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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="مرمز وفاك ترميز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرمز وفاك ترميز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dec" title="Códec – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Códec" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кодек – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кодек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec" title="Codec – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Codec" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2dec" title="Còdec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Còdec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodek" title="Kodek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kodek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec" title="Codec – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Codec" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec" title="Codec – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Codec" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koodek" title="Koodek – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koodek" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dec" title="Códec – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Códec" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodeko" title="Kodeko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kodeko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec" title="Codec – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Codec" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AF%DA%A9" title="کدک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کدک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec" title="Codec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Codec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec" title="Codec – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Codec" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dec" title="Códec – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Códec" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%8D%B1" title="코덱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코덱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodek" title="Kodek – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kodek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodek" title="Kodek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kodek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec" title="Codec – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Codec" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A7" title="קודק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קודק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кодек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кодек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodekas" title="Kodekas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kodekas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec" title="Codec – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Codec" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodek" title="Kodek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kodek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кодек – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кодек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="കോഡെക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോഡെക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec" title="Codec – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Codec" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="コーデック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コーデック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodek" title="Kodek – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kodek" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodek" title="Kodek – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kodek" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec" title="Codec – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Codec" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodek" title="Kodek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kodek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec" title="Codec – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Codec" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec" title="Codec – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Codec" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кодек – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кодек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodek" title="Kodek – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kodek" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кодек – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кодек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koodekki" title="Koodekki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koodekki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodek" title="Kodek – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kodek" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="கோடெக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோடெக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81" title="โคเดก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โคเดก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%B6z%C3%BCc%C3%BC_(bilgisayar)" title="Çözücü (bilgisayar) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çözücü (bilgisayar)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кодек – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кодек" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec" title="Codec – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Codec" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E8%A7%A3%E7%A0%81%E5%99%A8" title="编解码器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="编解码器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184748#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about encoding and decoding a digital data stream. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Codec_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Codec (disambiguation)">Codec (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>codec</b> is a computer <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> or <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> component that encodes or <a href="/wiki/Decoding_methods" title="Decoding methods">decodes</a> a <a href="/wiki/Data_stream" title="Data stream">data stream</a> or <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Codec</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <b>coder/decoder</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In electronic communications, an <b>endec</b> is a device that acts as both an encoder and a decoder on a signal or data stream,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence is a type of codec. <i>Endec</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <b>encoder/decoder</b>. </p><p>A coder or encoder encodes a data stream or a signal for transmission or storage, possibly in <a href="/wiki/Encrypted" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypted">encrypted</a> form, and the decoder function reverses the encoding for playback or editing. Codecs are used in <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">video editing</a> applications. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codec&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Image_compression#History" title="Image compression">Image compression § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format#History" title="Video coding format">Video coding format § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format#History" title="Audio coding format">Audio coding format § History</a></div> <p>Originally, in the mid-20th century, a codec was a hardware device that coded analog signals into digital form using <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">pulse-code modulation</a> (PCM). Later, the term was also applied to software for converting between digital signal formats, including <a href="/wiki/Companding" title="Companding">companding</a> functions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codec&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">audio codec</a> converts analog audio signals into digital signals for transmission or encodes them for storage. A receiving device converts the digital signals back to analog form using an audio decoder for playback. An example of this is the codecs used in the sound cards of personal computers. A <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">video codec</a> accomplishes the same task for video signals. </p><p>When implementing the <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">Infrared Data Association</a> (IrDA) protocol, an endec may be used between the <a href="/wiki/UART" class="mw-redirect" title="UART">UART</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Optoelectronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Optoelectronic">optoelectronic</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compression">Compression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codec&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video coding format</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">Audio coding format</a></div> <p>In addition to encoding a signal, a codec may also compress the data to reduce transmission bandwidth or storage space. Compression codecs are classified primarily into <a href="/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a> codecs and <a href="/wiki/Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless">lossless</a> codecs. </p><p>Lossless codecs are often used for archiving data in compressed form while retaining all information present in the original stream. If preserving the original quality of the stream is more important than eliminating the correspondingly larger data sizes, lossless codecs are preferred. This is especially true if the data is to undergo further processing (for example, <a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">editing</a>) in which case the repeated application of processing (encoding and decoding) on lossy codecs will degrade the quality of the resulting data such that it is no longer identifiable (visually, audibly, or both). Using more than one codec or encoding scheme successively can also degrade quality significantly. The decreasing cost of storage capacity and network bandwidth has a tendency to reduce the need for lossy codecs for some media. </p><p>Many popular codecs are lossy. They reduce quality in order to maximize compression. Often, this type of compression is virtually indistinguishable from the original uncompressed sound or images, depending on the codec and the settings used.