.1002/evan.20110</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18565967">18565967</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cookie_setting_error.html">the original</a> on 2008-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Neanderthals+and+Moderns+Mixed+and+It+Matters&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=183-195&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fevan.20110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18565967%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zilh%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fcookie_setting_error.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus1859" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (1859), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfHsgNIZum0C&dq=herodotus+dacians+darius&pg=PA215"><i>The Ancient History of Herodotus by Herodotus</i></a>, translated by William Beloe, Derby & Jackson, pp. 213–217<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-10</span></span> – via digitized Google Book Search</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+History+of+Herodotus+by+Herodotus&rft.pages=213-217&rft.pub=Derby+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1859&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfHsgNIZum0C%26dq%3Dherodotus%2Bdacians%2Bdarius%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/assobd.htm#s-inx"><i>Assorted Imperial Battle Descriptions</i></a>, De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assorted+Imperial+Battle+Descriptions&rft.pub=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis%2C+An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Emperors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Fassobd.htm%23s-inx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrv.com/provinces/dacia.php">"Dacia-Province of the Roman Empire"</a>. United Nations of Roma Victor<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-10</span></span>. <q>and were found in great quantities in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Carpathians">Western Carpathians</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>'s conquest he brought back to Rome over 165 tons of gold and 330 tons of silver</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dacia-Province+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=United+Nations+of+Roma+Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrv.com%2Fprovinces%2Fdacia.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDeletant1995" class="citation book cs1">Deletant, Dennis (1995). <i>Colloquial Romanian</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colloquial+Romanian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Deletant&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMatley1970" class="citation book cs1">Matley, Ian (1970). <i>Romania; a Profile</i>. Praeger. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romania%3B+a+Profile&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Matley&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGiurescu1972" class="citation book cs1">Giurescu, Constantin C. (1972). <i>The Making of the Romanian People and Language</i>. Bucharest: Meridiane Publishing House. pp. 43, 98–101, 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Romanian+People+and+Language&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pages=43%2C+98-101%2C+141&rft.pub=Meridiane+Publishing+House&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Giurescu&rft.aufirst=Constantin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFEutropiusJustin,_Cornelius_Nepos1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eutropius" title="Eutropius">Eutropius</a>; Justin, Cornelius Nepos (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm"><i>Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History</i></a>. London: George Bell and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eutropius%2C+Abridgment+of+Roman+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Bell+and+Sons&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Eutropius&rft.au=Justin%2C+Cornelius+Nepos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fp%2Fpearse%2Fmorefathers%2Feutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins" class="citation web cs1">Watkins, Thayer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917041355/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/barbarians.htm">"The Economic History of the Western Roman Empire"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/barbarians.htm">the original</a> on 2008-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-23</span></span>. <q>The Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> recognized the realities of the military situation in Dacia and around 271 A.D. withdrew Roman troops from Dacia leaving it to the Goths. The Danube once again became the northern frontier of the Roman Empire in eastern Europe</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economic+History+of+the+Western+Roman+Empire&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Thayer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjsu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwatkins%2Fbarbarians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGhyka1841" class="citation web cs1">Ghyka, Matila (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070125091613/http://www.vlachophiles.net/ghika.htm">"A Documented Chronology of Roumanian History"</a>. Oxford: B.H. Blackwell Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlachophiles.net/ghika.htm">the original</a> on 2007-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Documented+Chronology+of+Roumanian+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=B.H.+Blackwell+Ltd.&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Ghyka&rft.aufirst=Matila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlachophiles.net%2Fghika.