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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Feeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Mating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Predators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Physiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Respiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Respiration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Anatomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Function </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Circulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heart_anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Heart anatomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Blood composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osmoregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osmoregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Osmoregulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osmoregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physiological_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Physiological challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 System overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kidney_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidney_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2.1 Kidney function </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidney_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_intake_and_turnover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_intake_and_turnover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2.2 Water intake and turnover </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_intake_and_turnover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasal_glands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasal_glands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2.3 Nasal glands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasal_glands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2.4 Biochemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermoregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermoregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Thermoregulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermoregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Physical adaptations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Internal adaptations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breathing_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breathing_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Breathing adaptations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breathing_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Metabolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Status and conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Humans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Humans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Head_in_the_sand"_myth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Head_in_the_sand"_myth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 "Head in the sand" myth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Head_in_the_sand"_myth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Economic use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Racing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Common ostrich</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" > 136 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Махъшэбзу – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Махъшэбзу" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volstruis" title="Volstruis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Volstruis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%8C%8E%E1%8A%95" title="ሰጎን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰጎን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C8%B3ta" title="Strȳta – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Strȳta" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="نعام شائع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نعام شائع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthio_camelus" title="Struthio camelus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Struthio camelus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthio_camelus" title="Struthio camelus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Struthio camelus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D3%80" title="ВаранихӀинчӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ВаранихӀинчӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="دوه‌قوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوه‌قوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthio_camelus" title="Struthio camelus – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Struthio camelus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF" title="উটপাখি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উটপাখি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4-chi%C3%A1u" title="Tô-chiáu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tô-chiáu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%99%D2%93%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Африка дөйәғошо – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Африка дөйәғошо" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Страус – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Страус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Щраус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Щраус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noj" title="Noj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Noj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struska%C3%B1val" title="Struskañval – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Struskañval" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estru%C3%A7_com%C3%BA" title="Estruç comú – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estruç comú" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthio_camelus" title="Struthio camelus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Struthio camelus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1tros_dvouprst%C3%BD" title="Pštros dvouprstý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pštros dvouprstý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhou_Shiri" title="Mhou Shiri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhou Shiri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntibatiba" title="Ntibatiba – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ntibatiba" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrys" title="Estrys – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Estrys" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taataa" title="Taataa – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Taataa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struds" title="Struds – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Struds" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanischer_Strau%C3%9F" title="Afrikanischer Strauß – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Afrikanischer Strauß" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADdiitsoh" title="Tsídiitsoh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsídiitsoh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaanalind" title="Jaanalind – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaanalind" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Στρουθοκάμηλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρουθοκάμηλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strus" title="Strus – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Strus" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthio_camelus" title="Struthio camelus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Struthio camelus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struto" title="Struto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Struto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostruka" title="Ostruka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ostruka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsatsaboli" title="Tsatsaboli – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Tsatsaboli" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="شترمرغ معمولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شترمرغ معمولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strutsur" title="Strutsur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Strutsur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autruche_d%27Afrique" title="Autruche d'Afrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autruche d'Afrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthio" title="Struthio – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Struthio" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struth_(eun)" title="Struth (eun) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Struth (eun)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestruz" title="Avestruz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Avestruz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%95%E9%B3%A5" title="鴕鳥 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鴕鳥" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B2-ni%C3%A2u" title="Thò-niâu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thò-niâu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%A1%B0" title="타조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimina" title="Jimina – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jimina" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Ջայլամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջայլամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="शुतुरमुर्ग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शुतुरमुर्ग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noj" title="Noj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Noj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strucho" title="Strucho – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Strucho" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadawyan_nga_abestrus" title="Kadawyan nga abestrus – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kadawyan nga abestrus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung_unta" title="Burung unta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Burung unta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%BAtur" title="Strútur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Strútur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthio_camelus" title="Struthio camelus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Struthio camelus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99" title="יען מצוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יען מצוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuk_unta" title="Manuk unta – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Manuk unta" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taataa" title="Taataa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Taataa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಉಷ್ಟ್ರ ಪಕ್ಷಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಷ್ಟ್ರ ಪಕ್ಷಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="აფრიკული სირაქლემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აფრიკული სირაქლემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%81" title="Түйеқұс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түйеқұс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strus" title="Strus – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Strus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuni" title="Mbuni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mbuni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AA%C5%9Ftirme" title="Hêştirme – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hêştirme" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D3%A9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88" title="Төө куш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Төө куш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Африка страус – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Африка страус" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Варани чӀелму – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Варани чӀелму" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthio" title="Struthio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Struthio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strauss" title="Strauss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Strauss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikinis_strutis" title="Afrikinis strutis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Afrikinis strutis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struusvogel" title="Struusvogel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Struusvogel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strutioniformo" title="Strutioniformo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Strutioniformo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/strutione" title="strutione – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="strutione" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%B6ns%C3%A9ges_strucc" title="Közönséges strucc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közönséges strucc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Ној – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ној" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotirisy" title="Aotirisy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aotirisy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF" title="ഒട്ടകപ്പക്ഷി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒട്ടകപ്പക്ഷി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otereti" title="Otereti – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Otereti" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%97" title="शहामृग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शहामृग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D9%87" title="نعامه شائعه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نعامه شائعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung_unta" title="Burung unta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burung unta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2%CC%A4-n%C4%93u" title="Dò̤-nēu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dò̤-nēu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Тэмээн хяруул – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тэмээн хяруул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ငှက်ကုလားအုတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငှက်ကုလားအုတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ositereji" title="Ositereji – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ositereji" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struisvogel" title="Struisvogel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Struisvogel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="सुतुरमुर्ग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुतुरमुर्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6" title="ダチョウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダチョウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slettestruts" title="Slettestruts – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slettestruts" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slettestruts" title="Slettestruts – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slettestruts" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estruci" title="Estruci – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estruci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guchii" title="Guchii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Guchii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਸ਼ੁਤਰਮੁਰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੁਤਰਮੁਰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="شترمرغ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شترمرغ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%9A%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%87" title="اوښمرغه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوښمرغه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oetriche" title="Oetriche – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Oetriche" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stru%C5%9B_czerwonosk%C3%B3ry" title="Struś czerwonoskóry – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Struś czerwonoskóry" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestruz-comum" title="Avestruz-comum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Avestruz-comum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stru%C8%9B" title="Struț – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Struț" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapsi_suri" title="Sapsi suri – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sapsi suri" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Африканский страус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Африканский страус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ostrich" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp%C5%A1he" title="Mpšhe – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Mpšhe" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struzzu" title="Struzzu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Struzzu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="පැස්බරා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පැස්බරා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ostrich" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BA_%D9%BE%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="اٺ پکي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اٺ پکي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1tros_dvojprst%C3%BD" title="Pštros dvojprstý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pštros dvojprstý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noj" title="Noj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Noj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goronyo" title="Goronyo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Goronyo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="وشترمر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وشترمر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Ној – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ној" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noj" title="Noj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Noj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuk_onta" title="Manuk onta – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Manuk onta" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strutsi" title="Strutsi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Strutsi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struts" title="Struts – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Struts" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abestrus" title="Abestrus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Abestrus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="தீக்கோழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தீக்கோழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF" title="నిప్పుకోడి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నిప్పుకోడి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="นกกระจอกเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นกกระจอกเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wut" title="Wut – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Wut" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D2%93" title="Шутурмурғ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шутурмурғ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8E%BE_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%BE" title="ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deve_ku%C5%9Fu" title="Deve kuşu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deve kuşu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Страус – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Страус" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Страус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Страус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="شتر مرغ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شتر مرغ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%82%DB%87%D8%B4" title="تۆگىقۇش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۆگىقۇش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0_%C4%91i%E1%BB%83u_ch%C3%A2u_Phi" title="Đà điểu châu Phi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đà điểu châu Phi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaanatsirk" title="Jaanatsirk – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jaanatsirk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otruche_d%27_Afrike" title="Otruche d' Afrike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Otruche d' Afrike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struusveugel" title="Struusveugel – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Struusveugel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthio_camelus" title="Struthio camelus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Struthio camelus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%B5%E9%B8%9F" title="鸵鸟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鸵鸟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1" title="שטרויס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטרויס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92g%C3%B2ng%C3%B2" title="Ògòngò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ògòngò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%95%E9%B3%A5" title="鴕鳥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鴕鳥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struusveugel" title="Struusveugel – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Struusveugel" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of flightless bird</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Common ostrich <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: 15–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:214.92307692308px; width:5.0769230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:214.92307692308px; width:5.0769230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:215.92307692308px; width:3.0769230769231px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div>Early <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%283%29.jpg/220px-Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%283%29.jpg/330px-Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%283%29.jpg/440px-Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1795" data-file-height="1197" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/South_African_ostrich" title="South African ostrich">South African</a> (S. c. australis) male (left) and females </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix I (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CITESAppendices-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Struthio" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraclass: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Struthioniformes" title="Struthioniformes">Struthioniformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Struthionidae" title="Struthionidae">Struthionidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">Struthio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">S. camelus</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Struthio camelus <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a><a href="#cite_note-SN-4">[3]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies<a href="#cite_note-SN-4">[3]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_ostrich" title="North African ostrich">S. c. camelus</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a> North African ostrich</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_ostrich" title="South African ostrich">S. c. australis</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Gurney" class="mw-redirect" title="John Henry Gurney">Gurney</a>, 1868 South African ostrich</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_ostrich" title="Masai ostrich">S. c. massaicus</a> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Rudolph_Neumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar Rudolph Neumann">Neumann</a>, 1898 Masai ostrich</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Arabian_ostrich" title="Arabian ostrich">S. c. syriacus</a> <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Walter_Rothschild,_2nd_Baron_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild">Rothschild</a>, 1919 Arabian ostrich</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Struthio_camelus_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Struthio_camelus_distribution.svg/220px-Struthio_camelus_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Struthio_camelus_distribution.svg/330px-Struthio_camelus_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Struthio_camelus_distribution.svg/440px-Struthio_camelus_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="701" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Struthio distribution map <table style="text-align:left;margin:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  S. c. camelus</td><td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  S. c. australis</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  S. c. massaicus</td><td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  S. molybdophanes</td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The common ostrich (Struthio camelus), or simply ostrich, is a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">flightless bird</a> native to certain large areas of Africa. It is one of two extant species of ostriches, the only living members of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="/wiki/Struthio" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthio">Struthio</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ratite" title="Ratite">ratite</a> order of birds. The other is the <a href="/wiki/Somali_ostrich" title="Somali ostrich">Somali ostrich</a> (Struthio molybdophanes), which was recognized as a distinct species by <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> in 2014 having been previously considered a distinctive subspecies of ostrich.<a href="#cite_note-SN-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_molybdophanes-5">[4]</a> The common ostrich belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Struthioniformes" title="Struthioniformes">Struthioniformes</a>. Struthioniformes previously contained all the ratites, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">rheas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">cassowaries</a>. However, recent genetic analysis has found that the group is not monophyletic, as it is paraphyletic with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Tinamou" title="Tinamou">tinamous</a>, so the ostriches are now classified as the only members of the order.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">Phylogenetic</a> studies have shown that it is the sister group to all other members of <a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a> and thus the flighted tinamous are the sister group to the extinct <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2014-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baker2014-9">[8]</a> It is distinctive in its appearance, with a long neck and legs, and can run for a long time at a speed of 55 km/h (34 mph)<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> with short bursts up to about 97 km/h (60 mph),<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Fastest_animals" title="Fastest animals">fastest land speed</a> of any bipedal animal and the second fastest of all land animals after the <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Doherty-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The common ostrich is the <a href="/wiki/Largest_organisms" title="Largest organisms">largest living species</a> of bird and <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_size" title="Dinosaur size">largest</a> <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">living dinosaur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> It lays <a href="/wiki/Ostrich_egg" title="Ostrich egg">the largest eggs</a> of any living bird (the extinct giant elephant bird (Aepyornis maximus) of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and the south island giant moa (Dinornis robustus) of New Zealand laid larger eggs). Ostriches are the most dangerous birds on the planet for humans, with an average of two to three deaths being recorded each year in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OstrichTrauma-15">[14]</a> The common ostrich's diet consists mainly of plant matter, though it also eats <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> and small reptiles. It lives in nomadic groups of 5 to 50 birds. When threatened, the ostrich will either hide itself by lying flat against the ground or run away. If cornered, it can attack with a kick of its powerful legs. Mating patterns differ by geographical region, but territorial males fight for a harem of two to seven females. The common ostrich is <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farmed</a> around the world, particularly for its feathers, which are decorative and are also used as <a href="/wiki/Feather_duster" title="Feather duster">feather dusters</a>. Its skin is used for <a href="/wiki/Ostrich_leather" title="Ostrich leather">leather</a> products and its meat is marketed commercially, with its leanness a common marketing point.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> The common ostrich is the largest and heaviest living bird. Males stand 2.1 to 2.75 m (6 ft 11 in to 9 ft 0 in) tall and weigh 100 to 130 kg (220 to 290 lb), whereas females are about 1.75 to 1.9 m (5 ft 9 in to 6 ft 3 in) tall and weigh 90 to 120 kg (200 to 260 lb).<a href="#cite_note-world-16">[15]</a> While exceptional male ostriches (in the nominate subspecies) can weigh up to 156.8 kg (346 lb), some specimens in South Africa can only weigh between 59.5 to 81.3 kg (131 to 179 lb).<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> New chicks are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fawn" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fawn">fawn</a> in color, with dark brown spots.<a href="#cite_note-Perrins2-18">[17]</a> After three months they start to gain their juvenile plumage, which is steadily replaced by adult-like plumage during their second year. At four or five months old, they are already about half the size of an adult bird, and after a year they reach adult height, but not till they are 18 months old will they be fully as heavy as their parents.<a href="#cite_note-world-16">[15]</a> The feathers of adult males are mostly black, with white <a href="/wiki/Flight_feathers#Primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight feathers">primaries</a> and a white tail. However, the tail of one subspecies is buff. Females and young males are grayish-brown and white. The head and neck of both male and female ostriches are nearly bare, with a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">down</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gilman_1903-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perrins2-18">[17]</a> The skin of the female's neck and thighs is pinkish gray, while the male's is gray or pink dependent on subspecies.<a href="#cite_note-Perrins2-18">[17]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrikanischer_Strauss_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head feathers are a thin layer of down."><img alt="Head feathers are a thin layer of down." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Afrikanischer_Strauss_Portrait.jpg/270px-Afrikanischer_Strauss_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Afrikanischer_Strauss_Portrait.jpg/405px-Afrikanischer_Strauss_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Afrikanischer_Strauss_Portrait.jpg/540px-Afrikanischer_Strauss_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Head feathers are a thin layer of down.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrich,_mouth_open.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Long eyelashes protect the eyes."><img alt="Long eyelashes protect the eyes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ostrich%2C_mouth_open.jpg/135px-Ostrich%2C_mouth_open.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ostrich%2C_mouth_open.jpg/202px-Ostrich%2C_mouth_open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ostrich%2C_mouth_open.jpg/270px-Ostrich%2C_mouth_open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Long eyelashes protect the eyes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrich_foot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Feet are frequently missing the nail on the outer toe."><img alt="Feet are frequently missing the nail on the outer toe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ostrich_foot.jpg/240px-Ostrich_foot.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ostrich_foot.jpg/360px-Ostrich_foot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ostrich_foot.jpg/480px-Ostrich_foot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="1597" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Feet are frequently missing the nail on the outer toe.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Ostrich_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skull"><img alt="Skull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Ostrich_skull.jpg/269px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Ostrich_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Ostrich_skull.jpg/404px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Ostrich_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Ostrich_skull.jpg/538px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Ostrich_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="526" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skull</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:OstrichWing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Claws on the wings"><img alt="Claws on the wings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/OstrichWing.jpg/205px-OstrichWing.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/OstrichWing.jpg/308px-OstrichWing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/OstrichWing.jpg/410px-OstrichWing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="757" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Claws on the wings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Avestruz_alta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ostrich skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Avestruz_alta.jpg/120px-Avestruz_alta.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Avestruz_alta.jpg/181px-Avestruz_alta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Avestruz_alta.jpg/241px-Avestruz_alta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_ostrich_(Struthio_camelus_australis)_male_running_composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Male running, Namibia"><img alt="Male, Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Common_ostrich_%28Struthio_camelus_australis%29_male_running_composite.jpg/409px-Common_ostrich_%28Struthio_camelus_australis%29_male_running_composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Common_ostrich_%28Struthio_camelus_australis%29_male_running_composite.jpg/613px-Common_ostrich_%28Struthio_camelus_australis%29_male_running_composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Common_ostrich_%28Struthio_camelus_australis%29_male_running_composite.jpg/817px-Common_ostrich_%28Struthio_camelus_australis%29_male_running_composite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5940" data-file-height="2620" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Male running, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></div> </li> </ul> The long neck and legs keep their head up to 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) above the ground, and their eyes are said to be the largest of any land vertebrate – 50 mm (2.0 in) in diameter<a href="#cite_note-Brown-20">[19]</a> – helping them to see predators at a great distance. The eyes are shaded from sunlight from above.<a href="#cite_note-Martin2000-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin2001-22">[21]</a> However, the head and <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">bill</a> are relatively small for the birds' huge size, with the bill measuring 12 to 14.3 cm (4.7 to 5.6 in).<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> Their skin varies in color depending on the subspecies, with some having light or dark gray skin and others having pinkish or even reddish skin. The strong legs of the common ostrich are unfeathered and show bare skin, with the <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">tarsus</a> (the lowest upright part of the leg) being covered in scales: red in the male, black in the female. The <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">tarsus</a> of the common ostrich is the largest of any living bird, measuring 39 to 53 cm (15 to 21 in) in length.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> The bird is <a href="/wiki/Didactyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactyl">didactyl</a>, having just two toes on each <a href="/wiki/Bird_feet_and_legs" title="Bird feet and legs">foot</a> (most birds have four), with the <a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">nail</a> on the larger, inner toe resembling a <a href="/wiki/Hoof" title="Hoof">hoof</a>. The outer toe has no nail.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The reduced number of toes is an adaptation that appears to aid in running, useful for getting away from predators. Common ostriches can run at a speed over 70 km/h (43 mph) and can cover 3 to 5 m (9.8 to 16.4 ft) in a single stride.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The wings reach a span of about 2 m (6 ft 7 in), and the <a href="/wiki/Wing_chord_(biology)" title="Wing chord (biology)">wing chord</a> measurement of 90 cm (35 in) is around the same size as for the largest flying birds.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> The feathers lack the tiny hooks that lock together the smooth external feathers of flying birds, and so are soft and fluffy and serve as insulation. Common ostriches can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. In much of their habitat, temperatures vary as much as 40 °C (72 °F) between night and day. Their temperature control relies in part on behavioral thermoregulation. For example, they use their wings to cover the naked skin of the upper legs and flanks to conserve heat, or leave these areas bare to release heat. The wings also function as stabilizers to give better maneuverability when running. Tests have shown that the wings are actively involved in rapid braking, turning, and zigzag maneuvers.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> They have 50–60 tail feathers, and their wings have 16 primary, four <a href="/wiki/Alular" class="mw-redirect" title="Alular">alular</a>, and 20–23 secondary feathers.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> The common ostrich's <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a> is flat, lacking the <a href="/wiki/Keel_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keel (bird)">keel</a> to which wing muscles attach in flying birds.<a href="#cite_note-Nell_2003-26">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beak</a> is flat and broad, with a rounded tip.<a href="#cite_note-Gilman_1903-19">[18]</a> Like all <a href="/wiki/Ratites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratites">ratites</a>, the ostrich has no <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brand2006-27">[26]</a> and it also lacks a <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-28">[27]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caecum" class="mw-redirect" title="Caecum">caecum</a> is 71 cm (28 in). Unlike all other living birds, the common ostrich secretes urine separately from feces.<a href="#cite_note-coprodeum-29">[28]</a> All other birds store the urine and feces combined in the <a href="/wiki/Coprodeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Coprodeum">coprodeum</a>, but the ostrich stores the feces in the terminal rectum.<a href="#cite_note-coprodeum-29">[28]</a> They also have unique <a href="/wiki/Pubic_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubic bones">pubic bones</a> that are fused to hold their gut. Unlike most birds, the males have a <a href="/wiki/Intromittent_organ#Birds" title="Intromittent organ">copulatory organ</a>, which is retractable and 20 cm (7.9 in) long. Their <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a> differs from other ratites in that the <a href="/wiki/Sphenoid_bone" title="Sphenoid bone">sphenoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">palatal</a> bones are unconnected.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> The common ostrich was originally described by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> from Sweden in his 18th-century work, <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a> under its current <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus-30">[29]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> struthio meaning "ostrich". The specific name is an allusion to "strouthokamelos" the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> name for the ostrich, meaning camel-sparrow,<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> the "camel" term referring to its dry habitat.