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id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Guion Bluford</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">Guion Bluford, Jr.</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guion_Bluford.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Guion Bluford.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Guion_Bluford.jpg/220px-Guion_Bluford.jpg" width="220" height="275" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Guion_Bluford.jpg/330px-Guion_Bluford.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Guion_Bluford.jpg/440px-Guion_Bluford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="2733"/></a> <div>Guion Bluford in October 1992</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="role" style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Astronaut</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th> <td><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;">Status</th> <td class="category">Retired</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th> <td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1942-11-22</span>)</span> November 22, 1942 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age 72)</span><br/> <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Other occupation</div> </th> <td class="role"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator" title="Aviator" class="mw-redirect">Pilot</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;">Rank</th> <td class="title"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a></td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Time in space</div> </th> <td>28d 16h 33m</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;">Selection</th> <td><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_selection#1978" title="List of astronauts by selection" class="mw-redirect">1978 NASA Group</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;">Missions</th> <td><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8">STS-8</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a> , <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-39" title="STS-39">STS-39</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-53" title="STS-53">STS-53</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Mission insignia</div> </th> <td><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS-8_patch.png" class="image"><img alt="STS-8 patch.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/STS-8_patch.png/30px-STS-8_patch.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/STS-8_patch.png/45px-STS-8_patch.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/STS-8_patch.png/60px-STS-8_patch.png 2x" data-file-width="2890" data-file-height="2892"/></a><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS-61-a-patch.png" class="image"><img alt="STS-61-a-patch.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/STS-61-a-patch.png/30px-STS-61-a-patch.png" width="30" height="29" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/STS-61-a-patch.png/45px-STS-61-a-patch.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/STS-61-a-patch.png/60px-STS-61-a-patch.png 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1890"/></a><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sts-39-patch.png" class="image"><img alt="Sts-39-patch.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sts-39-patch.png/30px-Sts-39-patch.png" width="30" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sts-39-patch.png/45px-Sts-39-patch.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sts-39-patch.png/60px-Sts-39-patch.png 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1845"/></a><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sts-53-patch.png" class="image"><img alt="Sts-53-patch.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sts-53-patch.png/30px-Sts-53-patch.png" width="30" height="29" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sts-53-patch.png/45px-Sts-53-patch.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sts-53-patch.png/60px-Sts-53-patch.png 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2286"/></a></td> </tr> </table> <p>Dr. <b>Guion Stewart “Guy” Bluford, Jr.</b> (born November 22, 1942), is an <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a>, and the first <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American" title="African American">African American</a> in space.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Before becoming an astronaut, Bluford was a <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> in the U.S. Air Force. He participated in four <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> flights between 1983 and 1992. In 1983, as a member of the crew of the Space Shuttle <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a> on the mission <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8">STS-8</a>, Bluford became the first African American in space as well as the second <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">person of African ancestry</a> in space, after <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmonaut" title="Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect">cosmonaut</a> <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaldo_Tamayo_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez">Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez</a>.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_years"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early years</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Career"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#NASA"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">NASA</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#After_NASA_Career"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">After NASA Career</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Awards_and_decorations"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Awards and decorations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guion_Bluford&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_years">Early years</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guion_Bluford&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Bluford was born in <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and graduated from <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbrook_High_School_(Philadelphia)" title="Overbrook High School (Philadelphia)">Overbrook High School</a>. He received a <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">B.S.</a> in <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineering</a> from the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a> in 1964, an <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">M.S.