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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area in United States west of the Appalachian mountains</div> <p><b>Trans-Appalachia</b> is an area in the United States bounded to the east by the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> and extending west roughly to the Mississippi River. It spans from the Midwest to the Upper South. The term is used most frequently when referring to the area as a frontier in the 17th, 18th and 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the region gained its own identity, defined by its isolation and separation from the rest of the United States to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It included much of <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> and at least the northern and eastern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Southwest" title="Old Southwest">Old Southwest</a>. It was never an organized territory or other political unit. Most of what was referred to by this name became the states of western <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. It is still a vague and little used place name today. </p><p>Trans-Appalachia can be divided into four sub regions: 1) the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Old Northwest Territory</a> that encompasses the current states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, 2) the Old Southwest Territory represented by the present states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, 3) Florida, and 4) the territory of upstate New York and southeast Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar name, trans-Allegheny, has much the same usage (usually as an adjective) and refers to the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a>, the northern portion of the Appalachians. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Appalachia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the 18th century, as open land east of the Appalachian Mountains became increasingly scarce, the region started to receive significant numbers of migrants. The Appalachian mountains were bypassed for Trans-Appalachia's better farmland and access to waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of 18th century Trans-Appalachia, especially the Ohio River Valley, was defined by conflict over territory between the British, French, and Native Americans. Although the Proclamation of 1763 after the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years War</a> prohibited further settlement, significant migration to the region continued throughout the 1760s and 1770s.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused further conflict with Native Americans, such as <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> from 1763 to 1764.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Revolutionary War, America formally acquired the land of Trans-Appalachia through peace treaties. This spurred a new wave of migration that would catapult the region to increasing prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration">Migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Appalachia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Anglo-American_Migrants">First Anglo-American Migrants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Appalachia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Anglo-American Migrants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in the mid-18th century, Americans who wanted to find a better life in the wilderness traveled several main roads over the Appalachians. Those from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> followed the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Trail" title="Mohawk Trail">Mohawk Trail</a> into western <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. The travelers from <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> took <a href="/wiki/Forbes%27_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes' Road">Forbes' Road</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh</a>, where they could travel west on the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>. From <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a>, they went to Pittsburgh on <a href="/wiki/Braddock_Road_(Braddock_expedition)" title="Braddock Road (Braddock expedition)">Braddock's Road</a>. Middle Atlantic settlers used <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland Road">Cumberland Road</a> (the National Road). Southerners used either the <a href="/wiki/Great_Valley_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Valley Road">Great Valley Road</a> or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richmond_Road,_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richmond Road, Virginia (page does not exist)">Richmond Road</a> through the mountains to the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Gap" title="Cumberland Gap">Cumberland Gap</a>. From there they could take the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Road" title="Wilderness Road">Wilderness Road</a> northward into present day <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Valley">Ohio Valley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a> was hired by the <a href="/wiki/Transylvania_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvania Company">Transylvania Company</a> to cut the Wilderness Road. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_trans-Appalachian_populations">Increasing trans-Appalachian populations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Appalachia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Increasing trans-Appalachian populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River#History" title="Ohio River">Ohio River § History</a></div> <p>Between 1790 and 1810, around 98,000 slaves, along with their owners, moved west into the region south of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787 had forbidden slavery in states north of the Ohio). </p> <ul><li>By 1795, in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, 75,000</li> <li>By 1830, hundreds of thousands of settlers were in the region, which at that time consisted of <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a>, and the new states of <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, with 1,000,000 inhabitants,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, with almost 350,000 inhabitants, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, with more than 150,000 inhabitants.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Appalachia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi" title="Trans-Mississippi">Trans-Mississippi</a>, everything west of the Mississippi River, i.e. west of trans-Appalachia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_County,_Virginia" title="Illinois County, Virginia">Illinois County, Virginia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kentucke%27s_Frontiers" title="Kentucke's Frontiers">Kentucke's Frontiers</a></i> by Craig Thompson Friend</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_County,_Virginia" title="Kentucky County, Virginia">Kentucky County, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhill_Cherokee" title="Overhill Cherokee">Overhill Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmountain_Men" title="Overmountain Men">Overmountain Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_County,_North_Carolina" title="Tennessee County, North Carolina">Tennessee County, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_Colony" title="Transylvania Colony">Transylvania Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalia_(colony)" title="Vandalia (colony)">Vandalia (colony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_North_Carolina" title="Washington County, North Carolina">Washington County, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watauga_Association" title="Watauga Association">Watauga Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Road" title="Wilderness Road">Wilderness Road</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Appalachia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.pdx.edu/~hgdj/Geog366/Outline_Deborah.html">"Geog 366"</a>. <i>web.pdx.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.pdx.edu&rft.atitle=Geog+366&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.pdx.edu%2F~hgdj%2FGeog366%2FOutline_Deborah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans-Appalachia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/2713/discussions/35914/cfp-making-trans-appalachian-west-society-culture-and-peoples-1754">"CFP - The Making of the Trans-Appalachian West: Society, Culture, and Peoples, 1754-1832 | H-Appalachia | H-Net"</a>. <i>networks.h-net.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1255&context=master201019">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The American Canaan": Eighteenth century Trans-Appalachian migration"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+American+Canaan%22%3A+Eighteenth+century+Trans-Appalachian+migration&rft.date=2012-05&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Lauren+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.lib.jmu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1255%26context%3Dmaster201019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans-Appalachia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFurstenberg2008" class="citation journal cs1">Furstenberg, François (June 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/113/3/647/41079">"The Significance of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier in Atlantic History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>113</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">647–</span>677. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.113.3.647">10.1086/ahr.113.3.647</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180606115141/https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/113/3/647/41079">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+the+Trans-Appalachian+Frontier+in+Atlantic+History&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E647-%3C%2Fspan%3E677&rft.date=2008-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr.113.3.647&rft.aulast=Furstenberg&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fahr%2Farticle%2F113%2F3%2F647%2F41079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans-Appalachia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartosik-Vélez2014" class="citation book cs1">Bartosik-Vélez, Elise (2014). <i>Columbus and the Republican Empire of the United States</i>. Vanderbilt University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbus+and+the+Republican+Empire+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bartosik-V%C3%A9lez&rft.aufirst=Elise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans-Appalachia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trans-Appalachia&oldid=1271489346">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trans-Appalachia&oldid=1271489346</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Appalachia" title="Category:History of Appalachia">History of Appalachia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1790s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1790s in the United States">1790s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Category:History of the Midwestern United States">History of the Midwestern United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Regions of the United States">Regions of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_the_United_States" title="Category:19th century in the United States">19th century in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 January 2025, at 07:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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