<a href="#cite_note-Gotch-32">[31]</a> Στρουθοκάμηλος is still the modern Greek name for the ostrich. The common ostrich belongs to the Infraclass <a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a> commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Ratites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratites">ratites</a>. Other members include <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">rheas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">cassowaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant birds">elephant birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinamous">tinamous</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies">Subspecies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subspecies">edit</a>]</div> Four <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> are recognized: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Subspecies of the common ostrich </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Subspecies</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_African_ostrich" title="North African ostrich">North African ostrich</a> (S. c. camelus), also known as the red-necked ostrich or Barbary ostrich</td> <td>Lives in North Africa. Historically it was the most widespread subspecies, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> in the east throughout the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a><a href="#cite_note-Clements-33">[32]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> in the west, and north to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, respectively. It has now disappeared from large parts of this range,<a href="#cite_note-Thiollay-34">[33]</a> and it only remains in six of the 18 countries where it originally occurred, leading some to consider it <a href="/wiki/Critically_Endangered" title="Critically Endangered">Critically Endangered</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SaharaConservation-35">[34]</a> It is the largest subspecies, at 2.74 m (9 ft 0 in) in height and up to 154 kg (340 lb) in weight.<a href="#cite_note-Roots_2006-36">[35]</a> The neck is pinkish-red, the plumage of males is black and white, and the plumage of females is grey.<a href="#cite_note-Roots_2006-36">[35]</a> <ul><li>Northern Africa: <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li>Western Africa: <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Yaen001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Yaen001.jpg/150px-Yaen001.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Yaen001.jpg/225px-Yaen001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Yaen001.jpg/300px-Yaen001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_ostrich" title="South African ostrich">South African ostrich</a> (S. c. australis), also known as the black-necked ostrich, Cape ostrich, or southern ostrich</td> <td>Found south of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cunene_River" title="Cunene River">Cunene</a> Rivers. It is farmed for its meat, <a href="/wiki/Ostrich_leather" title="Ostrich leather">leather</a>, and feathers in the <a href="/wiki/Little_Karoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Karoo">Little Karoo</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stocker-37">[36]</a> <ul><li>Southern Africa: <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrich_(Struthio_camelus)_male_(13994461256).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ostrich_%28Struthio_camelus%29_male_%2813994461256%29.jpg/150px-Ostrich_%28Struthio_camelus%29_male_%2813994461256%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ostrich_%28Struthio_camelus%29_male_%2813994461256%29.jpg/225px-Ostrich_%28Struthio_camelus%29_male_%2813994461256%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ostrich_%28Struthio_camelus%29_male_%2813994461256%29.jpg/300px-Ostrich_%28Struthio_camelus%29_male_%2813994461256%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masai_ostrich" title="Masai ostrich">Masai ostrich</a> (S. c. massaicus), also known as the pink-necked ostrich or East African ostrich</td> <td>It has some small feathers on its head, and its neck and thighs are pink. During the <a href="/wiki/Mating_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Mating season">mating season</a>, the male's neck and thighs become brighter. Its range is essentially limited to southern <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a><a href="#cite_note-Clements-33">[32]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and parts of southern <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roots_2006-36">[35]</a> <ul><li>Eastern Africa: <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrich_Struthio_camelus_Tanzania_3742_cropped_Nevit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ostrich_Struthio_camelus_Tanzania_3742_cropped_Nevit.jpg/150px-Ostrich_Struthio_camelus_Tanzania_3742_cropped_Nevit.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ostrich_Struthio_camelus_Tanzania_3742_cropped_Nevit.jpg/225px-Ostrich_Struthio_camelus_Tanzania_3742_cropped_Nevit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ostrich_Struthio_camelus_Tanzania_3742_cropped_Nevit.jpg/300px-Ostrich_Struthio_camelus_Tanzania_3742_cropped_Nevit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="1987" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabian_ostrich" title="Arabian ostrich">Arabian ostrich</a> (†S. c. syriacus), also known as the Syrian ostrich or Middle Eastern ostrich</td> <td>Was formerly very common in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Clements-33">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>;<a href="#cite_note-haaretz_ref1-38">[37]</a> it became extinct around 1966. <ul><li>Western Asia: Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arabian_Ostrich_hunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Arabian_Ostrich_hunt.jpg/150px-Arabian_Ostrich_hunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Arabian_Ostrich_hunt.jpg/225px-Arabian_Ostrich_hunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Arabian_Ostrich_hunt.jpg/300px-Arabian_Ostrich_hunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="3519" /></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Somali ostrich </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Species</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Somali_ostrich" title="Somali ostrich">Somali ostrich</a> (S. molybdophanes), also known as the blue-necked ostrich</td> <td>Found in southern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clements-33">[32]</a> The neck and thighs are grey-blue, and during the mating season, the male's neck and thighs become brighter and bluer. The females are more brown than those of other subspecies.<a href="#cite_note-Roots_2006-36">[35]</a> It generally lives in pairs or alone, rather than in flocks. Its range overlaps with S. c. massaicus in northeastern Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-Roots_2006-36">[35]</a> <ul><li>Northeastern Africa: <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Struthio_molybdophanes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Struthio_molybdophanes.jpg/150px-Struthio_molybdophanes.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Struthio_molybdophanes.jpg/225px-Struthio_molybdophanes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Struthio_molybdophanes.jpg/300px-Struthio_molybdophanes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Some analyses indicate that the Somali ostrich is now considered a full species; the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Clements_Checklist_of_Birds_of_the_World" title="The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World">The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World</a>, <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World:_Recommended_English_Names" title="Birds of the World: Recommended English Names">IOC World Bird List</a> recognize it as a different species. A few authorities, including the <a href="/wiki/Howard_and_Moore_Complete_Checklist_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" title="Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World">Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World</a>, do not recognize it as separate.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN_molybdophanes-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotype</a> comparisons suggest that it diverged from the other ostriches not quite 4 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a> due to formation of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>. Hybridization with the subspecies that evolved southwestwards of its range, S. c. massaicus, has apparently been prevented from occurring on a significant scale by ecological separation; the Somali ostrich prefers bushland where it browses middle-height vegetation for food while the Masai ostrich is, like the other subspecies, a <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> bird of the open <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miombo" title="Miombo">miombo</a> habitat.<a href="#cite_note-Freitag-40">[39]</a> The population from <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro" title="Río de Oro">Río de Oro</a> was once separated as Struthio camelus spatzi because its eggshell pores were shaped like a teardrop and not round. As there is considerable variation of this character and there were no other differences between these birds and adjacent populations of S. c. camelus, the separation is no longer considered valid.<a href="#cite_note-Bezuidenhout-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bezuidenhout2-42">[41]</a> However, a study analysing the postcranial skeleton of all living and recently extinct species and subspecies of ostriches appeared to validate S. c. spatzi based on its unique skeletal proportions.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> This population disappeared in the latter half of the 20th century. There were 19th-century reports of the existence of small ostriches in North Africa; these are referred to as Levaillant's ostrich (Struthio bidactylus) but remain a hypothetical form not supported by material evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat">edit</a>]</div> Common ostriches formerly occupied Africa north and south of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, East Africa, Africa south of the rainforest belt, and much of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> Today common ostriches prefer open land and are native to the <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> of Africa, both north and south of the equatorial forest zone.<a href="#cite_note-Donegan_2002-45">[44]</a> In southwest Africa they inhabit the semi-desert or true desert. Farmed common ostriches in Australia have established <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/feral" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:feral">feral</a> populations.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arabian_ostrich" title="Arabian ostrich">Arabian ostriches</a> in the Near and Middle East were hunted to extinction by the middle of the 20th century. Attempts to reintroduce the common ostrich into Israel have failed.<a href="#cite_note-haaretz_ref1-38">[37]</a> Common ostriches have occasionally been seen inhabiting islands on the <a href="/wiki/Dahlak_Archipelago" title="Dahlak Archipelago">Dahlak Archipelago</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> near <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>. Research conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Birbal_Sahni_Institute_of_Palaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany">Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany</a> in India found molecular evidence that ostriches lived in India 25,000 years ago. DNA tests on fossilized eggshells recovered from eight archaeological sites in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh found 92% genetic similarity between the eggshells and the North African ostrich, so these could have been fairly distant relatives.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Ostriches are farmed in Australia. Many escaped, however, and feral ostriches now roam the <a href="/wiki/Australian_outback" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian outback">Australian outback</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Behaviour and ecology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FlappingOstriches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pair "dancing"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/FlappingOstriches.jpg/220px-FlappingOstriches.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/FlappingOstriches.jpg/330px-FlappingOstriches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/FlappingOstriches.jpg/440px-FlappingOstriches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1853" data-file-height="1729" /></a><figcaption>Two birds "dancing"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ostriches-Sleep-like-Platypuses-pone.0023203.s003.ogv/220px--Ostriches-Sleep-like-Platypuses-pone.0023203.s003.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="33" data-mwtitle="Ostriches-Sleep-like-Platypuses-pone.0023203.s003.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ostriches-Sleep-like-Platypuses-pone.0023203.s003.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Ostriches-Sleep-like-Platypuses-pone.0023203.s003.ogv/Ostriches-Sleep-like-Platypuses-pone.0023203.s003.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Ostriches-Sleep-like-Platypuses-pone.0023203.s003.ogv/Ostriches-Sleep-like-Platypuses-pone.0023203.s003.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Ostriches-Sleep-like-Platypuses-pone.0023203.s003.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Ostriches-Sleep-like-Platypuses-pone.0023203.s003.ogv/Ostriches-Sleep-like-Platypuses-pone.0023203.s003.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video><figcaption>Sleeping, with <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">REM sleep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep" title="Slow-wave sleep">slow-wave sleep</a> phases<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> Common ostriches normally spend the winter months in pairs or alone. Only 16 percent of common ostrich sightings were of more than two birds.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> During breeding season and sometimes during extreme rainless periods ostriches live in <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> groups of five to 100 birds (led by a top hen) that often travel together with other <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> animals, such as zebras or <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelopes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Donegan_2002-45">[44]</a> Ostriches are <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a>, but may be active on moonlit nights. They are most active early and late in the day.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> The male common ostrich territory is between 2 and 20 km2 (0.77 and 7.72 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Perrins2-18">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrich_group_nairobi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ostrich_group_nairobi.jpg/220px-Ostrich_group_nairobi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ostrich_group_nairobi.jpg/330px-Ostrich_group_nairobi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ostrich_group_nairobi.jpg/440px-Ostrich_group_nairobi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A large group of around 30 ostriches gathered in Nairobi National Park, Kenya.</figcaption></figure> With their acute eyesight and hearing, common ostriches can sense predators such as lions from far away. When being pursued by a predator, they have been known to reach speeds in excess of 70 km/h (43 mph),<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> or possibly 80 km/h (50 mph)<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> and can maintain a steady speed of 50 km/h (31 mph), which makes the common ostrich the world's fastest two-legged animal.<a href="#cite_note-DesertUSA-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2006-53">[52]</a> When lying down and hiding from predators, the birds lay their heads and necks flat on the ground, making them appear like a mound of earth from a distance, aided by the heat haze in their hot, dry habitat.<a href="#cite_note-Werness-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hiskey-55">[54]</a> When threatened, common ostriches run away, but they can cause serious injury and death with kicks from their powerful legs.<a href="#cite_note-Donegan_2002-45">[44]</a> Their legs can only kick forward.<a href="#cite_note-Halcombe-56">[55]</a> The kick from an ostrich can yield 225 kgf (2,210 N; 500 lbf).<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Feeding">edit</a>]</div> They mainly feed on seeds, shrubs, grass, fruit, and flowers;<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perrins2-18">[17]</a> occasionally they also eat insects such as <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locusts</a>, small reptiles such as lizards, and animal remains left by carnivorous predators.<a href="#cite_note-Donegan_2002-45">[44]</a> Lacking teeth, they swallow pebbles that act as <a href="/wiki/Gastrolith" title="Gastrolith">gastroliths</a> to grind food in the <a href="/wiki/Gizzard" title="Gizzard">gizzard</a>. When eating, they will fill their <a href="/wiki/Gullet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gullet">gullet</a> with food, which is in turn passed down their esophagus in the form of a ball called a <a href="/wiki/Bolus_(digestion)" title="Bolus (digestion)">bolus</a>. The bolus may be as much as 210 mL (7.4 imp fl oz; 7.1 US fl oz). After passing through the neck (there is no <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a>) the food enters the <a href="/wiki/Gizzard" title="Gizzard">gizzard</a> and is worked on by the aforementioned pebbles. The gizzard can hold as much as 1,300 g (46 oz), of which up to 45% may be sand and pebbles.<a href="#cite_note-Perrins2-18">[17]</a> Common ostriches can go without drinking for several days, using <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_water" title="Metabolic water">metabolic water</a> and moisture in ingested plants,<a href="#cite_note-Maclean-58">[57]</a> but they enjoy liquid water and frequently take baths where it is available.<a href="#cite_note-Donegan_2002-45">[44]</a> They can survive losing up to 25% of their body weight through <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perrins3-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mating">Mating</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mating">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_ostrich_mating_in_ngorongoro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Common_ostrich_mating_in_ngorongoro.jpg/220px-Common_ostrich_mating_in_ngorongoro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Common_ostrich_mating_in_ngorongoro.jpg/330px-Common_ostrich_mating_in_ngorongoro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Common_ostrich_mating_in_ngorongoro.jpg/440px-Common_ostrich_mating_in_ngorongoro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4353" data-file-height="2902" /></a><figcaption>Mating in <a href="/wiki/Ngorongoro_Conservation_Area" title="Ngorongoro Conservation Area">Ngorongoro Conservation Area</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrich_with_eggs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ostrich_with_eggs.jpg/220px-Ostrich_with_eggs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ostrich_with_eggs.jpg/330px-Ostrich_with_eggs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ostrich_with_eggs.jpg/440px-Ostrich_with_eggs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption>With eggs</figcaption></figure> Common ostriches become <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexually mature</a> when they are 2 to 4 years old; females mature about six months earlier than males. As with other birds, an individual may <a href="/wiki/Iteroparity" class="mw-redirect" title="Iteroparity">reproduce several times over its lifetime</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mating_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Mating season">mating season</a> begins in March or April and ends sometime before September. The mating process differs in different geographical regions. <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">Territorial</a> males typically <a href="/wiki/Mating_call" title="Mating call">boom</a> (by inflating their neck) in defense of their territory and harem of two to seven hens;<a href="#cite_note-Bertram_1992-60">[59]</a> the successful male may then mate with several females in the area, but will only form a pair bond with a 'major' female.<a href="#cite_note-Bertram_1992-60">[59]</a> The cock performs with his wings, alternating wing beats, until he attracts a mate. They will go to the mating area and he will maintain privacy by driving away all intruders. They graze until their behavior is synchronized, then the feeding becomes secondary and the process takes on a ritualistic appearance. The cock will then excitedly flap alternate wings again and start poking on the ground with his bill. He will then violently flap his wings to symbolically clear out a nest in the soil. Then, while the hen runs a circle around him with lowered wings, he will wind his head in a spiral motion. She will drop to the ground and he will mount for copulation.