</a> in aerospace engineering from the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology" title="Air Force Institute of Technology">Air Force Institute of Technology</a> (AFIT) in 1974, a <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> in aerospace engineering with a minor in <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, again from AFIT, in 1978, and a <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a> from the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston%E2%80%93Clear_Lake" title="University of Houston–Clear Lake">University of Houston–Clear Lake</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-bio_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-bio-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> He married Linda Tull in 1964 and has two sons, Guion III and James.<sup id="cite_ref-answers_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-answers-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Career">Career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guion_Bluford&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Bluford attended pilot training at <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Air_Force_Base" title="Williams Air Force Base">Williams Air Force Base</a>, and received his <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Aviator_Badge" title="United States Aviator Badge">pilot wings</a> in January 1966. He then went to <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II" title="F-4 Phantom II" class="mw-redirect">F-4C</a> combat crew training in <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and was assigned to the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/557th_Flying_Training_Squadron" title="557th Flying Training Squadron">557th Tactical Fighter Squadron</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay" title="Cam Ranh Bay">Cam Ranh Bay</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. He flew 144 combat missions, 65 of which were over <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>.</p> <p>In July 1967, he was assigned to the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheppard_Air_Force_Base#80th_Flying_Training_Wing" title="Sheppard Air Force Base">3630th Flying Training Wing</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheppard_Air_Force_Base" title="Sheppard Air Force Base">Sheppard Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, as a <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-38_Talon" title="T-38 Talon" class="mw-redirect">T-38A</a> instructor pilot. He served as a standardization/evaluation officer and as an assistant flight commander. In early 1971, he attended <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_Officer_School" title="Squadron Officer School">Squadron Officer School</a> and returned as an executive support officer to the Deputy Commander of Operations and as School Secretary for the Wing.</p> <p>In August 1972, he entered the Air Force Institute of Technology residency school at <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base" title="Wright-Patterson Air Force Base">Wright-Patterson Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. Upon graduating in 1974 with his master's degree,<sup id="cite_ref-who2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who2-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> he was assigned to the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Flight_Dynamics_Laboratory" title="United States Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory">Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory</a> at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, as a staff development engineer. He served as deputy for advanced concepts for the Aeromechanics Division and as branch chief of the Aerodynamics and Airframe Branch in the Laboratory. Bluford has written and presented several scientific papers in the area of computational <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a>. He has logged over 5,200 hours of jet flight time in the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_T-33_Shooting_Star" title="Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star" class="mw-redirect">T-33</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_T-37_Tweet" title="Cessna T-37 Tweet">T-37</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon" title="Northrop T-38 Talon">T-38</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-4C" title="F-4C" class="mw-redirect">F-4C</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a>/<a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2#Variants" title="Lockheed U-2">TR-1</a>, and <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5">F-5A/B</a> aircraft, including 1,300 hours as a T-38 instructor pilot. He also has an <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">FAA</a> commercial pilot license.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="NASA">NASA</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guion_Bluford&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: NASA">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astronaut_candidates_Ronald_McNair,_Guion_Bluford,_and_Frederick_Gregory.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Astronaut_candidates_Ronald_McNair%2C_Guion_Bluford%2C_and_Frederick_Gregory.jpg/220px-Astronaut_candidates_Ronald_McNair%2C_Guion_Bluford%2C_and_Frederick_Gregory.jpg" width="220" height="274" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Astronaut_candidates_Ronald_McNair%2C_Guion_Bluford%2C_and_Frederick_Gregory.jpg/330px-Astronaut_candidates_Ronald_McNair%2C_Guion_Bluford%2C_and_Frederick_Gregory.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Astronaut_candidates_Ronald_McNair%2C_Guion_Bluford%2C_and_Frederick_Gregory.jpg/440px-Astronaut_candidates_Ronald_McNair%2C_Guion_Bluford%2C_and_Frederick_Gregory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4521" data-file-height="5635"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astronaut_candidates_Ronald_McNair,_Guion_Bluford,_and_Frederick_Gregory.