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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-支序分類學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#支序分類學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>支序分類學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-支序分類學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-並系群與多系群之間的關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#並系群與多系群之間的關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>並系群與多系群之間的關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-並系群與多系群之間的關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>參考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">演化支</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。66种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klade" title="Klade – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klade" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clado" title="Clado – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Clado" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="فرع حيوي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرع حيوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="تقسيمة (بيولوجيا) – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تقسيمة (بيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Клада – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Клон (еволюция) – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клон (еволюция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladus" title="Kladus – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kladus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade" title="Clade – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clade" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Клада – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Клада" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klade" title="Klade – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klade" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κλάδος – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλάδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade" title="Clade – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Clade" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klado" title="Klado – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clado" title="Clado – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaad" title="Klaad – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klaad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klado" title="Klado – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klado" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%87" title="تبارشاخه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تبارشاخه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladi" title="Kladi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kladi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade" title="Clade – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klade" title="Klade – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Klade" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1d" title="Clád – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clád" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clado" title="Clado – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade" title="Clade – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Clade" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A3_(%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="ענף (פילוגנטיקה) – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ענף (פילוגנטיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="क्लेड – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्लेड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A1d" title="Klád – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Կլադ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clado" title="Clado – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Clado" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klado" title="Klado – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Klado" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grein_(flokkunarfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Grein (flokkunarfræði) – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grein (flokkunarfræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clado" title="Clado – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clado" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%B2%90%E7%BE%A4" title="分岐群 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分岐群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klade" title="Klade – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Klade" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskadrant" title="Taskadrant – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taskadrant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5%EA%B5%B0" title="계통군 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계통군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladus" title="Cladus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cladus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaad" title="Klaad – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Klaad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Клад – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്ലാഡ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലാഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="क्लेड – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्लेड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klade" title="Klade – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Klade" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade" title="Clade – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Clade" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klade" title="Klade – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klade" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clado" title="Clado – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clad%C4%83" title="Cladă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cladă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Клада – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladus" title="Kladus – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kladus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetva_(taxon%C3%B3mia)" title="Vetva (taxonómia) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vetva (taxonómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladus" title="Kladus – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kladus" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88" title="உயிரிக்கிளை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரிக்கிளை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94" title="เคลด – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคลด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klad" title="Klad – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Клада – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клада" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade" title="Clade – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Clade" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A1nh_(ph%C3%A2n_lo%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Nhánh (phân loại học) – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhánh (phân loại học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade" title="Clade – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Clade" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF" title="演化支 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="演化支" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" 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<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><b>演化支</b>（英語：<span lang="en">clade</span>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>：<span lang="la">cladus</span>）又稱<b>支序群</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<b>分支群</b>，是一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物分類學">生物分類學</a>的類別，包含著單一的共同祖先及其所有後裔。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>亦即：系統發生樹中一條完整的分支（包含了分岔出來的點、再分岔出去的次分支、及其下更小分支）稱為一條演化支；可簡單想成一個「類群」，所以又稱為支序群、分支群。而演化分支的序列，或親緣分支順序，就稱作<b>支序</b>。其英語語源來自古希臘文 κλάδος (<i>kládos</i>)，意為“分枝”。 </p><p>任何一個演化支都可以說是一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="單系群">單系群</a>，並以<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E7%B3%BB%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="種系發生學">種系發生學</a>的樹狀圖或<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="支序分類學">支序分類學</a>的演化樹來表示。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monophyletic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Monophyletic.svg/250px-Monophyletic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Monophyletic.svg/375px-Monophyletic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Monophyletic.svg/500px-Monophyletic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="爬行動物">爬行動物</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="鳥類">鳥類</a>被認為是一個單系群。</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="支序分類學"><span id=".E6.94.AF.E5.BA.8F.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E.E5.AD.B8"></span>支序分類學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：支序分類學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="支序分類學">支序分類學</a></div> <p>若一個演化支在不同數據的支序分類學分析中被證實是突出的，則這個演化支會在分類學中成為一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83" title="分類單元">分類單元</a>。但是並非所有的分類單元都是一個演化支。例如传统定义的<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="爬行動物">爬行動物</a>是一個<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="並系群">並系群</a>，因為它沒有包含<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="鳥類">鳥類</a>，而一般都相信鳥類與爬行動物有共同祖先（原因在於古代爬蟲類與恐龍為近親，而鳥類則是恐龍的直系後代）。在支序分類學中，一個演化支若被包含在另一個演化支之內，這個較細小的演化支稱為被「嵌套」在那一個較大的演化支之內。嵌套演化支分析在很多方面都有著貢獻。例如它可以協助了解分佈地的擴展等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="並系群與多系群之間的關係"><span id=".E4.B8.A6.E7.B3.BB.E7.BE.A4.E8.88.87.E5.A4.9A.E7.B3.BB.E7.BE.A4.E4.B9.8B.E9.96.93.E7.9A.84.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>並系群與多系群之間的關係</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：並系群與多系群之間的關係"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paraphyletic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paraphyletic.svg/250px-Paraphyletic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paraphyletic.svg/375px-Paraphyletic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paraphyletic.svg/500px-Paraphyletic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="並系群">並系群</a>：若爬行動物被定義不包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="鳥類">鳥類</a>。</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyphyletic-mammals-birds.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Polyphyletic-mammals-birds.svg/250px-Polyphyletic-mammals-birds.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Polyphyletic-mammals-birds.svg/375px-Polyphyletic-mammals-birds.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Polyphyletic-mammals-birds.svg/500px-Polyphyletic-mammals-birds.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="多系群">多系群</a>：若<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E8%A1%80%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="温血动物">溫血動物</a>被定義為一個類別。</figcaption></figure> <p>一個不包含最近共同祖先的所有後裔的類別稱為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="並系群">並系群</a>，即此類群有“某一共同祖先”及“其部分後代”；例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="爬行動物">爬行動物</a>是並系群，因其並不包含<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="鳥類">鳥類</a>。一個沒有包含最近共同祖先的類別稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="多系群">多系群</a>，即此類群不屬於單系群亦不屬於並系群；例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E8%A1%80%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="温血动物">溫血動物</a>是多系群，其所含哺乳類和鳥類，分別是由原始哺乳類和恐龍演化而來。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>參考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：參考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/2790025/">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-09</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421172133/https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/2790025/">存档</a>于2021-04-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterms.naer.edu.tw%2Fdetail%2F2790025%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/clade">clade - Definitions from Dictionary.com</a>. dictionary.reference.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-04-23</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303151804/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/clade">存档</a>于2016-03-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF&rft.btitle=clade+-+Definitions+from+Dictionary.com&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=dictionary.reference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fclade&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/2007/01/clade_1.php">Evolving Thoughts: Clade</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120428011946/http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/2007/01/clade_1.php">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm">A poster-sized cladogram showing the Tree of Life (Evolution)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150210112109/http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/antisense/DownloadfilesToL.html">DM Hillis, D Zwickl & R Gutell: ~3000 species Tree of Life</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141102121622/http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/antisense/DownloadfilesToL.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） A cladogram?</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/phylogenetics_01">Phylogenetic systematics, an introductory slide-show on evolutionary trees</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201207214105/http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/phylogenetics_01">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） University of California, Berkeley</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="單系群">單系群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="並系群">並系群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="多系群">多系群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="支序分類學">支序分类学</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:系统发生学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:系统发生学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:系统发生学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="-&#123;A&#124;zh-hans:系统发生;_zh-hk:系統發生;_zh-tw:親緣關係;&#125;-學" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="系统发生学">系统发生學</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关领域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="计算系统发生学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Computational phylogenetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算系统发生学（页面不存在）">计算系统发生学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_phylogenetics" class="extiw" title="en:Computational phylogenetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Computational phylogenetics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="分子系统发生学">分子系统发生学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="支序分類學">支序系統學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">生物分类学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="系統分類學">系統分類學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化分类学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary taxonomy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化分类学（页面不存在）">演化分类学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary taxonomy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary taxonomy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="系统发生学">系統發生</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分支發生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cladogenesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分支發生（页面不存在）">分支發生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Cladogenesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cladogenesis</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E6%A8%B9" title="系統發生樹">系統發生樹</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%9B%BE" title="支序图">支序图</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="演化網路">演化網路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9E%9D%E5%90%B8%E5%BC%95%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="長枝吸引效應">長枝吸引效應</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">演化支</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化级" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary grade"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化级（页面不存在）">演化级</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary grade"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary grade</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="谱系 (演化)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lineage (evolution)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%B1%E7%B3%BB_(%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="谱系 (演化)（页面不存在）">谱系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" class="extiw" title="en:Lineage (evolution)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lineage (evolution)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="幽灵谱系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ghost lineage"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BD%E7%81%B5%E8%B0%B1%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="幽灵谱系（页面不存在）">幽灵谱系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_lineage" class="extiw" title="en:Ghost lineage"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ghost lineage</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="幽灵种群" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ghost population"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BD%E7%81%B5%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="幽灵种群（页面不存在）">幽靈种群</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_population" class="extiw" title="en:Ghost population"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ghost population</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">推理方法</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E7%B0%A1%E7%B4%84%E6%B3%95" title="最大簡約法">最大簡約法</a></li> <li>概率法（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%BC%E7%84%B6%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1" title="最大似然估计">最大似然估计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%95" title="贝叶斯法">贝叶斯法</a>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生中的距离矩阵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Distance matrices in phylogeny"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%9D%E7%A6%BB%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生中的距离矩阵（页面不存在）">距離矩陣法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_matrices_in_phylogeny" class="extiw" title="en:Distance matrices in phylogeny"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Distance matrices in phylogeny</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E6%B3%95" title="邻接法">邻接法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="不加權算術平均連鎖法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="UPGMA"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%8A%A0%E6%AC%8A%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E9%80%A3%E9%8E%96%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不加權算術平均連鎖法（页面不存在）">不加權算術平均連鎖法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPGMA" class="extiw" title="en:UPGMA"><span lang="en" dir="auto">UPGMA</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生中的最小二乘法推理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Least squares inference in phylogeny"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生中的最小二乘法推理（页面不存在）">最小二乘法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_squares_inference_in_phylogeny" class="extiw" title="en:Least squares inference in phylogeny"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Least squares inference in phylogeny</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="三元分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Three-taxon analysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三元分析（页面不存在）">三元分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-taxon_analysis" class="extiw" title="en:Three-taxon analysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Three-taxon analysis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="親緣包圍法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic bracketing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%AA%E7%B7%A3%E5%8C%85%E5%9C%8D%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="親緣包圍法（页面不存在）">系统发生包圍法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_bracketing" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic bracketing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic bracketing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生和解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic reconciliation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生和解（页面不存在）">系统发生和解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_reconciliation" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic reconciliation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic reconciliation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">前沿课题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物谱系命名法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic nomenclature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B0%B1%E7%B3%BB%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物谱系命名法（页面不存在）">生物谱系命名法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic nomenclature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic nomenclature</span></a></span>）</span></span>（《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际系统发生命名法规" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="PhyloCode"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际系统发生命名法规（页面不存在）">国际系统发生命名法规</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhyloCode" class="extiw" title="en:PhyloCode"><span lang="en" dir="auto">PhyloCode</span></a></span>）</span></span>》）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA%E6%9D%A1%E5%BD%A2%E7%A0%81" title="DNA条形码">DNA 条形码</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生比较方法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic comparative methods"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生比较方法（页面不存在）">系统发生比较方法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_comparative_methods" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic comparative methods"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic comparative methods</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生生态位保守性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic niche conservatism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%BD%8D%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生生态位保守性（页面不存在）">系统发生生态位保守性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_niche_conservatism" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic niche conservatism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic niche conservatism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生信号" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic signal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生信号（页面不存在）">系統發生信號</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_signal" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic signal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic signal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生软件列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of phylogenetics software"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生软件列表（页面不存在）">系统发生软件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phylogenetics_software" class="extiw" title="en:List of phylogenetics software"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of phylogenetics software</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生基因组学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenomics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生基因组学（页面不存在）">系统发生基因组学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenomics" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenomics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenomics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E7%B7%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="親緣地理學">系统发生生物地理学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">類群特徵</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始 (系统发生学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Primitive (phylogenetics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B_(%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始 (系统发生学)（页面不存在）">原始特徵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" class="extiw" title="en:Primitive (phylogenetics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Primitive (phylogenetics)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="祖徵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%96%E5%BE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祖徵（页面不存在）">祖徵／共有祖徵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomorphy_and_symplesiomorphy" class="extiw" title="en:Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li>衍生特徵（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%E8%A1%8D%E5%BE%B5" title="共有衍徵">衍徵／共有衍徵</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自有衍徵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Autapomorphy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9C%89%E8%A1%8D%E5%BE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自有衍徵（页面不存在）">自有衍徵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autapomorphy" class="extiw" title="en:Autapomorphy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Autapomorphy</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">類群性質</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%B3%BB" title="单系">单系群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="並系群">並系群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="多系群">多系群（複系群）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他術語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E7%BE%A4" title="冠群">冠群／幹群／泛群（總群）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%90%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4" title="姐妹群">姐妹群（姊妹群）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%BE%A4" title="外群">外群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%BE%A4" title="基群">基群</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超樹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Supertree"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E6%A8%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超樹（页面不存在）">超樹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertree" class="extiw" title="en:Supertree"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Supertree</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:系统发生学">相關頁面</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phylogenetics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Phylogenetics">共享資源</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="演化生物学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="Template:進化"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="Template talk:進化"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:進化"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="演化生物学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="演化生物学">演化生物学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B" title="生命演化历程">生命演化历程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="生命史">生命史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">进化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F" title="自然發生">自然發生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="生命起源">生命起源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89" title="適應">適應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89" title="輻射適應">輻射適應</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="利他行为" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Altruism (biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E4%BB%96%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="利他行為">利他行为</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Altruism (biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Altruism (biology)</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欺骗行为" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cheating (biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%BA%E9%AA%97%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欺骗行为（页面不存在）">欺骗行为</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Cheating (biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cheating (biology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E6%83%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BB%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="互惠利他主義">互惠利他主義</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鲍德温效应" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Baldwin effect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B2%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鲍德温效应（页面不存在）">鲍德温效应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_effect" class="extiw" title="en:Baldwin effect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Baldwin effect</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="支序分類學">支序分類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="共同演化">共同演化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="互利共生">互利共生</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="共同起源">共同起源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8B%E5%90%8C%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="趋同演化">趋同演化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%A8%E7%95%B0%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="趨異演化">趨異演化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="已知最早生命形式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Earliest known life forms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B2%E7%9F%A5%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="已知最早生命形式（页面不存在）">已知最早生命形式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" class="extiw" title="en:Earliest known life forms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Earliest known life forms</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="演化的證據">演化的證據</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94" title="扩展适应">扩展适应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9D%E7%81%AD" title="绝灭">绝灭</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" title="生物集群灭绝">生物集群灭绝</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90" title="同源">同源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%BE%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="最後共同祖先">最後共同祖先</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%80%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="宏觀演化">宏觀演化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="微演化">微演化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="进化不匹配" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary mismatch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%8D%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="进化不匹配（页面不存在）">进化不匹配</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary mismatch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary mismatch</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非适应辐射" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nonadaptive radiation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非适应辐射（页面不存在）">非适应辐射</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonadaptive_radiation" class="extiw" title="en:Nonadaptive radiation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nonadaptive radiation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="生命起源">生命起源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E7%A8%AE%E8%AB%96" title="胚種論">胚種論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%8C%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="平行演化">平行演化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="信号理论">信号理论</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="劣势原则" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Handicap principle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A3%E5%8A%BF%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="劣势原则（页面不存在）">劣势原则</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicap_principle" class="extiw" title="en:Handicap principle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Handicap principle</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物种形成">物种形成</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="物种">物种</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E7%A7%8D" title="复合种">复合种</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物种概念" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Species concept"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物种概念（页面不存在）">物种概念</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_concept" class="extiw" title="en:Species concept"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Species concept</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化分類學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary taxonomy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化分類學（页面不存在）">演化分類學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary taxonomy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary taxonomy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="選擇單位" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Unit of selection"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="選擇單位（页面不存在）">選擇單位</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_selection" class="extiw" title="en:Unit of selection"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Unit of selection</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="进化的基因中心论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gene-centered view of evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="进化的基因中心论（页面不存在）">进化的基因中心论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Gene-centered view of evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gene-centered view of evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CollapsedtreeLabels-simplified.