CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Aisha Musa - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "profiles/works", 'action': "summary", 'controller_action': 'profiles/works#summary', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="hlZvLMru319xZfU5xzF8GBdhur5JB7_-628bRxtR2UBqagjUAqvl-7mSJl0KzpwW4n-1lZYk0upv5hBYqL-FyA" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow-3d36c19b4875b226bfed0fcba1dcea3f2fe61148383d97c0465c016b8c969290.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/social/home-79e78ce59bef0a338eb6540ec3d93b4a7952115b56c57f1760943128f4544d42.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-bfbac2a470372e2f3a6661a65fa7ff0a0fbf7aa32534d9a831d683d2a6f9e01b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-d1941ab08e91e29ee143084c4749da4aaffa350a2ac6eec2306b1d7a352d911a.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="author" content="aisha musa" /> <meta name="description" content="Aisha Musa: 784 Followers, 125 Following, 38 Research papers. Research interests: Quranic linguistics, Islamic Studies, and Islamic Law." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'works'; var $action_name = "summary"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'dc2ad41da5d7ea682babd20f90650302fb0a3a36'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14016,"monthly_visitors":"99 million","monthly_visitor_count":99567017,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":99,"user_count":282994287,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739801268000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739801268000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-40698df34f913bd208bb70f09d2feb7c6286046250be17a4db35bba2c08b0e2f.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-a22f75d8519394c21253dae46c8c5d60ad36ea68c7d494347ec64229d8c1cf85.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-5708a105dd66b4c7d0ef30b7c094b1048423f0042bd2a7b123f2d99ee3cf46d9.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41" /> </head>   <body class='c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/profile.wjs-bundle-c0b60aedadfb9d46b698730fbbcb2e70645c886b405d825adeba3a031c02455d.js" defer="defer"></script><script>$viewedUser = Aedu.User.set_viewed( {"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/870124/313252/34690519/s65_aisha.musa.png","has_photo":true,"is_analytics_public":false,"interests":[{"id":55660,"name":"Quranic linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_linguistics"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies"},{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History"},{"id":6739,"name":"Medieval Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Islam"},{"id":4979,"name":"Islamic Contemporary Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Contemporary_Studies"},{"id":139592,"name":"Quran and Sunnah Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quran_and_Sunnah_Studies"},{"id":293904,"name":"Hadith authority","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hadith_authority"},{"id":293899,"name":"Rashad Khalifa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rashad_Khalifa"},{"id":293900,"name":"Edip Yuksel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Edip_Yuksel"},{"id":293905,"name":"Sunna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sunna"},{"id":293898,"name":"Kassim Ahmad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kassim_Ahmad"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion"},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion"},{"id":1002993,"name":"Islamic Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Terrorism"},{"id":1002996,"name":"The Quran and Violent Jihad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Quran_and_Violent_Jihad"},{"id":1002997,"name":"Domestic and International State Policies That Counter Islamic Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestic_and_International_State_Policies_That_Counter_Islamic_Terrorism"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam"},{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies"},{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion"},{"id":2722,"name":"Arabic Language and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Language_and_Linguistics"},{"id":120722,"name":"Hadith","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hadith"},{"id":1030668,"name":"Shafi'i","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shafii"},{"id":1030670,"name":"Hikma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hikma"},{"id":1270,"name":"Arabic Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Literature"},{"id":206623,"name":"Dimitri Gutas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dimitri_Gutas"},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies"},{"id":1223687,"name":"Quran and Tafsir Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quran_and_Tafsir_Studies"},{"id":36121,"name":"Gender and Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Islam"}]} ); if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = [{"id":56121028,"link":"http://draymusa.com","name":"Homepage","link_domain":"draymusa.com","icon":"//www.google.com/s2/u/0/favicons?domain=draymusa.com"}]</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41","location":"/AishaMusa41","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/AishaMusa41","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-2c981d03-2e9e-46c5-9c5b-7e875ea348bc"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-2c981d03-2e9e-46c5-9c5b-7e875ea348bc"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Aisha Musa" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/870124/313252/34690519/s200_aisha.musa.png" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Aisha Musa</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Aisha" data-follow-user-id="870124" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="870124"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">784</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">125</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-authors</p><p class="data">2</p></div></a><div class="js-mentions-count-container" style="display: none;"><a href="/AishaMusa41/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data"></p></div></a></div><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://oxford.academia.edu/JohannesZachhuber"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Johannes Zachhuber" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2018/962/58309702/s200_johannes.zachhuber.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/JohannesZachhuber">Johannes Zachhuber</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Oxford</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Muqtedar Khan" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3388/1418/93215313/s200_muqtedar.khan.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan">Muqtedar Khan</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Delaware</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://utexas.academia.edu/GalenStrawson"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Galen Strawson" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/5684/2195/760075/s200_galen.strawson.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://utexas.academia.edu/GalenStrawson">Galen Strawson</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">The University of Texas at Austin</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://alabama.academia.edu/EdithSzanto"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Edith Szanto" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/33205/10783/41765678/s200_edith.szanto.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://alabama.academia.edu/EdithSzanto">Edith Szanto</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Alabama - Tuscaloosa</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://ceu.academia.edu/AndreaPeto"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Andrea Peto" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/63653/17921/38481360/s200_andrea.peto.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ceu.academia.edu/AndreaPeto">Andrea Peto</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Central European University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://universiteitutrecht.academia.edu/MartinvanBruinessen"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Martin van Bruinessen" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/79931/57405/52979/s200_martin.van_bruinessen.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://universiteitutrecht.academia.edu/MartinvanBruinessen">Martin van Bruinessen</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Universiteit Utrecht</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://kwantlen.academia.edu/MarcChampagne"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Marc Champagne" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/90594/25175/116736640/s200_marc.champagne.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://kwantlen.academia.edu/MarcChampagne">Marc Champagne</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Kwantlen Polytechnic University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://memphis.academia.edu/ShaunGallagher"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Shaun Gallagher" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/112762/30471/28017/s200_shaun.gallagher.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://memphis.academia.edu/ShaunGallagher">Shaun Gallagher</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Memphis</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://cria.academia.edu/ArmandoMarquesGuedes"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Armando Marques-Guedes" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/134181/3401094/148494125/s200_armando.marques-guedes.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://cria.academia.edu/ArmandoMarquesGuedes">Armando Marques-Guedes</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">UNL - New University of Lisbon</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://griffith.academia.edu/AdisDuderija"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Adis Duderija" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/163324/41597/16574047/s200_adis.duderija.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://griffith.academia.edu/AdisDuderija">Adis Duderija</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Griffith University</p></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span><a class="ri-more-link js-profile-ri-list-card" data-click-track="profile-user-info-primary-research-interest" data-has-card-for-ri-list="870124">View All (32)</a></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="870124" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_linguistics"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41","location":"/AishaMusa41","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/AishaMusa41","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Quranic linguistics"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-1daed472-df1c-40eb-bc76-f83d65dadc43"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-1daed472-df1c-40eb-bc76-f83d65dadc43"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="870124" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Islamic Studies"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-486a47e2-89a7-43a3-a8ef-526661ecdac6"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-486a47e2-89a7-43a3-a8ef-526661ecdac6"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="870124" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Islamic Law"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-06d6df19-d59a-4f2f-8bf8-033b2183ba79"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-06d6df19-d59a-4f2f-8bf8-033b2183ba79"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="870124" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Islamic History"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-8f52b906-6083-44a7-b37f-29aa9e01ef02"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-8f52b906-6083-44a7-b37f-29aa9e01ef02"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="870124" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Islam"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Medieval Islam"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-d1619d60-5856-4da9-87ea-e8d0e4009662"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-d1619d60-5856-4da9-87ea-e8d0e4009662"></div> </a></div></div><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li class="left-most js-UserInfo-social-cv" data-broccoli-component="user-info.cv-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-cv" data-cv-filename="AishaY.Musa_CV_Full_2023.docx" data-placement="top" data-toggle="tooltip" href="/AishaMusa41/CurriculumVitae"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--small" style="font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.8px"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">CV</span></button></li><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="nav-container backbone-profile-documents-nav hidden-xs"><ul class="nav-tablist" role="tablist"><li class="nav-chip active" role="presentation"><a data-section-name="" data-toggle="tab" href="#all" role="tab">all</a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Papers" data-toggle="tab" href="#papers" role="tab" title="Papers"><span>37</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Papers</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Edited-Books" data-toggle="tab" href="#editedbooks" role="tab" title="Edited Books"><span>1</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Edited Books</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Aisha Musa</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="88878946"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/88878946/And_Muhammad_Is_His_Messenger"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of And Muhammad Is His Messenger" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/88878946/And_Muhammad_Is_His_Messenger">And Muhammad Is His Messenger</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Non Sola