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> Common ostriches raised entirely by humans may direct their courtship behavior not at other ostriches, but toward their human keepers.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-61">[60]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostriches_Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Only 15% of the surviving chicks reach 1 year of age."><img alt="Only 15% of the surviving chicks reach 1 year of age." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ostriches_Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park.jpeg/240px-Ostriches_Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ostriches_Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park.jpeg/360px-Ostriches_Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ostriches_Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park.jpeg/480px-Ostriches_Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Only 15% of the surviving chicks reach 1 year of age.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Struthio_camelus_-_Strausskueken.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chick"><img alt="Ostrich chick standing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Struthio_camelus_-_Strausskueken.jpg/165px-Struthio_camelus_-_Strausskueken.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Struthio_camelus_-_Strausskueken.jpg/248px-Struthio_camelus_-_Strausskueken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Struthio_camelus_-_Strausskueken.jpg/330px-Struthio_camelus_-_Strausskueken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="2601" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chick</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-12-02_12h28_Ostrich_Farm_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Recently hatched from egg"><img alt="Chick, recently hatched from egg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/2014-12-02_12h28_Ostrich_Farm_anagoria.JPG/270px-2014-12-02_12h28_Ostrich_Farm_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/2014-12-02_12h28_Ostrich_Farm_anagoria.JPG/405px-2014-12-02_12h28_Ostrich_Farm_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/2014-12-02_12h28_Ostrich_Farm_anagoria.JPG/540px-2014-12-02_12h28_Ostrich_Farm_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Recently hatched from egg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrich_hen_with_chicks,_northern_Serengeti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hen with chicks"><img alt="Hen with chicks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ostrich_hen_with_chicks%2C_northern_Serengeti.jpg/271px-Ostrich_hen_with_chicks%2C_northern_Serengeti.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ostrich_hen_with_chicks%2C_northern_Serengeti.jpg/407px-Ostrich_hen_with_chicks%2C_northern_Serengeti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ostrich_hen_with_chicks%2C_northern_Serengeti.jpg/542px-Ostrich_hen_with_chicks%2C_northern_Serengeti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hen with chicks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Struthio_camelus_-Serengeti,_Tanzania_-female_on_nest-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female incubating eggs"><img alt="Female incubating eggs in a shallow nest on the ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Struthio_camelus_-Serengeti%2C_Tanzania_-female_on_nest-8.jpg/271px-Struthio_camelus_-Serengeti%2C_Tanzania_-female_on_nest-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Struthio_camelus_-Serengeti%2C_Tanzania_-female_on_nest-8.jpg/406px-Struthio_camelus_-Serengeti%2C_Tanzania_-female_on_nest-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Struthio_camelus_-Serengeti%2C_Tanzania_-female_on_nest-8.jpg/542px-Struthio_camelus_-Serengeti%2C_Tanzania_-female_on_nest-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female incubating eggs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Struthio_camelus_-_strus_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nest"><img alt="Nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Struthio_camelus_-_strus_%282%29.JPG/240px-Struthio_camelus_-_strus_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Struthio_camelus_-_strus_%282%29.JPG/360px-Struthio_camelus_-_strus_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Struthio_camelus_-_strus_%282%29.JPG/480px-Struthio_camelus_-_strus_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nest</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Struthio_camelus_MWNH_0028.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Egg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Struthio_camelus_MWNH_0028.JPG/170px-Struthio_camelus_MWNH_0028.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Struthio_camelus_MWNH_0028.JPG/255px-Struthio_camelus_MWNH_0028.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Struthio_camelus_MWNH_0028.JPG/340px-Struthio_camelus_MWNH_0028.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Struthio_camelus_egg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fried egg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Struthio_camelus_egg.jpg/170px-Struthio_camelus_egg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Struthio_camelus_egg.jpg/255px-Struthio_camelus_egg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Struthio_camelus_egg.jpg/340px-Struthio_camelus_egg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The female common ostrich lays her fertilized <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> in a single communal nest, a simple pit, 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in) deep and 3 m (9.8 ft) wide,<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-62">[61]</a> scraped in the ground by the male. The dominant female lays her eggs first; when it is time to cover them for incubation, she discards extra eggs from the weaker females, leaving about 20 in most cases.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> A female common ostrich can distinguish her own eggs from the others in a communal nest.<a href="#cite_note-Bertram1979-63">[62]</a> Ostrich eggs are the largest of all eggs,<a href="#cite_note-Hyde-64">[63]</a> though they are actually the smallest eggs relative to the size of the adult bird – on average they are 15 cm (5.9 in) long, 13 cm (5.1 in) wide, and weigh 1.4 kg (3.1 lb), over 20 times the weight of a chicken's egg and only 1 to 4% the size of the female.<a href="#cite_note-Perrins-65">[64]</a> They are glossy cream-colored, with thick shells marked by small pits.<a href="#cite_note-Nell_2003-26">[25]</a> The eggs are incubated by the females by day and by the males by night. This uses the coloration of the two sexes to escape detection of the nest. The drab female blends in with the sand, while the black male is nearly undetectable in the night.<a href="#cite_note-Nell_2003-26">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Avian_incubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian incubation">incubation</a> period is 35 to 45 days, which is rather short compared to other <a href="/wiki/Ratite" title="Ratite">ratites</a>. This is believed to be the case due to the high rate of predation.<a href="#cite_note-Perrins-65">[64]</a> Typically, the male defends the hatchlings and teaches them to feed, although males and females cooperate in rearing chicks. Fewer than 10% of nests survive the 9-week period of laying and incubation, and of the surviving chicks, only 15% of those survive to 1 year of age.<a href="#cite_note-Perrins2-18">[17]</a> However, among those common ostriches who survive to adulthood, the species is one of the longest-living bird species. Common ostriches in captivity have lived to 62 years and 7 months.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators">Predators</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Predators">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultime_grida_della_savana_(1975)_-_Cheetah_hunting_ostrich_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ultime_grida_della_savana_%281975%29_-_Cheetah_hunting_ostrich_2.png/220px-Ultime_grida_della_savana_%281975%29_-_Cheetah_hunting_ostrich_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ultime_grida_della_savana_%281975%29_-_Cheetah_hunting_ostrich_2.png/330px-Ultime_grida_della_savana_%281975%29_-_Cheetah_hunting_ostrich_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ultime_grida_della_savana_%281975%29_-_Cheetah_hunting_ostrich_2.png/440px-Ultime_grida_della_savana_%281975%29_-_Cheetah_hunting_ostrich_2.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Young female chased by a cheetah</figcaption></figure> As a flightless species in the rich biozone of the African savanna, the common ostrich faces a variety of formidable predators throughout its life cycle. Animals that prey on ostriches of all ages may include <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_hunting_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="African hunting dog">African hunting dogs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyenas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> Predators of nests and young common ostriches include <a href="/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">jackals</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of prey">birds of prey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warthog" title="Warthog">warthogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongoose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_vulture" title="Egyptian vulture">Egyptian vultures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bertram_1992-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thouless-67">[66]</a> Egyptian vultures have been known to hurl stones at ostrich eggs to crack them open so they can eat their contents.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Due to predation pressure, common ostriches have many antipredator tactics. Though they can deliver formidable kicks, they use their great eyesight and speed to run from most of their predators.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper-69">[68]</a> Since ostriches that have detected predators are almost impossible to catch, most predators will try to ambush an unsuspecting bird using obstructing vegetation or other objects.<a href="#cite_note-Bertram_1992-60">[59]</a> Some ostriches forage with other ostriches or mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">wildebeests</a> and zebras to detect predators more efficiently.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roots_2006-36">[35]</a> If the nest or young are threatened, either or both of the parents may create a distraction, feigning injury.<a href="#cite_note-Perrins-65">[64]</a> However, they may sometimes fiercely fight predators, especially when chicks are being defended, and are capable of killing humans, hyenas, and even lions in such confrontations.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart2006-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-NationalGeog-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-73">[72]</a> In non-native areas, especially on Ostrich farms in North America, adult ostriches have no known enemies due to their large size, intimidating presence and behaviour similar to that of overgrown guard dogs; with instances of them attacking and decapitating <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a> on one occasion.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Usually, ostrich hunting is done by male cheetah coalitions in the Kalahari region during the night, when ostrich's vigilance is less effective.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Cheetahs in other regions rarely hunt ostriches, but an exceptional coalition composed of three <a href="/wiki/East_African_cheetah" title="East African cheetah">East African cheetahs</a> has been reported in Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-Sunquist-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Similarly, lions hunt ostriches mainly in the Kalahari region and not in other regions, or take ostriches as only a small percentage of their prey.<a href="#cite_note-Sunquist-76">[75]</a> Overall, due to their speed, vigilance, and possibly dangerous kick, ostriches are usually avoided by most predators, including lions, leopards, wild dogs, and cheetahs.<a href="#cite_note-Hayward2005-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayward2006-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Despite parental care, 90% is typical for chick mortality, most of it caused by predation.<a href="#cite_note-:5-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Physiology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiration">Respiration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Respiration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anatomy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrich_Respiratory_Anatomy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ostrich_Respiratory_Anatomy.svg/220px-Ostrich_Respiratory_Anatomy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ostrich_Respiratory_Anatomy.svg/330px-Ostrich_Respiratory_Anatomy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ostrich_Respiratory_Anatomy.svg/440px-Ostrich_Respiratory_Anatomy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Diagrammatic location of the air sacs</figcaption></figure> Morphology of the common ostrich <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> indicates that the structure conforms to that of the other <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">avian species</a>, but still retains parts of its primitive avian species, <a href="/wiki/Ratite" title="Ratite">ratite</a>, structure.<a href="#cite_note-Makanya-82">[81]</a> The opening to the respiratory pathway begins with the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">laryngeal</a> cavity lying posterior to the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_nasal_apertures" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior nasal apertures">choanae</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">buccal cavity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> The tip of the tongue then lies <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">anterior</a> to the choanae, excluding the nasal respiratory pathway from the buccal cavity.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> The trachea lies <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">ventrally</a> to the cervical vertebrae extending from the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)" title="Syrinx (bird anatomy)">syrinx</a>, where the trachea enters the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a>, dividing into two primary <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchi</a>, one to each lung, in which they continue directly through to become mesobronchi.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Ten different air sacs attach to the lungs to form areas for respiration.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> The most <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">posterior</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_sacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Air sacs">air sacs</a> (abdominal and post-thoracic) differ in that the right abdominal air sac is relatively small, lying to the right of the <a href="/wiki/Mesentery" title="Mesentery">mesentery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">dorsally</a> to the liver.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> While the left abdominal air sac is large and lies to the left of the mesentery.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> The connection from the main mesobronchi to the more <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">anterior</a> air sacs including the <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">interclavicular</a>, lateral clavicular, and pre-thoracic sacs known as the ventrobronchi region. While the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">caudal</a> end of the mesobronchus branches into several dorsobronchi. Together, the ventrobronchi and dorsobronchi are connected by intra-pulmonary airways, the <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">parabronchi</a>, which form an arcade structure within the lung called the paleopulmo. It is the only structure found in primitive birds such as ratites.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Struthio_syrinx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Struthio_syrinx.jpg/220px-Struthio_syrinx.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Struthio_syrinx.jpg/330px-Struthio_syrinx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Struthio_syrinx.jpg/440px-Struthio_syrinx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>The syrinx has simple muscles. The only sounds that can be produced are roars and hisses.</figcaption></figure> The largest air sacs found within the respiratory system are those of the post-thoracic region, while the others decrease in size respectively, the interclavicular (unpaired), abdominal, pre-thoracic, and lateral clavicular sacs.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> The adult common ostrich lung lacks connective tissue known as interparabronchial septa, which render strength to the non-compliant avian lung in other bird species. Due to this the lack of connective tissue surrounding the parabronchi and adjacent parabronchial lumen, they exchange blood capillaries or <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">avascular</a> epithelial plates.<a href="#cite_note-Makanya-82">[81]</a> Like mammals, ostrich lungs contain an abundance of type II cells at gas exchange sites; an adaptation for preventing lung collapse during slight volume changes.<a href="#cite_note-Makanya-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Function">Function</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Function">edit</a>]</div> The common ostrich is an <a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">endotherm</a> and maintains a body temperature of 38.1–39.7 °C (100.6–103.5 °F) in its extreme living temperature conditions, such as the heat of the savanna and desert regions of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-King-85">[84]</a> The ostrich utilizes its respiratory system via a costal pump for ventilation rather than a <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragmatic pump</a> as seen in most mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Thus, they are able to use a series of air sacs connected to the <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">lungs</a>. The use of air sacs forms the basis for the three main avian respiratory characteristics: <ol><li>Air is able to flow continuously in one direction through the lung, making it more efficient than the mammalian lung.</li> <li>It provides birds with a large residual volume, allowing them to breathe much more slowly and deeply than a mammal of the same body mass.</li> <li>It provides a large source of air that is used not only for gaseous exchange, but also for the transfer of heat by evaporation.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Struthio_camelus_portrait_Whipsnade_Zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ostrich portrait showing its large eyes and long eyelashes, its flat, broad beak, and its nostrils" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Struthio_camelus_portrait_Whipsnade_Zoo.jpg/220px-Struthio_camelus_portrait_Whipsnade_Zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Struthio_camelus_portrait_Whipsnade_Zoo.jpg/330px-Struthio_camelus_portrait_Whipsnade_Zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Struthio_camelus_portrait_Whipsnade_Zoo.jpg/440px-Struthio_camelus_portrait_Whipsnade_Zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Inhalation begins at the mouth and the nostrils located at the front of the beak. The air then flows through the anatomical dead space of a highly vascular trachea (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 78 cm (31 in)) and expansive bronchial system, where it is further conducted to the posterior air sacs.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> Air flow through the <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">parabronchi</a> of the paleopulmo is in the same direction to the dorsobronchi during inspiration and expiration. Inspired air moves into the respiratory system as a result of the expansion of thoraco abdominal cavity; controlled by <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">inspiratory muscles</a>. During expiration, oxygen poor air flows to the anterior air sacs<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> and is expelled by the action of the <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">expiratory muscles</a>. The common ostrich air sacs play a key role in respiration, since they are capacious, and increase surface area (as described by the <a href="/wiki/Fick_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fick Principle">Fick Principle</a>).