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJordanes551" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> (551). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbornet.com/folks/theedrich/Goths/Goths1.htm"><i>Getica, sive, De Origine Actibusque Gothorum</i></a>. Constantinople.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getica%2C+sive%2C+De+Origine+Actibusque+Gothorum&rft.place=Constantinople&rft.date=551&rft.au=Jordanes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harbornet.com%2Ffolks%2Ftheedrich%2FGoths%2FGoths1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFIliescuPaschale1970" class="citation cs2">Iliescu, Vl.; Paschale, Chronicon (1970), <i>Fontes Historiae Daco-Romanae</i>, vol. II, Bucureşti, pp. 363, 587</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fontes+Historiae+Daco-Romanae&rft.place=Bucure%C5%9Fti&rft.pages=363%2C+587&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Iliescu&rft.aufirst=Vl.&rft.au=Paschale%2C+Chronicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gepids-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gepids_14-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gepids_14-1">14.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTeodor1995" class="citation book cs1">Teodor, Dan Gh. (1995). <i>Istoria României de la începuturi până în secolul al VIII-lea</i>. Vol. 2. Bucureşti. pp. 294–325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istoria+Rom%C3%A2niei+de+la+%C3%AEnceputuri+p%C3%A2n%C4%83+%C3%AEn+secolul+al+VIII-lea&rft.place=Bucure%C5%9Fti&rft.pages=294-325&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Teodor&rft.aufirst=Dan+Gh.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBóna2001" class="citation cs2">Bóna, István (2001), Köpeczi, Béla (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/33.html"><i>History of Transylvania: II.3. The Kingdom of the Gepids</i></a>, vol. 1, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences – via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Columbia University Press (not yet started)">Columbia University Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania%3A+II.3.+The+Kingdom+of+the+Gepids&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Institute+of+History+of+the+Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=B%C3%B3na&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F33.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBóna2001" class="citation cs2">Bóna, István (2001), Köpeczi, Béla (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/41.html"><i>History of Transylvania: II.4. The Period of the Avar Rule</i></a>, vol. 1, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences – via Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania%3A+II.4.+The+Period+of+the+Avar+Rule&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Institute+of+History+of+the+Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=B%C3%B3na&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFConstantine_VII950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus">Constantine VII, Porphyrogenitus</a> (950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/constp.html"><i>Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio</i></a>. Constantinople.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+Porphyrogenitus+De+Administrando+Imperio&rft.place=Constantinople&rft.date=950&rft.aulast=Constantine+VII&rft.aufirst=Porphyrogenitus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fdwaugh%2Frus%2Ftexts%2Fconstp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFXenopol1896" class="citation cs2">Xenopol, Alexandru D. (1896), <i>Histoire des Roumains</i>, vol. i, Paris, p. 168</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Roumains&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=168&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Xenopol&rft.aufirst=Alexandru+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFŞtefănescu1991" class="citation cs2">Ştefănescu, Ştefan (1991), <i>Istoria medie a României</i>, vol. I, Bucharest, p. 114</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istoria+medie+a+Rom%C3%A2niei&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pages=114&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=%C5%9Etef%C4%83nescu&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Etefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPredescu1940" class="citation cs2">Predescu, Lucian (1940), <i>Enciclopedia Cugetarea</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+Cugetarea&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Predescu&rft.aufirst=Lucian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMakkai2001" class="citation cs2">Makkai, László (2001), Köpeczi, Béla (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/57.html"><i>History of Transylvania: III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526)</i></a>, vol. ]1, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences – via Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania%3A+III.+Transylvania+in+the+Medieval+Hungarian+Kingdom+%28896%E2%80%931526%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Institute+of+History+of+the+Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Makkai&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F57.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKöpeczi2001" class="citation cs2">Köpeczi, Béla, ed. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/97.html"><i>History of Transylvania: IV. The First Period of the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1606)</i></a>, vol. 1, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences – via Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania%3A+IV.+The+First+Period+of+the+Principality+of+Transylvania+%281526%E2%80%931606%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Institute+of+History+of+the+Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F97.