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CollapsedtreeLabels-simplified.svg/140px-CollapsedtreeLabels-simplified.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CollapsedtreeLabels-simplified.svg/210px-CollapsedtreeLabels-simplified.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CollapsedtreeLabels-simplified.svg/280px-CollapsedtreeLabels-simplified.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="群体遗传学">群体遗传学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="人工選擇">人工選擇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%AF%B9%E7%AD%96" title="进化稳定对策">进化稳定对策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E9%9B%AA%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="费雪原理">费雪原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89%E5%BA%A6" title="適應度">適應度</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E9%AB%94%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89%E5%BA%A6" title="整體適應度">整體適應度</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95" title="基因流動">基因流動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E6%BC%82%E5%8F%98" title="遗传漂变">遗传漂变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E5%B1%AC%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="親屬選擇">親屬選擇</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%B2%E4%BB%A3%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84" title="亲代投资">亲代投资</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="親子衝突 (演化生物學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Parent–offspring conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%AA%E5%AD%90%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81_(%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="親子衝突 (演化生物學)（页面不存在）">親子衝突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Parent–offspring conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Parent–offspring conflict</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98" title="突变">突变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4" title="种群">种群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9" title="自然选择">自然选择</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E6%80%A7%E5%BC%82%E5%BD%A2" title="两性异形">两性异形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="性選擇">性選擇</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A9%E5%81%B6" title="择偶">择偶</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会选择" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social selection"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会选择（页面不存在）">社会选择</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_selection" class="extiw" title="en:Social selection"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social selection</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特里弗斯-威拉德假说" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%BC%97%E6%96%AF-%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特里弗斯-威拉德假说（页面不存在）">特里弗斯-威拉德假说</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" class="extiw" title="en:Trivers–Willard hypothesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0" title="遺傳變異">遺傳變異</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">發展</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="渠道導向" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Canalisation (genetics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A0%E9%81%93%E5%B0%8E%E5%90%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渠道導向（页面不存在）">渠道導向</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalisation_(genetics)" class="extiw" title="en:Canalisation (genetics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Canalisation (genetics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="演化發育生物學">演化發育生物學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反演 (演化生物學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inversion (evolutionary biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E6%BC%94_(%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反演 (演化生物學)（页面不存在）">反演</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_(evolutionary_biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Inversion (evolutionary biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inversion (evolutionary biology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模块化 (生物学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="modularity (biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E5%8C%96_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="模块化 (生物学)（页面不存在）">模块化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/modularity_(biology)" class="extiw" title="en:modularity (biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">modularity (biology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%9E%8B%E5%8F%AF%E5%A1%91%E6%80%A7" title="表型可塑性">表型可塑性</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">特定<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83" title="分類單元">類群</a>的演化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E9%A1%9E%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="鳥類演化">鳥類演化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="腕足動物門的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary history of brachiopods"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%95%E8%B6%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%96%80%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腕足動物門的演化（页面不存在）">腕足動物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_brachiopods" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary history of brachiopods"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary history of brachiopods</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="頭足綱的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary history of cephalopods"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%AD%E8%B6%B3%E7%B6%B1%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="頭足綱的演化（页面不存在）">頭足綱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_cephalopods" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary history of cephalopods"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary history of cephalopods</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E9%BE%99#演化與分類" title="恐龙">恐龍</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="魚類的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of fish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="魚類的演化（页面不存在）">魚類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of fish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of fish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="真菌的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of fungi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真菌的演化（页面不存在）">真菌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of fungi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of fungi</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="昆蟲的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of insects"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="昆蟲的演化（页面不存在）">昆蟲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_insects" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of insects"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of insects</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蝴蝶的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Butterfly evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9D%B4%E8%9D%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蝴蝶的演化（页面不存在）">蝴蝶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Butterfly evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Butterfly evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="生命史">生命</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哺乳動物的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of