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Astronaut candidates Ron McNair, Guy Bluford, and Fred Gregory wearing Apollo spacesuits, May 1978</div> </div> </div> <p>Bluford was chosen to become a <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> astronaut in August 1979<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-bio_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-bio-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> out of thousands of possible candidates. His technical assignments have included working with Space Station operations, the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Manipulator_System" title="Remote Manipulator System" class="mw-redirect">Remote Manipulator System</a> (RMS), <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> systems and experiments, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> systems, payload safety issues and verifying flight software in the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_Avionics_Integration_Laboratory" title="Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory">Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory</a> (SAIL) and in the Flight Systems Laboratory (FSL). Bluford was a mission specialist on <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8">STS-8</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-39" title="STS-39">STS-39</a>, and <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-53" title="STS-53">STS-53</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-who2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who2-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Bluford's first mission was <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8">STS-8</a>, which launched from <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, Florida, on August 30, 1983. This was the third flight for the Orbiter <i>Challenger</i> and the first mission with a night launch and night landing. During the mission, the STS-8 crew deployed the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">Indian National Satellite</a> (INSAT-1B); operated the Canadian-built RMS with the Payload Flight Test Article (PFTA); operated the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES) with live cell samples; conducted medical measurements to understand biophysiological effects of space flight; and activated four "Getaway Special" canisters. STS-8 completed 98 orbits of the Earth in 145 hours before landing at <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, on September 5, 1983.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg/220px-Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg" width="220" height="144" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg/330px-Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg/440px-Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="2679"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bluford_on_Treadmill_-_GPN-2000-001078.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Bluford on STS-8 in 1983</div> </div> </div> <p>Bluford then served on the crew of <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a>, the German D-1 <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> mission, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on October 30, 1985. This mission was the first to carry eight crew members, the largest crew to fly in space and included three European payload specialists. This was the first dedicated Spacelab mission under the direction of the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DFVLR) and the first U.S. mission in which payload control was transferred to a foreign country (<a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Space Operations Center</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen" title="Oberpfaffenhofen">Oberpfaffenhofen</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>). During the mission, the Global Low Orbiting Message Relay Satellite (GLOMR) was deployed from a "<a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway Special</a>" (GAS) container, and 76 experiments were performed in Spacelab in such fields as fluid physics, materials processing, life sciences, and navigation. After completing 111 orbits of the Earth in 169 hours, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a> landed at <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>, California, on November 6, 1985.</p> <p>Bluford also served on the crew of <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-39" title="STS-39">STS-39</a>, which launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on April 28, 1991, aboard the Orbiter <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a>. The crew gathered <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_borealis" title="Aurora borealis" class="mw-redirect">aurora</a>, Earth-limb, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star" title="Star">celestial</a>, and Shuttle environment data with the AFP-675 payload. This payload consisted of the Cryogenic Infrared Radiance Instrumentation for Shuttle (CIRRIS-1A) experiment, Far Ultraviolet Camera experiment (FAR UV), the Uniformly Redundant Array (URA), the Quadrupole Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer (QINMS), and the Horizon Ultraviolet Program (HUP) experiment. The crew also deployed and retrieved the SPAS-II which carried the Infrared Background Signature Survey (IBSS) experiment. The crew also operated the Space Test Payload-1 (STP-1) and deployed a classified payload from the Multi-Purpose Experiment Canister (MPEC). After completing 134 orbits of the Earth and 199 hours in space, <i>Discovery</i> landed at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on May 6, 1991.</p> <p>Bluford's last mission was <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-53" title="STS-53">STS-53</a>, which launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on December 2, 1992. The crew of five deployed the classified <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> payload DOD-1 and then performed several Military-Man-in-Space and NASA experiments. After completing 115 orbits of the Earth in 175 hours, <i>Discovery</i> landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on December 9, 1992.</p> <p>With the completion of his fourth flight, Bluford has logged over 688 hours in space.</p> <p>Bluford, an <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Scout_rank_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" title="Eagle Scout rank (Boy Scouts of America)" class="mw-redirect">Eagle Scout</a>, was designated as the emissary to return the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_flag" title="Challenger flag">Challenger flag</a> to Boy Scout Troop 514 of <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument,_Colorado" title="Monument, Colorado">Monument, Colorado</a> in December, 1986. On December 18 of that year, he presented the flag to the troop in a special ceremony at <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schriever_Air_Force_Base" title="Schriever Air Force Base">Falcon Air Force Base</a>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="After_NASA_Career">After NASA Career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guion_Bluford&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After NASA Career">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Bluford left NASA in July 1993 to take the post of Vice President/General Manager, Engineering Services Division of NYMA, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbelt,_Maryland" title="Greenbelt, Maryland">Greenbelt, Maryland</a>. In May, 1997, he became Vice President of the Aerospace Sector of Federal Data Corporation and in October, 2000, became the Vice President of Microgravity R&D and Operations for the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a> Corporation. He retired from Northrop Grumman in September, 2002 to become the President of Aerospace Technology, an engineering consulting organization in <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio" class="mw-redirect">Cleveland, Ohio</a>.