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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Broadcast_range" title="Special:EditPage/Broadcast range">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Broadcast+range%22">"Broadcast range"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Broadcast+range%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Broadcast+range%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Broadcast+range%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Broadcast+range%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Broadcast+range%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>broadcast range</b> (also <b>listening range</b> or <b>listening area</b> for <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, or <b>viewing range</b> or <b>viewing area</b> for <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>) is the service area that a <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast station</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (radio)">transmission</a> covers via <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> (or possibly <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>, which is closely related). It is generally the area in which a station's <a href="/wiki/Signal_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal strength">signal strength</a> is sufficient for most <a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">receivers</a> to decode it. However, this also depends on <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">interference</a> from other stations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_definitions">Legal definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_range&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "primary service area" is the area served by a station's strongest signal. The "city-grade contour" is 70 dBμ (<a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a> relative to one microvolt per meter of signal strength) or 3.16mV/m (millivolts per meter) for FM stations in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) regulations. This is also significant in <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">broadcast law</a>, in that a station must cover its <a href="/wiki/City_of_license" title="City of license">city of license</a> within this area, except for <a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial educational">non-commercial educational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">low-power</a> stations. </p><p>The legally protected range of a station extends beyond this range, out to the point where signal strength is expected to be 1mV/m for most stations in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, though for <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_broadcast_station_classes#AM" title="List of North American broadcast station classes">class B1</a> stations it is 0.7mV/m, and as low as 0.5mV/m for full class B stations (the maximum allowed in densely <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populated</a> areas of both <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the U.S.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practical_application">Practical application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_range&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Practical application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In reality, <a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">radio propagation</a> changes along with the <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_ducting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropospheric ducting">tropospheric ducting</a>, and occasionally along with other upper-<a href="/wiki/Atmospheric" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric">atmospheric</a> phenomena like <a href="/wiki/Sunspot" title="Sunspot">sunspots</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">meteor showers</a>. Thus, while a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broadcasting authority (page does not exist)">broadcasting authority</a> might fix the range to an area with exact <a href="/wiki/Boundary_(topology)" title="Boundary (topology)">boundaries</a> (defined as a series of <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_vector" title="Euclidean vector">vectors</a>), this is rarely if ever true. When a broadcast reaches well outside of its intended range due to <a href="/wiki/Anomalous_propagation" title="Anomalous propagation">unusual conditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/DXing" title="DXing">DXing</a> is possible. </p><p>The local terrain can also play a major role in limiting broadcast range. <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">Mountain ranges</a> block <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="FM broadcast">FM broadcasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="AM broadcast">AM broadcasts</a>, and TV broadcasts, and other signals in the <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> ranges, respectively. This <a href="/wiki/Terrain_shielding" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrain shielding">terrain shielding</a> occurs when the line of sight is blocked by something through which the <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> cannot pass, particularly stone. At times this may be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Moot" class="extiw" title="wikt:Moot">moot</a> due to weather, such as when the tall <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulonimbus">cumulonimbus</a> clouds of a <a href="/wiki/Squall_line" title="Squall line">squall line</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a> reflect the signal over the top, like an extremely tall <a href="/wiki/Radio_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio tower">radio tower</a>. Conversely, heavy rain may <a href="/wiki/Attenuate" class="mw-redirect" title="Attenuate">attenuate</a> the range of even local stations. <a href="/wiki/ATSC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC">ATSC</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> is affected by wind and trees (even if not surrounding the transmitter or receiver locations), apparently related to its use of <a href="/wiki/8VSB" title="8VSB">8VSB</a> <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/COFDM" class="mw-redirect" title="COFDM">COFDM</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting</a> stations have different issues, due to using the <a href="/wiki/Mediumwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediumwave">mediumwave</a> band. Broadcast range in these stations is determined by <a href="/wiki/Ground_conductivity" title="Ground conductivity">ground conductivity</a>, and the proper use and <a href="/wiki/Preventive_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive maintenance">maintenance</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grounding_radial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grounding radial (page does not exist)">grounding radials</a> which act as a <a href="/wiki/Ground_plane" title="Ground plane">ground plane</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Mast_radiator" title="Mast radiator">mast radiators</a> used. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skywaves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skywaves (page does not exist)">Skywaves</a> reflect off the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> at a much greater distance above <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's surface">Earth's surface</a> at night. This in turn causes mediumwave, most <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">longwave</a> stations to travel much further at night, which is the side of the Earth where the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> pulls the ionosphere (and <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a>) away from the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>, instead of pushing toward it as on the day side. Because of this, many AM stations must cut power or go off-air at night, except for the very earliest stations still <a href="/wiki/Grandfathered" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandfathered">grandfathered</a> on <a href="/wiki/Clear-channel_station" title="Clear-channel station">clear channels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Border_blaster" title="Border blaster">Border blaster</a> stations in northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> also used this effect, along with very high-<a href="/wiki/Electrical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical power">power</a> <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitters</a>, to extend their nighttime broadcast ranges well over the <a href="/wiki/US/Mexico_border" class="mw-redirect" title="US/Mexico border">US/Mexico border</a> and across most of the United States. </p><p>Various <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station" title="Broadcast relay station">broadcast relay stations</a> can help to extend a station's area by retransmitting them on the same or another <a href="/wiki/Channel_(broadcasting)" title="Channel (broadcasting)">channel</a>. What is usually called a <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> is called a <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast translator">broadcast translator</a> (different channel) or booster (same channel) in <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_broadcasting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American broadcasting (page does not exist)">American broadcasting</a>, or the much broader category or <a href="/wiki/Rebroadcaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebroadcaster">rebroadcasters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian broadcasting">Canadian broadcasting</a> (which includes more than just the <a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">low-power broadcasting</a> used in the U.S.) Boosters are used only within the broadcast range of the parent station, and serve the same function locally as regional and national <a href="/wiki/Single-frequency_network" title="Single-frequency network">single-frequency networks</a> do in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Distributed_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed transmission">Distributed transmission</a> has also undergone tests in the U.S., but to preserve stations' <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> in their home <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">media markets</a>, these will be limited to the broadcast area of a single large station. <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a>, which is designed for use without a dish, also uses ground repeaters in large cities due to the many obstructions their high-rise buildings cause to the many current and potential customers that are concentrated there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edge-of-range_issues">Edge-of-range issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_range&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Edge-of-range issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Those at the edge of a station's broadcast range will typically notice <a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">static</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> broadcast, while <a href="/wiki/Error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Error correction">error correction</a> will keep a <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital signal (electronics)">digital signal</a> clear until it hits the <a href="/wiki/Cliff_effect" title="Cliff effect">cliff effect</a> and suddenly disappears completely. <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> stations may flip back and forth (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Flutter_(electronics_and_communication)" title="Flutter (electronics and communication)">annoyingly rapidly</a> when moving) due to the <a href="/wiki/Capture_effect" title="Capture effect">capture effect</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> stations (including TV video) may overlay or fade with each other. </p><p><a href="/wiki/FM_stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="FM stereo">FM stereo</a> will tend to get static more quickly than the <a href="/wiki/Monaural" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaural">monophonic</a> sound due to its use of <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">subcarriers</a>, so stations may choose to extend the usable part of their range by disabling the <a href="/wiki/Stereo_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereo generator">stereo generator</a>. Listeners can also choose to disable stereo decoding on the receiver, though loss of the stereo <a href="/wiki/Pilot_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot tone">pilot tone</a> causes this to happen automatically. Because this tends to turn on and off when at the threshold of reception, and the threshold is often set too low by the <a href="/wiki/Manufacturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturer">manufacturer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">product design</a>, manually disabling this when at the edge of the broadcast range prevents the annoying noisy-stereo/quiet-mono switching. </p><p>The same is true of <a href="/wiki/Analog_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog TV">analog TV</a> stereo and <a href="/wiki/Second_audio_program" title="Second audio program">second audio programs</a>, and even for color TV, all of which use subcarriers. <a href="/wiki/Radio_reading_service" title="Radio reading service">Radio reading services</a> and other subcarrier services will also tend to suffer from dropouts sooner than the main station. </p><p>Technologies are available that allow for switching to a different signal carrying the same radio program when leaving the broadcast range of a station. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Data_System" title="Radio Data System">Radio Data System</a> allows for switching to a different FM or station with the same <a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">identifier</a>, or even to (but not necessarily from) an AM station. Satellite radio also is designed to switch seamlessly between repeaters and/or satellite when moving outside the range of one or the other. <a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a> switches back to the analog signal as a <a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">fallback</a> when the edge of the digital range is encountered, but the success of this from the listener's perspective depends on how well the station's <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast engineer">broadcast engineer</a> has synchronized the two. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_versus_analog">Digital versus analog</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_range&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Digital versus analog"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital transmissions require less power to be received clearly than analog ones. The exact figure for various modes depends on how robust the signal is made to begin with, such as modulation, <a href="/wiki/Guard_interval" title="Guard interval">guard interval</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">forward error correction</a>. In each of these three factors, the <a href="/wiki/Caveat_emptor" title="Caveat emptor">caveat</a> is that a higher <a href="/wiki/Data_signaling_rate" title="Data signaling rate">data signaling rate</a> means a <a href="/wiki/Tradeoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradeoff">tradeoff</a> with reduced broadcast range. The <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_modulation" title="Hierarchical modulation">hierarchical modulation</a> used on <a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a> is a unique case, which reduces the range of the full-<a href="/wiki/Screen_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen resolution">definition</a> signal, in exchange for an increase in the usable range of the lower-definition part of the video. </p><p>Digital stations in North America usually are operated by the same groups as the analog side, and thus operate their own independent facilities. Because of this, the FCC requires U.S. TV stations to replicate their analog coverage with their digital signal as well. However, ATSC digital TV only requires about one-fifth the amount of power to reach the same area on the same channel as analog does. For HD Radio, the figure is only one percent of the station's analog <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">wattage</a>, in part because it is an <a href="/wiki/In-band_on-channel" title="In-band on-channel">in-band on-channel</a> method, which uses <a href="/wiki/Sideband" title="Sideband">sidebands</a> that must prevent interference to <a href="/wiki/Adjacent_channel" title="Adjacent channel">adjacent channels</a>, especially for older or cheaper receivers which have insufficient <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_(radio_receiver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitivity (radio receiver)">sensitivity</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Selectivity_(radio)" title="Selectivity (radio)">selectivity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_range&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Template:Federal Communications Commission"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Federal_Communications_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Federal Communications Commission (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federal Communications Commission"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_Communications_Commission504" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Carr_(lawyer)" title="Brendan Carr (lawyer)">Brendan Carr</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Starks" title="Geoffrey Starks">Geoffrey Starks</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Simington" title="Nathan Simington">Nathan Simington</a> (2020–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Gomez" title="Anna M. Gomez">Anna M. Gomez</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairs_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission" title="List of chairs of the Federal Communications Commission">Chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O._Sykes" title="Eugene O. Sykes">Eugene O. Sykes</a> (1934–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anning_Smith_Prall" title="Anning Smith Prall">Anning Smith Prall</a> (1935–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._McNinch" title="Frank R. McNinch">Frank R. McNinch</a> (1937–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Fly" title="James Lawrence Fly">James Lawrence Fly</a> (1939–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._K._Jett" title="E. K. Jett">E. K. Jett</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Porter" title="Paul A. Porter">Paul A. Porter</a> (1944–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Denny" title="Charles R. Denny">Charles R. Denny</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Walker_(FCC_chairman)" title="Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)">Paul A. Walker</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Coy" title="Wayne Coy">Wayne Coy</a> (1947–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Walker_(FCC_chairman)" title="Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)">Paul A. Walker</a> (1952–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosel_H._Hyde" title="Rosel H. Hyde">Rosel H. Hyde</a> (1953–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McConnaughey" title="George McConnaughey">George McConnaughey</a> (1954–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Doerfer" title="John C. Doerfer">John C. Doerfer</a> (1957–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Ford" title="Frederick W. Ford">Frederick W. Ford</a> (1960–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_N._Minow" title="Newton N. Minow">Newton N. Minow</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._William_Henry" title="E. William Henry">E. William Henry</a> (1963–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosel_H._Hyde" title="Rosel H. Hyde">Rosel H. Hyde</a> (1966–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Dean Burch</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Wiley" title="Richard E. Wiley">Richard E. Wiley</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Ferris" title="Charles D. Ferris">Charles D. Ferris</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_(FCC)" title="Robert E. Lee (FCC)">Robert Lee</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Fowler" title="Mark S. Fowler">Mark S. Fowler</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_R._Patrick" title="Dennis R. Patrick">Dennis R. Patrick</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_C._Sikes" title="Alfred C. Sikes">Alfred C. Sikes</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Quello" title="James Henry Quello">James Henry Quello</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Hundt" title="Reed Hundt">Reed Hundt</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennard" title="William Kennard">William Kennard</a> (1997–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell_(lobbyist)" title="Michael Powell (lobbyist)">Michael Powell</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Martin_(FCC)" title="Kevin Martin (FCC)">Kevin Martin</a> (2005–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Copps" title="Michael Copps">Michael Copps</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Genachowski" title="Julius Genachowski">Julius Genachowski</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mignon_Clyburn" title="Mignon Clyburn">Mignon Clyburn</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wheeler" title="Tom Wheeler">Tom Wheeler</a> (2013–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Pai" title="Ajit Pai">Ajit Pai</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rosenworcel" title="Jessica Rosenworcel">Jessica Rosenworcel</a> (2021–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Carr_(lawyer)" title="Brendan Carr (lawyer)">Brendan Carr</a> (2025–)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg/240px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Communications_Commission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory<br />authority<br />(<a href="/wiki/Title_47_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 47 of the United States Code">Title 47 USC</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brinkley_Act" title="Brinkley Act">Brinkley Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967" title="Public Broadcasting Act of 1967">Public Broadcasting Act of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Communications_Policy_Act_of_1984" title="Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984">Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Home_Viewer_Act_(US)" title="Satellite Home Viewer Act (US)">Satellite Home Viewer Act</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulations_on_children%27s_television_programming_in_the_United_States" title="Regulations on children's television programming in the United States">Children's Television Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_Consumer_Protection_Act_of_1991" title="Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991">Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Television_Consumer_Protection_and_Competition_Act_of_1992" title="Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992">Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Assistance_for_Law_Enforcement_Act" title="Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act">Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Online_Protection_Act" title="Child Online Protection Act">Child Online Protection Act</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Communications_and_Public_Safety_Act" title="Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act">Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Decency_Enforcement_Act_of_2005" title="Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005">Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Transition_and_Public_Safety_Act_of_2005" title="Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005">Digital Transition and Public Safety Act of 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_Fax_Prevention_Act_of_2005" title="Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005">Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_Records_and_Privacy_Protection_Act_of_2006" title="Telephone Records and Privacy Protection Act of 2006">Telephone Records and Privacy Protection Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_Analog_Flash_and_Emergency_Readiness_Act" title="Short-term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness Act">Short-term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness Act</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Caller_ID_Act_of_2009" title="Truth in Caller ID Act of 2009">Truth in Caller ID Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Advertisement_Loudness_Mitigation_Act" title="Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation Act">Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation Act</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Community_Radio_Act" title="Local Community Radio Act">Local Community Radio Act</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Television_Extension_and_Localism_Act_of_2010" title="Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act of 2010">Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act of 2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations<br />and policies<br />(<a href="/wiki/Title_47_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 47 CFR</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_15" title="Title 47 CFR Part 15">Title 47 CFR Part 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_68" title="Title 47 CFR Part 68">Title 47 CFR Part 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_97" title="Title 47 CFR Part 97">Title 47 CFR Part 97</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast<br />licensing<br />and facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Broadcast_Policy_Statement_on_minority_ownership" title="1978 Broadcast Policy Statement on minority ownership">1978 Broadcast Policy Statement on minority ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_wireless_spectrum_auction" title="2008 United States wireless spectrum auction">2008 United States wireless spectrum auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancillary_Terrestrial_Component" title="Ancillary Terrestrial Component">Ancillary Terrestrial Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_structure_registration_in_the_United_States" title="Antenna structure registration in the United States">Antenna structure registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AWS-3_auction" title="AWS-3 auction">AWS-3 auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_signs_in_the_United_States" title="Call signs in the United States">Broadcast call signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Broadcast range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duopoly_(broadcasting)" title="Duopoly (broadcasting)">Broadcasting duopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_dispute" title="Carriage dispute">Carriage dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_license" title="City of license">City of license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_A_television_service" title="Class A television service">Class A television service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-channel_station" title="Clear-channel station">Clear-channel station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_hearing" title="Comparative hearing">Comparative hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_(broadcasting)" title="Dark (broadcasting)">Dark and silent stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersal_of_ownership" title="Dispersal of ownership">Dispersal of ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facility_ID" title="Facility ID">Facility ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_Non-Duplication_Rule" title="FM Non-Duplication Rule">FM Non-Duplication Rule</a> (1964–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_coordinator" title="Frequency coordinator">Frequency coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement" title="Local marketing agreement">Local marketing agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVDDS" title="MVDDS">MVDDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MVDDS_dispute" title="MVDDS dispute">dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_test_authority" title="Program test authority">Program test authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_file" title="Public file">Public file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Amateur_Civil_Emergency_Service" title="Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service">Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_distance" title="Reference distance">Reference distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimshot_(broadcasting)" title="Rimshot (broadcasting)">Rimshot broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significantly_viewed_out-of-market_television_stations_in_the_United_States" title="Significantly viewed out-of-market television stations in the United States">Significantly viewed signals permitted to be carried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_temporary_authority" title="Special temporary authority">Special temporary authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Radio_Quiet_Zone" title="United States National Radio Quiet Zone">United States National Radio