Scriptura</span><span>, Jul 25, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="88878946"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="88878946"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88878946; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88878946]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88878946]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88878946; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='88878946']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=88878946]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":88878946,"title":"And Muhammad Is His Messenger","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88878946/And_Muhammad_Is_His_Messenger","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="88878939"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/88878939/Ra%E1%B8%A5ma_Universal_Divine_Mercy_in_the_Qur_an_and_Hadith"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Raḥma: Universal Divine Mercy in the Qur’an and Hadith" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/88878939/Ra%E1%B8%A5ma_Universal_Divine_Mercy_in_the_Qur_an_and_Hadith">Raḥma: Universal Divine Mercy in the Qur’an and Hadith</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract:Mercy is a concept that is frequently associated with religions, but it is often overloo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract:Mercy is a concept that is frequently associated with religions, but it is often overlooked in discussions of Islam, especially discussions that take place in broadcast and social media, where Islam is often portrayed as harsh and severe. This essay will examine the concept of raḥma [divine mercy] and the divine names al-raḥmān and al-raḥīm[the Compassionate the Merciful], as used in the Qur’an and Hadith, and as explained in two classical tafāsīr in order to highlight the central role that the concept of Divine Mercy plays in Islamic theology. The analysis of the concept of raḥma, focuses on Qur’anic verses in the following chapters (suras): “The Cattle” (Q 6:12 and 54); “The Cave” (Q 18:10); “The Family of Imran” (Q 3:8); “The Prophets” (Q 21:107); “The Heights” (Q 7:156); and “The Crowds” (Q 39:53). This examination shows Islam’s sacred texts and Muslim exegetes understandings of those texts present this divine mercy as universal and extending to all of God’s creation in...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="88878939"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="88878939"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88878939; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88878939]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88878939]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88878939; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='88878939']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=88878939]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":88878939,"title":"Raḥma: Universal Divine Mercy in the Qur’an and Hadith","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88878939/Ra%E1%B8%A5ma_Universal_Divine_Mercy_in_the_Qur_an_and_Hadith","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="88878889"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/88878889/Al_Sh%C4%81fi_%C4%AB_and_Ibn_Qutayba_Prophetic_Reports_as_Revelation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Al-Shāfi‘ī and Ibn Qutayba: Prophetic Reports as Revelation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/88878889/Al_Sh%C4%81fi_%C4%AB_and_Ibn_Qutayba_Prophetic_Reports_as_Revelation">Al-Shāfi‘ī and Ibn Qutayba: Prophetic Reports as Revelation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfi‘ī (d. 204/820) holds an important place in the history of Islamic doc...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfi‘ī (d. 204/820) holds an important place in the history of Islamic doctrine and law. But perhaps his most important contribution is the doctrine he is said to have articulated regarding the Hadīth;, for it is the arguments attributed to al-Shāfi‘ī that laid the foundations that eventually established the Hadīth; as the second revelatory source of law and guidance for the vast majority of Muslims. Both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars of Islamic history and law have recognized his contributions and praised his accomplishments. According to tradition, he is considered to be the eponymous founder of one of the four surviving Sunni schools of law, and has been called the “master architect” of Islamic legal theory.1 Wael Hallaq has demonstrated that this image of al-Shāfi‘ī is a creation of later generations rather than a status he enjoyed during his lifetime.2 At the same time, Hallaq recognizes that al-Shafi‘i’s main concern and his great achievement was in est...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="88878889"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="88878889"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88878889; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88878889]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88878889]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88878889; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='88878889']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=88878889]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":88878889,"title":"Al-Shāfi‘ī and Ibn Qutayba: Prophetic Reports as Revelation","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88878889/Al_Sh%C4%81fi_%C4%AB_and_Ibn_Qutayba_Prophetic_Reports_as_Revelation","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80773318"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773318/We_have_made_you_nations_and_tribes_A_Quranically_Based_Vision_of_Multiculturalism_and_Inter_Religious_Relations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of We have made you nations and tribes...": A Quranically Based Vision of Multiculturalism and Inter-Religious Relations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773318/We_have_made_you_nations_and_tribes_A_Quranically_Based_Vision_of_Multiculturalism_and_Inter_Religious_Relations">We have made you nations and tribes...": A Quranically Based Vision of Multiculturalism and Inter-Religious Relations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article looks at Quranic verses dealing with different religions and cultures.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80773318"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80773318"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773318; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773318]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773318]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773318; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80773318']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80773318]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80773318,"title":"We have made you nations and tribes...\": A Quranically Based Vision of Multiculturalism and Inter-Religious Relations","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80773318/We_have_made_you_nations_and_tribes_A_Quranically_Based_Vision_of_Multiculturalism_and_Inter_Religious_Relations","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80773303"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773303/Towards_a_Qur_anically_Based_Articulation_of_the_Concept_of_Just_War_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Towards a Qur’anically-Based Articulation of the Concept of “Just War”" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87043405/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773303/Towards_a_Qur_anically_Based_Articulation_of_the_Concept_of_Just_War_">Towards a Qur’anically-Based Articulation of the Concept of “Just War”</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="76feb834ed31d1999294005c476f069b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":87043405,"asset_id":80773303,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87043405/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80773303"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80773303"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773303; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773303]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773303]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773303; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80773303']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "76feb834ed31d1999294005c476f069b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80773303]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80773303,"title":"Towards a Qur’anically-Based Articulation of the Concept of “Just War”","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80773303/Towards_a_Qur_anically_Based_Articulation_of_the_Concept_of_Just_War_","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[{"id":87043405,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87043405/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"towards_a_qur.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87043405/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Towards_a_Qur_anically_Based_Articulatio.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/87043405/towards_a_qur-libre.pdf?1654470618=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTowards_a_Qur_anically_Based_Articulatio.pdf\u0026Expires=1739804868\u0026Signature=BFrhGwROpj9j3fvjn1r2hSC081pz6P-bpdJ255XC4f99dV5tvRumeW~upAOR6Bgq5UNU0P9WOE5O-ag2IPfglPOfzRJeTANByeQuWRCcuyukxXEgZFzmDohF7EWIENXsqupmczAyqFIk8Q9eTgbTy0W-jmah95hocXXC17k0WjLVYswL~3oswPjtnjcyg7rGYVNruyJolK6U6j1GLz38qh06gN34NHQB7tU1WSu6B~WbAYVYDtsOdjDU0lggT2I49PUrxdOIrWpAzm3~ZfYy87Fbjl6FBWH9JgXkSYYbIVz7JNNYThXbSw9Eni9RXfmaHs-OaIlCXdr4WMuO~a6jFg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80773258"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773258/A_Thousand_Years_Less_Fifty_Toward_a_Quranic_View_of_Extreme_Longevity"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Thousand Years, Less Fifty: Toward a Quranic View of Extreme Longevity" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773258/A_Thousand_Years_Less_Fifty_Toward_a_Quranic_View_of_Extreme_Longevity">A Thousand Years, Less Fifty: Toward a Quranic View of Extreme Longevity</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Religion and the Implications of Radical Life Extension</span><span>, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">What are the implications of radical life extension (RLE) for Islamic concepts of life and death,...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">What are the implications of radical life extension (RLE) for Islamic concepts of life and death, of the here and the hereafter? For Muslims, the Qur’an contains the direct and literal words of God, transmitted in Arabic to the Prophet Muhammad, by the angel Gabriel in the seventh century of the Common Era. For Muslims, it the most authoritative source of knowledge about divine commands relating to life, death, the here, and the hereafter; as such, as Muslims seek understanding about these questions in the midst of ongoing biomedical advances, they turn to the Qur’an for guidance. Not only does the Qur’an shape Muslim worldviews, it also informs Muslims about the history of earlier communities and individuals, and Muslims generally accept the claims contained in these stories as true and accurate.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80773258"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80773258"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773258; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773258]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773258]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773258; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80773258']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80773258]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80773258,"title":"A Thousand Years, Less Fifty: Toward a Quranic View of Extreme Longevity","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80773258/A_Thousand_Years_Less_Fifty_Toward_a_Quranic_View_of_Extreme_Longevity","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80773207"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773207/Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Islam, Civility and Political Culture" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773207/Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture">Islam, Civility and Political Culture</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This book provides a comprehensive and interdisciplinary exploration of civility and political cu...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This book provides a comprehensive and interdisciplinary exploration of civility and political culture in the Muslim world. The contributions consider the changing interface between religion and politics throughout Islamic history, and into the present. Extending beyond saturated approaches of ‘political’ and/or ‘militant’ Islam, this collection captures the complex sociopolitical character of Islam, and identifies tensions between the political-secular and the sacred-religious in contemporary Muslim life. The alternative conceptual framework to traditional analyses of secularisation and civility presented across this volume will be of interest to students and scholars across Islamic studies, religious studies, sociology and political science, civilisation studies, and cultural studies</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80773207"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80773207"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773207; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773207]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773207]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773207; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80773207']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80773207]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80773207,"title":"Islam, Civility and Political Culture","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80773207/Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="70777842"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/70777842/The_Question_of_Authority_in_the_Modern_Period"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Question of Authority in the Modern Period" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/80384156/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/70777842/The_Question_of_Authority_in_the_Modern_Period">The Question of Authority in the Modern Period</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The issue of the relative authority of the Qur’ān and Hadīth; is not limited to the realm of hist...