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water</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: brackish water"> <meta name="keywords" content="brackish water"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="brackish water"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 8637</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: brackish water</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8577</span> Pollution-Sources, Controls, and Impact Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aditi%20Acharya">Aditi Acharya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Environmental pollution is threatening the environmental and human health in the most drastic way. This paper provides insight about the affects of environmental pollution in the perspective of water pollution. Sewage in drinking water, the increasing contamination of water bodies and water resources and the human beings are the major contributors, increasing the harsh activities of pollution. The research presents information about the sources of pollution, its impacts and control activities to be undertaken to make our environment free from water pollution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20pollution" title="environmental pollution">environmental pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20pollution" title=" water pollution"> water pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanotechnology" title=" nanotechnology"> nanotechnology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanomaterials" title=" nanomaterials"> nanomaterials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27061/pollution-sources-controls-and-impact-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27061.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8576</span> Evaluation of the Potability Qualities of Pretreated Distilled Water Produced from Biomass Fuelled Water Distiller</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20I.%20Oluwasola">E. I. Oluwasola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20A.%20V.%20Famurewa"> J. A. V. Famurewa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Aboloma"> R. Aboloma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Adesina"> K. Adesina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water samples with pretreatment and without pretreatment were obtained from locally constructed biomass fuelled stainless steel water distiller. The water samples were subjected to Microbial, Physicochemical and Minerals analyses for comparison with NAFDAC and WHO Standards for potable water. The results of the physicochemical and microbiological properties of the raw water(A), and the two distilled water samples (B; distill water without pretreatment) and (C; distill water with pretreatment) showed reduction in most of the quality parameters evaluated in the distilled water samples to the level that conforms to the W.H.O standards for drinking water however, lower values were obtained for the pretreated distilled water sample. The values of 0.0016mg/l, 0.0052mg/l and 0.0528mg/l for the arsenic, chromium and lead content respectively in the raw water were within the permissible limit specified by WHO however; the values of cadmium (0.067mg/l) and mercury (0.0287mg/l) are above the maximum tolerable for drinking water thus, making the raw water unsafe for human consumption. Similarly, the high total plate count (278cfu /ml) and coliform count (1100/100ml) indicate that the raw water is potentially harmful while the distilled water samples showed nil coliform count and low total plate count (35cfu/ml,18cfu/ml) for B and C respectively making the distilled water microbiologically safer for human consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass" title="biomass">biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distillation" title=" distillation"> distillation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineral" title=" mineral"> mineral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potable" title=" potable"> potable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physicochemical" title=" physicochemical"> physicochemical</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20798/evaluation-of-the-potability-qualities-of-pretreated-distilled-water-produced-from-biomass-fuelled-water-distiller" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20798.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">496</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8575</span> Innovative Method for Treating Oil-Produced Water with Low Operating Cost</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maha%20Salman">Maha Salman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gada%20Al-Nuwaibit"> Gada Al-Nuwaibit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Al-Haji"> Ahmed Al-Haji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saleh%20Al-Haddad"> Saleh Al-Haddad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abbas%20Al-Mesri"> Abbas Al-Mesri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mansour%20Al-Rugeeb"> Mansour Al-Rugeeb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The high salinity of oil-produced water and its complicated chemical composition, makes designing a suitable treatment system for oil-produced water is extremely difficult and costly. On the current study, a new innovative method was proposed to treat the complicated oil-produced water through a simple mixing with brine stream produced from waste water treatment plant. The proposal will investigate the scaling potential of oil-produce water, seawater and the selected brine water (BW) produced from Sulaibiya waste water treatment and reclamation plant (SWWTRP) before and after the mixing with oil-produced water, and will calculate the scaling potential of all expected precipitated salts using different conversion and different % of mixing to optimize the % of mixing between the oil-produced water and the selected stream. The result shows a great, feasible and economic solution to treat oil produced with a very low capital cost. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brine%20water" title="brine water">brine water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil-produced%20water" title=" oil-produced water"> oil-produced water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scaling%20potential" title=" scaling potential"> scaling potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sulaibiyah%20waste%20water%20and%20reclaminatin%20plant" title=" Sulaibiyah waste water and reclaminatin plant"> Sulaibiyah waste water and reclaminatin plant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64421/innovative-method-for-treating-oil-produced-water-with-low-operating-cost" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64421.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">446</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8574</span> Risk Management of Water Derivatives: A New Commodity in The Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Mokatsanyane">Daniel Mokatsanyane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johnny%20Jansen%20Van%20Rensburg"> Johnny Jansen Van Rensburg</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is a concise introduction of the risk management on the water derivatives market. Water, a new commodity in the market, is one of the most important commodity on earth. As important to life and planet as crops, metals, and energy, none of them matters without water. This paper presents a brief overview of water as a tradable commodity via a new first of its kind futures contract on the Nasdaq Veles California Water Index (NQH2O) derivative instrument, TheGeneralised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) statistical model will be the used to measure the water price volatility of the instrument and its performance since it’s been traded. describe the main products and illustrate their usage in risk management and also discuss key challenges with modeling and valuation of water as a traded commodity and finally discuss how water derivatives may be taken as an alternative asset investment class. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20derivatives" title="water derivatives">water derivatives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commodity%20market" title=" commodity market"> commodity market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nasdaq%20veles%20california%20water%20Index%20%28NQH2O" title=" nasdaq veles california water Index (NQH2O"> nasdaq veles california water Index (NQH2O</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20price" title=" water price"> water price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20management" title=" risk management"> risk management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153057/risk-management-of-water-derivatives-a-new-commodity-in-the-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153057.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8573</span> Field Scale Simulation Study of Miscible Water Alternating CO2 Injection Process in Fractured Reservoirs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hooman%20Fallah">Hooman Fallah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vast amounts of world oil reservoirs are in natural fractured reservoirs. There are different methods for increasing recovery from fractured reservoirs. Miscible injection of water alternating CO2 is a good choice among this methods. In this method, water and CO2 slugs are injected alternatively in reservoir as miscible agent into reservoir. This paper studies water injection scenario and miscible injection of water and CO2 in a two dimensional, inhomogeneous fractured reservoir. The results show that miscible water alternating CO2¬ gas injection leads to 3.95% increase in final oil recovery and total water production decrease of 3.89% comparing to water injection scenario. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation%20study" title="simulation study">simulation study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2" title=" CO2"> CO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20alternating%20gas%20injection" title=" water alternating gas injection"> water alternating gas injection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractured%20reservoirs" title=" fractured reservoirs"> fractured reservoirs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27168/field-scale-simulation-study-of-miscible-water-alternating-co2-injection-process-in-fractured-reservoirs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27168.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8572</span> Power Generation through Water Vapour: An Approach of Using Sea/River/Lake Water as Renewable Energy Source</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riad">Riad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As present world needs more and more energy in a low cost way, it needs to find out the optimal way of power generation. In the sense of low cost, renewable energy is one of the greatest sources of power generation. Water vapour of sea/river/lake can be used for power generation by using the greenhouse effect in a large flat type water chamber floating on the water surface. The water chamber will always be kept half filled. When water evaporates by sunlight, the high pressured gaseous water will be stored in the chamber. By passing through a pipe and by using aerodynamics it can be used for power generation. The water level of the chamber is controlled by some means. As a large amount of water evaporates, an estimation can be highlighted, approximately 3 to 4 thousand gallons of water evaporates from per acre of surface (this amount will be more by greenhouse effect). This large amount of gaseous water can be utilized for power generation by passing through a pipe. This method can be a source of power generation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title="renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=greenhouse%20effect" title=" greenhouse effect"> greenhouse effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20chamber" title=" water chamber"> water chamber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20vapour" title=" water vapour"> water vapour</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63915/power-generation-through-water-vapour-an-approach-of-using-seariverlake-water-as-renewable-energy-source" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63915.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8571</span> A Study on Water Quality Parameters of Pond Water for Better Management of Pond</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dona%20Grace%20Jeyaseeli">Dona Grace Jeyaseeli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water quality conditions in a pond are controlled by both natural processes and human influences. Natural factors such as the source of the pond water and the types of rock and soil in the pond watershed will influence some water quality characteristics. These factors are difficult to control but usually cause few problems. Instead, most serious water quality problems originate from land uses or other activities near or in the pond. The effects of these activities can often be minimized through proper management and early detection of problems through testing. In the present study a survey of three ponds in Coimbatore city, Tamilnadu, India were analyzed and found that water quality problems in their ponds, ranging from muddy water to fish kills. Unfortunately, most pond owners have never tested their ponds, and water quality problems are usually only detected after they cause a problem. Hence the present study discusses some common water quality parameters that may cause problems in ponds and how to detect through testing for better management of pond. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality" title="water quality">water quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pond" title=" pond"> pond</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=test" title=" test"> test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=problem" title=" problem"> problem</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1383/a-study-on-water-quality-parameters-of-pond-water-for-better-management-of-pond" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1383.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">504</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8570</span> Optimizing Inanda Dam Using Water Resources Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20I.%20Nkwonta">O. I. Nkwonta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Dzwairo"> B. Dzwairo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Adeyemo"> J. Adeyemo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Jaiyola"> A. Jaiyola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Sawyerr"> N. Sawyerr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Otieno"> F. Otieno</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effective management of water resources is of great importance to ensure the supply of water resources to support changing water requirements over a selected planning horizon and in a sustainable and cost-effective way. Essentially, the purpose of the water resources planning process is to balance the available water resources in a system with the water requirements and losses to which the system is subjected. In such situations, Water resources yield and planning model can be used to solve those difficulties. It has an advantage over other models by managing model runs, developing a representative system network, modelling incremental sub-catchments, creating a variety of standard system features, special modelling features, and run result output options. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex" title="complex">complex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20resources" title=" water resources"> water resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=planning" title=" planning"> planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20effective%20and%20management" title=" cost effective and management"> cost effective and management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25801/optimizing-inanda-dam-using-water-resources-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25801.