mammals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳动物的演化">哺乳动物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of mammals"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of mammals</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="猫间隔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cat gap"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8C%AB%E9%97%B4%E9%9A%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="猫间隔（页面不存在）">貓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_gap" class="extiw" title="en:Cat gap"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cat gap</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="狗的起源" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Origin of the domestic dog"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%97%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="狗的起源（页面不存在）">狗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_domestic_dog" class="extiw" title="en:Origin of the domestic dog"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Origin of the domestic dog</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of the horse"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马的演化（页面不存在）">马</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of the horse"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of the horse</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="人類演化">人類演化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="狐猴演化史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary history of lemurs"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%90%E7%8C%B4%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="狐猴演化史（页面不存在）">狐猴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_lemurs" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary history of lemurs"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary history of lemurs</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鯨豚類的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of cetaceans"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AF%A8%E8%B1%9A%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鯨豚類的演化（页面不存在）">鯨豚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of cetaceans"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of cetaceans</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海牛屬的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of sirenians"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%9B%E5%B1%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海牛屬的演化（页面不存在）">海牛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_sirenians" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of sirenians"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of sirenians</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="軟體動物的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of Mollusca"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軟體動物的演化（页面不存在）">软体动物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_Mollusca" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of Mollusca"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of Mollusca</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of plants"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物的演化（页面不存在）">植物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_plants" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of plants"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of plants</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="爬行動物的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of reptiles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爬行動物的演化（页面不存在）">爬行动物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_reptiles" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of reptiles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of reptiles</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蜘蛛的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of spiders"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9C%98%E8%9B%9B%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蜘蛛的演化（页面不存在）">蜘蛛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_spiders" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of spiders"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of spiders</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B6%B3%E9%A1%9E" title="四足類">四足類</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="病毒的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Viral evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="病毒的演化（页面不存在）">病毒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Viral evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Viral evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="流感的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of Influenza"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="流感的演化（页面不存在）">流感</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_Influenza" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of Influenza"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of Influenza</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">特定<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="器官">構造</a>的進化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="細胞的進化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of cells"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%9A%84%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞的進化（页面不存在）">細胞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_cells" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of cells"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of cells</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="DNA進化模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Models of DNA evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA進化模型（页面不存在）">DNA</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_DNA_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Models of DNA evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Models of DNA evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色体</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%86%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="內膜系統">內膜系統</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="眼睛的進化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of the eye"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%BC%E7%9D%9B%E7%9A%84%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="眼睛的進化（页面不存在）">眼睛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of the eye"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of the eye</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鞭毛的進化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of flagella"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E7%9A%84%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鞭毛的進化（页面不存在）">鞭毛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_flagella" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of flagella"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of flagella</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%AB%AE" title="頭髮">頭髮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94" title="線粒體">線粒體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%90%AC%E5%B0%8F%E9%AA%A8%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96" title="哺乳动物听小骨进化">哺乳动物听小骨进化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="神经系统的演化">神經系統</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大腦的進化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of the brain"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大腦的進化（页面不存在）">大腦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of the brain"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of the brain</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94" title="色素體">色素體</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="生物过程">生物过程</a>的演化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="衰老的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of ageing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衰老的演化（页面不存在）">衰老</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_ageing" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of ageing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of ageing</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="死亡">死亡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E6%80%A7%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="程序性细胞死亡">程序性细胞死亡</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鸟类飞行的起源" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Origin