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The issue of the relative authority of the Qur’ān and Hadīth; is not limited to the realm of historical interest. It is also a question of contemporary interest to Muslims. While some modern opponents of the Hadīth; express themselves openly, using their own names, others publish their views anonymously or under pseudonyms for fear of reprisals. The plight of Egypt’s Ahl al-Qur’ān; (People of the Qur’ān) illustrates the gravity of the issue for Muslims. The London-based, international Arabic language daily al-Sharq al-Awsat; reported in February 2003 that eight Egyptians who call themselves “Qur’ānists” were sentenced by Egypt’s Supreme State Security Court to terms ranging from six months to three years for “contempt of religion” for rejecting Prophetic Traditions, seeking to interpret the Qur’ān for themselves and letting their interpretations lead them to differ from traditional Muslims in certain key beliefs and practices. The story earned a place on al-Sharq al-Awsat;’s; front ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8c71fe44a6f9ff042fd31459e03f55d2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":80384156,"asset_id":70777842,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80384156/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="70777842"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="70777842"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70777842; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=70777842]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=70777842]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70777842; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='70777842']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8c71fe44a6f9ff042fd31459e03f55d2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=70777842]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":70777842,"title":"The Question of Authority in the Modern Period","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70777842/The_Question_of_Authority_in_the_Modern_Period","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[{"id":80384156,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/80384156/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"9780230611979_5.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80384156/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Question_of_Authority_in_the_Modern.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/80384156/9780230611979_5-libre.pdf?1644205614=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Question_of_Authority_in_the_Modern.pdf\u0026Expires=1739804868\u0026Signature=PO7V~-aP73yjWl150OLaCjVBNLAFaLLDf6-bQQvymBF2EtAdMQzcMM1pZCowfthrKJsLRqypbjD8GI5nM9sRLlnhXwTzuFaGXRsNac3hBNn7oPVVsI1tPTFK0wec4WuwcLC1Z3paqgQGMBB3OyOjozqJ1pLSTIKV2CkZx12fHxBYgy944Q9zyzImRxDNeB6ywof7l6icOSV0c1~47TQxooDVIvW6DgP0dtXvkZ6ajpKnqzWvxeLeLplRcmw66xEuzzZfI1WCd-ezf~4Nxi4aPkSXvLmL9KsZ~5N8zdQ7oFkBTVZhk8rfczJjSW2Pe2Q0GepHkIaLUSyX7j7YTLYxqA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":80384155,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/80384155/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"9780230611979_5.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80384155/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Question_of_Authority_in_the_Modern.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/80384155/9780230611979_5-libre.pdf?1644205614=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Question_of_Authority_in_the_Modern.pdf\u0026Expires=1739804868\u0026Signature=SaUHwaegwzhBVEiq4z~38X1~GvTP~YIBNtIoIgLAKSCWv~dfEkbAenlv1Dnx3BvmIMgV1AiJmWGkwye-6NHl1lp5qRVB1NDGn0YH2tqDYLISbmNkagcQ2oaxWk78ApN0EbPR~3lMbPa5pc8cieVtsdxZYeIa5t-8khoekm3iZY3bySAXDvj0akiRHtxsEkVrmf1SgVV0xlW9zEXe4Q4mtNvpI8AuNKuLVAM78ThyxwWRp2C-dYEzXZc7lV1t55Yl8c2KAxdfmzbeXl5xeSD40m~xR8oAZVdZuegg8P4LNu4NmXiNAQP3uDwb2QxK8K8Lx1t5Y~76E55Hz1TxZ8tJ-Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877551"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877551/Internet_Resources_and_Discussions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Internet Resources and Discussions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877551/Internet_Resources_and_Discussions">Internet Resources and Discussions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The rapid expansion of the World Wide Web over the last several years has offered an unprecedente...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The rapid expansion of the World Wide Web over the last several years has offered an unprecedented opportunity for groups and individuals to publicize information and share ideas. The virtually unrestricted and anonymous nature of the Web requires wary consideration on the part of the reader or researcher because all control and authentication of information that is posted relies on the diligence and integrity of the authors and those who post information. The kinds of checks and balances that are a normal part of other print and broadcast media are practically nonexistent on the Web. But the same qualities that require wariness on the part of anyone seeking information on the Web also allows people to share controversial ideas much more freely, with less fear for their personal safety than if they were to present such ideas in person, or in more traditional print or broadcast media. As the experiences of the Egyptian Qur’ānists, cited earlier, and the murder of Rashad Khalifa demon...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877551"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877551"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877551; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877551]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877551]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877551; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877551']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877551]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877551,"title":"Internet Resources and Discussions","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877551/Internet_Resources_and_Discussions","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877550"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877550/A_Translation_of_Kit%C4%81b_Jim%C4%81_al_ilm"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Translation of Kitāb Jimā‘al-‘ilm" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877550/A_Translation_of_Kit%C4%81b_Jim%C4%81_al_ilm">A Translation of Kitāb Jimā‘al-‘ilm</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">As the previous discussion demonstrates, Kitab Jimā‘al-‘ilm; is perhaps the most important work d...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">As the previous discussion demonstrates, Kitab Jimā‘al-‘ilm; is perhaps the most important work dealing with the authority of Hadīth; from the formative period of Islam because it contains the earliest know articulations of the arguments that laid the foundations for that authority. The arguments contained in the Jimā‘āl-‘i1m; influenced all subsequent discussions on the issue and are still used today, more than a millenium after it was written. The seminal nature of the text makes translating it particularly appropriate in this book.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877550"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877550"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877550; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877550]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877550]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877550; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877550']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877550]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877550,"title":"A Translation of Kitāb Jimā‘al-‘ilm","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877550/A_Translation_of_Kit%C4%81b_Jim%C4%81_al_ilm","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877548"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877548/Considerations_in_Hadith_and_Qur_an_Text_and_Interpretation_in_a_Study_of_Civility"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Considerations in Hadith and Qur’an: Text and Interpretation in a Study of Civility" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877548/Considerations_in_Hadith_and_Qur_an_Text_and_Interpretation_in_a_Study_of_Civility">Considerations in Hadith and Qur’an: Text and Interpretation in a Study of Civility</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877548"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877548"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877548; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877548]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877548]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877548; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877548']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877548]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877548,"title":"Considerations in Hadith and Qur’an: Text and Interpretation in a Study of Civility","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877548/Considerations_in_Hadith_and_Qur_an_Text_and_Interpretation_in_a_Study_of_Civility","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877547"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877547/Al_Sh%C3%A3fii_the_Hadith_and_the_Concept_of_the_Duality_of_Revelation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Al-Shãfi'i, the Hadith, and the Concept of the Duality of Revelation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877547/Al_Sh%C3%A3fii_the_Hadith_and_the_Concept_of_the_Duality_of_Revelation">Al-Shãfi'i, the Hadith, and the Concept of the Duality of Revelation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Islamic studies</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877547"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877547"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877547; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877547]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877547]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877547; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877547']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877547]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877547,"title":"Al-Shãfi'i, the Hadith, and the Concept of the Duality of Revelation","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877547/Al_Sh%C3%A3fii_the_Hadith_and_the_Concept_of_the_Duality_of_Revelation","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877546"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877546/%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth_as_scripture_Discussions_on_the_authority_of_Prophetic_traditions_in_Islam"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ḥadīth as scripture : Discussions on the authority of Prophetic traditions in Islam" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877546/%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth_as_scripture_Discussions_on_the_authority_of_Prophetic_traditions_in_Islam">Ḥadīth as scripture : Discussions on the authority of Prophetic traditions in Islam</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Issue of Authority and Its On-Going Importance The Early Controversies: Sources and Issues Um...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Issue of Authority and Its On-Going Importance The Early Controversies: Sources and Issues Umar ibn al-Khattab and the Question of Hadith The Prophet&#39;s Reported Prohibition Al-Shafii and Ibn Qutayba: Prophetic Reports as Revelation Ibn Qutayba and the Hadith Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi&#39;s Taqyid al-Ilm Karaite Parallels The Question of Authority in the Modern Period The Current Controversies: Sources and Issues A Translation of Kitab Jima al-ilm The Book of the Amalgamation of Knowledge List of Qur&#39;anic Verses</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877546"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877546"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877546; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877546]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877546]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877546; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877546']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877546]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877546,"title":"Ḥadīth as scripture : Discussions on the authority of Prophetic traditions in Islam","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877546/%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth_as_scripture_Discussions_on_the_authority_of_Prophetic_traditions_in_Islam","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877545"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877545/Later_Works_on_the_Problem_of_the_Had%C4%ABth"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Later Works on the Problem of the Hadīth" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877545/Later_Works_on_the_Problem_of_the_Had%C4%ABth">Later Works on the Problem of the Hadīth</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Two similar works are available to us from the third/ninth and fourth/tenth centuries: Mushkil al...