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> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arete" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arete" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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<li id="toc-Homer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Homer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples of usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button 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Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Areté" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aret%C3%A9" title="Areté – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Areté" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete" title="Arete – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arete" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete" title="Arete – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arete" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aret%C4%93" title="Aretē – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aretē" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aret%C3%A9" title="Areté – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Areté" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87)" title="واردی (فلسفه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واردی (فلسفه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A9t%C3%A9" title="Arété – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arété" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aret%C3%A9" title="Areté – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Areté" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A0%88%ED%85%8C" title="아레테 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아레테" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%94_(%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94)" title="ארטה (תכונה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארטה (תכונה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aret%C4%97" title="Aretė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aretė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87)" title="غوره والی (فلسفه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غوره والی (فلسفه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aret%C3%A9" title="Areté – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Areté" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aret%C3%AA" title="Aretê – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aretê" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aret%C3%A9" title="Areté – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Areté" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Арете – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арете" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete_(filosofia)" title="Arete (filosofia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arete (filosofia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Арете – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арете" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek philosophical concept</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the philosophical concept. For the thin ridge of rock formed by glaciers, see <a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%AAte" title="Arête">Arête</a>. For the mythological figure, see <a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)">Arete (mythology)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Arete_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Arete (disambiguation)">Arete (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #CEF2E0;">Arete</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Goddess of excellence and virtue</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of The <a href="/wiki/Praxidicae" class="mw-redirect" title="Praxidicae">Praxidicae</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arete_-_Aret%C3%A9-_%C3%89feso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Arete_-_Aret%C3%A9-_%C3%89feso.jpg/220px-Arete_-_Aret%C3%A9-_%C3%89feso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Arete_-_Aret%C3%A9-_%C3%89feso.jpg/330px-Arete_-_Aret%C3%A9-_%C3%89feso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Arete_-_Aret%C3%A9-_%C3%89feso.jpg/440px-Arete_-_Aret%C3%A9-_%C3%89feso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="3513" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Arete in <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Celsus" title="Library of Celsus">Celsus' Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, 2nd century AD</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data">Female</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEF2E0;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Praxidice" title="Praxidice">Praxidice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soter_(daimon)" title="Soter (daimon)">Soter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Homonoia_(mythology)" title="Homonoia (mythology)">Homonoia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEF2E0;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virtus_(deity)" title="Virtus (deity)">Virtus</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Arete</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀρετή">ἀρετή</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">aretḗ</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek thought">ancient Greek thought</a> that, in its most basic sense, refers to "excellence" of any kind<sup id="cite_ref-LSJ_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—especially a person or thing's "full realization of potential or inherent function."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term may also refer to excellence in "<a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">moral virtue</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-LSJ_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept was also occasionally personified as a minor goddess, <b>Arete</b> (not to be confused with the mythological Queen <a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)">Arete</a>), who, together with sister <a href="/wiki/Homonoia_(mythology)" title="Homonoia (mythology)">Homonoia</a>, formed the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Praxidikai" class="mw-redirect" title="Praxidikai">Praxidikai</a></i></span> ("Exacters of Justice"). </p><p>In its earliest appearance in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, this notion of excellence was bound up with the notion of the <a href="/wiki/Telos" title="Telos">fulfillment of purpose</a> or function: living up to one's potential. A person of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> is of the highest effectiveness; such a person uses all of their faculties—<a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bravery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bravery">bravery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">wit</a>—to achieve real results. In the <a href="/wiki/Homeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric">Homeric</a> world, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> involves all of the abilities and potentialities available to humans. Though particularly associated with "manly" qualities,<sup id="cite_ref-LSJ_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Homeric usage of the term was not necessarily gender-specific, as Homer applied the term to both the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Age" title="Greek Heroic Age">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan</a> heroes as well as major female figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a>, the wife of Greek hero <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric poems">Homeric poems</a>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> is frequently associated with bravery, but more often with effectiveness. </p><p>In some contexts, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> is explicitly linked with human knowledge, where the expressions "<a href="/wiki/Virtue_is_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtue is knowledge">virtue is knowledge</a>" and "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> is knowledge" are used interchangeably. In this sense, the highest human potential is knowledge, and all other human abilities derive from this central capacity. If <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> is knowledge, the highest human knowledge is <i>knowledge about knowledge itself</i>. In this light, the theoretical study of human knowledge, which <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> called "contemplation", is the highest human ability and happiness.