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">573</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8569</span> Environmental Drivers of Ichthyofauna Species Diversity and Richness in the Lower Reaches of Warri River, a Typical Mangrove Ecosystem in the Niger Delta, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20O.%20Arimoro">F. O. Arimoro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20N.%20Okonkwo"> F. N. Okonkwo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20B.%20Ikomi"> R. B. Ikomi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The environmental determinants structuring species richness has been generating interest recently but we still lack an understanding of these patterns in various regions (e.g. Afrotropical), and how seasons help to structure these patterns. Our aim was to assessed the environmental drivers importance in regulating species richness and community structure of fish species. The lchthyofauna assemblage of Warri River, Niger Delta area of Nigeria was studied between August 2013 and July 2014. A total of 1152 individuals representing 43 species in 23 families and 30 genera were caught. Of the 43 species recorded, 67.4%, 53.5% and 67.4% of the species occurred in Stations 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Eight taxa representing 18.6% of the total abundance were ubiquitous. The claroteid, Chrysichthys walkeri and the cichlid, Chromidotilapia guentheri were the most dominant species accounting for 19.2% and 6.0% respectively of the total catch. The species richness and general diversity were relatively higher in station 1 although Jaccard similarity index revealed that stations 1 and 3 were significantly similar while station 2 showed complete dissimilarity with stations 1 and 3. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, Biochemical Oxygen demand and temperature were important variables structuring the overall fish assemblages. The presence of appreciable number of juveniles in this water body suggests that the Warri River is a breeding and nursery ground for fish species particularly those of brackish origin. These findings indicate that the water body is still useful as a good fishing ground for the rural communities and every effort should be put in place to ensure its protection and conservation for the production of healthy fish. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chrysichthys%20walkeri" title="Chrysichthys walkeri">Chrysichthys walkeri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fish%20communities" title=" fish communities"> fish communities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mangrove%20ecosystem" title=" mangrove ecosystem"> mangrove ecosystem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physicochemical%20parameters" title=" physicochemical parameters"> physicochemical parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Warri%20River" title=" Warri River"> Warri River</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26899/environmental-drivers-of-ichthyofauna-species-diversity-and-richness-in-the-lower-reaches-of-warri-river-a-typical-mangrove-ecosystem-in-the-niger-delta-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26899.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">489</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8568</span> Levels of Microcystin in the Coastal Waters of Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Medina%20Kadiri">Medina Kadiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Blue-green otherwise called cyanobacteria, produce an array of biotoxins grouped into five categories notably hapatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxins, dermatotoxins, and irritant toxins. Microcystins which are examples of hepatotoxins produced by blue-green algae Microcystins comprise the most common group of the cyanobacterial toxins. Blue-green algae flourish in aquatic environments, whether marine, brackish or freshwater, producing blooms in different forms such as microscopic, mats, or unsightly odoriferous scums. Microcystins biotoxins cause a plethora of animal and human hazards such as liver damage/cirrhosis and cancer, kidney damage, dermatitis, tinnitus, gastroenteritis, sore throat, nausea, myalgia, neurological problems, respiratory irritation and death. Water samples were collected from coastal regions of Nigeria in March 2014, June 2014, October 2014 and January 2015 and analyzed with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. Microcystin biotoxin was recorded in all sites both during dry and wet seasons. The range of microcystins found was 0.000041-There was a seasonal trend of increasing microcystin concentrations from March till Octobers and a decrease thereafter. Generally in the oceanic waters, microcystin levels were highest at Cross Rivers in March and January, Barbeach in June and Lekki in October. In the adjoining riverine ecosystems, on the other hand, the highest concentrations of microcystin were observed at Akwa Ibom in March, June and October and in Bayelsa in January. Continuous monitoring and screening of coastal water bodies is suggested to minimize the health risks of cyanobacterial biotoxins to coastal communities of Nigeria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biotoxins" title="biotoxins">biotoxins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harmful%20algae" title=" harmful algae"> harmful algae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine" title=" marine"> marine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microcystin" title=" microcystin"> microcystin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48090/levels-of-microcystin-in-the-coastal-waters-of-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48090.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">283</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8567</span> The Use of Water Hyacinth for Bioenergy Electric Generation: For the case of Tana Water Hyacinth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seada%20Hussen%20Adem">Seada Hussen Adem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frie%20Ayalew%20Yimam"> Frie Ayalew Yimam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to its high biomass output and potential to produce renewable energy, water hyacinth, a rapidly expanding aquatic weed, has gained recognition as a prospective bioenergy feedstock. Through a variety of conversion processes, such as anaerobic digestion, combustion, and gasification, this study suggests using water hyacinth to generate energy. The suggested strategy helps to reduce the annoyance brought on by the excessive growth of water hyacinth in Tana water bodies in addition to offering an alternate source of energy. The study emphasizes the value of environmentally friendly methods for managing Tana water resources as well as the potential of water hyacinth as a source of bioenergy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20digestion" title="anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioenergy" title=" bioenergy"> bioenergy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion" title=" combustion"> combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gasification" title=" gasification"> gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20hyacinth" title=" water hyacinth"> water hyacinth</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168093/the-use-of-water-hyacinth-for-bioenergy-electric-generation-for-the-case-of-tana-water-hyacinth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168093.