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Two similar works are available to us from the third/ninth and fourth/tenth centuries: Mushkil al-Āthār; by Abū Ja`far al-Tahāwī (d. 321/933),1 and Bayān Mushkil al-Hadīth; by Ibn Fūrak (d. 406/1015).2 Both works focus on addressing the problematic content of various specific Hadīth;, a detailed discussion of which is beyond the scope of the current discussion. However, like their predecessor Ibn Qutayba, both authors provide information in their introductions that is valuable for an analysis of attitudes toward the authority of the Hadīth.; Unlike Ibn Qutayba, al-Ṭahāwī does not open his work with reference to opposition to the Hadīth.; Instead, he focuses on the status of Muḥammad, reminding the reader that God sent Muḥammad as the seal of the Prophets and the Qur’ān as the seal of revelation, confirming the truth of and superseding all previous revelations. He then mentions several key verses from the Qur’ān that provide the foundation for the authority of the Hadīth.; The first ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877545"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877545"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877545; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877545]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877545]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877545; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877545']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877545]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877545,"title":"Later Works on the Problem of the Hadīth","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877545/Later_Works_on_the_Problem_of_the_Had%C4%ABth","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877543"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877543/List_of_Qur_%C4%81nic_Verses"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of List of Qur’ānic Verses" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877543/List_of_Qur_%C4%81nic_Verses">List of Qur’ānic Verses</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The following is a list of the verses most often cited by the proponents and opponents of the aut...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The following is a list of the verses most often cited by the proponents and opponents of the authority of Hadīth; in Islam. They are listed in numerical order by chapter and verse. The Khalifa translation is included because it reflects the interpretation that opposes the authority of the Hadīth;, and the Yusu Ali translation is included because it is widely used by Muslims and represents the mainstream Muslim understanding of the same verses. The translations are followed by a transliteration of the original Arabic. Transliteration is included for the convenience of those readers who are familiar with Arabic terminology but do not read Arabic script.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877543"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877543"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877543; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877543]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877543]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877543; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877543']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877543]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877543,"title":"List of Qur’ānic Verses","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877543/List_of_Qur_%C4%81nic_Verses","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877541"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877541/The_Early_Controversies_Sources_and_Issues"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Early Controversies: Sources and Issues" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877541/The_Early_Controversies_Sources_and_Issues">The Early Controversies: Sources and Issues</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">As mentioned in the introduction two major trends are clearly apparent in the early opposition to...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">As mentioned in the introduction two major trends are clearly apparent in the early opposition to the Hadīth.; The first is a general opposition to the authority of the Hadīth; as a source that competes with the Qur’ān as a source of religious guidance and law; the second is objection to those Hadīth; that are seen as contradicting either other Hadīth; or the Qur’ān, or the content of which is perceived as ridiculous or offensive to reason. Each of these is represented in the works of two important third/ninth century authors, Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shāfi‘ī (d. 204 AH) and Abū Muhammad ‘Abd Allāh Ibn Muslim Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 AH).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877541"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877541"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877541; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877541]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877541]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877541; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877541']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877541]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877541,"title":"The Early Controversies: Sources and Issues","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877541/The_Early_Controversies_Sources_and_Issues","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877540"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877540/Freedom_of_Conscience_in_the_Quran_and_Hadith"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Freedom of Conscience in the Qur'an and Hadith" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877540/Freedom_of_Conscience_in_the_Quran_and_Hadith">Freedom of Conscience in the Qur'an and Hadith</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract:This essay is intended to be part of a larger scholarly response to claims made by those...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract:This essay is intended to be part of a larger scholarly response to claims made by those whom Todd Green describes as “professional Islamophobes” that currently dominate the public narrative of Islam. The particular claim addressed in this essay is the claim that “Sharia does not permit freedom of conscience.” The essay addresses the meaning of “sharia” and its relationship to law, and then examines relevant verses from the Qur’an, together with Qur’anic commentary and Hadith texts, and contemporary scholarship in order to discover what the sacred texts say and how Muslims have understood them, on the issue of freedom of conscience and religion. This examination makes it clear that while some modern Muslim nations curtail religious freedoms, it is not because “Sharia does not permit freedom of conscience.” It is because those contemporary Muslims who exhibit a totalitarian supremacist mindset are influenced in their thinking by modern Western ideas rather than by the rich and extensive history of the Islamic intellectual tradition. Those scholars, both Muslim and non-Muslim who engage that tradition show that freedom of conscience is integral to it.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877540"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877540"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877540; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877540]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877540]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877540; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877540']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877540]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877540,"title":"Freedom of Conscience in the Qur'an and Hadith","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877540/Freedom_of_Conscience_in_the_Quran_and_Hadith","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877429"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877429/Beyond_East_and_West_Rethinking_Islam_in_the_Digital_Age"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Beyond East and West: Rethinking Islam in the Digital Age" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877429/Beyond_East_and_West_Rethinking_Islam_in_the_Digital_Age">Beyond East and West: Rethinking Islam in the Digital Age</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract:This essay looks at the role of the Internet in dehumanizing Muslims and demonizing Isla...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract:This essay looks at the role of the Internet in dehumanizing Muslims and demonizing Islam while reinforcing the idea of Islam and &quot;the West&quot; as archetypal opposites. Drawing on insights from earlier essays in the Discussion and Debate Forum, this essay suggests ways in which scholars of Islamic studies can use the same technology to counter the specious arguments that lead to the dehumanization of Muslims and the demonization of Islam.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877429"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877429"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877429; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877429]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877429]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877429; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877429']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877429]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877429,"title":"Beyond East and West: Rethinking Islam in the Digital Age","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877429/Beyond_East_and_West_Rethinking_Islam_in_the_Digital_Age","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="54636996"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/54636996/Jonathan_A_C_Brown_Hadith_Muhammad_s_Legacy_in_the_Medieval_and_Modern_World_Oxford_Oneworld_Publications_2009_viii_xii_320_pages_glossary_bibliography_index_Paper_US_29_95_ISBN_978_1_85168_663_6"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Jonathan A.C. Brown. Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009. viii-xii + 320 pages, glossary, bibliography, index. Paper US$29.95 ISBN 978-1-85168-663-6" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/54636996/Jonathan_A_C_Brown_Hadith_Muhammad_s_Legacy_in_the_Medieval_and_Modern_World_Oxford_Oneworld_Publications_2009_viii_xii_320_pages_glossary_bibliography_index_Paper_US_29_95_ISBN_978_1_85168_663_6">Jonathan A.C. Brown. Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009. viii-xii + 320 pages, glossary, bibliography, index. Paper US$29.95 ISBN 978-1-85168-663-6</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Review of Middle East Studies</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="54636996"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="54636996"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54636996; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54636996]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54636996]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54636996; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='54636996']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=54636996]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":54636996,"title":"Jonathan A.C. Brown. Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009. viii-xii + 320 pages, glossary, bibliography, index. Paper US$29.95 ISBN 978-1-85168-663-6","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54636996/Jonathan_A_C_Brown_Hadith_Muhammad_s_Legacy_in_the_Medieval_and_Modern_World_Oxford_Oneworld_Publications_2009_viii_xii_320_pages_glossary_bibliography_index_Paper_US_29_95_ISBN_978_1_85168_663_6","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="50541038"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/50541038/Al_Sh%C3%A3fii_the_Hadith_and_the_Concept_of_the_Duality_of_Revelation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Al-Shãfi'i, the Hadith, and the Concept of the Duality of Revelation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/50541038/Al_Sh%C3%A3fii_the_Hadith_and_the_Concept_of_the_Duality_of_Revelation">Al-Shãfi'i, the Hadith, and the Concept of the Duality of Revelation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Islamic Studies</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50541038"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50541038"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50541038; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50541038]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50541038]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50541038; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50541038']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50541038]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50541038,"title":"Al-Shãfi'i, the Hadith, and the Concept of the Duality of Revelation","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50541038/Al_Sh%C3%A3fii_the_Hadith_and_the_Concept_of_the_Duality_of_Revelation","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="126758" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="88878946"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/88878946/And_Muhammad_Is_His_Messenger"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of And Muhammad Is His Messenger" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/88878946/And_Muhammad_Is_His_Messenger">And Muhammad Is His Messenger</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Non Sola Scriptura</span><span>, Jul 25, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="88878946"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="88878946"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88878946; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88878946]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88878946]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88878946; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='88878946']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=88878946]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":88878946,"title":"And Muhammad Is His Messenger","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88878946/And_Muhammad_Is_His_Messenger","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="88878939"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/88878939/Ra%E1%B8%A5ma_Universal_Divine_Mercy_in_the_Qur_an_and_Hadith"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Raḥma: Universal Divine Mercy in the Qur’an and Hadith" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/88878939/Ra%E1%B8%A5ma_Universal_Divine_Mercy_in_the_Qur_an_and_Hadith">Raḥma: Universal Divine Mercy in the Qur’an and Hadith</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract:Mercy is a concept that is frequently associated with religions, but it is often overloo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract:Mercy is a concept that is frequently associated with religions, but it is often overlooked in discussions of Islam, especially discussions that take place in broadcast and social media, where Islam is often portrayed as harsh and severe. This essay will examine the concept of raḥma [divine mercy] and the divine names al-raḥmān and al-raḥīm[the Compassionate the Merciful], as used in the Qur’an and Hadith, and as explained in two classical tafāsīr in order to highlight the central role that the concept of Divine Mercy plays in Islamic theology. The analysis of the concept of raḥma, focuses on Qur’anic verses in the following chapters (suras): “The Cattle” (Q 6:12 and 54); “The Cave” (Q 18:10); “The Family of Imran” (Q 3:8); “The Prophets” (Q 21:107); “The Heights” (Q 7:156); and “The Crowds” (Q 39:53). This examination shows Islam’s sacred texts and Muslim exegetes understandings of those texts present this divine mercy as universal and extending to all of God’s creation in...