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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/City_and_County_of_Swansea_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City and County of Swansea council">City and County of Swansea</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Urban_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban centre">urban centre</a> with a largely <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> hinterland in <a href="/wiki/Gower_Peninsula" title="Gower Peninsula">Gower</a>; the city has been described as the regional centre for <a href="/wiki/South_West_Wales" title="South West Wales">South West Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Travel_to_work_area" title="Travel to work area">travel to work area</a>, not coterminous with the local authority, also contained the <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Valley" title="Swansea Valley">Swansea Valley</a> in 1991; the new 2001-based version merges the Swansea, <a href="/wiki/Neath_Port_Talbot" title="Neath Port Talbot">Neath & Port Talbot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Llanelli" title="Llanelli">Llanelli</a> areas into a new <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Bay_(region)" title="Swansea Bay (region)">Swansea Bay</a> travel to work area.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formerly an industrial centre, most employment in the city is now in the service sector. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Swansea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Swansea" title="History of Swansea">History of Swansea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Swansea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, there were attempts to establish Swansea as a fashionable <a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">seaside resort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> of the town in 1818 is described as showing a place which was "distinctly Arcadian, reminiscent of a landscape by Claude sprinkled with civilised <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian architecture</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgical">metallurgical</a> industry was to transform the town. The <a href="/wiki/Lower_Swansea_valley" title="Lower Swansea valley">Lower Swansea valley</a> was a favourable area for industrial development because of the proximity of <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Docks" class="mw-redirect" title="Swansea Docks">Swansea's port</a>, easy access to <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> deposits, and a supply of cheap <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">labour</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> were also smelted in west <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a>, Swansea's signature industry was <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> works was built at <a href="/wiki/Landore" title="Landore">Landore</a> in 1717.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially <a href="/wiki/Copper_ore" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper ore">copper ore</a> was imported from <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceredigion" title="Ceredigion">Cardiganshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, but by the 1820s Swansea was receiving shipments from as far afield as <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> industry reached a zenith in the 1880s, when the majority of copper ores imported to Britain were shipped to Swansea and local works employed around 3000 men at any given time.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1870s, <a href="/wiki/Tinplate" title="Tinplate">tinplate</a> also became a major local industry, pioneered by the <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> works at <a href="/wiki/Landore" title="Landore">Landore</a>. Tinplate production stimulated the further expansion of Swansea port with the opening of the Prince of Wales <a href="/wiki/Dock_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dock (maritime)">dock</a>, to be used mainly for tinplate <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a>, in 1882. The location of new tinplate works confirmed the steel industry's increasing preference for coastal sites near ports. However, the Welsh tinplate industry was dependent on exporting to the American market, and suffered serious implications from the imposition of the <a href="/wiki/McKinley_tariff" class="mw-redirect" title="McKinley tariff">McKinley tariff</a> in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Swansea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> the traditional local heavy industries were in decline, and although <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Bay" title="Swansea Bay">Swansea Bay</a> emerged as a major centre of the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a> in the 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swansea shared in the general trend towards a <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-industrial">post-industrial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a> economy. Today, the most important economic sectors in the <a href="/wiki/City_and_County_of_Swansea_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City and County of Swansea council">City and County of Swansea</a> are: public administration, education and health (38.3% of local jobs); distribution, hotels and restaurants (24.2%); and banking, finance and insurance (19.9%). The high proportion of <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a> is common to Wales as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today">Today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Swansea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_employers">Major employers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Swansea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Major employers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major employers in Swansea include manufacturing facilities operated by <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a> UK plc, <a href="/wiki/Alberto-Culver" title="Alberto-Culver">Alberto-Culver</a>, Bemis, <a href="/wiki/International_Rectifier" title="International Rectifier">International Rectifier</a>, Morganite Electrical Carbon, and Pure Wafer. Major service sector employers include <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Insurance">Admiral Insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Data_Systems" title="Electronic Data Systems">Electronic Data Systems</a> (EDS), <a href="/wiki/NTL_Incorporated" title="NTL Incorporated">NTL</a>, <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/118_118_(UK)" title="118 118 (UK)">Conduit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_West_Wales_Publications" title="South West Wales Publications">South West Wales Publications</a>. Large public sector employers include the <a href="/wiki/City_and_County_of_Swansea_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City and County of Swansea council">City and County of Swansea council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Driver_and_Vehicle_Licensing_Agency" title="Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency">Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/HM_Land_Registry" title="HM