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most widely used lossy data compression technique in <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital media</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT), used in compression standards such as <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> images, <a href="/wiki/H.26x" class="mw-redirect" title="H.26x">H.26x</a> and <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> video, and <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> audio. Smaller data sets ease the strain on relatively expensive storage sub-systems such as <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Write_once_read_many" title="Write once read many">write-once-read-many</a> formats such as <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a>. Lower data rates also reduce cost and improve performance when the data is transmitted, e.g., over the internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_codecs">Media codecs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codec&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Media codecs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Video codec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Audio codec</a></div> <p>Two principal techniques are used in codecs, pulse-code modulation and <a href="/wiki/Delta_modulation" title="Delta modulation">delta modulation</a>. Codecs are often designed to emphasize certain aspects of the media to be encoded. For example, a digital video (using a <a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a> codec) of a sports event needs to encode motion well but not necessarily exact colors, while a video of an art exhibit needs to encode color and surface texture well. </p><p>Audio codecs for cell phones need to have very low <a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">latency</a> between source encoding and playback. In contrast, audio codecs for recording or broadcasting can use high-latency <a href="/wiki/Audio_compression_(data)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio compression (data)">audio compression</a> techniques to achieve higher fidelity at a lower bit rate. </p><p>There are thousands of audio and video codecs, ranging in cost from free to hundreds of dollars or more. This variety of codecs can create compatibility and obsolescence issues. The impact is lessened for older formats, for which free or nearly-free codecs have existed for a long time. The older formats are often ill-suited to modern applications, however, such as playback on small portable devices. For example, raw uncompressed <a href="/wiki/PCM_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="PCM audio">PCM audio</a> (44.1 kHz, 16-bit stereo, as represented on an audio CD or in a .wav or .aiff file) has long been a standard across multiple platforms, but its transmission over networks is slow and expensive compared with more modern compressed formats, such as <a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a> and MP3. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> data streams contain both <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, and often some metadata that permits synchronization of audio and video. Each of these three streams may be handled by different programs, processes, or hardware; but for the multimedia data streams to be useful in stored or transmitted form, they must be encapsulated together in a <a href="/wiki/Container_format" title="Container format">container format</a>. </p><p>Lower <a href="/wiki/Bitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitrate">bitrate</a> codecs allow more users, but they also have more distortion. Beyond the initial increase in distortion, lower bit rate codecs also achieve their lower bit rates by using more complex algorithms that make certain assumptions, such as those about the media and the packet loss rate. Other codecs may not make those same assumptions. When a user with a low bitrate codec talks to a user with another codec, additional distortion is introduced by each <a href="/wiki/Transcoding" title="Transcoding">transcoding</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave" title="Audio Video Interleave">Audio Video Interleave</a> (AVI) is sometimes erroneously described as a codec, but AVI is actually a container format, while a codec is a software or hardware tool that encodes or decodes audio or video into or from some audio or video format. Audio and video encoded with many codecs might be put into an AVI container, although AVI is not an <a href="/wiki/ISO_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO standard">ISO standard</a>. There are also other well-known container formats, such as <a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">Ogg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Systems_Format" title="Advanced Systems Format">ASF</a>, <a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a>, <a href="/wiki/RealMedia" title="RealMedia">RealMedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DivX_Media_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="DivX Media Format">DivX Media Format</a>. <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG program stream</a>, <a href="/wiki/MP4" class="mw-redirect" title="MP4">MP4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">ISO base media file format</a> are examples of container formats that are ISO standardized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malware">Malware</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codec&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Malware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Importance_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain information <b>not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">important or relevant</a> to the article's subject.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Codec&action=edit">improve this section</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Fake_codec"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Fake codecs</span></span></b> are used when an online user takes a type of codec and installs viruses and other <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> into whatever data is being compressed and uses it as a disguise. This disguise appears as a codec download through a pop-up alert or ad. When a user goes to click or download that codec, the malware is then installed on the computer. Once a fake codec is installed it is often used to access private data, corrupt an entire computer system or to keep spreading the malware. One of the previous most used ways to spread malware was fake AV pages and with the rise of codec technology, both have been used in combination to take advantage of online users.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This combination allows fake codecs to be automatically downloaded to a device through a website linked in a pop-up ad, virus/codec alerts or articles as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codec&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Audio signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_codecs" title="Comparison of video codecs">Comparison of video codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_container_formats" title="Comparison of video container formats">Comparison of video container formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_codecs" title="List of codecs">List of codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">List of open-source codecs</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codec&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/15070/windows-media-player-codecs-frequently-asked-questions">"Using codecs"</a>. <a 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href="/wiki/Adaptive_coding" title="Adaptive coding">Adaptive coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric numeral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golomb_coding" title="Golomb coding">Golomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Huffman_coding" title="Adaptive Huffman coding">Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_Huffman_code" title="Canonical Huffman code">Canonical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_coding" title="Range coding">Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_coding" title="Shannon coding">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Fano_coding" title="Shannon–Fano coding">Shannon–Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Fano%E2%80%93Elias_coding" title="Shannon–Fano–Elias coding">Shannon–Fano–Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunstall_coding" title="Tunstall