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8566</span> Socio-Economic Analysis of Water Saving Technologies in Agricultural Sector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Yazdani">Saeed Yazdani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Nekoofar"> F. Nekoofar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Considering the importance and scarcity of water resources, the efficient management of water resources is of great importance. In the agriculture sector, farmers are facilitated with various practices and technologies to encounter water insufficiency. This study aims to assess socio-economic factors affecting the application of water-saving technologies. A Logit method was employed to examine the impact of different variables on the use of water-saving technology. The required data was gathered from a sample of 204 farmers in 2021 in Alborz Province in Iran. The results indicate that different variables such as crop price variability, water sources, farm size, income, education, experience, membership in cooperatives have positive effects, and variables such as age and number of plots have negative effects on the probability of applying modern water-saving technologies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-economics" title="socio-economics">socio-economics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigation" title=" irrigation"> irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20saving%20technologies" title=" water saving technologies"> water saving technologies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scarcity" title=" scarcity"> scarcity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191932/socio-economic-analysis-of-water-saving-technologies-in-agricultural-sector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191932.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">21</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8565</span> Iraq Water Resources Planning: Perspectives and Prognoses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadhir%20Al-Ansari">Nadhir Al-Ansari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ammar%20A.%20Ali"> Ammar A. Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sven%20Knutsson"> Sven Knutsson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Iraq is located in the Middle East. It covers an area of 433,970 square kilometres populated by about 32 million inhabitants. Iraq greatly relies in its water resources on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Recently, Iraq is suffering from water shortage problems. This is due to external and internal factors. The former includes global warming and water resources policies of neighbouring countries while the latter includes mismanagement of its water resources. The supply and demand are predicted to be 43 and 66.8 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) respectively in 2015, while in 2025 it will be 17.61 and 77 BCM respectively. In addition, future prediction suggests that Tigris and Euphrates Rivers will be completely dry in 2040. To overcome this problem, prudent water management policies are to be adopted. This includes Strategic Water Management Vision, development of irrigation techniques, reduction of water losses, use of non-conventional water resources and research and development planning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tigris%20River" title=" Tigris River"> Tigris River</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Euphrates%20River" title=" Euphrates River"> Euphrates River</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20scarcity" title=" water scarcity"> water scarcity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20resources%20management" title=" water resources management"> water resources management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13502/iraq-water-resources-planning-perspectives-and-prognoses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13502.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8564</span> Overview of Cage Aquaculture Practices, Benefits and Challenges on Africa Waters Bodies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mekonen%20Hailu">Mekonen Hailu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liu%20Liping"> Liu Liping</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cage aquaculture is highly preferred due to higher production per unit volume of water, lower costs of investment, and simpler routine farm management procedures compared to pond systems. In the 1980s, cage culture was first used on a trial basis in sub-Saharan Africa. Over the past 20 years, a small number of prosperous freshwater cage culture operations have started to emerge in Egypt, Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Ghana, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Brackish and marine cage culture also offers a lot of potential, although this subsector hasn't seen any significant commercial growth to date. In 2019, 263 cage aquaculture installations on the African inland waters on 18 water bodies within eight countries with an estimated 20,114 cages were reported. The lakes Victoria, Kariba, Volta, and River Volta, which together account for 82.9% of all cage aquaculture installations regarded as sub-Saharan Africa's principal cage aquaculture regions (Fig 1). Except few small-scale trials with North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), almost all farms in Sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt grow Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). More than 247,398 tonnes of fish are produced yearly from ten African countries through cage aquaculture. The expansion of cage culture in Africa provides job opportunities for both skilled and unskilled workers, nutritious food and foreign currency. The escaping non-native strains of tilapia in Lake Volta and the occurrence of a risky Tilapia lake virus (syncytial hepatitis), which has the potential to wipe out entire populations in both wild and farmed Nile tilapia on Lake Victoria, are threats coming with the expansion of cage aquaculture in Africa. In addition, the installations of 138 cage aquacultures were found in contrary to best cage culture practices. To sustain cage aquaculture development and maintain harmony with other water uses, developers must strictly abide by best practices. Hence, the exclusion of protected areas and small lakes (average depth 5 m or less) should be done, as well an Environmental Impact Assessment should be conducted before establishing the cage farms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cage%20aquaculture" title=" cage aquaculture"> cage aquaculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=production" title=" production"> production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threats" title=" threats"> threats</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184340/overview-of-cage-aquaculture-practices-benefits-and-challenges-on-africa-waters-bodies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184340.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8563</span> Gas Flotation Unit in Kuwait Oil Company Operations </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Homoud%20Bourisli">Homoud Bourisli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haitham%20Safar"> Haitham Safar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oil is one of main resources of energy in the world. As conventional oil is drying out, oil recovery is crucial to maintain the same level of oil production. Since water injection is one of the commonly used methods to increase and maintain pressure in oil wells, oil-water separation processes of the water associated with oil production for water injection oil recovery is very essential. Therefore, Gas Flotation Units are used for oil-water separation to be able to re-inject the treated water back into the wells to increase pressure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuwait%20oil%20company" title="Kuwait oil company">Kuwait oil company</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissolved%20gas%20flotation%20unit" title=" dissolved gas flotation unit"> dissolved gas flotation unit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=induced%20gas%20flotation%20unit" title=" induced gas flotation unit"> induced gas flotation unit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil-water%20separation" title=" oil-water separation"> oil-water separation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29539/gas-flotation-unit-in-kuwait-oil-company-operations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29539.