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arete&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> applied the term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀρετή">ἀρετή</a></span></span>) to anything: for example, the excellence of a chimney, the excellence of a bull for breeding, and the excellence of a man. The meaning of the word changes depending on what it describes since everything has its own excellence; the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> of a man is different from the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> of a horse. This way of thinking originates from <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, where it can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegory of the Cave">Allegory of the Cave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic class</a> was presumed, essentially by definition, to be exemplary of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>:</p><blockquote><p>The root of the word is the same as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">aristos</i></span>, the word which shows superlative ability and superiority, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">aristos</i></span> was constantly used in the plural to denote the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>By the 5th and 4th centuries <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> as applied to men had developed to include quieter virtues, such as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dikaiosyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Dikaiosyne">dikaiosyne</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">sophrosyne</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Self-restraint" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-restraint">self-restraint</a>). Though Plato tried to produce a <a href="/wiki/Moral_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosophy">moral philosophy</a> that incorporated this new usage, it was in the <a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> that the doctrine of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> found its fullest flowering. Aristotle's <a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)">Doctrine of the Mean</a> is a paradigm example of his thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aristotle deliberated on the various goals of education: including practical skills, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>, and theory.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149–152">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aretegreeksports0000unse_j0h6/page/149/mode/1up">149</a>–152 </span></sup> Educating towards <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> means boys would be educated towards things that are useful in life. However, there is no agreement about what constitutes <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>, which leads to disagreement about how to train students for <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 150">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aretegreeksports0000unse_j0h6/page/150/mode/1up">150</a> </span></sup> To say that <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> has a common definition of excellence or fulfillment may be an overstatement simply because it was very difficult to pinpoint <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>, much less the proper ways to go about obtaining it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homer">Homer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arete&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Homer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> mainly describes heroes and nobles and their mobile dexterity, with special reference to <a href="/wiki/Physical_strength" title="Physical strength">strength</a> and <a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">courage</a>, though it is not limited to this.<sup id="cite_ref-LSJ_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the excellence of the gods generally included their power, but, in the <i>Odyssey</i> (13.42), <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> asked the gods to grant the <a href="/wiki/Phaeacians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeacians">Phaeacians</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>, which here is generally translated as prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a>'s <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>, as another example, relates to <a href="/wiki/Co-operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operation">co-operation</a>, for which she is praised by <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>. Though associated with "manly" qualities,<sup id="cite_ref-LSJ_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Homeric usage of the term was not necessarily gender-specific, as Homer applied the term to major female figures as well as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Age" title="Greek Heroic Age">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan</a> heroes. </p><p>The <i>Odyssey</i> states that "far-sounding Zeus takes away half the arete of a man, when the day of slavery takes hold of him."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Iliad</i>, the way Homer describes <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> is an example of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Arete</i></span> is associated with the goodness and prowess of a warrior. Debra Hawhee points out that the norms and practices of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> virtuosity "operate within the politics of reputation, whose normative poles are honor and shame."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dying in battle or securing a victory in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> were considered <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">agathos</i></span> ("good") and, hence, deserving of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tim%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Timê">timê</a></i></span> ("honor"). So, not only is Achilles a brave and brilliant warrior but also, from the outset, he is destined to die in battle at <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> with the utmost glory—a guarantor of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Knox" title="Bernard Knox">Bernard Knox</a>'s notes in the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fagles" title="Robert Fagles">Robert Fagles</a>' translation of <i>The Odyssey</i>, "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>" is also associated with <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">araomai</i></span>, the Greek word for "pray".