coding">Tunstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unary_coding" title="Unary coding">Unary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_code_(data_compression)" title="Universal code (data compression)">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exponential-Golomb_coding" title="Exponential-Golomb coding">Exp-Golomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_coding" title="Fibonacci coding">Fibonacci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_gamma_coding" title="Elias gamma coding">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levenshtein_coding" title="Levenshtein coding">Levenshtein</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_coder" title="Dictionary coder">Dictionary type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byte_pair_encoding" title="Byte pair encoding">Byte pair encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">Lempel–Ziv</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/842_(compression_algorithm)" title="842 (compression algorithm)">842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ4_(compression_algorithm)" title="LZ4 (compression algorithm)">LZ4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZJB" class="mw-redirect" title="LZJB">LZJB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Oberhumer" title="Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer">LZO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZRW" title="LZRW">LZRW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Storer%E2%80%93Szymanski" title="Lempel–Ziv–Storer–Szymanski">LZSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">LZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZWL" title="LZWL">LZWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snappy_(compression)" title="Snappy (compression)">Snappy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burrows%E2%80%93Wheeler_transform" title="Burrows–Wheeler transform">BWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_tree_weighting" title="Context tree weighting">CTW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_mixing" title="Context mixing">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_encoding" title="Incremental encoding">Incremental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Markov_compression" title="Dynamic Markov compression">DMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar-based_code" title="Grammar-based code">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re-Pair" title="Re-Pair">Re-Pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequitur_algorithm" title="Sequitur algorithm">Sequitur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">LDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Move-to-front_transform" title="Move-to-front transform">MTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAQ" title="PAQ">PAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prediction_by_partial_matching" title="Prediction by partial matching">PPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">RLE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>LZ77 + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZX" title="LZX">LZX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Stac" title="Lempel–Ziv–Stac">LZS</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + ANS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LZFSE" title="LZFSE">LZFSE</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Huffman + ANS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zstd" title="Zstd">Zstandard</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Huffman + context <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brotli" title="Brotli">Brotli</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZSS + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LHA_(file_format)" title="LHA (file format)">LHA/LZH</a></li></ul></li> <li>LZ77 + Range <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Markov_chain_algorithm" title="Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm">LZMA</a></li> <li>LZHAM</li></ul></li> <li>RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bzip2" title="Bzip2">bzip2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transform type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">Discrete cosine transform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_sine_transform" title="Discrete sine transform">DST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Predictive type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">LAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Motion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression#Audio" title="Data compression">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">Bit rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">ABR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">CBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companding" title="Companding">Companding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">Dynamic range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">Latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist–Shannon theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence_compression" title="Silence compression">Silence compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_quality" title="Sound quality">Sound quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">Speech coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-band_coding" title="Sub-band coding">Sub-band coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codec</a> parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">μ-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_modulation" title="Delta modulation">DM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">FT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_area_ratio" title="Log area ratio">LAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">Chroma subsampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coding_tree_unit" title="Coding tree unit">Coding tree unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">Compression artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">Image resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroblock" title="Macroblock">Macroblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Peak signal-to-noise ratio">PSNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_test_image" title="Standard test image">Standard test image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_compression" title="Texture compression">Texture compression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_code" title="Chain code">Chain code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_compression" title="Fractal compression">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karhunen%E2%80%93Lo%C3%A8ve_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Karhunen–Loève theorem">KLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(image_processing)" title="Pyramid (image processing)">LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">RLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_zerotrees_of_wavelet_transforms" title="Embedded zerotrees of wavelet transforms">EZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression#Video" title="Data compression">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">Bit rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_bitrate" title="Average bitrate">ABR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_bitrate" title="Constant bitrate">CBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_bitrate" title="Variable bitrate">VBR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_compression_picture_types" title="Video compression picture types">Frame types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video#Characteristics_of_video_streams" title="Video">Video characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_quality" title="Video quality">Video quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Codec</a> parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deblocking_filter" title="Deblocking filter">Deblocking filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapped_transform" title="Lapped transform">Lapped transform</a></li> <li>Motion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_data_structure" title="Compressed data structure">Compressed data structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_suffix_array" title="Compressed suffix array">Compressed suffix array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM-index" title="FM-index">FM-index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">Entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_information_theory" title="Timeline of information theory">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolmogorov_complexity" title="Kolmogorov complexity">Kolmogorov complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefix_code" title="Prefix code">Prefix code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate%E2%80%93distortion_theory" title="Rate–distortion theory">Rate–distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression_symmetry" title="Data compression symmetry">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallest_grammar_problem" title="Smallest grammar problem">Smallest grammar problem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutter_Prize" title="Hutter Prize">Hutter Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Adler" title="Mark Adler">Mark Adler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Codec&oldid=1267329863">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Codec&oldid=1267329863</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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