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFVárkonyi2001" class="citation cs2">Várkonyi, Ágnes R. (2001), Köpeczi, Béla (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/221.html"><i>History of Transylvania: VI. The Last Decades of the Independent Principality (1660–1711)</i></a>, vol. 2, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences – via Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania%3A+VI.+The+Last+Decades+of+the+Independent+Principality+%281660%E2%80%931711%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Institute+of+History+of+the+Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1rkonyi&rft.aufirst=%C3%81gnes+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F221.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSchoolfield2004" class="citation book cs1">Schoolfield, George C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LzBSu7HZLhcC&dq=0300047142+vlad&pg=PA219"><i>A Baedeker of Decadence: Charting a Literary Fashion, 1884-1927</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300047142" title="Special:BookSources/0300047142"><bdi>0300047142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Baedeker+of+Decadence%3A+Charting+a+Literary+Fashion%2C+1884-1927&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0300047142&rft.aulast=Schoolfield&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLzBSu7HZLhcC%26dq%3D0300047142%2Bvlad%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donlinke.com/drakula/vlad.htm#Evidence%7CVlad">"VLAD TEPES - The Historical Dracula"</a>. <i>www.donlinke.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.donlinke.com&rft.atitle=VLAD+TEPES+-+The+Historical+Dracula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donlinke.com%2Fdrakula%2Fvlad.htm%23Evidence%257CVlad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117044410/http://www.romaniatourism.com/dracula.html"><i>Count Dracula's Legend</i></a>, 2006, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romaniatourism.com/dracula.html">the original</a> on 2016-01-17</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Count+Dracula%27s+Legend&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romaniatourism.com%2Fdracula.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMarek" class="citation cs2">Marek, Miroslav, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110154209/http://genealogy.euweb.cz/balkan/balkan18.html"><i>Rulers of Moldavia: Mushati family</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.euweb.cz/balkan/balkan18.html">the original</a> on 2012-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers+of+Moldavia%3A+Mushati+family&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenealogy.euweb.cz%2Fbalkan%2Fbalkan18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704115040/http://www.ststephentrust.org.uk/html/ststephen.html"><i>St. Stephen the Great Charitable Trust</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ststephentrust.org.uk/html/ststephen.html">the original</a> on 2008-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Stephen+the+Great+Charitable+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ststephentrust.org.uk%2Fhtml%2Fststephen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFOrthodox_Church_in_America" class="citation cs2">Orthodox Church in America, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=149011"><i>St. Stephen the Great - Commemorated on July 2</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Stephen+the+Great+-+Commemorated+on+July+2&rft.au=Orthodox+Church+in+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focafs.oca.org%2FFeastSaintsViewer.asp%3FFSID%3D149011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogy.ro/cont/13.htm"><i>The Magyarization Process</i></a>, GenealogyRO Group</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magyarization+Process&rft.pub=GenealogyRO+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogy.ro%2Fcont%2F13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKocsisKocsis-Hodosi1999" class="citation cs2">Kocsis, Karoly; Kocsis-Hodosi, Eszter (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222171134/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hmcb/Tab14.htm"><i>Ethnic structure of the population on the present territory of Transylvania (1880-1992)</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hmcb/Tab14.htm">the original</a> on 2008-02-22</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+structure+of+the+population+on+the+present+territory+of+Transylvania+%281880-1992%29&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kocsis&rft.aufirst=Karoly&rft.au=Kocsis-Hodosi%2C+Eszter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarian-history.hu%2Flib%2Fhmcb%2FTab14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKocsisKocsis-Hodosi2001" class="citation cs2">Kocsis, Karoly; Kocsis-Hodosi, Eszter (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&dq=hungarian+census+transylvania+1910&pg=PA116"><i>Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin</i></a>, Simon Publications, p. 102, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/193131375X" title="Special:BookSources/193131375X"><bdi>193131375X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Geography+of+the+Hungarian+Minorities+in+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Simon+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=193131375X&rft.aulast=Kocsis&rft.aufirst=Karoly&rft.au=Kocsis-Hodosi%2C+Eszter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-zZ_NVM9mNEC%26dq%3Dhungarian%2Bcensus%2Btransylvania%2B1910%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBobango1979" class="citation cs2">Bobango, Gerald J (1979), <i>The emergence of the Romanian national State</i>, New York: Boulder, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780914710516" title="Special:BookSources/9780914710516"><bdi>9780914710516</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+emergence+of+the+Romanian+national+State&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Boulder&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780914710516&rft.aulast=Bobango&rft.aufirst=Gerald+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/FOREIGN/stefano.htm"><i>San Stefano Preliminary Treaty</i></a>, 1878</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=San+Stefano+Preliminary+Treaty&rft.date=1878&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hist.msu.ru%2FER%2FEtext%2FFOREIGN%2Fstefano.