<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> The oxygen rich air flows <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unidirectional" class="extiw" title="wikt:unidirectional">unidirectionally</a> across the respiratory surface of the lungs; providing the blood that has a crosscurrent flow with a high concentration of oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> To compensate for the large "dead" space, the common ostrich trachea lacks valves to allow faster inspiratory air flow.<a href="#cite_note-MainaSingh-87">[86]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Lung_volumes" title="Lung volumes">total lung capacity</a> of the respiratory system, (including the lungs and ten air sacs) of a 100 kg (220 lb) ostrich is about 15 L (920 cu in), with a <a href="/wiki/Tidal_volume" title="Tidal volume">tidal volume</a> ranging from 1.2–1.5 L (73–92 cu in).<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-MainaSingh-87">[86]</a> The tidal volume is seen to double resulting in a 16-fold increase in ventilation.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Overall, ostrich respiration can be thought of as a high velocity-low pressure system.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> At rest, there is a small pressure difference between the ostrich air sacs and the atmosphere, suggesting simultaneous filling and emptying of the air sacs.<a href="#cite_note-MainaSingh-87">[86]</a> The increase in respiration rate from the low range to the high range is sudden and occurs in response to <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a>. Birds lack sweat glands, so when placed under stress due to heat, they heavily rely upon increased evaporation from the respiratory system for heat transfer. This rise in <a href="/wiki/Respiration_rate" title="Respiration rate">respiration rate</a> however is not necessarily associated with a greater rate of oxygen consumption.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Therefore, unlike most other birds, the common ostrich is able to dissipate heat through panting without experiencing <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_alkalosis" title="Respiratory alkalosis">respiratory alkalosis</a> by modifying ventilation of the respiratory medium. During <a href="/wiki/Hyperpnea" title="Hyperpnea">hyperpnea</a> ostriches pant at a respiratory rate of 40–60 cycles per minute, versus their resting rate of 6–12 cycles per minute.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> Hot, dry, and moisture lacking properties of the common ostrich respiratory medium affect oxygen's diffusion rate (<a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry's Law">Henry's Law</a>).<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> Common ostriches develop via <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">Intussusceptive angiogenesis</a>, a mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a> formation, characterizing many organs.<a href="#cite_note-Makanya-82">[81]</a> It is not only involved in vasculature expansion, but also in angioadaptation<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> of vessels to meet physiological requirements.<a href="#cite_note-Makanya-82">[81]</a> The use of such mechanisms demonstrates an increase in the later stages of <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> development, along with elaborate parabronchial <a href="/wiki/Vasculature" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasculature">vasculature</a>, and reorientation of the <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a> blood capillaries to establish the crosscurrent system at the blood-gas barrier.<a href="#cite_note-Makanya-82">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Blood-air_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-air barrier">blood–gas barrier</a> (BGB) of their lung tissue is thick. The advantage of this thick barrier may be protection from damage by large volumes of blood flow in times of activity, such as running,<a href="#cite_note-Maina-89">[88]</a> since air is pumped by the air sacs rather than the lung itself. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a> in the parabronchi have thinner walls, permitting more efficient gaseous exchange.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> In combination with separate pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems, it helps to reduce stress on the BGB.<a href="#cite_note-Makanya-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circulation">Circulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Circulation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heart_anatomy">Heart anatomy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Heart anatomy">edit</a>]</div> The common ostrich heart is a closed system, contractile chamber. It is composed of <a href="/wiki/Myogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Myogenic">myogenic</a> muscular tissue associated with heart contraction features. There is a double circulatory plan in place possessing both a <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary circuit">pulmonary circuit</a> and systemic circuit.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> The common ostrich's heart has similar features to other avian species, like having a <a href="/wiki/Cone" title="Cone">conically</a> shaped heart and being enclosed by a <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_pericardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous pericardium">pericardium</a> layer.<a href="#cite_note-heartanatomy-90">[89]</a> Moreover, similarities also include a larger <a href="/wiki/Right_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrium">right atrium</a> volume and a thicker <a href="/wiki/Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a> to fulfil the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">systemic circuit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heartanatomy-90">[89]</a> The ostrich heart has three features that are absent in related birds: <ol><li>The right <a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">atrioventricular valve</a> is fixed to the <a href="/wiki/Interventricular_septum" title="Interventricular septum">interventricular septum</a>, by a thick muscular stock, which prevents back-flow of blood into the atrium when <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_cycle" title="Cardiac cycle">ventricular systole</a> is occurring.<a href="#cite_note-heartanatomy-90">[89]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowl</a> this valve is only connected by a short septal attachment.<a href="#cite_note-heartanatomy-90">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">Pulmonary veins</a> attach to the left atrium separately, and also the opening to the pulmonary veins are separated by a septum.<a href="#cite_note-heartanatomy-90">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septomarginal_trabecula" class="mw-redirect" title="Septomarginal trabecula">Moderator bands</a>, full of <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_fibers" title="Purkinje fibers">Purkinje fibers</a>, are found in different locations in the left and right ventricles.<a href="#cite_note-heartanatomy-90">[89]</a> These bands are associated with contractions of the heart and suggests this difference causes the left ventricle to contract harder to create more pressure for a completed circulation of blood around the body.<a href="#cite_note-heartanatomy-90">[89]</a></li></ol> The <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">atrioventricular node</a> position differs from other fowl. It is located in the <a href="/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium">endocardium</a> of the atrial surface of the right atrioventricular valve. It is not covered by connective tissue, which is characteristic of vertebrate heart anatomy. It also contains fewer <a href="/wiki/Myofibrils" class="mw-redirect" title="Myofibrils">myofibrils</a> than usual myocardial cells. The AV node connects the atrial and ventricular chambers. It functions to carry the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricle. Upon view, the myocardial cells are observed to have large densely packed chromosomes within the nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Parto-91">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary</a> <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a> start in the right and left aortic sinus and provide blood to the heart muscle in a similar fashion to most other vertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-Henriquez-92">[91]</a> Other domestic birds capable of flight have three or more <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary</a> arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. The blood supply by the coronary arteries are fashioned starting as a large branch over the surface of the heart. It then moves along the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary groove">coronary groove</a> and continues on into the tissue as <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">interventricular</a> branches toward the <a href="/wiki/Apex_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex of the heart">apex of the heart</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septum</a> are supplied of blood by this modality. The deep branches of the coronary arteries found within the heart tissue are small and supply the interventricular and right <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">atrioventricular</a> valve with blood nutrients for which to carry out their processes. The interatrial artery of the ostrich is small in size and exclusively supplies blood to only part of the left auricle and interatrial <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bezuidenhout-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bezuidenhout2-42">[41]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_fibers" title="Purkinje fibers">Purkinje fibers</a> (p-fibers) found in the hearts moderator bands are a specialized cardiac muscle fiber that causes the heart to contract.<a href="#cite_note-purkinje-93">[92]</a> The Purkinje cells are mostly found within both the endocardium and the sub-endocardium.<a href="#cite_note-purkinje-93">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_node" title="Sinoatrial node">sinoatrial node</a> shows a small concentration of Purkinje fibers, however, continuing through the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">conducting pathway</a> of the heart the <a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_his" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundle of his">bundle of his</a> shows the highest amount of these Purkinje fibers.<a href="#cite_note-purkinje-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blood_composition">Blood composition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Blood composition">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cell</a> count per unit volume in the ostrich is about 40% of that of a human; however, the red blood cells of the ostrich are about three times larger than the red blood cells of a human.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism1-94">[93]</a> The blood oxygen affinity, known as <a href="/wiki/P50_(pressure)" title="P50 (pressure)">P50</a>, is higher than that of both humans and similar avian species.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism1-94">[93]</a> The reason for this decreased <a href="/wiki/Oxygen%E2%80%93haemoglobin_dissociation_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve">oxygen affinity</a> is due to the hemoglobin configuration found in common ostrich blood.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism1-94">[93]</a> The common ostrich's <a href="/wiki/Tetramer" title="Tetramer">tetramer</a> is composed of <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> type A and D, compared to typical mammalian tetramers composed of hemoglobin type A and B; hemoglobin D configuration causes a decreased oxygen affinity at the site of the respiratory surface.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism1-94">[93]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryonic</a> stage, <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin_E" title="Hemoglobin E">Hemoglobin E</a> is present.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism2-95">[94]</a> This subtype increases oxygen affinity in order to transport oxygen across the allantoic membrane of the embryo.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism2-95">[94]</a> This can be attributed to the high metabolic need of the developing embryo, thus high oxygen affinity serves to satisfy this demand. When the chick hatches hemoglobin E diminishes while hemoglobin A and D increase in concentration.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism2-95">[94]</a> This shift in hemoglobin concentration results in both decreased oxygen affinity and increased P50 value.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism2-95">[94]</a> Furthermore, the P50 value is influenced by differing organic modulators.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism2-95">[94]</a> In the typical mammalian RBC 2,3 – DPG causes a lower affinity for oxygen. 2,3- DPG constitutes approximately 42–47%, of the cells phosphate of the embryonic ostrich.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism2-95">[94]</a> However, the adult ostrich have no traceable 2,3- DPG.In place of 2,3-DPG the ostrich uses inositol <a href="/wiki/Polyphosphate" title="Polyphosphate">polyphosphates</a> (IPP), which vary from 1–6 phosphates per molecule.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism2-95">[94]</a> In relation to the IPP, the ostrich also uses <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> to lower oxygen affinity.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism2-95">[94]</a> ATP has a consistent concentration of phosphate in the cell<a href="#cite_note-metabolism2-95">[94]</a> – around 31% at <a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">incubation periods</a> and dropping to 16–20% in 36-day-old chicks.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism2-95">[94]</a> However, IPP has low concentrations, around 4%, of total phosphate concentration in embryonic stages, but the IPP concentration jumps to 60% of total phosphate of the cell.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism2-95">[94]</a> The majority of phosphate concentration switches from 2,3- DPG to IPP, suggesting the result of the overall low oxygen affinity is due to these varying polyphosphates.<a href="#cite_note-metabolism2-95">[94]</a> Concerning immunological adaptation, it was discovered that wild common ostriches have a pronounced non-specific immunity defense, with blood content reflecting high values of <a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">lysosome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">phagocyte</a> cells in medium. This is in contrast to domesticated ostriches, who in captivity develop high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">immunoglobulin</a> <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> in their circulation, indicating an acquired immunological response. It is suggested that this immunological adaptability may allow this species to have a high success rate of survival in variable environmental settings.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osmoregulation">Osmoregulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Osmoregulation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physiological_challenges">Physiological challenges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Physiological challenges">edit</a>]</div> The common ostrich is a <a href="/wiki/Xerocole" title="Xerocole">xeric</a> animal, due to the fact that it lives in habitats that are both dry and hot.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> Water is scarce in dry and hot environments, and this poses a challenge to the ostrich's water consumption. Also the ostrich is a ground bird and cannot fly to find water sources, which poses a further challenge. Because of their size, common ostriches cannot easily escape the heat of their environment; however, they dehydrate less than their small bird counterparts because of their small <a href="/wiki/Surface_area_to_volume_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface area to volume ratio">surface area to volume ratio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Skadhaugeetal-96">[95]</a> Hot, arid habitats pose osmotic stress, such as <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, which triggers the common ostrich's <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostatic</a> response to osmoregulate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="System_overview">System overview</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: System overview">edit</a>]</div> The common ostrich is well-adapted to hot, arid environments through specialization of <a href="/wiki/Excretory" class="mw-redirect" title="Excretory">excretory</a> organs. The common ostrich has an extremely long and developed <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a> – a length of approximately 11–13 m (36–43 ft) – between the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/coprodeum">coprodeum</a> and the paired <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_caeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyloric caeca">caeca</a>, which are around 80 cm (31 in) long.<a href="#cite_note-Skadhaugeetal-96">[95]</a> A well-developed caeca is also found and, in combination with the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>, forms the <a href="/wiki/Microbial_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial fermentation">microbial fermentation</a> chambers used for <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> breakdown.<a href="#cite_note-Skadhaugeetal-96">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a> of carbohydrates produces around 0.56 g (8.6 gr) of water that can be used internally.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> The majority of their <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> is stored in the coprodeum, and the <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> are separately stored in the terminal colon.<a href="#cite_note-Skadhaugeetal-96">[95]</a> The coprodeum is located ventral to the terminal rectum and <a href="/wiki/Urodeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Urodeum">urodeum</a> (where the <a href="/wiki/Ureters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureters">ureters</a> open).<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Found between the terminal rectum and coprodeum is a strong sphincter.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> The coprodeum and cloaca are the main osmoregulatory mechanisms used for the regulation and reabsorption of ions and water, or net water conservation.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> As expected in a species inhabiting arid regions, dehydration causes a reduction in fecal water, or dry feces.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> This reduction is believed to be caused by high levels of plasma <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a>, which leads to rectal absorption of sodium and water.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Also expected is the production of <a href="/wiki/Hyperosmotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperosmotic">hyperosmotic</a> urine; cloacal urine has been found to be 800 <a href="/wiki/Osmole_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmole (unit)">mOsm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> The U:P (urine:plasma) ratio of the common ostrich is therefore greater than one. Diffusion of water to the coprodeum (where urine is stored) from plasma across the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> is voided.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> This void is believed to be caused by the thick <a href="/wiki/Mucosal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosal">mucosal</a> layering of the coprodeum.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Common ostriches have two <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, which are chocolate brown in color, are granular in texture, and lie in a depression in the <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">pelvic cavity</a> of the dorsal wall.<a href="#cite_note-Shanawany-97">[96]</a> They are covered by <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a> and a layer of fat.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Each kidney is about 300 mm (12 in) long, 70 mm (2.8 in) wide, and divided into a <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">cranial</a>, middle, and <a href="/wiki/Caudal_(anatomical_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal (anatomical term)">caudal</a> sections by large veins.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> The caudal section is the largest, extending into the middle of the pelvis.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ureters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureters">ureters</a> leave the ventral caudomedial surface and continue caudally, near the midline into the opening of the urodeum of the cloaca.