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personification">Personification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arete&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Roman equivalent deity, see <a href="/wiki/Virtus_(deity)" title="Virtus (deity)">Virtus</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16em;background:ivory; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#f0f7f0"><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek deities</a><br />series</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titans_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titans (mythology)">Titans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">Chthonic deities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f0f7f0"> Personifications</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achlys" title="Achlys">Achlys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adephagia" title="Adephagia">Adephagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adikia" title="Adikia">Adikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aergia" title="Aergia">Aergia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agon" title="Agon">Agon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidos" title="Aidos">Aidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastor" title="Alastor">Alastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algos" class="mw-redirect" title="Algos">Algos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alke" title="Alke">Alke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amechania" title="Amechania">Amechania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphillogiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphillogiai">Amphillogiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaideia" title="Anaideia">Anaideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke" title="Ananke">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androktasiai" title="Androktasiai">Androktasiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelia" title="Angelia">Angelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apate" title="Apate">Apate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arae" title="Arae">Arae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atë">Atë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerus" title="Caerus">Caerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssebeia" title="Dyssebeia">Dyssebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(deity)" title="Dysnomia (deity)">Dysnomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekecheiria" title="Ekecheiria">Ekecheiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleos" title="Eleos">Eleos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elpis_(mythology)" title="Elpis (mythology)">Elpis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiales" title="Epiales">Epiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidotes" title="Epidotes">Epidotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphron" title="Epiphron">Epiphron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunomia" title="Eunomia">Eunomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupraxia_(mythology)" title="Eupraxia (mythology)">Eupraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelos_(mythology)" title="Gelos (mythology)">Gelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geras" title="Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedone" title="Hedone">Hedone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedylogos" title="Hedylogos">Hedylogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homados" title="Homados">Homados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonoia_(mythology)" title="Homonoia (mythology)">Homonoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horkos" title="Horkos">Horkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horme" title="Horme">Horme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybris_(mythology)" title="Hybris (mythology)">Hybris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">Hygeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysminai" title="Hysminai">Hysminai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioke_(mythology)" title="Ioke (mythology)">Ioke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakia" title="Kakia">Kakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koalemos" title="Koalemos">Koalemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koros_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koros (mythology)">Koros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydoimos" title="Kydoimos">Kydoimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampetia" title="Lampetia">Lampetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe" title="Lethe">Lethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limos" title="Limos">Limos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litae" title="Litae">Litae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyssa" title="Lyssa">Lyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machai" title="Machai">Machai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniae" title="Maniae">Maniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methe" title="Methe">Methe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">Moirai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moros" title="Moros">Moros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neikea" class="mw-redirect" title="Neikea">Neikea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomos_(mythology)" title="Nomos (mythology)">Nomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oizys" title="Oizys">Oizys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olethros" title="Olethros">Olethros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneiros" title="Oneiros">Oneiroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palioxis" title="Palioxis">Palioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitharchia" title="Peitharchia">Peitharchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethusa" title="Phaethusa">Phaethusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitho" title="Peitho">Peitho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penia" title="Penia">Penia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthus" title="Penthus">Penthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheme" title="Pheme">Pheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotes" title="Philotes">Philotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrike" title="Phrike">Phrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonoi" title="Phonoi">Phonoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthisis_(mythology)" title="Phthisis (mythology)">Phthisisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthonus" title="Phthonus">Phthonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistis" title="Pistis">Pistis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Plutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemos" title="Polemos">Polemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponos" title="Ponos">Ponos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porus_(mythology)" title="Porus (mythology)">Porus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxidice" title="Praxidice">Praxidice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proioxis" title="Proioxis">Proioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophasis" title="Prophasis">Prophasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptocheia" title="Ptocheia">Ptocheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(mythology)" title="Soteria (mythology)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telete" title="Telete">Telete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasos" title="Thrasos">Thrasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Greek_deities_(personifications)" title="Template:Greek deities (personifications)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_deities_(personifications)" title="Template talk:Greek deities (personifications)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_deities_(personifications)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek deities (personifications)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annibale_Carracci_-_The_Choice_of_Heracles_-_WGA4416.