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080608120300/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.html"><i>Modern History Sourcebook: The Treaty of Berlin, 1878 - Excerpts on the Balkans</i></a>, Berlin, July 13, 1878, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.html">the original</a> on June 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+History+Sourcebook%3A+The+Treaty+of+Berlin%2C+1878+-+Excerpts+on+the+Balkans&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=1878-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1878berlin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1996" class="citation cs2">Patterson, Michelle (August 1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080324063246/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199608/ai_n8755098">"The Road to Romanian Independence"</a>, <i>Canadian Journal of History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcjh.31.2.329">10.3138/cjh.31.2.329</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199608/ai_n8755098">the original</a> on 2008-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+Romanian+Independence&rft.date=1996-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcjh.31.2.329&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qa3686%2Fis_199608%2Fai_n8755098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHorne2009" class="citation web cs1">Horne, Charles F. (2009) [1923]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/romaniawardeclaration.htm">"Ion Bratianu's Declaration of War Delivered to the Austrian Minister in Romania on August 28, 1916"</a>. <i>Source Records of the Great War</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Source+Records+of+the+Great+War&rft.atitle=Ion+Bratianu%27s+Declaration+of+War+Delivered+to+the+Austrian+Minister+in+Romania+on+August+28%2C+1916&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstworldwar.com%2Fsource%2Fromaniawardeclaration.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Trianon">"Text of the Treaty of Trianon"</a>. World War I Document Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+the+Treaty+of+Trianon&rft.pub=World+War+I+Document+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwi.lib.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FTreaty_of_Trianon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Anthony_Cook2001" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Anthony Cook (2001). <i>Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia</i>. Taylor&Francis. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815340575" title="Special:BookSources/0815340575"><bdi>0815340575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Since+1945%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Taylor%26Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0815340575&rft.au=Bernard+Anthony+Cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMalbone_W._Graham1944" class="citation journal cs1">Malbone W. Graham (October 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192802">"The Legal Status of the Bukovina and Bessarabia"</a>. <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>38</b> (4). American Society of International Law: 667–673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2192802">10.2307/2192802</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192802">2192802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146890589">146890589</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Legal+Status+of+the+Bukovina+and+Bessarabia&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=667-673&rft.date=1944-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146890589%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2192802%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2192802&rft.au=Malbone+W.+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2192802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108060819/http://media.ici.ro/history/ist08.htm">"Statul National Unitar (România Mare 1919 - 1940)publisher=ici.ro"</a> (in Romanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.ici.ro/history/ist08.htm">the original</a> on 2010-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statul+National+Unitar+%28Rom%C3%A2nia+Mare+1919+-+1940%29publisher%3Dici.ro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.ici.ro%2Fhistory%2Fist08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-levandehistoria.se-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-levandehistoria.se_42-0">42.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-levandehistoria.se_42-1">42.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-levandehistoria.se_42-2">42.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.levandehistoria.se/book/export/html/2661">http://www.levandehistoria.se/book/export/html/2661</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-romania.bloggsida.se-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-romania.bloggsida.se_43-0">43.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-romania.bloggsida.se_43-1">43.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-romania.bloggsida.se_43-2">43.