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">574</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8562</span> Impact of Saline Water and Water Restriction in Laying Hens</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Vakili">Reza Vakili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of duration water restriction of drinking water and salinity level on production performance, egg quality and biochemical and hematological blood indices of laying hens. A total of 240 Hy-Line laying hens were used in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental treatments were: 1) free access to drinking water and a low level of salinity (TDS below 500 mg/L) (FAW+LS), 2) free access to water and a high level of salinity (TDS above 1500 mg/L), (FAW+HS), 3) 12 h nightly water restriction and a low level of salinity (LAW+LS), and 4) 12 h water restriction and a high level of salinity (LAW+HS). Intake of feed, percentage of egg production and egg weight and mass were not affected by water restriction or salinity level (P > 0.05), however, a trend (P < 0.01) for lower water consumption was detected in water-restricted hens, regardless of salinity level (213 vs 187). A tendency for lower eggshell and yolk weights was observed in hens that had limited access to water with high salinity compared to those had free access to high saline water (P = 0.08). Serum total protein and glucose concentrations significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in hens drank high salinity water, regardless of water restriction. Moreover, saline water increased the concentration of uric acid, creatinine, and cholesterol when compared to low salinity drank-hens (P < 0.05). The concentrations of ALT and AST increased with salinity level (P < 0.05) and water restriction caused an increment in AST content (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Hy-Line laying hens could withstand water restriction, whilst could not tolerate water salinity of about 1500 mg/L. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20pollutants" title="chemical pollutants">chemical pollutants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eggs" title=" eggs"> eggs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laying%20hens" title=" laying hens"> laying hens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salinity" title=" salinity"> salinity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality" title=" water quality"> water quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191494/impact-of-saline-water-and-water-restriction-in-laying-hens" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191494.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">23</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8561</span> Computational Fluid Dynamics Study on Water Soot Blower Direction in Tangentially Fired Pulverized-Coal Boiler</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teewin%20Plangsrinont">Teewin Plangsrinont</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wasawat%20Nakkiew"> Wasawat Nakkiew</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was utilized to simulate and predict the path of water from water soot blower through an ambient flow field in 300-megawatt tangentially burned pulverized coal boiler that utilizes a water soot blower as a cleaning device. To predict the position of the impact of water on the opposite side of the water soot blower under identical conditions, the nozzle size and water flow rate were fixed in this investigation. The simulation findings demonstrated a high degree of accuracy in predicting the direction of water flow to the boiler's water wall tube, which was validated by comparison to experimental data. Results show maximum deviation value of the water jet trajectory is 10.2 percent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamics" title="computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tangentially%20fired%20boiler" title=" tangentially fired boiler"> tangentially fired boiler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20power%20plant" title=" thermal power plant"> thermal power plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20soot%20blower" title=" water soot blower"> water soot blower</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129135/computational-fluid-dynamics-study-on-water-soot-blower-direction-in-tangentially-fired-pulverized-coal-boiler" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129135.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">209</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8560</span> Water Supply and Utility Management to Address Urban Sanitation Issues</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akshaya%20P.">Akshaya P.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Priyanjali%20Prabhkaran"> Priyanjali Prabhkaran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper examines the formulation of strategies to develop a comprehensive model of city level water utility management to addressing urban sanitation issues. The water is prime life sustaining natural resources and nature’s gifts to all living beings on the earth multiple urban sanitation issues are addressed in the supply of water in a city. Many of these urban sanitation issues are linked to population expansion and economic inequity. Increased usage of water and the development caused water scarcity. The lack of water supply results increases the chance of unhygienic situations in the cities. In this study, the urban sanitation issues are identified with respect to water supply and utility management. The study compared based on their best practices and initiatives. From this, best practices and initiatives identify suitable sustainable measures to address water supply issues in the city level. The paper concludes with the listed provision that should be considered suitable measures for water supply and utility management in city level to address the urban sanitation issues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title="water">water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benchmarking%20water%20supply" title=" benchmarking water supply"> benchmarking water supply</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20supply%20networks" title=" water supply networks"> water supply networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20supply%20management" title=" water supply management"> water supply management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153591/water-supply-and-utility-management-to-address-urban-sanitation-issues" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153591.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8559</span> Calculation of Water Economy Balance for Water Management </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vakhtang%20Geladze">Vakhtang Geladze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nana%20Bolashvili"> Nana Bolashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamazi%20Karalashvili"> Tamazi Karalashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nino%20Machavariani"> Nino Machavariani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ana%20Karalashvili"> Ana Karalashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Geladze"> George Geladze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nana%20Kvirkvelia"> Nana Kvirkvelia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fresh water deficit is one of the most important global problems today. It must be taken into consideration that in the nearest future fresh water crisis will become even more acute owing to the global climate warming and fast desertification processes in the world. Georgia is rich in water resources, but there are disbalance between the eastern and western parts of the country. The goal of the study is to integrate the recent mechanisms compatible with European standards into Georgian water resources management system on the basis of GIS. Moreover, to draw up water economy balance for the purpose of proper determination of water consumption priorities that will be an exchange ratio of water resources and water consumption of the concrete territory. For study region was choose south-eastern part of country, Kvemo kartli Region. This is typical agrarian region, tends to the desertification. The water supply of the region was assessed on the basis of water economy balance, which was first time calculated for this region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desertification" title="desertification">desertification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title=" GIS"> GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20management" title=" sustainable management"> sustainable management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20management" title=" water management"> water management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86911/calculation-of-water-economy-balance-for-water-management" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86911.