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Although there is no bladder, a dilated pouch of ureter stores the urine until it is secreted continuously down from the <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureters</a> to the urodeum until discharged.<a href="#cite_note-Shanawany-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kidney_function">Kidney function</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Kidney function">edit</a>]</div> Common ostrich kidneys are fairly large and so are able to hold significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Solutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Solutes">solutes</a>. Hence, common ostriches drink relatively large volumes of water daily and <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excrete</a> generous quantities of highly concentrated <a href="/wiki/Urine_osmolality" title="Urine osmolality">urine</a>. It is when drinking water is unavailable or withdrawn that the urine becomes highly concentrated with <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid and urates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> It seems that common ostriches who normally drink relatively large amounts of water tend to rely on <a href="/wiki/Renal_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal function">renal conservation</a> of water within the kidney system when drinking water is scarce. Though there have been no official detailed <a href="/wiki/Renal_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal function">renal studies</a> conducted<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hagen-Poiseuille_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagen-Poiseuille equation">flow rate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hagen-Poiseuille_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagen-Poiseuille equation">Poiseuille's Law</a>) and composition of the ureteral urine in the ostrich, knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Renal_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal function">renal function</a> has been based on samples of <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">cloacal urine</a>, and samples or quantitative collections of <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">voided urine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Studies have shown that the amount of water intake and <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> impacts the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_osmolality" title="Plasma osmolality">plasma osmolality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urine_osmolality" title="Urine osmolality">urine osmolality</a> within various sized ostriches. During a normal hydration state of the kidneys, young ostriches tend to have a measured plasma osmolality of 284 <a href="/wiki/MOsm" class="mw-redirect" title="MOsm">mOsm</a> and urine osmolality of 62 mOsm. Adults have higher rates with a plasma osmolality of 330 mOsm and urine osmolality of 163 mOsm. The <a href="/wiki/Osmolality" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmolality">osmolality</a> of both plasma and urine can alter in regards to whether there is an excess or depleted amount of water present within the kidneys. An interesting fact of common ostriches is that when water is freely available, the urine osmolality can reduce to 60–70 <a href="/wiki/MOsm" class="mw-redirect" title="MOsm">mOsm</a>, not losing any necessary solutes from the kidneys when excess water is excreted.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Dehydrated or salt-loaded ostriches can reach a maximal urine osmolality of approximately 800 mOsm. When the plasma osmolality has been measured simultaneously with the maximal osmotic urine, it is seen that the urine:plasma ratio is 2.6:1, the highest encountered among avian species.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Along with dehydration, there is also a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Hagen-Poiseuille_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagen-Poiseuille equation">flow rate</a> from 20 L·d−1 to only 0.3–0.5 L·d−1. In mammals and common ostriches, the increase of the <a href="/wiki/Renal_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal function">glomerular filtration rate (GFR)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urine_flow_rate" title="Urine flow rate"> urine flow rate (UFR)</a> is due to a high protein diets. As seen in various studies, scientists have measured <a href="/wiki/Clearance_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearance (medicine)">clearance of</a> <a href="/wiki/Creatinine" title="Creatinine">creatinine</a>, a fairly reliable marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR).<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> It has been seen that during normal hydration within the kidneys, the glomerular filtration rate is approximately 92 ml/min. However, when an ostrich experiences <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> for at least 48 hours (2 days), this value diminishes to only 25% of the hydrated GFR rate. Thus in response to the dehydration, ostrich kidneys <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secrete</a> small amounts of very viscous glomerular filtrates that have not been broken down and return them to the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> through <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>. The reduction of GFR during dehydration is extremely high and so the fractional excretion of water (urine flow rate as a percentage of GFR) drops down from 15% at normal hydration to 1% during dehydration.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Water_intake_and_turnover">Water intake and turnover</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Water intake and turnover">edit</a>]</div> Common ostriches employ adaptive features to manage the dry heat and <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> in their habitat. Ostriches will drink available water; however, they are limited in accessing water by being flightless. They are also able to harvest water through dietary means, consuming plants such as the <a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_heterochroma" title="Euphorbia heterochroma">Euphorbia heterochroma</a> that hold up to 87% water.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Water mass accounts for 68% of body mass in adult common ostriches; this is down from 84% water mass in 35-day-old chicks. The differing degrees of water retention are thought to be a result of varying body fat mass.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> In comparison to smaller birds ostriches have a lower evaporative water loss resulting from their small body surface area per unit weight.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> When heat stress is at its maximum, common ostriches are able to recover evaporative loss by using a <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_water" title="Metabolic water">metabolic water</a> mechanism to counter the loss by urine, feces, and respiratory evaporation. An experiment to determine the primary source of water intake in the ostrich indicated that while the ostrich does employ a <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_water" title="Metabolic water">metabolic water</a> production mechanism as a source of hydration, the most important source of water is food. When ostriches were restricted to the no food or water condition, the metabolic water production was only 0.5 L·d−1, while total water lost to urine, feces, and evaporation was 2.3 L·d−1. When the birds were given both water and food, total water gain was 8.5 L·d−1. In the food only condition total water gain was 10.1 L·d−1. These results show that the <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_water" title="Metabolic water">metabolic water</a> mechanism is not able to sustain water loss independently and that food intake, specifically of plants with a high water content such as Euphorbia heterochroma, is necessary to overcome water loss challenges in the common ostrich's arid habitat.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> In times of water deprivation, urine <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_concentration" title="Osmotic concentration">osmotic concentration</a> increases while urination rate decreases. Under these conditions <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> <a href="/wiki/Solute" class="mw-redirect" title="Solute">solute</a>:plasma ratio is approximately 2.5, or <a href="/wiki/Hyperosmotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperosmotic">hyperosmotic</a>; that is to say that the ratio of solutes to water in the plasma is shifted down whereby reducing osmotic pressure in the plasma. Water is then able to be held back from <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a>, keeping the ostrich hydrated, while the passed urine contains higher concentrations of solute. This mechanism exemplifies how renal function facilitates water retention during periods of dehydration stress.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Withers-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nasal_glands">Nasal glands</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nasal glands">edit</a>]</div> A number of avian species use <a href="/wiki/Salt_gland" title="Salt gland">nasal salt glands</a>, alongside their kidneys, to control <a href="/wiki/Tonicity" title="Tonicity">hypertonicity</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood plasma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-saltglands-100">[99]</a> However, the common ostrich shows no nasal glandular function in regard to this homeostatic process.<a href="#cite_note-saltglands-100">[99]</a> Even in a state of dehydration, which increases the <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_concentration" title="Osmotic concentration">osmolality</a> of the blood, nasal salt glands show no sizeable contribution of salt elimination.<a href="#cite_note-saltglands-100">[99]</a> Also, the overall mass of the glands was less than that of the duck's nasal gland.<a href="#cite_note-saltglands-100">[99]</a> The common ostrich, having a heavier body weight, should have larger, heavier nasal glands to more effectively excrete salt from a larger volume of blood, but this is not the case. These unequal proportions contribute to the assumption that the common ostrich's nasal glands do not play any role in salt excretion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Biochemistry">edit</a>]</div> The majority of the common ostrich's internal solutes are made up of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> ions (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>Na+), <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> ions (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K+), <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> ions (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cl−), total <a href="/wiki/Short-chain_fatty_acid" title="Short-chain fatty acid">short-chain fatty acids</a> (SCFA), and <a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">acetate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Skadhaugeetal-96">[95]</a> The caecum contains a high water concentration with reduced levels nearing the terminal colon and exhibits a rapid fall in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na+ concentrations and small changes in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K+ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cl−.<a href="#cite_note-Skadhaugeetal-96">[95]</a> The colon is divided into three sections and takes part in solute absorption. The upper colon largely absorbs <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na+ and SCFA and partially absorbs KCl.<a href="#cite_note-Skadhaugeetal-96">[95]</a> The middle colon absorbs <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na+ and SCFA, with little net transfer of K+ and Cl−.<a href="#cite_note-Skadhaugeetal-96">[95]</a> The lower colon then slightly absorbs <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na+ and water and secretes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K+. There is no net movements of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cl− and SCFA found in the lower colon.<a href="#cite_note-Skadhaugeetal-96">[95]</a> When the common ostrich is in a dehydrated state, plasma osmolality, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na+, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K+, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cl− ions all increase; however, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K+ ions return to controlled concentration.<a href="#cite_note-hormones-101">[100]</a> The common ostrich also experiences an increase in <a href="/wiki/Haematocrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Haematocrit">haematocrit</a>, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">hypovolemic state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hormones-101">[100]</a> Two antidiuretic hormones, <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">Arginine vasotocin (AVT)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin" title="Angiotensin">angiotensin</a> (AII), are increased in blood plasma as a response to <a href="/wiki/Hyperosmolality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperosmolality">hyperosmolality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">hypovolemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hormones-101">[100]</a> AVT triggers <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">antidiuretic hormone</a> (ADH) which targets the <a href="/wiki/Nephrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephrons">nephrons</a> of the kidney.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> ADH causes a reabsorption of water from the lumen of the <a href="/wiki/Nephron" title="Nephron">nephron</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> osmotically.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> These extracellular fluids then drain into blood vessels, causing a rehydrating effect.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> This drainage prevents loss of water by both lowering volume and increasing concentration of the urine.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> Angiotensin, on the other hand, causes <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a> on the systemic arterioles and acts as a <a href="/wiki/Dipsogen" title="Dipsogen">dipsogen</a> for ostriches.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> Both of these antidiuretic hormones work together to maintain water levels in the body that would normally be lost due to the osmotic stress of the arid environment. Ostriches are <a href="/wiki/Uricotelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Uricotelic">uricotelic</a>, excreting nitrogen in the form of <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a> and related derivatives.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> Uric acid's low solubility in water gives a semi-solid paste consistency to the ostrich's nitrogenous waste.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermoregulation">Thermoregulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Thermoregulation">edit</a>]</div> Common ostriches are <a href="/wiki/Homeothermy" title="Homeothermy">homeothermic</a> <a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">endotherms</a>; they regulate a constant body temperature via regulating their metabolic heat rate.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> They closely regulate their core body temperature, but their <a href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a> may be cooler in comparison as found with regulating species.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> The temperature of their beak, neck surfaces, lower legs, feet, and toes are regulated through heat exchange with the environment.<a href="#cite_note-polly-102">[101]</a> Up to 40% of their produced <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">metabolic heat</a> is <a href="/wiki/Dissipation" title="Dissipation">dissipated</a> across these structures, which account for about 12% of their total surface area.<a href="#cite_note-polly-102">[101]</a> Total evaporative water loss (TEWL) is statistically lower in the common ostrich than in membering ratites.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-103">[102]</a> As ambient temperature increases, dry heat loss decreases, but evaporative heat loss increases because of increased <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-polly-102">[101]</a> As ostriches experience high ambient temperatures, circa 50 °C (122 °F), they become slightly hyperthermic; however, they can maintain a stable body temperature, around 40 °C (104 °F), for up to 8 hours in these conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> When dehydrated, the common ostrich minimizes water loss, causing the body temperature to increase further.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> When the body heat is allowed to increase the <a href="/wiki/Temperature_gradient" title="Temperature gradient">temperature gradient</a> between the common ostrich and ambient heat is <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">equilibrated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_adaptations">Physical adaptations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Physical adaptations">edit</a>]</div> Common ostriches have developed a comprehensive set of behavioral adaptations for <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a>, such as altering their feathers.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Common ostriches display a feather fluffing behavior that aids them in thermoregulation by regulating <a href="/wiki/Convection_(heat_transfer)" title="Convection (heat transfer)">convective heat loss</a> at high ambient temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-polly-102">[101]</a> They may also physically seek out shade in times of high ambient temperatures. When feather fluffing, they contract their muscles to raise their feathers to increase the air space next to their skin.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> This air space provides an insulating thickness of 7 cm (2.8 in).<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The ostrich will also expose the thermal windows of their unfeathered skin to enhance convective and radiative loss in times of heat stress.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-103">[102]</a> At higher ambient temperatures lower appendage temperature increases to 5 °C (9.0 °F) difference from ambient temperature.<a href="#cite_note-polly-102">[101]</a> Neck surfaces are around 6–7 °C (11–13 °F) difference at most ambient temperatures, except when temperatures are around 25 °C (77 °F) it was only 4 °C (7.2 °F) above ambient.<a href="#cite_note-polly-102">[101]</a> At low ambient temperatures the common ostrich utilizes feather flattening, which conserves body heat through insulation. The low <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conduction" title="Thermal conduction">conductance coefficient</a> of air allows less heat to be lost to the environment.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> This flattening behavior compensate for common ostrich's rather poor cutaneous evaporative water loss (CEWL).<a href="#cite_note-Louw-105">[104]</a> These feather-heavy areas such as the body, thighs, and wings do not usually vary much from ambient temperatures due to this behavioural controls.<a href="#cite_note-polly-102">[101]</a> This ostrich will also cover its legs to reduce heat loss to the environment, along with undergoing <a href="/wiki/Piloerection" class="mw-redirect" title="Piloerection">piloerection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiver">shivering</a> when faced with low ambient temperatures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_adaptations">Internal adaptations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Internal adaptations">edit</a>]</div> The use of <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent</a> heat exchange with blood flow allows for regulated conservation/ elimination of heat of appendages.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> When ambient temperatures are low, <a href="/wiki/Heterothermy" title="Heterothermy">heterotherms</a> will constrict their arterioles to reduce heat loss along skin surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> The reverse occurs at high ambient temperatures, arterioles <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">dilate</a> to increase heat loss.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">ambient temperatures</a> below their body temperatures (<a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutral_zone" title="Thermal neutral zone">thermal neutral zone</a> (TNZ)), common ostriches decrease body surface temperatures so that heat loss occurs only across about 10% of total surface area.