Quiet Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_spaces_(radio)" title="White spaces (radio)">White spaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />content and<br />programming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actionable_indecency" title="Actionable indecency">Actionable indecency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watershed_(broadcasting)" title="Watershed (broadcasting)">Broadcasting watershed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-time_rule" title="Equal-time rule">Equal-time rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Viewing_Hour" title="Family Viewing Hour">Family Viewing Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairness_doctrine" title="Fairness doctrine">Fairness doctrine</a> (1949–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Interest_and_Syndication_Rules" title="Financial Interest and Syndication Rules">Financial Interest and Syndication Rules</a> (1970–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleeting_expletive" title="Fleeting expletive">Fleeting expletive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-access_television" title="Government-access television">Government-access television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayflower_doctrine" title="Mayflower doctrine">Mayflower doctrine</a> (1941–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Must-carry" title="Must-carry">Must-carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_educational_station" title="Non-commercial educational station">Non-commercial educational station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_attack_rule" title="Personal attack rule">Personal attack rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasiveness_doctrine" title="Pervasiveness doctrine">Pervasiveness doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Time_Access_Rule" title="Prime Time Access Rule">Prime Time Access Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-access_television" title="Public-access television">Public-access television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retransmission_consent" title="Retransmission consent">Retransmission consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_dirty_words" title="Seven dirty words">Seven dirty words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndication_exclusivity" title="Syndication exclusivity">Syndication exclusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapple_doctrine" title="Zapple doctrine">Zapple doctrine</a> (1970–2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Telephone and<br />the Internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carterfone" title="Carterfone">Carterfone decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carrier" title="Common carrier">Common carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparably_efficient_interconnection" title="Comparably efficient interconnection">Comparably efficient interconnection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_local_exchange_carrier" title="Competitive local exchange carrier">Competitive local exchange carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/911_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="911 (emergency telephone number)">Emergency telephone number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_911" title="Enhanced 911">Enhanced 911</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_Computer_Inquiries" title="FCC Computer Inquiries">FCC Computer Inquiries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Computer_Inquiry" title="Second Computer Inquiry">Second Computer Inquiry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_mark" title="FCC mark">FCC mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCC_registration_program" title="FCC registration program">FCC registration program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_group" title="Feature group">Feature group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission_Open_Internet_Order_(2010)" title="Federal Communications Commission Open Internet Order (2010)">FCC Open Internet Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incumbent_local_exchange_carrier" title="Incumbent local exchange carrier">Incumbent local exchange carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeline_(FCC_program)" title="Lifeline (FCC program)">Lifeline program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)" title="National Broadband Plan (United States)">National Broadband Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Do_Not_Call_Registry" title="National Do Not Call Registry">National Do Not Call Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Communications_Service" title="Personal Communications Service">Personal Communications Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Basic_Trading_Areas" title="List of Basic Trading Areas">Basic Trading Areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Service_Priority" title="Telecommunications Service Priority">Telecommunications Service Priority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priority_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Priority level">Priority level</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_element_long_run_incremental_cost" title="Total element long run incremental cost">Total element long run incremental cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_pumping" title="Traffic pumping">Traffic pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Licensing_System" title="Universal Licensing System">Universal Licensing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Service_Fund" title="Universal Service Fund">Universal Service Fund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-Rate" title="E-Rate">E-Rate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Litigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supreme Court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Sanders_Brothers_Radio_Station" title="FCC v. Sanders Brothers Radio Station">FCC v. Sanders Brothers Radio Station</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Co._v._United_States" title="National Broadcasting Co. v. United States">National Broadcasting Co. v. United States</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Southwestern_Cable_Co." title="United States v. Southwestern Cable Co.">United States v. Southwestern Cable Co.</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Broadcasting_Co._v._FCC" title="Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC">Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Pacifica_Foundation" title="FCC v. Pacifica Foundation">FCC v. Pacifica Foundation</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CBS,_Inc._v._FCC" title="CBS, Inc. v. FCC">CBS, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sable_Communications_of_California_v._FCC" title="Sable Communications of California v. FCC">Sable Communications of California v. FCC</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metro_Broadcasting,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC">Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC">Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._FCC_(2002)" title="Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2002)">Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Missouri_Municipal_League" title="Nixon v. Missouri Municipal League">Nixon v. Missouri Municipal League</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Cable_%26_Telecommunications_Ass%27n_v._Brand_X_Internet_Services" title="National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services">National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Fox_Television_Stations,_Inc._(2009)" title="FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2009)">FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._AT%26T_Inc." title="FCC v. AT&T Inc.">FCC v. AT&T Inc.