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120408080406/http://romania.bloggsida.se/okategoriserade/allt-om-rumanien-fakta-battre-an-wikipedia">"Allt om Rumänien fakta – bättre än Wikipedia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romania.bloggsida.se/okategoriserade/allt-om-rumanien-fakta-battre-an-wikipedia">the original</a> on 2012-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allt+om+Rum%C3%A4nien+fakta+%E2%80%93+b%C3%A4ttre+%C3%A4n+Wikipedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fromania.bloggsida.se%2Fokategoriserade%2Fallt-om-rumanien-fakta-battre-an-wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515163205/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html">"Romania"</a>. CIA - The World Factbook. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html">the original</a> on 2020-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romania&rft.pub=CIA+-+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210194350/http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html">"Romania - Country Background and Profile"</a>. ed-u.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html">the original</a> on 2008-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romania+-+Country+Background+and+Profile&rft.pub=ed-u.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ed-u.com%2Fro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/romania/75.htm">"Romania: Soviet Union and Eastern Europe"</a>. Country Studies.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romania%3A+Soviet+Union+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Country+Studies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fromania%2F75.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/romania/80.htm">"Middle East policies in Communist Romania"</a>. Country Studies.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+East+policies+in+Communist+Romania&rft.pub=Country+Studies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fromania%2F80.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDeletant" class="citation web cs1">Deletant, Dennis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029113345/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.publications&doc_id=16367&group_id=13349">"New Evidence on Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955-1989"</a>. Cold War International History Project e-Dossier Series. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.publications&doc_id=16367&group_id=13349">the original</a> on 2008-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Evidence+on+Romania+and+the+Warsaw+Pact%2C+1955-1989&rft.pub=Cold+War+International+History+Project+e-Dossier+Series&rft.aulast=Deletant&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Findex.cfm%3Ftopic_id%3D1409%26fuseaction%3Dtopics.publications%26doc_id%3D16367%26group_id%3D13349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCaraza2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Caraza, Grigore (2004). <i>Aiud însângerat</i> (in Romanian). Vol. Chapter IV. Editura Vremea XXI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9736450503" title="Special:BookSources/9736450503"><bdi>9736450503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aiud+%C3%AEns%C3%A2ngerat&rft.pub=Editura+Vremea+XXI&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9736450503&rft.aulast=Caraza&rft.aufirst=Grigore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>"Cartea albă a Securităţii"</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/S.R.I." class="mw-redirect" title="S.R.I.">S.R.I.</a> 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Cartea+alb%C4%83+a+Securit%C4%83%C5%A3ii%22&rft.pub=S.R.I.&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej1961" class="citation news cs1">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1961-09-30). "Speech at the Plenary session of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers' Party'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Speech+at+the+Plenary+session+of+the+Central+Committee+of+the+Romanian+Workers%27+Party%27&rft.date=1961-09-30&rft.au=Gheorghe+Gheorghiu-Dej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/04-april/e0402a.htm">"NATO update: NATO welcomes seven new members"</a>. NATO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NATO+update%3A+NATO+welcomes+seven+new+members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fdocu%2Fupdate%2F2004%2F04-april%2Fe0402a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5380024.stm">"EU approves Bulgaria and Romania"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+approves+Bulgaria+and+Romania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F5380024.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&oldid=9843682">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Romania&oldid=9843682</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Romania" title="Category:History of Romania">History of Romania</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_links_to_other_websites" title="Category:All articles with dead links to other websites">All articles with dead links to other websites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_links_to_other_websites_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead links to other websites from February 2023">Articles with dead links to other websites from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_links_to_other_websites" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead links to other websites">Articles with permanently dead links to other websites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)">Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Romanian-language_sources_(ro)" title="Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)">CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_needing_cleanup_from_October_2024" title="Category:Pages needing cleanup from October 2024">Pages needing cleanup from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup">Wikipedia introduction cleanup</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 23 October 2024, at 18:28.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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