<a href="#cite_note-polly-102">[101]</a> This 10% include critical areas that require blood flow to remain high to prevent freezing, such as their eyes.<a href="#cite_note-polly-102">[101]</a> Their eyes and ears tend to be the warmest regions.<a href="#cite_note-polly-102">[101]</a> It has been found that temperatures of lower appendages were no more than 2.5 °C (4.5 °F) above ambient temperature, which minimizes heat exchange between feet, toes, wings, and legs.<a href="#cite_note-polly-102">[101]</a> Both the Gular and air sacs, being close to body temperature, are the main contributors to heat and water loss.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> Surface temperature can be affected by the rate of blood flow to a certain area and also by the surface area of the surrounding tissue.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> The ostrich reduces blood flow to the trachea to cool itself and <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilates</a> to its blood vessels around the gular region to raise the temperature of the tissue.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> The air sacs are poorly vascularized but show an increased temperature, which aids in heat loss.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> Common ostriches have evolved a 'selective brain cooling' mechanism as a means of thermoregulation. This modality allows the common ostrich to manage the temperature of the blood going to the brain in response to the extreme <a href="/wiki/Ambient_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient temperature">ambient temperature</a> of the surroundings. The morphology for heat exchange occurs via <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_arteries" title="Cerebral arteries">cerebral arteries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_artery" title="Ophthalmic artery">ophthalmic</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">rete</a>, a network of arteries originating from the <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_artery" title="Ophthalmic artery">ophthalmic artery</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_artery" title="Ophthalmic artery">ophthalmic</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">rete</a> is <a href="/wiki/Analogous" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogous">analogous</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_rete" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid rete">carotid rete</a> found in mammals, as it also facilitates transfer of heat from arterial blood coming from the core to venous blood returning from the evaporative surfaces at the head.<a href="#cite_note-Maloney-106">[105]</a> Researchers suggest that common ostriches also employ a 'selective brain warming' mechanism in response to cooler surrounding temperatures in the evenings. The brain was found to maintain a warmer temperature when compared to <a href="/wiki/Carotid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid">carotid</a> <a href="/wiki/Arterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial">arterial</a> blood supply. Researchers hypothesize three mechanisms that could explain this finding:<a href="#cite_note-Maloney-106">[105]</a> <ol><li>They first suggest a possible increase in <a href="/wiki/Metabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic">metabolic</a> heat production within the brain tissue itself to compensate for the colder <a href="/wiki/Arterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial">arterial</a> blood arriving from the core.</li> <li>They also speculate that there is an overall decrease in cerebral blood flow to the brain.</li> <li>Finally, they suggest that warm venous blood <a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">perfusion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_artery" title="Ophthalmic artery">ophthalmic</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">rete</a> helps to warm the cerebral blood that supplies the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>.</li></ol> Further research will need to be done to find how this occurs.<a href="#cite_note-Maloney-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breathing_adaptations">Breathing adaptations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Breathing adaptations">edit</a>]</div> The common ostrich has no <a href="/wiki/Sweat_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat glands">sweat glands</a>, and under heat stress they rely on panting to reduce their body temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">Panting</a> increases <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">evaporative heat</a> (and water) loss from its respiratory surfaces, therefore forcing air and heat removal without the loss of metabolic salts.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-103">[102]</a> Panting allows the common ostrich to have a very effective respiratory evaporative water loss (REWL). Heat dissipated by respiratory evaporation increases linearly with ambient temperature, matching the rate of heat production.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> As a result of panting the common ostrich should eventually experience alkalosis.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> However, The CO2 concentration in the blood does not change when hot ambient temperatures are experienced.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> This effect is caused by a <a href="/wiki/Shunt_(medical)" title="Shunt (medical)">lung surface shunt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> The lung is not completely shunted, allowing enough oxygen to fulfill the bird's <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> needs.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> The common ostrich utilizes <a href="/wiki/Gular_fluttering#Endothermy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gular fluttering">gular fluttering</a>, rapid rhythmic contraction and relaxation of throat muscles, in a similar way to panting.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> Both these behaviors allow the ostrich to actively increase the rate of evaporative cooling.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> In hot temperatures water is lost via respiration.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> Moreover, varying surface temperatures within the respiratory tract contribute differently to overall heat and water loss through panting.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> The surface temperature of the <a href="/wiki/Gular_skin" title="Gular skin">gular area</a> is 38 °C (100 °F), that of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">tracheal area</a> is between 34 and 36 °C (93 and 97 °F), and that of both anterior and posterior air sacs is 38 °C (100 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> The long trachea, being cooler than body temperature, is a site of water evaporation.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> As ambient air becomes hotter, additional evaporation can take place lower in the trachea making its way to the posterior sacs, shunting the lung surface.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> The trachea acts as a buffer for evaporation because of the length and the controlled vascularization.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> The Gular is also heavily vascularized; its purpose is for cooling blood, but also evaporation, as previously stated. Air flowing through the trachea can be either <a href="/wiki/Laminar_flow" title="Laminar flow">laminar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulent</a> depending on the state of the bird.<a href="#cite_note-zool241-86">[85]</a> When the common ostrich is breathing normally, under no heat stress, air flow is laminar.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> When the common ostrich is experiencing heat stress from the environment the air flow is considered turbulent.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> This suggests that laminar air flow causes little to no heat transfer, while under heat stress turbulent airflow can cause maximum heat transfer within the trachea.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Nielsen-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Metabolism">edit</a>]</div> Common ostriches are able to attain their necessary energetic requirements via the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a> of absorbed nutrients. Much of the metabolic rate in animals is dependent upon their <a href="/wiki/Allometry" title="Allometry">allometry</a>, the relationship between body size to shape, anatomy, physiology, and behavior of an animal. Hence, it is plausible to state that metabolic rate in animals with larger masses is greater than animals with a smaller mass. When a bird is inactive and unfed, and the <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">ambient temperature</a> (i.e. in the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutral_zone" title="Thermal neutral zone">thermo-neutral zone</a>) is high, the energy expended is at its minimum. This level of expenditure is better known as the <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">basal metabolic rate (BMR)</a>, and can be calculated by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed during various activities.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Therefore, in common ostriches we see use of more energy when compared to smaller birds in absolute terms, but less per unit mass. A key point when looking at the common ostrich metabolism is to note that it is a <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">non-passerine</a> bird. Thus, BMR in ostriches is particularly low with a value of only 0.113 mL O2 g−1 h−1. This value can further be described using <a href="/wiki/Kleiber%27s_law" title="Kleiber's law">Kleiber's law</a>, which relates the BMR to the body mass of an animal.<a href="#cite_note-Willmer_2009-107">[106]</a> <dl><dd>Metabolic rate = 70M0.75</dd></dl> where M is body mass, and metabolic rate is measured in <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">kcal</a> per day. In common ostriches, a BMR (mL O2 g−1 h−1) = 389 kg0.73, describing a line parallel to the intercept with only about 60% in relation to other non-passerine birds.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> Along with BMR, energy is also needed for a range of other activities. If the <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">ambient temperature</a> is lower than the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutral_zone" title="Thermal neutral zone">thermo-neutral zone</a>, heat is produced to maintain <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">body temperature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> So, the metabolic rate in a resting, unfed bird, that is producing heat is known as the <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">standard metabolic rate (SMR)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">resting metabolic rate (RMR)</a>. The common ostrich SMR has been seen to be approximately 0.26 mL O2 g−1 h−1, almost 2.3 times the BMR.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> On another note, animals that engage in extensive physical activity employ substantial amounts of energy for power. This is known as the maximum <a href="/wiki/Allometry" title="Allometry">metabolic scope</a>. In an ostrich, it is seen to be at least 28 times greater than the BMR. Likewise, the daily energy <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics" title="Enzyme kinetics">turnover rate</a> for an ostrich with access to free water is 12,700 kJ d−1, equivalent to 0.26 mL O2 g−1 h−1.<a href="#cite_note-Deeming-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_conservation">Status and conservation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Status and conservation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nurmij%C3%A4rvi_ostrich_farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nurmij%C3%A4rvi_ostrich_farm.jpg/220px-Nurmij%C3%A4rvi_ostrich_farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nurmij%C3%A4rvi_ostrich_farm.jpg/330px-Nurmij%C3%A4rvi_ostrich_farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nurmij%C3%A4rvi_ostrich_farm.jpg/440px-Nurmij%C3%A4rvi_ostrich_farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption>The Ketola Ostrich Farm in <a href="/wiki/Nurmij%C3%A4rvi" title="Nurmijärvi">Nurmijärvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></figcaption></figure> The wild common ostrich population has declined drastically in the last 200 years, with most surviving birds in reserves or on farms.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a> However, its range remains very large (9,800,000 km2 or 3,800,000 sq mi), leading the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> and <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> to treat it as a species of <a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1">[1]</a> Of its five subspecies, the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_ostrich" title="Arabian ostrich">Arabian ostrich</a> (S. c. syriacus) became extinct around 1966. North African ostrich populations are protected under Appendix I of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species</a> (CITES) meaning commercial international trade is prohibited and non-commercial trade is strictly regulated.<a href="#cite_note-CITESAppendices-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killing_ostriches_on_the_Zliten_mosaic.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Killing_ostriches_on_the_Zliten_mosaic.JPG/220px-Killing_ostriches_on_the_Zliten_mosaic.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Killing_ostriches_on_the_Zliten_mosaic.JPG/330px-Killing_ostriches_on_the_Zliten_mosaic.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Killing_ostriches_on_the_Zliten_mosaic.JPG/440px-Killing_ostriches_on_the_Zliten_mosaic.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Roman mosaic, 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humans">Humans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Humans">edit</a>]</div> Common ostriches have inspired cultures and civilizations for 5,000 years in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and African centres like <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a>. A statue of <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe II of Egypt">Arsinoe II of Egypt</a> riding a common ostrich was found in a tomb in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-110">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalahari">Kalahari</a> use ostrich eggshells as water containers, punching a hole in them. They also produce jewelry from it.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laufer-112">[111]</a> The presence of such eggshells with engraved hatched symbols dating from the <a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort" title="Howiesons Poort">Howiesons Poort</a> period of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a> at <a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Diepkloof Rock Shelter</a> in South Africa suggests common ostriches were an important part of human life as early as 60,000 BP.<a href="#cite_note-Texier-113">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyprus-lazarus-church-wall_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cyprus-lazarus-church-wall_hg.jpg/220px-Cyprus-lazarus-church-wall_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cyprus-lazarus-church-wall_hg.jpg/330px-Cyprus-lazarus-church-wall_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cyprus-lazarus-church-wall_hg.jpg/440px-Cyprus-lazarus-church-wall_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Eggs on the oil lamps of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Lazarus,_Larnaca" title="Church of Saint Lazarus, Larnaca">Church of Saint Lazarus, Larnaca</a>, Cyprus</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> it is common to hang decorated common ostrich eggs on the chains holding the oil lamps.<a href="#cite_note-CathDict-114">[113]</a> The initial reason was probably to prevent mice and rats from climbing down the chain to eat the oil.<a href="#cite_note-CathDict-114">[113]</a> Another, symbolical explanation is based in the <a href="/wiki/Ostrich#Mating" title="Ostrich">fictitious</a> tradition that female common ostriches do not sit on their eggs, but stare at them incessantly until they hatch out, because if they stop staring even for a second the egg will addle.<a href="#cite_note-CathDict-114">[113]</a> This is equated to the obligation of the Christian to direct his entire attention towards God during prayer, lest the prayer be fruitless.<a href="#cite_note-CathDict-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Head_in_the_sand"_myth">"Head in the sand" myth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: "Head in the sand" myth">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions" title="List of common misconceptions">Contrary to popular belief</a>, ostriches do not bury their heads in sand to avoid danger.<a href="#cite_note-Gosselin-115">[114]</a> This myth likely began with <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (23–79 CE), who wrote that ostriches "imagine, when they have thrust their head and neck into a bush, that the whole of their body is concealed."<a href="#cite_note-Kruszelnicki-116">[115]</a> This may have been a misunderstanding of their sticking their heads in the sand to swallow sand and pebbles to help digest their fibrous food,<a href="#cite_note-Kreibich-117">[116]</a> or, as <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> suggests, of the defensive behavior of lying low, so that they may appear from a distance to have their head buried.<a href="#cite_note-NationalGeog-71">[70]</a> Another possible origin for the myth lies with the fact that ostriches keep their eggs in holes in the sand instead of nests and must rotate them using their beaks during incubation; digging the hole, placing the eggs, and rotating them might each be mistaken for an attempt to bury their heads in the sand.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceWorldHeadSand-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_use">Economic use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economic use">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrich_feathers_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fashion accessories made from feathers, Amsterdam, 1919" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ostrich_feathers_1919.jpg/220px-Ostrich_feathers_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ostrich_feathers_1919.jpg/330px-Ostrich_feathers_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ostrich_feathers_1919.jpg/440px-Ostrich_feathers_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>Fashion accessories, Amsterdam, 1919</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv/220px--1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv/1000_Ostriches_on_the_move.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Being moved between camps in preparation for filming a movie in South Africa</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> times, there was a demand for common ostriches to use in <a href="/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">venatio</a> games or cooking. They have been hunted and farmed for their feathers, which at various times have been popular for ornamentation in fashionable clothing (such as hats during the 19th century). Their skins are valued for their <a href="/wiki/Ostrich_leather" title="Ostrich leather">leather</a>. In the 18th century they were almost hunted to extinction; farming for feathers began in the 19th century. At the start of the 20th century there were over 700,000 birds in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-Perrins-65">[64]</a> The market for feathers collapsed after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, but commercial farming for feathers and later for skins and meat became widespread during the 1970s. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrich_in_captivity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ostrich_in_captivity.jpg/220px-Ostrich_in_captivity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ostrich_in_captivity.jpg/330px-Ostrich_in_captivity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ostrich_in_captivity.jpg/440px-Ostrich_in_captivity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An ostrich in captivity in a farm park in <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, England.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrich_Platter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ostrich_Platter.jpg/220px-Ostrich_Platter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ostrich_Platter.jpg/330px-Ostrich_Platter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ostrich_Platter.jpg/440px-Ostrich_Platter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a><figcaption>A platter of ostrich meat in Oudtshoorn, South Africa</figcaption></figure> Common ostriches have been farmed in South Africa since the beginning of the 19th century. According to <a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Carpenter" title="Frank G. Carpenter">Frank G. Carpenter</a>, the English are credited with first <a href="/wiki/Tame_animal" title="Tame animal">taming</a> common ostriches outside <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>. Farmers captured baby common ostriches and raised them successfully on their property, and they were able to obtain a crop of feathers every seven to eight months instead of killing wild common ostriches for their feathers.