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="88878939"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="88878939"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88878939; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88878939]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88878939]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88878939; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='88878939']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=88878939]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":88878939,"title":"Raḥma: Universal Divine Mercy in the Qur’an and Hadith","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88878939/Ra%E1%B8%A5ma_Universal_Divine_Mercy_in_the_Qur_an_and_Hadith","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="88878889"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/88878889/Al_Sh%C4%81fi_%C4%AB_and_Ibn_Qutayba_Prophetic_Reports_as_Revelation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Al-Shāfi‘ī and Ibn Qutayba: Prophetic Reports as Revelation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/88878889/Al_Sh%C4%81fi_%C4%AB_and_Ibn_Qutayba_Prophetic_Reports_as_Revelation">Al-Shāfi‘ī and Ibn Qutayba: Prophetic Reports as Revelation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfi‘ī (d. 204/820) holds an important place in the history of Islamic doc...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfi‘ī (d. 204/820) holds an important place in the history of Islamic doctrine and law. But perhaps his most important contribution is the doctrine he is said to have articulated regarding the Hadīth;, for it is the arguments attributed to al-Shāfi‘ī that laid the foundations that eventually established the Hadīth; as the second revelatory source of law and guidance for the vast majority of Muslims. Both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars of Islamic history and law have recognized his contributions and praised his accomplishments. According to tradition, he is considered to be the eponymous founder of one of the four surviving Sunni schools of law, and has been called the “master architect” of Islamic legal theory.1 Wael Hallaq has demonstrated that this image of al-Shāfi‘ī is a creation of later generations rather than a status he enjoyed during his lifetime.2 At the same time, Hallaq recognizes that al-Shafi‘i’s main concern and his great achievement was in est...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="88878889"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="88878889"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88878889; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88878889]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88878889]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88878889; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='88878889']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=88878889]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":88878889,"title":"Al-Shāfi‘ī and Ibn Qutayba: Prophetic Reports as Revelation","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88878889/Al_Sh%C4%81fi_%C4%AB_and_Ibn_Qutayba_Prophetic_Reports_as_Revelation","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80773318"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773318/We_have_made_you_nations_and_tribes_A_Quranically_Based_Vision_of_Multiculturalism_and_Inter_Religious_Relations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of We have made you nations and tribes...": A Quranically Based Vision of Multiculturalism and Inter-Religious Relations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773318/We_have_made_you_nations_and_tribes_A_Quranically_Based_Vision_of_Multiculturalism_and_Inter_Religious_Relations">We have made you nations and tribes...": A Quranically Based Vision of Multiculturalism and Inter-Religious Relations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article looks at Quranic verses dealing with different religions and cultures.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80773318"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80773318"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773318; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773318]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773318]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773318; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80773318']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80773318]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80773318,"title":"We have made you nations and tribes...\": A Quranically Based Vision of Multiculturalism and Inter-Religious Relations","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80773318/We_have_made_you_nations_and_tribes_A_Quranically_Based_Vision_of_Multiculturalism_and_Inter_Religious_Relations","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80773303"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773303/Towards_a_Qur_anically_Based_Articulation_of_the_Concept_of_Just_War_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Towards a Qur’anically-Based Articulation of the Concept of “Just War”" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87043405/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773303/Towards_a_Qur_anically_Based_Articulation_of_the_Concept_of_Just_War_">Towards a Qur’anically-Based Articulation of the Concept of “Just War”</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="76feb834ed31d1999294005c476f069b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":87043405,"asset_id":80773303,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87043405/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80773303"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80773303"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773303; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773303]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773303]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773303; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80773303']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "76feb834ed31d1999294005c476f069b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80773303]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80773303,"title":"Towards a Qur’anically-Based Articulation of the Concept of “Just War”","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80773303/Towards_a_Qur_anically_Based_Articulation_of_the_Concept_of_Just_War_","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[{"id":87043405,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87043405/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"towards_a_qur.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87043405/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Towards_a_Qur_anically_Based_Articulatio.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/87043405/towards_a_qur-libre.pdf?1654470618=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTowards_a_Qur_anically_Based_Articulatio.pdf\u0026Expires=1739804868\u0026Signature=BFrhGwROpj9j3fvjn1r2hSC081pz6P-bpdJ255XC4f99dV5tvRumeW~upAOR6Bgq5UNU0P9WOE5O-ag2IPfglPOfzRJeTANByeQuWRCcuyukxXEgZFzmDohF7EWIENXsqupmczAyqFIk8Q9eTgbTy0W-jmah95hocXXC17k0WjLVYswL~3oswPjtnjcyg7rGYVNruyJolK6U6j1GLz38qh06gN34NHQB7tU1WSu6B~WbAYVYDtsOdjDU0lggT2I49PUrxdOIrWpAzm3~ZfYy87Fbjl6FBWH9JgXkSYYbIVz7JNNYThXbSw9Eni9RXfmaHs-OaIlCXdr4WMuO~a6jFg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80773258"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773258/A_Thousand_Years_Less_Fifty_Toward_a_Quranic_View_of_Extreme_Longevity"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Thousand Years, Less Fifty: Toward a Quranic View of Extreme Longevity" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773258/A_Thousand_Years_Less_Fifty_Toward_a_Quranic_View_of_Extreme_Longevity">A Thousand Years, Less Fifty: Toward a Quranic View of Extreme Longevity</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Religion and the Implications of Radical Life Extension</span><span>, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">What are the implications of radical life extension (RLE) for Islamic concepts of life and death,...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">What are the implications of radical life extension (RLE) for Islamic concepts of life and death, of the here and the hereafter? For Muslims, the Qur’an contains the direct and literal words of God, transmitted in Arabic to the Prophet Muhammad, by the angel Gabriel in the seventh century of the Common Era. For Muslims, it the most authoritative source of knowledge about divine commands relating to life, death, the here, and the hereafter; as such, as Muslims seek understanding about these questions in the midst of ongoing biomedical advances, they turn to the Qur’an for guidance. Not only does the Qur’an shape Muslim worldviews, it also informs Muslims about the history of earlier communities and individuals, and Muslims generally accept the claims contained in these stories as true and accurate.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80773258"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80773258"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773258; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773258]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773258]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773258; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80773258']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80773258]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80773258,"title":"A Thousand Years, Less Fifty: Toward a Quranic View of Extreme Longevity","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80773258/A_Thousand_Years_Less_Fifty_Toward_a_Quranic_View_of_Extreme_Longevity","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80773207"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773207/Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Islam, Civility and Political Culture" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/80773207/Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture">Islam, Civility and Political Culture</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This book provides a comprehensive and interdisciplinary exploration of civility and political cu...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This book provides a comprehensive and interdisciplinary exploration of civility and political culture in the Muslim world. The contributions consider the changing interface between religion and politics throughout Islamic history, and into the present. Extending beyond saturated approaches of ‘political’ and/or ‘militant’ Islam, this collection captures the complex sociopolitical character of Islam, and identifies tensions between the political-secular and the sacred-religious in contemporary Muslim life. The alternative conceptual framework to traditional analyses of secularisation and civility presented across this volume will be of interest to students and scholars across Islamic studies, religious studies, sociology and political science, civilisation studies, and cultural studies</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80773207"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80773207"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773207; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773207]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80773207]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80773207; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80773207']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80773207]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80773207,"title":"Islam, Civility and Political Culture","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80773207/Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="70777842"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/70777842/The_Question_of_Authority_in_the_Modern_Period"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Question of Authority in the Modern Period" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/80384156/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/70777842/The_Question_of_Authority_in_the_Modern_Period">The Question of Authority in the Modern Period</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The issue of the relative authority of the Qur’ān and Hadīth; is not limited to the realm of hist...