of avian flight"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%9F%E7%B1%BB%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鸟类飞行的起源（页面不存在）">鸟类飞行的起源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" class="extiw" title="en:Origin of avian flight"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Origin of avian flight</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98" title="生物复杂性的演变">生物复杂性的演变</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Co-operation (evolution)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Co-operation (evolution)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-operation_(evolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co-operation (evolution)（页面不存在）">Cooperation</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operation_(evolution)" class="extiw" title="en:Co-operation (evolution)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Co-operation (evolution)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彩色视觉的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of color vision"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A9%E8%89%B2%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彩色视觉的演化（页面不存在）">彩色视觉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of color vision"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of color vision</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E9%95%BF%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%A9%E8%89%B2%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="灵长目彩色视觉的演化">灵长目彩色视觉的演化</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="情绪的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of emotion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="情绪的演化（页面不存在）">情绪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of emotion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of emotion</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83" title="同理心">同理心</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="演化伦理学">伦理学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="真社会性的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of eusociality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真社会性的演化（页面不存在）">真社会性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_eusociality" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of eusociality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of eusociality</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="代谢">代谢</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="動物一夫一妻制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Monogamous pairing in animals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="動物一夫一妻制（页面不存在）">動物一夫一妻制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogamous_pairing_in_animals" class="extiw" title="en:Monogamous pairing in animals"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Monogamous pairing in animals</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="道德的演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution of morality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德的演化（页面不存在）">道德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of morality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution of morality</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="镶嵌进化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mosaic evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%B6%E5%B5%8C%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="镶嵌进化（页面不存在）">镶嵌进化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Mosaic evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mosaic evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多細胞生物">多細胞生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="有性生殖的演化">有性生殖的演化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E9%85%8D%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="异配生殖">异配生殖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" title="生物生命週期">生物生命週期</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="接合型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mating type"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A5%E5%90%88%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="接合型（页面不存在）">接合型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating_type" class="extiw" title="en:Mating type"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mating type</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="减数分裂的起源和功能" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Origin and function of meiosis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%8F%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E5%92%8C%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="减数分裂的起源和功能（页面不存在）">减数分裂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_and_function_of_meiosis" class="extiw" title="en:Origin and function of meiosis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Origin and function of meiosis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="性別決定系統">性別決定系統</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物种形成">物种形成</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="异域物种形成">异域物种形成</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前進演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anagenesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E9%80%B2%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前進演化（页面不存在）">前進演化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Anagenesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anagenesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="後退演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Catagenesis (biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E9%80%80%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="後退演化（页面不存在）">後退演化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catagenesis_(biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Catagenesis (biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Catagenesis (biology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系枝发生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cladogenesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E6%9E%9D%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系枝发生（页面不存在）">系枝发生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Cladogenesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cladogenesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E5%90%8C%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="協同物種形成">協同物種形成</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态物种形成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological speciation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态物种形成（页面不存在）">生态物种形成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_speciation" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological speciation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological speciation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非生态物种形成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nonecological speciation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非生态物种形成（页面不存在）">非生态物种形成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonecological_speciation" class="extiw" title="en:Nonecological speciation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nonecological speciation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杂交成种" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hybrid speciation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%82%E4%BA%A4%E6%88%90%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杂交成种（页面不存在）">杂交成种</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" class="extiw" title="en:Hybrid speciation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hybrid speciation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="邻域物种形成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Parapatric speciation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%BB%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邻域物种形成（页面不存在）">邻域物种形成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapatric_speciation" class="extiw" title="en:Parapatric speciation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Parapatric speciation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="边域物种形成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peripatric