<a href="#cite_note-WDL-119">[118]</a> Feathers are still commercially harvested.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> It is claimed that common ostriches produce the strongest commercial leather.<a href="#cite_note-Best-121">[120]</a> Common ostrich meat tastes similar to lean beef and is low in fat and <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, as well as high in <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, protein, and iron. It is considered to be both poultry and <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Uncooked, it is dark red or cherry red, a little darker than beef.<a href="#cite_note-COA-123">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ostrich_stew" title="Ostrich stew">Ostrich stew</a> is a dish prepared using common ostrich meat. Some common ostrich farms also cater to <a href="/wiki/Agri-tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agri-tourism">agri-tourism</a>, which may produce a substantial portion of the farm's income.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> This may include tours of the farmlands, souvenirs, or even ostrich rides.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks">Attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Attacks">edit</a>]</div> Common ostriches typically avoid humans in the wild, since they correctly assess humans as potential predators. If approached, they often run away, but sometimes ostriches can be very aggressive when threatened, especially if cornered, and may also attack if they feel the need to defend their territories or offspring. Similar behaviors are noted in captive or domesticated common ostriches, which retain the same natural instincts and can occasionally respond aggressively to stress. When attacking a person, common ostriches deliver slashing kicks with their powerful feet, armed with long claws, with which they can <a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">disembowel</a> or kill a person with a single blow.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In one study of common ostrich attacks, it was estimated that two to three attacks that result in serious injury or death occur each year in the area of <a href="/wiki/Oudtshoorn" title="Oudtshoorn">Oudtshoorn</a>, South Africa, where a large number of common ostrich farms are set next to both feral and wild common ostrich populations, making them statistically, the world's most dangerous bird.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-OstrichTrauma-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racing">Racing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Racing">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_racing_forms#Animal_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="List of racing forms">List of racing forms § Animal racing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OstrichCartJacksonville1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ostrich-drawn cart carrying a man, circa 1911, Jacksonville, Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/OstrichCartJacksonville1.jpg/170px-OstrichCartJacksonville1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/OstrichCartJacksonville1.jpg/255px-OstrichCartJacksonville1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/OstrichCartJacksonville1.jpg/340px-OstrichCartJacksonville1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a>, circa 1911</figcaption></figure> In some countries, people <a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">race each other</a> on the backs of common ostriches. The practice is common in Africa<a href="#cite_note-jhbradley-128">[127]</a> and is relatively unusual elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-park-129">[128]</a> The common ostriches are ridden in the same way as horses with special saddles, reins, and bits. However, they are harder to manage than horses.<a href="#cite_note-mech-130">[129]</a> The practice is becoming less common due to ethical concerns, and nowadays ostrich farms set a limit weight for people to ride ostriches, making the activity mostly suited for children and smaller adults.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv/170px--Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="170" height="128" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv/Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="768" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv/Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv/Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv/Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv/Struisvogelrennen-514008.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>1933, The Netherlands</figcaption></figure> The racing is also a part of modern <a href="/wiki/South_African_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South African culture">South African culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pyke-132">[131]</a> Within the United States, a <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attraction</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a>, called 'The Ostrich Farm' opened up in 1892; it and its races became one of the most famous early <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">attractions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">history of Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-133">[132]</a> Likewise, the arts scene in <a href="/wiki/Indio,_California" title="Indio, California">Indio, California</a>, consists of both ostrich and <a href="/wiki/Camel_racing" title="Camel racing">camel racing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barton_2013-134">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler, Arizona</a>, hosts the annual "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrich_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostrich Festival (page does not exist)">Ostrich Festival</a>", which features common ostrich races.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hedding-136">[135]</a> Racing has also occurred at many other locations such as <a href="/wiki/Virginia_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia City">Virginia City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Park" title="Canterbury Park">Canterbury Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>,<a href="#cite_note-midwest-137">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prairie_Meadows" title="Prairie Meadows">Prairie Meadows</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Park_Racecourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellis Park Racecourse">Ellis Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ethridge-138">[137]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Grounds_Race_Course" title="Fair Grounds Race Course">Fairgrounds</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallest_extant_birds" title="Tallest extant birds">Tallest extant birds</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Only populations of Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Sudan. No other population is included in the CITES Appendices. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2018" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/45020636/132189458">"Struthio camelus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2018: e.T45020636A132189458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T45020636A132189458.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T45020636A132189458.en</a>. 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Landwirtschaftsverlag GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3784327297" title="Special:BookSources/978-3784327297"><bdi>978-3784327297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ostrich+Farm+Management&rft.pub=Landwirtschaftsverlag+GmbH&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3784327297&rft.aulast=Kreibich&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Sommer%2C+Mathias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+ostrich" class="Z3988"> cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkesbo2011" class="citation book cs1">Ekesbo, Ingvar (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFX8fJp6pmoC&pg=PA181">Farm Animal Behaviour: Characteristics for Assessment of Health and Welfare</a>. CABI. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845937706" title="Special:BookSources/9781845937706"><bdi>9781845937706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farm+Animal+Behaviour%3A+Characteristics+for+Assessment+of+Health+and+Welfare&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781845937706&rft.aulast=Ekesbo&rft.aufirst=Ingvar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFX8fJp6pmoC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+ostrich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScienceWorldHeadSand-118"><a href="#cite_ref-ScienceWorldHeadSand_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scienceworld.ca/blog/do-ostriches-really-bury-their-heads-sand">"Do ostriches really bury their heads in the sand?"</a>. 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Roden Leather Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rodenleather.com/single-post/2017/06/26/Genuine-Ostrich-Leather">the original</a> on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genuine+Ostrich+Leather&rft.pub=Roden+Leather+Company&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Lappin&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rodenleather.com%2Fsingle-post%2F2017%2F06%2F26%2FGenuine-Ostrich-Leather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+ostrich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115100641/https://ask.usda.gov/s/article/Are-ratites-red-or-white-meat">"Are ratites "red" or "white" meat?"</a>. AskUSDA. 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Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/200quicklooksatf0000clar/page/86">86–87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-200-7"><bdi>978-1-56164-200-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=200+Quick+Looks+at+Florida+History&rft.place=Sarasota%2C+FL&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Pineapple+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56164-200-7&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F200quicklooksatf0000clar%2Fpage%2F86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+ostrich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barton_2013-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Barton_2013_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton2013" class="citation web cs1">Barton, Dave (7 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006210659/http://www.ocweekly.com/arts/florian-ayala-fauna-art-magickian-6425518">"Florian-Ayala Fauna: Art Magickian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OC_Weekly" title="OC Weekly">OC Weekly</a>. OC Weekly, LP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocweekly.com/arts/florian-ayala-fauna-art-magickian-6425518">the original</a> on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OC+Weekly&rft.atitle=Florian-Ayala+Fauna%3A+Art+Magickian&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocweekly.com%2Farts%2Fflorian-ayala-fauna-art-magickian-6425518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+ostrich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2011" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Luci (8 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/community/chandler/articles/2011/03/08/20110308chandler-ostrich-festival0308.html">"Shake a tail feather, get out to Ostrich Festival"</a>. AZCentral.com. The Arizona Republic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AZCentral.com&rft.atitle=Shake+a+tail+feather%2C+get+out+to+Ostrich+Festival&rft.date=2011-03-08&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Luci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fcommunity%2Fchandler%2Farticles%2F2011%2F03%2F08%2F20110308chandler-ostrich-festival0308.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+ostrich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hedding-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Hedding_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedding2008" class="citation web cs1">Hedding, Judy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915193649/http://phoenix.about.com/od/arizonapicturesandphotos/ig/Ostrich-Festival/Ostrich-Festival-17.htm">"Ostrich Festival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenix.about.com/od/arizonapicturesandphotos/ig/Ostrich-Festival/Ostrich-Festival-17.htm">the original</a> on 15 September 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ostrich+Festival&rft.pub=About.com&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hedding&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoenix.about.com%2Fod%2Farizonapicturesandphotos%2Fig%2FOstrich-Festival%2FOstrich-Festival-17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+ostrich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-midwest-137"><a href="#cite_ref-midwest_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFluker2007" class="citation web cs1">Fluker, Meryn (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024123719/http://www.letsgosouthwest.com/canterbury-brings-middle-east-midwest">"Canterbury brings the Middle East to the Midwest"</a>. Southwest Newspapers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letsgosouthwest.com/canterbury-brings-middle-east-midwest">the original</a> on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canterbury+brings+the+Middle+East+to+the+Midwest&rft.pub=Southwest+Newspapers&rft.date=2007-07&rft.aulast=Fluker&rft.aufirst=Meryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letsgosouthwest.com%2Fcanterbury-brings-middle-east-midwest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+ostrich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethridge-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Ethridge_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEthridge2009" class="citation news cs1">Ethridge, Tim (18 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.courierpress.com/news/king-of-the-roxy-seeks-another-crown-at-ellis-ep-447391952-327539691.html">"King of the Roxy seeks another crown at Ellis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evansville_Courier_%26_Press" title="Evansville Courier & Press">Evansville Courier & Press</a>. Retrieved 17 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evansville+Courier+%26+Press&rft.atitle=King+of+the+Roxy+seeks+another+crown+at+Ellis&rft.date=2009-07-18&rft.aulast=Ethridge&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.courierpress.com%2Fnews%2Fking-of-the-roxy-seeks-another-crown-at-ellis-ep-447391952-327539691.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+ostrich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> DeMocker, Michael (August 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.com/horseracing/index.ssf/2014/08/exotic_animal_racing_at_the_fa.html">"Exotic animal racing at the Fair Grounds Race Course: photo gallery"</a>. nola.com </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sand-boarding.com/ostrich-races/">"Ostrich Races in the US"</a>. Sand-boarding.com. 31 August 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sand-boarding.com&rft.atitle=Ostrich+Races+in+the+US&rft.date=2021-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsand-boarding.com%2Fostrich-races%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+ostrich" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/23px-Eagle_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/35px-Eagle_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/47px-Eagle_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="381" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Birds portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1992" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, J. C. (1992). Symbolic and Mythological Animals. New York, NY: Harpercollins. pp. 170–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85538-118-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85538-118-6"><bdi>978-1-85538-118-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbolic+and+Mythological+Animals&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=170-171&rft.pub=Harpercollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85538-118-6&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+ostrich" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolch1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Folch, A. (1992). "Family Struthionidae (Ostrich)". In del Hoya, Josep; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1, Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 76–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-09-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-09-2"><bdi>978-84-87334-09-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Struthionidae+%28Ostrich%29&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+the+World&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=76-83&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-84-87334-09-2&rft.aulast=Folch&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+ostrich" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'SheaFosterLocke1918" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">O'Shea, Michael Vincent; Foster, Ellsworth D.; Locke, George Herbert, eds. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bHNs2i9IYDMC&pg=PA4423">Ostrich</a>. Vol. 6. Chicago, IL: The World Book, Inc. pp. 4422–4424.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ostrich&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=4422-4424&rft.pub=The+World+Book%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHNs2i9IYDMC%26pg%3DPA4423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+ostrich" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_ostrich&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ostriches" class="extiw" title="q:Ostriches">Ostriches</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ostrich" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Ostrich">Ostrich</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Struthio_camelus" class="extiw" title="commons:Struthio camelus">Struthio camelus</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Struthio_camelus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Struthio camelus">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Littell%27s_Living_Age/Volume_134/Issue_1732/Capturing_Ostriches" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Littell's Living Age/Volume 134/Issue 1732/Capturing Ostriches">a description of traditional methods used by Arabs to capture wild ostriches.</a> at Wikisource</li> <li>(Common) Ostrich – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/001.pdf">Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ostrich.org.uk/">British Domesticated Ostrich Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206010309/http://www.blue-mountain.net/research.htm">Index for various ostrich studies and papers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-ostrich.org/">World Ostrich Association</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17592" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q17592">Q17592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Struthio_camelus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Struthio camelus">Struthio camelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Struthio_camelus/">Struthio_camelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Struthio_camelus">Struthio_camelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/ostrich/struthio-camelus/">struthio-camelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=2247CB050A76CF8E">2247CB050A76CF8E</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id8310">8310</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/45020636">45020636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=26130">26130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/ostric2">ostric2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6ZYDX">6ZYDX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/ostric2">ostric2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/45513749">45513749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/STRUCA">STRUCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp10.htm">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2495150">2495150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/20526">20526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10199490">10199490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174375">174375</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" 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