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Annibale_Carracci_-_The_Choice_of_Heracles_-_WGA4416.jpg/260px-Annibale_Carracci_-_The_Choice_of_Heracles_-_WGA4416.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Annibale_Carracci_-_The_Choice_of_Heracles_-_WGA4416.jpg/390px-Annibale_Carracci_-_The_Choice_of_Heracles_-_WGA4416.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Annibale_Carracci_-_The_Choice_of_Heracles_-_WGA4416.jpg/520px-Annibale_Carracci_-_The_Choice_of_Heracles_-_WGA4416.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3465" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption><i>The <a href="/wiki/The_Choice_of_Hercules_(Carracci)" title="The Choice of Hercules (Carracci)">Choice of Hercules</a></i> by Carracci, 1596. Depicts Hercules deciding between Vice (right) and Virtue, or Arete (left)</figcaption></figure> <p>Arete was occasionally personified as a goddess, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Homonoia_(mythology)" title="Homonoia (mythology)">Homonoia</a> (goddess of concord, unanimity, and oneness of mind), and the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Praxidike" class="mw-redirect" title="Praxidike">Praxidike</a> (goddess of justice). Arete and Homonoia were known jointly as the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Praxidikai" class="mw-redirect" title="Praxidikai">Praxidikai</a></i></span> ("Exacters of Justice"). As with many minor Greek deities, there is little or no real mythical background to Arete, who is used at most as a personification of <a href="/wiki/Virtus_(deity)" title="Virtus (deity)">virtue</a>. </p><p>The only surviving story involving Arete was told in the 5th century <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span> by the <a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">sophist</a> <a href="/wiki/Prodicus" title="Prodicus">Prodicus</a>. Known as "<a href="/wiki/Hercules_at_the_crossroads" title="Hercules at the crossroads">Hercules at the crossroads</a>", it concerns the early life of the <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a> <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>. At a crossroads, Arete appeared to Heracles as a young maiden and offered him glory and a life of struggle against evil; her counterpart <a href="/wiki/Kakia" title="Kakia">Kakia</a> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">κακία</span></span>, 'badness') offered him wealth and pleasure. Heracles chose to follow the path of Arete.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This story was later used by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Methodius_of_Olympus" title="Methodius of Olympus">Methodius of Olympus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_usage">Examples of usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arete&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples of usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In Aristotle's <i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i>, Book 2, chapter 6: "Virtue (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>), then, is a habit or trained faculty of choice, the characteristic of which lies in moderation or observance of the mean relatively to the persons concerned, as determined by reason, i.e., by the reason by which the prudent man would determine it."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the Admonition of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%204:8&version=nrsv">Philippians 4:8</a>: "Finally, brothers and sisters, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is just, whatever is pure, whatever is pleasing, whatever is commendable, if there is any excellence (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>) and if there is anything worthy of praise, think about these things."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pirsig" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Pirsig">Robert Pirsig</a> uses "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>" as a synonym for "quality" in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Zen_and_the_Art_of_Motorcycle_Maintenance" title="Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance">Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance</a></i>, which includes an extensive discussion of Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i> and the historical contrast between <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a>: "And what is good, Phaedrus, And what is not good—Need we ask anyone to tell us these things?"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pirsig's line plays off a line in the Platonic dialogue <i>The Phaedrus</i> which reads: "And what is well and what is badly—need we ask Lysias, or any other poet or orator, who ever wrote or will write either a political or any other work, in metre or out of metre, poet or prose writer, to teach us this?"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In a <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindarian</a> ode inscribed on the base of an Olympian victor's statue for the boxer <a href="/wiki/Diagoras_of_Rhodes" title="Diagoras of Rhodes">Diagoras of Rhodes</a>: "O father Zeus, give honor to this hymn for a victor at Olympia, and to his now famous <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> in boxing."<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Arete is the name of a key protagonist in <a href="/wiki/The_Philosopher_Kings_(novel)" title="The Philosopher Kings (novel)"><i>The Philosopher Kings</i></a>, the second book of <a href="/wiki/Jo_Walton" title="Jo Walton">Jo Walton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Just_City" title="The Just City"><i>Thessaly trilogy</i></a> in which a group of people gathered by the <a href="/wiki/Time-traveling" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-traveling">time-traveling</a> <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> work to achieve the ideal society as described in <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Plato's <i>Republic</i></a>. She is a precocious teenager who also appears in the sequel. Arete's name and its meaning ("excellence") is a small but important plot point in the book—as well as a general theme of the series as a whole.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletics">Athletics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arete&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Arete</i></span> was also used by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in his discussion of athletic training and the education of young boys.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was commonly believed that the mind, body, and soul each had to be developed for a man to live a life of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>. This led to the thought that athletics had to be present in order to obtain <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>. Athletics did not need to occupy one's life, but could be used to exercise the body into the right condition for <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span>, just as the mind and soul would be exercised by other means.