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8558</span> Optimising the Reservoir Operation Using Water Resources Yield and Planning Model at Inanda Dam, uMngeni Basin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Nkwonta">O. Nkwonta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Dzwairo"> B. Dzwairo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Otieno"> F. Otieno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Adeyemo"> J. Adeyemo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effective management of water resources is of great importance to ensure the supply of water resources to support changing water requirements over a selected planning horizon and in a sustainable and cost-effective way. Essentially, the purpose of the water resources planning process is to balance the available water resources in a system with the water requirements and losses to which the system is subjected. In such situations, water resources yield and planning model can be used to solve those difficulties. It has an advantage over other models by managing model runs, developing a representative system network, modelling incremental sub-catchments, creating a variety of standard system features, special modelling features, and run result output options. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex" title="complex">complex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20resources" title=" water resources"> water resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=planning" title=" planning"> planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20effective" title=" cost effective"> cost effective</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title=" management"> management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18597/optimising-the-reservoir-operation-using-water-resources-yield-and-planning-model-at-inanda-dam-umngeni-basin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18597.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">450</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8557</span> Technical Feasibility Analysis of PV Water Pumping System in Khuzestan Province-Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.Goodarzi">M.Goodarzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.Mohammadi"> M.Mohammadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Rezaee"> M. Rezaee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The technical analysis of using solar energy and electricity for water pumping in the Khuzestan province in Iran is investigated. For this purpose, the ecological conditions such as the weather data, air clearness and sunshine hours are analyzed. The nature of groundwater in the region was examined in terms of depth, static and dynamic head, water pumping rate.Three configurations for solar water pumping system were studied in this thesis; AC solar water pumping with storage battery, AC solar water pumping with storage tank and DC direct solar water pumping. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technical%20feasibility" title="technical feasibility">technical feasibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20energy" title=" solar energy"> solar energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photovoltaic%20systems" title=" photovoltaic systems"> photovoltaic systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photovoltaic%20water%20pumping%20system" title=" photovoltaic water pumping system"> photovoltaic water pumping system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18930/technical-feasibility-analysis-of-pv-water-pumping-system-in-khuzestan-province-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18930.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">630</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8556</span> Internet of Things based AquaSwach Water Purifier</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karthiyayini%20J.">Karthiyayini J.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arpita%20Chowdary%20Vantipalli"> Arpita Chowdary Vantipalli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Darshana%20Sailu%20Tanti"> Darshana Sailu Tanti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malvika%20Ravi%20Kudari"> Malvika Ravi Kudari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krtin%20Kannan"> Krtin Kannan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is propelled from the generally existing undertaking of the smart water quality management, which addresses an IoT (Internet of things) based brilliant water quality observing (SWQM) framework which we call it AquaSwach that guides in the ceaseless estimation of water conditions dependent on five actual boundaries i.e., temperature, pH, electric conductivity and turbidity properties and water virtue estimation each time you drink water. Six sensors relate to Arduino-Mega in a discrete way to detect the water parameters. Extracted data from the sensors are transmitted to a desktop application developed in the NET platform and compared with the WHO (World Health Organization) standard values. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AquaSwach" title="AquaSwach">AquaSwach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IoT" title=" IoT"> IoT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WHO" title=" WHO"> WHO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality" title=" water quality"> water quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144659/internet-of-things-based-aquaswach-water-purifier" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144659.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8555</span> Interactions between Water-Stress and VA Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Plant Growth and Leaf-Water Potential in Tomato</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parisa%20Alizadeh%20Oskuie">Parisa Alizadeh Oskuie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahram%20Baghban%20Ciruse"> Shahram Baghban Ciruse</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus(Glomus mossea) on plant growth and leaf-water potential of tomato (lycopersicum esculentum L.cv.super star) were studied in potted culture water stress stress period of 3 months in greenhouse conditions with the soil matric potential maintained at Fc1, Fc2, Fc3, and Fc4 respectively (0.8,0.7,0.6,0.5 Fc). Seven-day-old seedlings of tomato were transferred to pots containing Glomus mossea or non-AMF. AM colonization significantly stimulated shoot dry matter and leaf-water potential but water stress significantly decreased leaf area, shoot dry matter colonization and leaf-water potential. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaf-water%20potential" title="leaf-water potential">leaf-water potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20growth" title=" plant growth"> plant growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato" title=" tomato"> tomato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VA%20mycorrhiza" title=" VA mycorrhiza"> VA mycorrhiza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water-stress" title=" water-stress "> water-stress </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16478/interactions-between-water-stress-and-va-mycorrhizal-inoculation-on-plant-growth-and-leaf-water-potential-in-tomato" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16478.