speciation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B9%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="边域物种形成（页面不存在）">边域物种形成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatric_speciation" class="extiw" title="en:Peripatric speciation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peripatric speciation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="同域物种形成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sympatric speciation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E5%9F%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同域物种形成（页面不存在）">同域物种形成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatric_speciation" class="extiw" title="en:Sympatric speciation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sympatric speciation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E8%90%8A%E5%A3%AB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="華萊士效應">華萊士效應</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关领域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="生態遺傳學">生態遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="族群選擇">族群選擇</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="文化演化">文化演化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文化群体选择" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cultural group selection"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化群体选择（页面不存在）">文化群体选择</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" class="extiw" title="en:Cultural group selection"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cultural group selection</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="双继承理论">双继承理论</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="全基因组进化论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hologenome theory of evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全基因组进化论（页面不存在）">全基因组进化论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Hologenome theory of evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hologenome theory of evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="缺失遗传性问题" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Missing heritability problem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BC%BA%E5%A4%B1%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E6%80%A7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="缺失遗传性问题（页面不存在）">缺失遗传性问题</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" class="extiw" title="en:Missing heritability problem"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Missing heritability problem</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="分子演化">分子演化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學">天體生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="系统发生学">系统发生学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E6%A8%B9" title="系統發生樹">系統發生樹</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="系統分類學">系統分類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" title="比較解剖學">比較解剖學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="演化心理學">演化心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="演化神经科学">演化神经科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9D%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E9%AB%94" title="原初生命體">原初生命體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%82%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E8%B7%A8%E4%BB%A3%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF" title="表观遗传跨代继承">表观遗传跨代继承</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="演化思想史">演化思想史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文艺复兴和启蒙运动的进化思想" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E5%92%8C%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文艺复兴和启蒙运动的进化思想（页面不存在）">文艺复兴和启蒙运动的进化思想</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物种嬗变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transmutation of species"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%AC%97%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物种嬗变（页面不存在）">物种嬗变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" class="extiw" title="en:Transmutation of species"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transmutation of species</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟">大卫·休谟</a> <ul><li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然宗教对话录" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AF%B9%E8%AF%9D%E5%BD%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然宗教对话录（页面不存在）">自然宗教对话录</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" class="extiw" title="en:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</span></a></span>）</span></span>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文">查尔斯·达尔文</a> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="物种起源">物种起源</a>》</li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古生物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of paleontology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古生物学史（页面不存在）">古生物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paleontology" class="extiw" title="en:History of paleontology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of paleontology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="過渡化石">過渡化石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0" title="融合遗传">融合遗传</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="孟德尔定律">孟德尔定律</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="达尔文主义的衰落" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The eclipse of Darwinism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="达尔文主义的衰落（页面不存在）">达尔文主义的衰落</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" class="extiw" title="en:The eclipse of Darwinism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The eclipse of Darwinism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新达尔文主义">新达尔文主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%BC%E8%AE%BA" title="现代演化综论">现代演化综论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子进化史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of molecular evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子进化史（页面不存在）">分子进化史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:History of molecular evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of molecular evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="扩展进化综合理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Extended evolutionary synthesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="扩展进化综合理论（页面不存在）">扩展进化综合理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_evolutionary_synthesis" class="extiw" title="en:Extended evolutionary synthesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Extended evolutionary synthesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">哲學</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="達爾文主義">達爾文主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="達爾文進化論的替代方案" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E6%9B%BF%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達爾文進化論的替代方案（页面不存在）">達爾文進化論的替代方案</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Alternatives to Darwinian evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alternatives to Darwinian evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%BD%E8%AE%8A%E8%AB%96" title="災變論">災變論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="拉馬克主義">拉馬克主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="定向演化">定向演化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="突变论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mutationism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="突变论（页面不存在）">突变论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutationism" class="extiw" title="en:Mutationism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mutationism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="骤变说" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Saltation (biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AA%A4%E5%8F%98%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="骤变说（页面不存在）">骤变说</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Saltation (biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Saltation (biology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="结构主义 (生物学)">结构主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AF%BC%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BA" title="神导演化论">神导演化论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%9B%E8%AB%96" title="活力論">活力論</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" 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