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paideia">Paideia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arete&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paideia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Arete</i></span> is a significant part of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">paideia</a></i></span> of ancient Greeks: the training of the boy to manhood. This training in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arete</i></span> included <a href="/wiki/Physical_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical training">physical training</a>, for which the Greeks developed the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasion</a></i></span>; mental training, which included <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">oratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic science">basic sciences</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> training, which included <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> and what is called <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arete&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretaic_turn" class="mw-redirect" title="Aretaic turn">Aretaic turn</a> – Normative ethical theories<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretology" class="mw-redirect" title="Aretology">Aretology</a> – Narrative about a divine figure<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturity_(psychological)" title="Maturity (psychological)">Maturity (psychological)</a> – Learned ability to respond to the environment in a socially appropriate manner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mens_sana_in_corpore_sano" title="Mens sana in corpore sano">Mens sana in corpore sano</a> – Latin phrase regarding health ("a healthy mind in a healthy body")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirsig%27s_metaphysics_of_Quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirsig's metaphysics of Quality">Pirsig's metaphysics of Quality</a> – Theory of reality<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a> – Normative ethical theories</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a> – Masculine virtue in Ancient Rome</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arete&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LSJ-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, H. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, R.</a>, eds. (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=LSJ%20a)reth/&lang=original">"ἀρετή"</a>. <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon"><i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i></a> (9th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AE&rft.btitle=A+Greek%E2%80%93English+Lexicon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DLSJ%2520a%29reth%2F%26lang%3Doriginal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins_English_Dictionary2023" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/arete">"Arete: definition and meaning"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>. 5 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Arete%3A+definition+and+meaning&rft.date=2023-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Farete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/f-h-peters/text/book-10#chapter-10-2-7">"X: Conclusion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics"><i>Nicomachean Ethics</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=X%3A+Conclusion&rft.btitle=Nicomachean+Ethics&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandardebooks.org%2Febooks%2Faristotle%2Fnicomachean-ethics%2Ff-h-peters%2Ftext%2Fbook-10%23chapter-10-2-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plat.+Rep.+6&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0168">"Plato, Republic, Book 6"</a>. <i>Perseus Digital Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Plato%2C+Republic%2C+Book+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPlat.%2BRep.%2B6%26fromdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger1945" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Jaeger" title="Werner Jaeger">Jaeger, Werner</a> (1945). <i>Paideia; the Ideals of Greek Culture</i>. Vol. I. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Aristotle%2C+Nicomachean+Ethics%2C+Bekker+page+1094a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DAristot.%2BNic.%2BEth.%26fromdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)"><i>Politics</i></a>. VIII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics&rft.pages=VIII&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Miller" title="Stephen G. Miller">Miller, Stephen G.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aretegreeksports0000unse_j0h6"><i>Ancient Greek Athletics</i></a> (3rd ed.). University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300115291" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300115291"><bdi>978-0300115291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Athletics&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0300115291&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faretegreeksports0000unse_j0h6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136:book=13:card=1">"Homer, Odyssey"</a>. <i>Perseus Digital Library</i>. Book 13, line 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Homer%2C+Odyssey&rft.pages=Book+13%2C+line+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D13%3Acard%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2002" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Anton (11 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dsOEAgAAQBAJ&dq=slave+arete&pg=PA53"><i>The Greek World</i></a>. Routledge. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-69864-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-69864-6"><bdi>978-1-134-69864-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+World&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-69864-6&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdsOEAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dslave%2Barete%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawhee2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hawhee, Debra (2002). "Agonism and Arete". <i>Philosophy and Rhetoric</i>. <b>35</b> (3). The Pennsylvania State University Press: 185–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpar.2003.0004">10.1353/par.2003.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2079">1527-2079</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143802236">143802236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Rhetoric&rft.atitle=Agonism+and+Arete&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=185-207&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143802236%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-2079&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpar.2003.0004&rft.aulast=Hawhee&rft.aufirst=Debra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1996" class="citation book cs1">Knox, Bernard (1996). "Introduction and notes". <i>The Odyssey</i>. Translated by Fagles, Robert. London: Penguin Classics Deluxe Ed.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+and+notes&rft.btitle=The+Odyssey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics+Deluxe+Ed&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXenophon1897" class="citation cs2">Xenophon (1897), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1177/1177-h/1177-h.htm#link2H_4_0004">"The Memorabilia Recollections of Socrates"</a>, <i>Book II</i>, translated by Dakyns, Macmillan and Co.<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Book+II&rft.atitle=The+Memorabilia+Recollections+of+Socrates&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Xenophon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F1177%2F1177-h%2F1177-h.htm%23link2H_4_0004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/f-h-peters/text/book-2#chapter-2-1-6">"II. Moral Virtue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics"><i>Nicomachean Ethics</i></a>. Translated by Peters, F.H.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.+Moral+Virtue&rft.btitle=Nicomachean+Ethics&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandardebooks.org%2Febooks%2Faristotle%2Fnicomachean-ethics%2Ff-h-peters%2Ftext%2Fbook-2%23chapter-2-1-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirsig1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Pirsig" title="Robert M. Pirsig">Pirsig, Robert M.