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8554</span> Water Demand Modelling Using Artificial Neural Network in Ramallah</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Massri">F. Massri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Shkarneh"> M. Shkarneh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Almassri"> B. Almassri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water scarcity and increasing water demand especially for residential use are major challenges facing Palestine. The need to accurately forecast water consumption is useful for the planning and management of this natural resource. The main objective of this paper is to (i) study the major factors influencing the water consumption in Palestine, (ii) understand the general pattern of Household water consumption, (iii) assess the possible changes in household water consumption and suggest appropriate remedies and (iv) develop prediction model based on the Artificial Neural Network to the water consumption in Palestinian cities. The paper is organized in four parts. The first part includes literature review of household water consumption studies. The second part concerns data collection methodology, conceptual frame work for the household water consumption surveys, survey descriptions and data processing methods. The third part presents descriptive statistics, multiple regression and analysis of the water consumption in the two Palestinian cities. The final part develops the use of Artificial Neural Network for modeling the water consumption in Palestinian cities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20management" title="water management">water management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=demand%20forecasting" title=" demand forecasting"> demand forecasting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumption" title=" consumption"> consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ANN" title=" ANN"> ANN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramallah" title=" Ramallah"> Ramallah</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100250/water-demand-modelling-using-artificial-neural-network-in-ramallah" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100250.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8553</span> Surface Water Quality in Orchard Area, Amphawa District, Samut Songkram Province, Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sisuwan%20Kaseamsawat">Sisuwan Kaseamsawat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sivapan%20Choo-In"> Sivapan Choo-In</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aimed to evaluated the surface water quality for agriculture and consumption in the district. Surface water quality parameters in this study in cluding water temperature, turbidity, conductivity. salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, BOD, nitrate, Suspended solids, phosphorus. Total dissolve solids, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, lead and cadmium. Water samples were collected from small excavation, Lychee, Pomelo, and Coconut orchard for 3 season during January to December 2011. The surface water quality from small excavation, Lychee, pomelo, and coconut orchard are meet the type III of surface water quality standard issued by the National Environmental Quality Act B. E. 1992. except the concentration of heavy metal. And did not differ significantly at 0.05 level, except dissolved oxygen. The water is suitable for consumption by the usual sterile and generally improving water quality through the process before. And is suitable for agriculture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality" title="water quality">water quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water%20quality" title=" surface water quality"> surface water quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thailand" title=" Thailand"> Thailand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water "> water </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3886/surface-water-quality-in-orchard-area-amphawa-district-samut-songkram-province-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3886.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8552</span> Effect of Demineralized Water Purity on the Corrosion Behavior of Steel Alloys</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20M.%20El-Aziz">A. M. El-Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Elsehamy"> M. Elsehamy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Hussein"> H. Hussein</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Steel or stainless steel have reasonable corrosion behavior in water, their corrosion resistance is significantly dependent on the water purity. It was not expected that demineralized water has an aggressive effect on steel alloys, in this study, the effect of water with different purity on steel X52 and stainless steel 316L was investigated. Weight loss and electrochemical measurements were employed to measure the corrosion behavior. Samples were microscopically investigated after test. It was observed that the higher the water purity the more reactive it is. Comparative analysis of the potentiodynamic curves for different water purity showed the aggressiveness of the demineralised water (conductivity of 0.05 microSiemens per cm) over the distilled water. Whereas, the corrosion rates of stainless steel 858 and 623 nm/y for demi and distilled water respectively. On the other hand, the corrosion rates of carbon steel x52 were estimated about 4.8 and 3.6 µm/y for demi and distilled water, respectively. Open circuit potential (OCP) recorded more positive potentials in case of stainless steel than carbon steel in different water purities. Generally, stainless steel illustrated high pitting resistance than carbon steel alloy, the surface film was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). This behavior was explained based on that demi and distilled water might be considered as ‘hungry water’ in which it wants to be in equilibrium and will pull ions out of the surrounding metals trying to satisfy its ‘hunger’. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion" title="corrosion">corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=demineralized%20water" title=" demineralized water"> demineralized water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distilled%20water" title=" distilled water"> distilled water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20alloys" title=" steel alloys"> steel alloys</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50480/effect-of-demineralized-water-purity-on-the-corrosion-behavior-of-steel-alloys" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50480.