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The issue of the relative authority of the Qur’ān and Hadīth; is not limited to the realm of historical interest. It is also a question of contemporary interest to Muslims. While some modern opponents of the Hadīth; express themselves openly, using their own names, others publish their views anonymously or under pseudonyms for fear of reprisals. The plight of Egypt’s Ahl al-Qur’ān; (People of the Qur’ān) illustrates the gravity of the issue for Muslims. The London-based, international Arabic language daily al-Sharq al-Awsat; reported in February 2003 that eight Egyptians who call themselves “Qur’ānists” were sentenced by Egypt’s Supreme State Security Court to terms ranging from six months to three years for “contempt of religion” for rejecting Prophetic Traditions, seeking to interpret the Qur’ān for themselves and letting their interpretations lead them to differ from traditional Muslims in certain key beliefs and practices. The story earned a place on al-Sharq al-Awsat;’s; front ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8c71fe44a6f9ff042fd31459e03f55d2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":80384156,"asset_id":70777842,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80384156/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="70777842"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="70777842"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70777842; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=70777842]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=70777842]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70777842; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='70777842']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8c71fe44a6f9ff042fd31459e03f55d2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=70777842]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":70777842,"title":"The Question of Authority in the Modern Period","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70777842/The_Question_of_Authority_in_the_Modern_Period","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[{"id":80384156,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/80384156/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"9780230611979_5.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80384156/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Question_of_Authority_in_the_Modern.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/80384156/9780230611979_5-libre.pdf?1644205614=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Question_of_Authority_in_the_Modern.pdf\u0026Expires=1739804868\u0026Signature=PO7V~-aP73yjWl150OLaCjVBNLAFaLLDf6-bQQvymBF2EtAdMQzcMM1pZCowfthrKJsLRqypbjD8GI5nM9sRLlnhXwTzuFaGXRsNac3hBNn7oPVVsI1tPTFK0wec4WuwcLC1Z3paqgQGMBB3OyOjozqJ1pLSTIKV2CkZx12fHxBYgy944Q9zyzImRxDNeB6ywof7l6icOSV0c1~47TQxooDVIvW6DgP0dtXvkZ6ajpKnqzWvxeLeLplRcmw66xEuzzZfI1WCd-ezf~4Nxi4aPkSXvLmL9KsZ~5N8zdQ7oFkBTVZhk8rfczJjSW2Pe2Q0GepHkIaLUSyX7j7YTLYxqA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":80384155,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/80384155/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"9780230611979_5.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80384155/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Question_of_Authority_in_the_Modern.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/80384155/9780230611979_5-libre.pdf?1644205614=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Question_of_Authority_in_the_Modern.pdf\u0026Expires=1739804868\u0026Signature=SaUHwaegwzhBVEiq4z~38X1~GvTP~YIBNtIoIgLAKSCWv~dfEkbAenlv1Dnx3BvmIMgV1AiJmWGkwye-6NHl1lp5qRVB1NDGn0YH2tqDYLISbmNkagcQ2oaxWk78ApN0EbPR~3lMbPa5pc8cieVtsdxZYeIa5t-8khoekm3iZY3bySAXDvj0akiRHtxsEkVrmf1SgVV0xlW9zEXe4Q4mtNvpI8AuNKuLVAM78ThyxwWRp2C-dYEzXZc7lV1t55Yl8c2KAxdfmzbeXl5xeSD40m~xR8oAZVdZuegg8P4LNu4NmXiNAQP3uDwb2QxK8K8Lx1t5Y~76E55Hz1TxZ8tJ-Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877551"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877551/Internet_Resources_and_Discussions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Internet Resources and Discussions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877551/Internet_Resources_and_Discussions">Internet Resources and Discussions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The rapid expansion of the World Wide Web over the last several years has offered an unprecedente...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The rapid expansion of the World Wide Web over the last several years has offered an unprecedented opportunity for groups and individuals to publicize information and share ideas. The virtually unrestricted and anonymous nature of the Web requires wary consideration on the part of the reader or researcher because all control and authentication of information that is posted relies on the diligence and integrity of the authors and those who post information. The kinds of checks and balances that are a normal part of other print and broadcast media are practically nonexistent on the Web. But the same qualities that require wariness on the part of anyone seeking information on the Web also allows people to share controversial ideas much more freely, with less fear for their personal safety than if they were to present such ideas in person, or in more traditional print or broadcast media. As the experiences of the Egyptian Qur’ānists, cited earlier, and the murder of Rashad Khalifa demon...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877551"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877551"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877551; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877551]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877551]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877551; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877551']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877551]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877551,"title":"Internet Resources and Discussions","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877551/Internet_Resources_and_Discussions","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877550"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877550/A_Translation_of_Kit%C4%81b_Jim%C4%81_al_ilm"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Translation of Kitāb Jimā‘al-‘ilm" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877550/A_Translation_of_Kit%C4%81b_Jim%C4%81_al_ilm">A Translation of Kitāb Jimā‘al-‘ilm</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">As the previous discussion demonstrates, Kitab Jimā‘al-‘ilm; is perhaps the most important work d...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">As the previous discussion demonstrates, Kitab Jimā‘al-‘ilm; is perhaps the most important work dealing with the authority of Hadīth; from the formative period of Islam because it contains the earliest know articulations of the arguments that laid the foundations for that authority. The arguments contained in the Jimā‘āl-‘i1m; influenced all subsequent discussions on the issue and are still used today, more than a millenium after it was written. The seminal nature of the text makes translating it particularly appropriate in this book.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877550"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877550"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877550; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877550]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877550]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877550; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877550']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877550]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877550,"title":"A Translation of Kitāb Jimā‘al-‘ilm","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877550/A_Translation_of_Kit%C4%81b_Jim%C4%81_al_ilm","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877548"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877548/Considerations_in_Hadith_and_Qur_an_Text_and_Interpretation_in_a_Study_of_Civility"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Considerations in Hadith and Qur’an: Text and Interpretation in a Study of Civility" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877548/Considerations_in_Hadith_and_Qur_an_Text_and_Interpretation_in_a_Study_of_Civility">Considerations in Hadith and Qur’an: Text and Interpretation in a Study of Civility</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877548"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877548"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877548; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877548]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877548]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877548; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877548']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877548]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877548,"title":"Considerations in Hadith and Qur’an: Text and Interpretation in a Study of Civility","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877548/Considerations_in_Hadith_and_Qur_an_Text_and_Interpretation_in_a_Study_of_Civility","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877547"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877547/Al_Sh%C3%A3fii_the_Hadith_and_the_Concept_of_the_Duality_of_Revelation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Al-Shãfi'i, the Hadith, and the Concept of the Duality of Revelation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877547/Al_Sh%C3%A3fii_the_Hadith_and_the_Concept_of_the_Duality_of_Revelation">Al-Shãfi'i, the Hadith, and the Concept of the Duality of Revelation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Islamic studies</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877547"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877547"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877547; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877547]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877547]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877547; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877547']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877547]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877547,"title":"Al-Shãfi'i, the Hadith, and the Concept of the Duality of Revelation","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877547/Al_Sh%C3%A3fii_the_Hadith_and_the_Concept_of_the_Duality_of_Revelation","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877546"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877546/%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth_as_scripture_Discussions_on_the_authority_of_Prophetic_traditions_in_Islam"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ḥadīth as scripture : Discussions on the authority of Prophetic traditions in Islam" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877546/%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth_as_scripture_Discussions_on_the_authority_of_Prophetic_traditions_in_Islam">Ḥadīth as scripture : Discussions on the authority of Prophetic traditions in Islam</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Issue of Authority and Its On-Going Importance The Early Controversies: Sources and Issues Um...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Issue of Authority and Its On-Going Importance The Early Controversies: Sources and Issues Umar ibn al-Khattab and the Question of Hadith The Prophet&#39;s Reported Prohibition Al-Shafii and Ibn Qutayba: Prophetic Reports as Revelation Ibn Qutayba and the Hadith Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi&#39;s Taqyid al-Ilm Karaite Parallels The Question of Authority in the Modern Period The Current Controversies: Sources and Issues A Translation of Kitab Jima al-ilm The Book of the Amalgamation of Knowledge List of Qur&#39;anic Verses</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877546"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877546"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877546; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877546]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877546]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877546; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877546']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877546]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877546,"title":"Ḥadīth as scripture : Discussions on the authority of Prophetic traditions in Islam","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877546/%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth_as_scripture_Discussions_on_the_authority_of_Prophetic_traditions_in_Islam","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877545"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877545/Later_Works_on_the_Problem_of_the_Had%C4%ABth"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Later Works on the Problem of the Hadīth" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877545/Later_Works_on_the_Problem_of_the_Had%C4%ABth">Later Works on the Problem of the Hadīth</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Two similar works are available to us from the third/ninth and fourth/tenth centuries: Mushkil al...