</p> <p>He was inducted into the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Space Hall of Fame" class="mw-redirect">International Space Hall of Fame</a> in 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-who2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who2-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> and inducted into the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">United States Astronaut Hall of Fame</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 2002, scholar <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a> listed Bluford on his list of <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans" title="100 Greatest African Americans">100 Greatest African Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Bluford was recognized as a distinguished alumnus of <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Penn State</a> by being selected as the Grand Marshal for his alma mater's Homecoming celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guion_Bluford&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li>USAF Command Pilot <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_Badge" title="Astronaut Badge" class="mw-redirect">Astronaut Wings</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Superior_Service_Medal" title="Defense Superior Service Medal">Defense Superior Service Medal</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> (1993)</li> <li>three <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal" title="Defense Meritorious Service Medal">Defense Meritorious Service Medals</a> (1986, 1992 and 1993)</li> <li>Air Force <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medal</a> (1978)</li> <li>Ten Air Force <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Medal" title="Air Medal">Air Medals</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Commendation_Medal" title="Air Force Commendation Medal" class="mw-redirect">Air Force Commendation Medal</a> (1972)</li> <li>Three Air Force <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outstanding_Unit_Award" title="Outstanding Unit Award" class="mw-redirect">Outstanding Unit Awards</a> (1967, 1970 and 1972)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Medal_of_Achievement" title="National Intelligence Medal of Achievement">National Intelligence Medal of Achievement</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal" title="National Defense Service Medal">National Defense Service Medal</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Service_Medal" title="Vietnam Service Medal">Vietnam Service Medal</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Cross_of_Gallantry" title="Vietnam Cross of Gallantry" class="mw-redirect">Vietnam Cross of Gallantry</a> with Palm (1967)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Campaign_Medal" title="Vietnam Campaign Medal">Vietnam Campaign Medal</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="NASA Distinguished Service Medal">NASA Distinguished Service Medal</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Exceptional_Service_Medal" title="NASA Exceptional Service Medal">NASA Exceptional Service Medal</a> (1992)</li> <li>Four NASA Group Achievement Awards (1980, 1981, 1989, and 2003)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Space_Flight_Medal" title="NASA Space Flight Medal">NASA Space Flight Medals</a> (1983, 1985, 1991 and 1992)</li> <li>German Air Force (<a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>) Aviation Badge from the Federal Republic of <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> (1969)</li> <li>Leadership Award of Phi Delta Kappa (1962)</li> <li>T-38 Instructor Pilot of the Month (1970)</li> <li>Air Training Command Outstanding Flight Safety Award (1970)</li> <li>Air Force Institute of Technology's Mervin E. Gross Award (1974)</li> <li>Who's Who Among Black Americans (1975 to 1977)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Society_of_Black_Engineers" title="National Society of Black Engineers">National Society of Black Engineers</a> Distinguished National Scientist Award (1979)</li> <li>Pennsylvania State University Alumni Association's Distinguished Alumni Award (1983), the Alumni Fellows Award (1986)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a> Black Achievement Award (1983)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award" title="NAACP Image Award">NAACP Image Award</a> (1983)</li> <li>City of Philadelphia's Philadelphia Bowl (1983)</li> <li>Who's Who in America (1983 to present)</li> <li>Pennsylvania Distinguished Service Medal (1984)</li> <li>New York City <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_League" title="Urban League" class="mw-redirect">Urban League</a>'s <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a> Memorial Award</li> <li>1991 Black Engineer of the Year Award</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Aeronautique_Internationale" title="Federation Aeronautique Internationale" class="mw-redirect">Federation Aeronautique Internationale</a> (FAI) <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Komarov" title="Vladimir Komarov">Komarov</a> Diploma (1993)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Space Hall of Fame" class="mw-redirect">International Space Hall of Fame</a> inductee (1997)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame" class="mw-redirect">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a> inductee (2010)</li> <li>Air Force Institute of Technology Distinguished Alumni Award (2002)</li> <li>University of Houston-Clear Lake Distinguished Alumni Award (2003)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Society" title="The Pennsylvania Society">The Pennsylvania Society</a> Gold Medal (2011)</li> </ul> <p>He also received honorary doctorate degrees from <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_A%26M_University" title="Florida A&M University">Florida A&M University</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Southern_University" title="Texas Southern University">Texas Southern