</a> (1974). <a href="/wiki/Zen_and_the_Art_of_Motorcycle_Maintenance" title="Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance"><i>Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+and+the+Art+of+Motorcycle+Maintenance&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Pirsig&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlato" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)"><i>Phaedrus</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jowett" title="Benjamin Jowett">Jowett, Benjamin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phaedrus&rft.au=Plato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arete&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerferd1967" class="citation book cs1">Kerferd, G.B. (1967). "Arete/Agathon/Kakon". In Edwards, P. (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="The Encyclopedia of Philosophy"><i>The Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. New York: Macmillan & The Free Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arete%2FAgathon%2FKakon&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+The+Free+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Kerferd&rft.aufirst=G.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArete" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/173495434-aret">Areté: Activate Your Heroic Potential by Brian Johnson | Goodreads</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_philosophical_concepts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_philosophical_concepts" title="Template:Ancient Greek philosophical concepts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_philosophical_concepts" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek philosophical concepts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_philosophical_concepts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek philosophical concepts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_philosophical_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophical concepts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora"><i>Adiaphora</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(indifferent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletheia" title="Aletheia"><i>Aletheia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(truth)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apeiron" title="Apeiron"><i>Apeiron</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(infinite)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporia" title="Aporia"><i>Aporia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(problem)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arche" class="mw-redirect" title="Arche"><i>Arche</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first principle)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Arete</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(excellence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia"><i>Ataraxia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(tranquility)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos"><i>Cosmos</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(order)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diairesis" title="Diairesis"><i>Diairesis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(division)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxa" title="Doxa"><i>Doxa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(opinion)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme"><i>Episteme</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(knowledge)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos"><i>Ethos</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(character)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia"><i>Eudaimonia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(flourishing)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychia" title="Hesychia"><i>Hesychia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(stillness)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos"><i>Logos</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(reason)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis"><i>Mimesis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(imitation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)"><i>Monad</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unit)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous"><i>Nous</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(intellect)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia"><i>Ousia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(substance)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos"><i>Pathos</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(passion)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis"><i>Phronesis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(prudence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physis" title="Physis"><i>Physis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(nature)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)"><i>Sophia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(wisdom)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne"><i>Sophrosyne</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(temperance)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)" title="Sage (philosophy)"><i>Sophós</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(sage)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techne" title="Techne"><i>Techne</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(craft)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos" title="Telos"><i>Telos</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(goal)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumos" title="Thumos"><i>Thumos</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(temper)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virtues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virtues" title="Template:Virtues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virtues" title="Template talk:Virtues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virtues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(philosophy)" title="Endowment (philosophy)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arete</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></i></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Caritas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(Roman_concept)" title="Dignitas (Roman concept)">Dignitas</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gravitas" title="Gravitas">Gravitas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganbaru" title="Ganbaru">Ganbaru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giri_(Japanese)" title="Giri (Japanese)">Giri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i></li> <li><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Seny" title="Seny">Seny</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu">Sisu</a></i></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Virt%C3%B9" title="Virtù">Virtù</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265823#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265823#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96000276">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aretī́ (le mot grec)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16185019f">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aretī́ (le mot grec)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16185019f">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007537275405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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