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Two similar works are available to us from the third/ninth and fourth/tenth centuries: Mushkil al-Āthār; by Abū Ja`far al-Tahāwī (d. 321/933),1 and Bayān Mushkil al-Hadīth; by Ibn Fūrak (d. 406/1015).2 Both works focus on addressing the problematic content of various specific Hadīth;, a detailed discussion of which is beyond the scope of the current discussion. However, like their predecessor Ibn Qutayba, both authors provide information in their introductions that is valuable for an analysis of attitudes toward the authority of the Hadīth.; Unlike Ibn Qutayba, al-Ṭahāwī does not open his work with reference to opposition to the Hadīth.; Instead, he focuses on the status of Muḥammad, reminding the reader that God sent Muḥammad as the seal of the Prophets and the Qur’ān as the seal of revelation, confirming the truth of and superseding all previous revelations. He then mentions several key verses from the Qur’ān that provide the foundation for the authority of the Hadīth.; The first ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877545"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877545"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877545; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877545]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877545]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877545; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877545']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877545]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877545,"title":"Later Works on the Problem of the Hadīth","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877545/Later_Works_on_the_Problem_of_the_Had%C4%ABth","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877543"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877543/List_of_Qur_%C4%81nic_Verses"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of List of Qur’ānic Verses" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877543/List_of_Qur_%C4%81nic_Verses">List of Qur’ānic Verses</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The following is a list of the verses most often cited by the proponents and opponents of the aut...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The following is a list of the verses most often cited by the proponents and opponents of the authority of Hadīth; in Islam. They are listed in numerical order by chapter and verse. The Khalifa translation is included because it reflects the interpretation that opposes the authority of the Hadīth;, and the Yusu Ali translation is included because it is widely used by Muslims and represents the mainstream Muslim understanding of the same verses. The translations are followed by a transliteration of the original Arabic. Transliteration is included for the convenience of those readers who are familiar with Arabic terminology but do not read Arabic script.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877543"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877543"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877543; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877543]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877543]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877543; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877543']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877543]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877543,"title":"List of Qur’ānic Verses","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877543/List_of_Qur_%C4%81nic_Verses","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877541"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877541/The_Early_Controversies_Sources_and_Issues"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Early Controversies: Sources and Issues" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877541/The_Early_Controversies_Sources_and_Issues">The Early Controversies: Sources and Issues</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">As mentioned in the introduction two major trends are clearly apparent in the early opposition to...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">As mentioned in the introduction two major trends are clearly apparent in the early opposition to the Hadīth.; The first is a general opposition to the authority of the Hadīth; as a source that competes with the Qur’ān as a source of religious guidance and law; the second is objection to those Hadīth; that are seen as contradicting either other Hadīth; or the Qur’ān, or the content of which is perceived as ridiculous or offensive to reason. Each of these is represented in the works of two important third/ninth century authors, Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shāfi‘ī (d. 204 AH) and Abū Muhammad ‘Abd Allāh Ibn Muslim Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 AH).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877541"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877541"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877541; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877541]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877541]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877541; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877541']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877541]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877541,"title":"The Early Controversies: Sources and Issues","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877541/The_Early_Controversies_Sources_and_Issues","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877540"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877540/Freedom_of_Conscience_in_the_Quran_and_Hadith"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Freedom of Conscience in the Qur'an and Hadith" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877540/Freedom_of_Conscience_in_the_Quran_and_Hadith">Freedom of Conscience in the Qur'an and Hadith</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract:This essay is intended to be part of a larger scholarly response to claims made by those...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract:This essay is intended to be part of a larger scholarly response to claims made by those whom Todd Green describes as “professional Islamophobes” that currently dominate the public narrative of Islam. The particular claim addressed in this essay is the claim that “Sharia does not permit freedom of conscience.” The essay addresses the meaning of “sharia” and its relationship to law, and then examines relevant verses from the Qur’an, together with Qur’anic commentary and Hadith texts, and contemporary scholarship in order to discover what the sacred texts say and how Muslims have understood them, on the issue of freedom of conscience and religion. This examination makes it clear that while some modern Muslim nations curtail religious freedoms, it is not because “Sharia does not permit freedom of conscience.” It is because those contemporary Muslims who exhibit a totalitarian supremacist mindset are influenced in their thinking by modern Western ideas rather than by the rich and extensive history of the Islamic intellectual tradition. Those scholars, both Muslim and non-Muslim who engage that tradition show that freedom of conscience is integral to it.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877540"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877540"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877540; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877540]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877540]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877540; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877540']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877540]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877540,"title":"Freedom of Conscience in the Qur'an and Hadith","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877540/Freedom_of_Conscience_in_the_Quran_and_Hadith","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="64877429"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877429/Beyond_East_and_West_Rethinking_Islam_in_the_Digital_Age"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Beyond East and West: Rethinking Islam in the Digital Age" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/64877429/Beyond_East_and_West_Rethinking_Islam_in_the_Digital_Age">Beyond East and West: Rethinking Islam in the Digital Age</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract:This essay looks at the role of the Internet in dehumanizing Muslims and demonizing Isla...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract:This essay looks at the role of the Internet in dehumanizing Muslims and demonizing Islam while reinforcing the idea of Islam and &quot;the West&quot; as archetypal opposites. Drawing on insights from earlier essays in the Discussion and Debate Forum, this essay suggests ways in which scholars of Islamic studies can use the same technology to counter the specious arguments that lead to the dehumanization of Muslims and the demonization of Islam.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="64877429"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64877429"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877429; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877429]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64877429]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64877429; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='64877429']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=64877429]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":64877429,"title":"Beyond East and West: Rethinking Islam in the Digital Age","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64877429/Beyond_East_and_West_Rethinking_Islam_in_the_Digital_Age","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="54636996"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/54636996/Jonathan_A_C_Brown_Hadith_Muhammad_s_Legacy_in_the_Medieval_and_Modern_World_Oxford_Oneworld_Publications_2009_viii_xii_320_pages_glossary_bibliography_index_Paper_US_29_95_ISBN_978_1_85168_663_6"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Jonathan A.C. Brown. Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009. viii-xii + 320 pages, glossary, bibliography, index. Paper US$29.95 ISBN 978-1-85168-663-6" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/54636996/Jonathan_A_C_Brown_Hadith_Muhammad_s_Legacy_in_the_Medieval_and_Modern_World_Oxford_Oneworld_Publications_2009_viii_xii_320_pages_glossary_bibliography_index_Paper_US_29_95_ISBN_978_1_85168_663_6">Jonathan A.C. Brown. Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009. viii-xii + 320 pages, glossary, bibliography, index. Paper US$29.95 ISBN 978-1-85168-663-6</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Review of Middle East Studies</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="54636996"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="54636996"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54636996; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54636996]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54636996]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54636996; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='54636996']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=54636996]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":54636996,"title":"Jonathan A.C. Brown. Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009. viii-xii + 320 pages, glossary, bibliography, index. Paper US$29.95 ISBN 978-1-85168-663-6","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54636996/Jonathan_A_C_Brown_Hadith_Muhammad_s_Legacy_in_the_Medieval_and_Modern_World_Oxford_Oneworld_Publications_2009_viii_xii_320_pages_glossary_bibliography_index_Paper_US_29_95_ISBN_978_1_85168_663_6","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="50541038"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/50541038/Al_Sh%C3%A3fii_the_Hadith_and_the_Concept_of_the_Duality_of_Revelation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Al-Shãfi'i, the Hadith, and the Concept of the Duality of Revelation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/50541038/Al_Sh%C3%A3fii_the_Hadith_and_the_Concept_of_the_Duality_of_Revelation">Al-Shãfi'i, the Hadith, and the Concept of the Duality of Revelation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Islamic Studies</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50541038"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50541038"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50541038; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50541038]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50541038]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50541038; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50541038']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50541038]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50541038,"title":"Al-Shãfi'i, the Hadith, and the Concept of the Duality of Revelation","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50541038/Al_Sh%C3%A3fii_the_Hadith_and_the_Concept_of_the_Duality_of_Revelation","owner_id":870124,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":870124,"first_name":"Aisha","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Musa","page_name":"AishaMusa41","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2011-10-23T06:08:00.227-07:00","display_name":"Aisha Musa","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="10824604" id="editedbooks"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44664210"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44664210/Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Islam, Civility and Political Culture" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65136779/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44664210/Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture">Islam, Civility and Political Culture</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://westernsydney.academia.edu/MiladMilani">Milad Milani</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VassiliosAdrahtas">Vassilios Adrahtas</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41">Aisha Musa</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Palgrave Macmillan (New Directions in Islam book series)</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Published with Palgrave's New Directions in Islam Series, this book provides a comprehensive and ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Published with Palgrave's New Directions in Islam Series, this book provides a comprehensive and interdisciplinary exploration of civility and political culture in the Muslim world.<br /><br />The contributions consider the changing interface between religion and politics throughout Islamic history, and into the present. Extending beyond saturated approaches of ‘political’ and/or ‘militant’ Islam, this collection captures the complex sociopolitical character of Islam, and identifies tensions between the political-secular and the sacred-religious in contemporary Muslim life. <br /><br />The alternative conceptual framework to traditional analyses of secularisation and civility presented across this volume will be of interest to students and scholars across Islamic studies, religious studies, sociology and political science, civilisation studies, and cultural studies.