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">813</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8551</span> Assessment of the Water Quality of the Nhue River in Vietnam and its Suitability for Irrigation Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thi%20Lan%20Huong%20Nguyen">Thi Lan Huong Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Motohei%20Kanayama"> Motohei Kanayama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takahiro%20Higashi"> Takahiro Higashi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Van%20Chinh%20Le"> Van Chinh Le</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thu%20Ha%20Doan"> Thu Ha Doan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anh%20Dao%20Chu"> Anh Dao Chu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Nhue River in Vietnam is the main source of irrigation water for suburban agricultural land and fish farm. Wastewater from the industrial plants located along these rivers has been discharged, which has degraded the water quality of the rivers. The present paper describes the chemical properties of water from the river focusing on heavy metal pollution and the suitability of water quality for irrigation. Water from the river was heavily polluted with heavy metals such as Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Ni. Dissolved oxygen, COD, and total suspended solids, and the concentrations of all heavy metals exceeded the Vietnamese standard for surface water quality in all investigated sites. The concentrations of some heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Cr and Ni were over the internationally recommended WHO maximum limits for irrigation water. A wide variation in heavy metal concentration of water due to metal types is the result of wastewater discharged from different industrial sources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title="heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stream%20water" title=" stream water"> stream water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigation" title=" irrigation"> irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industry" title=" industry"> industry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3344/assessment-of-the-water-quality-of-the-nhue-river-in-vietnam-and-its-suitability-for-irrigation-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3344.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8550</span> Examining the Presence of Heterotrophic Aerobic Bacteria (HAB), and Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) in Some Types of Water from the City of Tripoli, Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulsalam.%20I.%20Rafida">Abdulsalam. I. Rafida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marwa.%20F.%20Elalem"> Marwa. F. Elalem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hasna.%20E.%20Alemam"> Hasna. E. Alemam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aimed at testing the various types of water in some areas of the city of Tripoli, Libya for the presence of Heterotrophic Aerobic Bacteria (HAB), and anaerobic Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB). The water samples under investigation included rainwater accumulating on the ground, sewage water (from the city sewage treatment station, sulphate water from natural therapy swimming sites), and sea water (i.e. sea water exposed to pollution by untreated sewage water, and unpolluted sea water from specific locations). A total of 20 samples have been collected distributed as follows: rain water (8 samples), sewage water (6 samples), and sea water (6 samples). An up-to-date method for estimation has been used featuring readymade solutions i.e. (BARTTM test for HAB and BARTTM test for SRB). However, with the exception of one rain water sample, the results have indicated that the target bacteria have been present in all samples. Regarding HAB bacteria the samples have shown a maximum average of 7.0 x 106 cfu/ml featuring sewage and rain water and a minimum average of 1.8 x 104 cuf/ml featuring unpolluted sea water collected from a specific location. As for SRB bacteria; a maximum average of 7.0 x 105 cfu/ml has been shown by sewage and rain water and a minimum average of 1.8 x 104 cfu/ml by sewage and sea water. The above results highlight the relationship between pollution and the presence of bacteria in water particularly water collected from specific locations, and also the presence of bacteria as the result of the use of water provided that a suitable environment exists for its growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterotrophic%20aerobic%20bacteria%20%28HAB%29" title="heterotrophic aerobic bacteria (HAB)">heterotrophic aerobic bacteria (HAB)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sulphate%20reducing%20bacteria%20%28SRB%29" title=" sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB)"> sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20sciences" title=" environmental sciences"> environmental sciences</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19642/examining-the-presence-of-heterotrophic-aerobic-bacteria-hab-and-sulphate-reducing-bacteria-srb-in-some-types-of-water-from-the-city-of-tripoli-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19642.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">491</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8549</span> The Effect of Shading on Cooling Tower Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eitidal%20Albassam">Eitidal Albassam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cooling towers (CTs) in arid zone countries, used for heat rejection in water-cooled (WC) systems, consume a large quantity of water. Universally, water conservation is an issue because of the scarcity of fresh water and natural resources. Therefore, many studies have aimed to conserve fresh water and limit the water wasted. Nonetheless, all these methods are not related to improving the weather conditions around the entering air to CT. In Kuwait and other arid-zone countries, the dry bulb temperature (DBT) during the summer season is significantly greater than the incoming hot water temperature, and the air undergoes sensible cooling. This high DBT leads to extra heat transfer from air to water, demanding high water vaporization to achieve the required cooling of water. Thus, any reduction in ambient air temperature around the CT will minimize water consumption. This paper aims to discuss theoretically the effect of reducing the DBT around the cooling tower when considering the sun-shading barrier. The theoretical simulation model results show that if the DBT reduces by 2.8 °C approximately, the percentage of water evaporation savings in gallon per minute (GPM) starts from 6.48% when DBT reaches 51.67 °C till 9.80% for 37.78 °C. Moreover, the performance of the cooling tower will be improved when considering the appropriate shading barriers, which will not affect the existing wet-bulb temperature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dry-bulb%20temperature" title="dry-bulb temperature">dry-bulb temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entering%20air" title=" entering air"> entering air</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20consumption" title=" water consumption"> water consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20vaporization" title=" water vaporization"> water vaporization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145541/the-effect-of-shading-on-cooling-tower-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145541.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8548</span> Evaluation of the Quality Water Irrigation in Region of Lioua (Biskra), Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Hiouani">F. Hiouani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Henouda"> M. Henouda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Masmoudi"> A. Masmoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Rechachi"> M. Rechachi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of irrigation water of some underground water resources in the region of Lioua (Biskra, Algéria). Analysis of cations (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+), anions (Cl-, SO4--, CO3--, HCO3-, NO3-), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of ten water samples taken during March 2015. The resulted showed that water samples are designated salty and very salty. On the other hand, average SAR values show that there is no alkalinity risk of soil. According to Riverside diagram water samples are grouped into five classes (C3-S1, C4-S1, C4-S3, C5-S2 and C5-S3). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title="groundwater">groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigation" title=" irrigation"> irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lioua%20biskra" title=" lioua biskra"> lioua biskra</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42913/evaluation-of-the-quality-water-irrigation-in-region-of-lioua-biskra-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42913.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge 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