</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Fox_Television_Stations,_Inc._(2012)" title="FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2012)">FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Prometheus_Radio_Project" title="FCC v. Prometheus Radio Project">FCC v. Prometheus Radio Project</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />federal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hush-A-Phone_Corp._v._United_States" title="Hush-A-Phone Corp. v. United States">Hush-A-Phone Corp. v. United States</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League,_Inc._v._FCC_(1980)" title="American Radio Relay League, Inc. v. FCC (1980)">American Radio Relay League, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schurz_Communications,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Schurz Communications, Inc. v. FCC">Schurz Communications, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod_v._FCC" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod v. FCC">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod v. FCC</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SBC_Communications,_Inc._v._FCC" title="SBC Communications, Inc. v. FCC">SBC Communications, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Broadcasting_%26_Communications_Ass%27n_v._FCC" title="Satellite Broadcasting & Communications Ass'n v. FCC">Satellite Broadcasting & Communications Ass'n v. FCC</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Telecom_Association_v._FCC_(2004)" title="United States Telecom Association v. FCC (2004)">United States Telecom Association v. FCC</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comcast_Corp._v._FCC" title="Comcast Corp. v. FCC">Comcast Corp. v. FCC</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications_Inc._v._FCC_(2014)" title="Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014)"> Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._FCC" title="Tennessee v. FCC">Tennessee v. FCC</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Corp._v._FCC" title="Mozilla Corp. v. FCC">Mozilla Corp. v. FCC</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Radio_Project_v._FCC" title="Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC">Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_Research_v._Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Consumers' Research v. Federal Communications Commission">Consumers' Research v. FCC</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agency<br />publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_Chain_Broadcasting" title="Report on Chain Broadcasting">Report on Chain Broadcasting</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(FCC)" title="Blue Book (FCC)">Blue Book</a> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_Record" title="FCC Record">FCC Record</a></i> (1986–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory<br />committees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCC_Network_Study_Committee" title="FCC Network Study Committee">FCC Network Study Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-State_Joint_Conference_on_Advanced_Telecommunications_Services" title="Federal-State Joint Conference on Advanced Telecommunications Services">Federal-State Joint Conference on Advanced Telecommunications Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Council" title="North American Numbering Council">North American Numbering Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_Task_Force" title="Spectrum Task Force">Spectrum Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Advisory_Council" title="Technical Advisory Council">Technical Advisory Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessor<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Elkins_Act" title="Mann–Elkins Act">Mann–Elkins Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1912" title="Radio Act of 1912">Radio Act of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsbury_Commitment" title="Kingsbury Commitment">Kingsbury Commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Graham_Act" title="Willis Graham Act">Willis Graham Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission" title="Federal Radio Commission">Federal Radio Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1927" title="Radio Act of 1927">Radio Act of 1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Amendment" title="Davis Amendment">Davis Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_32" title="General Order 32">General Order 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_40" title="General Order 40">General Order 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Island_FCC_Monitoring_Station" title="Grand Island FCC Monitoring Station">Grand Island FCC Monitoring Station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AllVid" title="AllVid">AllVid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadband.gov" title="Broadband.gov">Broadband.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_in_the_United_States" title="Broadcasting in the United States">Broadcasting in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_the_United_States" title="FM broadcasting in the United States">FM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States" title="Cable television in the United States">Cable television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television in the United States">Digital television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television transition in the United States">Digital television transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television_in_the_United_States" title="High-definition television in the United States">High-definition television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television_in_the_United_States" title="Satellite television in the United States">Satellite television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications in the United States</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/FCC_Song" title="FCC Song">FCC Song</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Bar_Association" title="Federal Communications Bar Association">Federal Communications Bar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone_in_the_United_States" title="History of the telephone in the United States">History of the telephone in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission_fines_of_The_Howard_Stern_Show" title="Federal Communications Commission fines of The Howard Stern Show"><i>Howard Stern Show</i> fines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">Internet in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_cross-ownership_in_the_United_States" title="Media cross-ownership in the United States">Media cross-ownership in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modem_tax" title="Modem tax">Modem tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Exchange_Carrier_Association" title="National Exchange Carrier Association">National Exchange Carrier Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States" title="Net neutrality in the United States">Net neutrality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_spectrum" title="Open spectrum">Open 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