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d4afc093ab78f2d97d18f926400b4f41" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65136779,"asset_id":44664210,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65136779/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44664210"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44664210"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44664210; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44664210]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44664210]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44664210; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44664210']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d4afc093ab78f2d97d18f926400b4f41" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44664210]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44664210,"title":"Islam, Civility and Political Culture","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-56761-3","abstract":"Published with Palgrave's New Directions in Islam Series, this book provides a comprehensive and interdisciplinary exploration of civility and political culture in the Muslim world.\n\nThe contributions consider the changing interface between religion and politics throughout Islamic history, and into the present. Extending beyond saturated approaches of ‘political’ and/or ‘militant’ Islam, this collection captures the complex sociopolitical character of Islam, and identifies tensions between the political-secular and the sacred-religious in contemporary Muslim life. \n\nThe alternative conceptual framework to traditional analyses of secularisation and civility presented across this volume will be of interest to students and scholars across Islamic studies, religious studies, sociology and political science, civilisation studies, and cultural studies. ","ai_title_tag":"Civility and Political Culture in Islam","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Palgrave Macmillan (New Directions in Islam book series)"},"translated_abstract":"Published with Palgrave's New Directions in Islam Series, this book provides a comprehensive and interdisciplinary exploration of civility and political culture in the Muslim world.\n\nThe contributions consider the changing interface between religion and politics throughout Islamic history, and into the present. Extending beyond saturated approaches of ‘political’ and/or ‘militant’ Islam, this collection captures the complex sociopolitical character of Islam, and identifies tensions between the political-secular and the sacred-religious in contemporary Muslim life. \n\nThe alternative conceptual framework to traditional analyses of secularisation and civility presented across this volume will be of interest to students and scholars across Islamic studies, religious studies, sociology and political science, civilisation studies, and cultural studies. ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44664210/Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-12-08T15:53:58.090-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":48565,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"book","co_author_tags":[{"id":36036099,"work_id":44664210,"tagging_user_id":48565,"tagged_user_id":14258961,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"m***s@yahoo.com.au","display_order":1,"name":"Vassilios Adrahtas","title":"Islam, Civility and Political Culture"},{"id":36036100,"work_id":44664210,"tagging_user_id":48565,"tagged_user_id":91339651,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"b***r@acu.edu.au","display_order":2,"name":"Bryan Turner","title":"Islam, Civility and Political Culture"},{"id":36036101,"work_id":44664210,"tagging_user_id":48565,"tagged_user_id":36783,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***e@mcgill.ca","affiliation":"McGill University","display_order":3,"name":"Armando Salvatore","title":"Islam, Civility and Political Culture"},{"id":36036102,"work_id":44664210,"tagging_user_id":48565,"tagged_user_id":428976,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"p***y@mcgill.ca","affiliation":"McGill University","display_order":4,"name":"Prashant Keshavmurthy","title":"Islam, Civility and Political Culture"},{"id":36036103,"work_id":44664210,"tagging_user_id":48565,"tagged_user_id":870124,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"d***a@gmail.com","display_order":5,"name":"Aisha Musa","title":"Islam, Civility and Political Culture"},{"id":36036104,"work_id":44664210,"tagging_user_id":48565,"tagged_user_id":181669568,"co_author_invite_id":7157028,"email":"1***4@student.westernsydney.edu.au","display_order":6,"name":"Marley Krok","title":"Islam, Civility and Political Culture"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65136779,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65136779/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2021_Bookmatter_IslamCivilityAndPoliticalCultu.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65136779/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/65136779/2021_Bookmatter_IslamCivilityAndPoliticalCultu-libre.pdf?1607478561=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIslam_Civility_and_Political_Culture.pdf\u0026Expires=1738639334\u0026Signature=hKvZ4efViQBZ636LauwZLXwGKy0ZRP-PMxmK01FxgQ9gSwenZhdsVUsHuUOWfP0p31XZpSXOk-TwQNSJJNECHSJE22yNXa-P8GWzljKrRyR41KAYqCEIozcMSOynRsxmxYqTgK1QoGbRaq0ZQ1NlZguKhT1SF5EXeKM9uaKwcDayy7fsWG593eZwPYmHp-ys-BBtam752KP4bWbEkqfNcHqcwrKuA~inPuoZug0iSMhXOVkCfN~uirHrFdh9Toc5Zbiw7Ap5bugQua~vSm-Xm4X1tE7dCvrJWZq3pIPS5V7gqbp9iT3QBksL6NM2LIJ~0sRwvXAYYpuk20shqLwwaw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":78432084,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/78432084/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture_sample_.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78432084/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/78432084/Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture_sample_-libre.pdf?1641776756=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIslam_Civility_and_Political_Culture.pdf\u0026Expires=1738639334\u0026Signature=dstUAVxvqvtq7A7oYyFJk8kdp2l2lE9acjq7EHrzlTNB1GORvXlWHS2sBd9HNml-9apa0zGaIqpxhP3yOo3vd~dmROxgJCyBb9QXUnVST0R8ktxFmrQFAJVuqj0pjmIiYYoPp8~uPcsQmzIql6zO2htlgcxAbC~8rKMq-aEDU0Rmb7AFWJShLAIw6IRj66we7D8h6QO5N0WP0SfmUYZvdsAdghhpW5e58dQq82LW4THtToSWOMMjJbp5o0ZVucm2wESMdl2V~~DXmsCxhvbCleAZWTtqQ0KtAh-ep36qPElNql5iLjpYCxHrym51TwTNHY7GxtDMxjd4WyHuMEdEwA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture","translated_slug":"","page_count":27,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Published with Palgrave's New Directions in Islam Series, this book provides a comprehensive and interdisciplinary exploration of civility and political culture in the Muslim world.\n\nThe contributions consider the changing interface between religion and politics throughout Islamic history, and into the present. Extending beyond saturated approaches of ‘political’ and/or ‘militant’ Islam, this collection captures the complex sociopolitical character of Islam, and identifies tensions between the political-secular and the sacred-religious in contemporary Muslim life. \n\nThe alternative conceptual framework to traditional analyses of secularisation and civility presented across this volume will be of interest to students and scholars across Islamic studies, religious studies, sociology and political science, civilisation studies, and cultural studies. ","owner":{"id":48565,"first_name":"Milad","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Milani","page_name":"MiladMilani","domain_name":"westernsydney","created_at":"2009-06-10T18:21:16.099-07:00","display_name":"Milad Milani","url":"https://westernsydney.academia.edu/MiladMilani"},"attachments":[{"id":65136779,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65136779/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2021_Bookmatter_IslamCivilityAndPoliticalCultu.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65136779/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/65136779/2021_Bookmatter_IslamCivilityAndPoliticalCultu-libre.pdf?1607478561=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIslam_Civility_and_Political_Culture.pdf\u0026Expires=1738639334\u0026Signature=hKvZ4efViQBZ636LauwZLXwGKy0ZRP-PMxmK01FxgQ9gSwenZhdsVUsHuUOWfP0p31XZpSXOk-TwQNSJJNECHSJE22yNXa-P8GWzljKrRyR41KAYqCEIozcMSOynRsxmxYqTgK1QoGbRaq0ZQ1NlZguKhT1SF5EXeKM9uaKwcDayy7fsWG593eZwPYmHp-ys-BBtam752KP4bWbEkqfNcHqcwrKuA~inPuoZug0iSMhXOVkCfN~uirHrFdh9Toc5Zbiw7Ap5bugQua~vSm-Xm4X1tE7dCvrJWZq3pIPS5V7gqbp9iT3QBksL6NM2LIJ~0sRwvXAYYpuk20shqLwwaw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":78432084,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/78432084/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture_sample_.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78432084/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/78432084/Islam_Civility_and_Political_Culture_sample_-libre.pdf?1641776756=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIslam_Civility_and_Political_Culture.pdf\u0026Expires=1738639334\u0026Signature=dstUAVxvqvtq7A7oYyFJk8kdp2l2lE9acjq7EHrzlTNB1GORvXlWHS2sBd9HNml-9apa0zGaIqpxhP3yOo3vd~dmROxgJCyBb9QXUnVST0R8ktxFmrQFAJVuqj0pjmIiYYoPp8~uPcsQmzIql6zO2htlgcxAbC~8rKMq-aEDU0Rmb7AFWJShLAIw6IRj66we7D8h6QO5N0WP0SfmUYZvdsAdghhpW5e58dQq82LW4THtToSWOMMjJbp5o0ZVucm2wESMdl2V~~DXmsCxhvbCleAZWTtqQ0KtAh-ep36qPElNql5iLjpYCxHrym51TwTNHY7GxtDMxjd4WyHuMEdEwA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity"},{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion"},{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion"},{"id":1053,"name":"History of Ideas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Ideas"},{"id":3059,"name":"Religion and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics"},{"id":5559,"name":"Political Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Culture"},{"id":6913,"name":"Sociology of islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_islam"},{"id":7978,"name":"Political History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_History"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies"},{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam"},{"id":20109,"name":"Religion and Modernity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Modernity"},{"id":25719,"name":"Religious History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_History"},{"id":44462,"name":"Islam and Modernity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_Modernity"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies"},{"id":66420,"name":"Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Thought"},{"id":271545,"name":"Sufi Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufi_Studies"},{"id":513355,"name":"Islamic eschatology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_eschatology"},{"id":553704,"name":"Civility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civility"}],"urls":[{"id":16269640,"url":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-030-56761-3"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/google_contacts-0dfb882d836b94dbcb4a2d123d6933fc9533eda5be911641f20b4eb428429600.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $('.js-google-connect-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); GoogleContacts.authorize_and_show_contacts(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); $.ajax({ url: $r.api_v0_profiles_update_about_path({ subdomain_param: 'api', about: "", }), type: 'PUT', success: function(response) { location.reload(); } }); }); $('.js-work-creator-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_document_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-video-upload-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_video_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-do-this-later-button').click(function() { $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-do-this-later-button').click(function(){ $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--close').click(function(){ $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--panel').hide(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--button').click(function(){ Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserWorks({ initialWorksOffset: 20, allWorksOffset: 20, maxSections: 2 }) }); </script> </div></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile_edit-5ea339ee107c863779f560dd7275595239fed73f1a13d279d2b599a28c0ecd33.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/add_coauthor-22174b608f9cb871d03443cafa7feac496fb50d7df2d66a53f5ee3c04ba67f53.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/tab-dcac0130902f0cc2d8cb403714dd47454f11fc6fb0e99ae6a0827b06613abc20.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb window.ae = window.ae || {}; window.ae.WowProfile = window.ae.WowProfile || {}; if(Aedu.User.current && Aedu.User.current.id === $viewedUser.id) { window.ae.WowProfile.current_user_edit = {}; new WowProfileEdit.EditUploadView({ el: '.js-edit-upload-button-wrapper', model: window.$current_user, }); new AddCoauthor.AddCoauthorsController(); } var userInfoView = new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserInfo({ recaptcha_key: "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB" }); WowProfile.router = new WowProfile.Router({ userInfoView: userInfoView }); Backbone.history.start({ pushState: true, root: "/" + $viewedUser.page_name }); new WowProfile.UserWorksNav() }); </script> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "0028f065532af1089312bd923ab977270ec9701158084ed04af424345c74f66f", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="lQycr0DedMO7VaI9tYYbs--tJLyMXyJb3MMlxCOvU1F5MPtXiJtOZ3OicVl4efu9GrMrl1N8T09YSi7bkEEP2Q" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://independent.academia.edu/AishaMusa41" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="iSG_xhUNmY_4kK8gzN88APLrdLVdf-Bu66oxSB5Be8dlHdg-3UijKzBnfEQBINwOB_V7noJcjXpvIzpXra8nTw" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>