University</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_University" title="Virginia State University">Virginia State University</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_State_University" title="Morgan State University">Morgan State University</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens_Institute_of_Technology" title="Stevens Institute of Technology">Stevens Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Institute" title="Tuskegee Institute" class="mw-redirect">Tuskegee Institute</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_State_College" title="Bowie State College" class="mw-redirect">Bowie State College</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_State_University" title="Chicago State University">Chicago State University</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Court_University" title="Georgian Court University">Georgian Court University</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University" title="Kent State University">Kent State University</a>, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_State_University" title="Central State University">Central State University</a> and the <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Sciences" title="University of the Sciences">University of the Sciences</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guion_Bluford&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_US_Air_Force.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_US_Air_Force.svg/28px-Seal_of_the_US_Air_Force.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_US_Air_Force.svg/42px-Seal_of_the_US_Air_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seal_of_the_US_Air_Force.svg/56px-Seal_of_the_US_Air_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="356"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States_Air_Force" title="Portal:United States Air Force">United States Air Force portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts" class="mw-redirect">List of African-American astronauts</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guion_Bluford&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Launius, Roger D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/http://books.google.com/books?id=evUP4glYmvEC&lpg=PA87&dq=bluford%20first%20space&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q=bluford%20first%20space&f=false"><i>Frontiers of Space Exploration</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 245. <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313325243" title="Special:BookSources/9780313325243">9780313325243</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuion+Bluford&rft.aulast=Launius%2C+Roger+D.&rft.au=Launius%2C+Roger+D.&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+Space+Exploration&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DevUP4glYmvEC%26lpg%3DPA87%26dq%3Dbluford%2520first%2520space%26pg%3DPA87%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dbluford%2520first%2520space%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=9780313325243&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-nasa-bio-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-bio_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-bio_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">NASA, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/bluford-gs.html">Biographical Data, Guion S. Bluford, Jr. (Colonel, USAF, Ret.) NASA Astronaut (former)</a>, (accessed 1 May 2013)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-answers-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-answers_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/http://www.answers.com/topic/guy-bluford">"Guy Bluford: Biography from Answers.com"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuion+Bluford&rft.btitle=Guy+Bluford%3A+Biography+from+Answers.com&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Fguy-bluford&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-who2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-who2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/http://www.who2.com/guionbluford.html">"Guion S. Bluford, Jr. Biography from Who2.com"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuion+Bluford&rft.btitle=Guion+S.+Bluford%2C+Jr.+Biography+from+Who2.com&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who2.com%2Fguionbluford.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/http://www.astronautscholarship.org/2010ahof_induction.html">"2010 U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame Induction Gala"</a>. Astronaut Scholarship Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuion+Bluford&rft.btitle=2010+U.S.+Astronaut+Hall+of+Fame+Induction+Gala&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautscholarship.org%2F2010ahof_induction.html&rft.pub=Astronaut+Scholarship+Foundation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Asante, Molefi Kete</a> (2002). <i>100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia</i>. Amherst, New York: <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-963-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-963-8">1-57392-963-8</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuion+Bluford&rft.au=Asante%2C+Molefi+Kete&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.btitle=100+Greatest+African+Americans%3A+A+Biographical+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-57392-963-8&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Ranalli, Melanie (19 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/http://live.psu.edu/story/19471">"Penn State astronaut selected homecoming grand marshal"</a>. <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuion+Bluford&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft.aulast=Ranalli&rft.au=Ranalli%2C+Melanie&rft.btitle=Penn+State+astronaut+selected+homecoming+grand+marshal&rft.date=19+September+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flive.psu.edu%2Fstory%2F19471&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guion_Bluford&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Guion_Bluford" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Guion Bluford">Guion Bluford</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/bluford-gs.html">"Astronaut Bio: Guion S. Bluford, Jr. (10/2009)"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">nasa.gov</a></i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuion+Bluford&rft.atitle=Astronaut+Bio%3A+Guion+S.+Bluford%2C+Jr.+%2810%2F2009%29&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsc.nasa.gov%2FBios%2Fhtmlbios%2Fbluford-gs.html&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/http://space.about.com/cs/formerastronauts/a/guionbluford.htm">"Guion "Guy" Bluford Biography – NASA Astronaut – First African American In Space"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com" title="About.com">about.com</a></i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuion+Bluford&rft.atitle=Guion+%22Guy%22+Bluford+Biography+%E2%80%93+NASA+Astronaut+%E2%80%93+First+African+American+In+Space&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspace.about.com%2Fcs%2Fformerastronauts%2Fa%2Fguionbluford.htm&rft.jtitle=about.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/http://www.blackhistory.psu.edu/timeline/guion_s._bluford_first_african_american_in_space/">Guion "Guy" Bluford <i>Penn State African American Chronicles</i> profile and interview</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/http://conversations.psu.edu/episodes/guy_bluford">Guy Bluford interviewed on <i>Conversations from Penn State</i></a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Group_8" title="Template:NASA Astronaut Group 8"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_Astronaut_Group_8" title="Template talk:NASA Astronaut Group 8"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:NASA_Astronaut_Group_8&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_8" title="NASA Astronaut Group 8">NASA Astronaut Group 8, "TFNG (Thirty-Five New Guys)", 1978</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Pilots</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Brandenstein" title="Daniel Brandenstein">Daniel Brandenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Coats" title="Michael Coats">Michael Coats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_O._Covey" title="Richard O. Covey">Richard Covey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Oliver_Creighton" title="John Oliver Creighton">John Creighton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Gibson" title="Robert L. Gibson">Robert Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_D._Gregory" title="Frederick D. Gregory">Frederick D. Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._David_Griggs" title="S. David Griggs">S. David Griggs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hauck" title="Frederick Hauck">Frederick Hauck</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_McBride" title="Jon McBride">Jon McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_R._Nagel" title="Steven R. Nagel">Steven Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Scobee" title="Dick Scobee">Francis "Dick" Scobee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_H._Shaw" title="Brewster H. Shaw">Brewster Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loren_Shriver" title="Loren Shriver">Loren Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Walker_(astronaut)" title="David M. Walker (astronaut)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_E._Williams" title="Donald E. Williams">Donald Williams</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Mission specialists</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><strong class="selflink">Guion Bluford</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchli" title="James Buchli">James Buchli</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Fabian" title="John M. Fabian">John Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Lee_Fisher" title="Anna Lee Fisher">Anna Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Gardner" title="Dale Gardner">Dale Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Hart" title="Terry Hart">Terry Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Hawley" title="Steven Hawley">Steven Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Hoffman" title="Jeffrey A. Hoffman">Jeffrey Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_McNair" title="Ronald McNair">Ronald McNair</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mullane" title="Mike Mullane">Mike Mullane</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nelson_(astronaut)" title="George Nelson (astronaut)">George Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellison_Onizuka" title="Ellison Onizuka">Ellison Onizuka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Resnik" title="Judith Resnik">Judith Resnik</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Rhea_Seddon" title="Margaret Rhea Seddon">Rhea Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Stewart" title="Robert L. Stewart">Robert Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_D._Sullivan" title="Kathryn D. Sullivan">Kathryn Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Norman Thagard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_van_Hoften" title="James van Hoften">James van Hoften</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Groups" title="Template:NASA Astronaut Groups"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a 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title="NASA Astronaut Group 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_16" title="NASA Astronaut Group 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_17" title="NASA Astronaut Group 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_18" title="NASA Astronaut Group 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_19" title="NASA Astronaut Group 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_20" title="NASA Astronaut Group 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_21" title="NASA Astronaut Group 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">List of astronauts by year of selection</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority_control" title="Authority control">Authority control</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n82-252642">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/https://viaf.org/viaf/21044492">21044492</a></span></li> <li><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213070738/http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82252642">n82252642</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table id="persondata" class="persondata noprint" style="border:1px solid #aaa; display:none; speak:none;"> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Persondata" title="Wikipedia:Persondata">Persondata</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Name</td> <td>Bluford</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Alternative names</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Short description</td> <td>American astronaut</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>November 22, 1942</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td>Philadelphia, <a href="/web/20150213070738/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td></td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150213070738im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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