Land Registry">HM Land Registry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Department for Work and Pensions">Department for Work and Pensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swansea_University" title="Swansea University">Swansea University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Trinity_Saint_David" title="University of Wales Trinity Saint David">University of Wales Trinity Saint David</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swansea_NHS_Trust" title="Swansea NHS Trust">Swansea NHS Trust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Swansea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2008, 70.7% of Swansea's working-age residents were in employment. The largest single occupational group in Swansea is associate professional & technical occupations (comprising 14.3% of employment), although compared to the Welsh and UK averages the city also has large shares of administrative & secretarial occupations (12.9%) and sales & customer service occupations (11.2%).<sup id="cite_ref-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Employment in Swansea grew by 14,800 or 16.2% between 2001 and 2006, greater than equivalent increases in Wales and the UK as a whole. However, manufacturing employment in Swansea fell by 2,100 (-25.2%) between 2001 and 2006, a larger fall than recorded in Wales or the UK as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commuting">Commuting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Swansea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commuting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is a centre of net in-<a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commuting</a>, with around 16,100 people making a daily journey outside the authority for work (principally to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Neath_Port_Talbot" title="Neath Port Talbot">Neath Port Talbot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a>) and 28,300 commuting in (again, mainly from Neath Port Talbot and Carmarthenshire).<sup id="cite_ref-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swansea is part of the <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Bay_(region)" title="Swansea Bay (region)">Swansea Bay</a> <a href="/wiki/Travel_to_work_area" title="Travel to work area">travel to work area</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income">Income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Swansea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surveys show that annual full-time gross median earnings for Swansea residents (£21,577) are lower than the UK average. The annual gross median earnings for those who work in Swansea are even lower, only £18,993. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">gross value added</a> (GVA) per head is relatively low in Swansea at £14,302.<sup id="cite_ref-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, lower earnings and GVA per head do not necessarily signify a major gap in <a href="/wiki/Living_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Living standards">living standards</a> because of differences in the <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfer_payments" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer payments">transfer payments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_centre">City centre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Swansea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: City centre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although some surveys place Swansea as the 18th-largest <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> centre in the UK – a high placement considering the size of its population – in rankings of <a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">shopping</a> attractiveness and competitiveness, Swansea is usually placed outside the top 50, largely because of the low quality of the <a href="/wiki/City_centre" title="City centre">city centre</a> retail offer.<sup id="cite_ref-City_Centre_Strategic_Framework_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-City_Centre_Strategic_Framework-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A peculiarity of Swansea is the lack of employment in the city centre, relative to other towns and cities of similar size. Many major employers have moved to the <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Enterprise_Park" title="Swansea Enterprise Park">Enterprise Park</a> or other fringe locations. Only 4,510 office jobs are now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> located in the city centre, compared to 13,910 in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>. This reduces spend in the city centre economy and underpins the weakness of the local retail sector. Low demand prevents speculative development of new commercial premises, which has created a <a href="/wiki/Vicious_circle" title="Vicious circle">vicious circle</a> of city centre decline.<sup id="cite_ref-City_Centre_Strategic_Framework_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-City_Centre_Strategic_Framework-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2008, developers were appointed to lead the regeneration of several major sites in the city centre and the waterfront. Proposals include 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of additional retail space, 1,000 residential units and new leisure, office, hotel and conference facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regeneration programme will take an estimated 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Development_Agency" title="Welsh Development Agency">Welsh Development Agency</a> (and now the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a>) have been promoting the <a href="/wiki/SA1_Swansea_Waterfront" title="SA1 Swansea Waterfront">SA1 Swansea Waterfront</a> development on the edge of the city centre, intended to become a "lively, attractive waterfront destination... using an imaginative mix of land uses".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WDA's <a href="/wiki/Technium" title="Technium">Technium</a> concept of incubator space for <a href="/wiki/High_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High technology">high technology</a> <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">firms</a> (often <a href="/wiki/Corporate_spin-off" title="Corporate spin-off">spin outs</a> from the local university) was launched at SA1, and additional facilities have now been constructed there and on the <a href="/wiki/Swansea_University" title="Swansea University">university</a> campus. The Assembly and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> are supporting a new Institute of <a href="/wiki/Life_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Sciences">Life Sciences</a> at the university, which it is hoped will generate more <a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">highly skilled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value_added" title="Value added">high value-added</a> jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Trend of regional gross value added of Swansea at current basic prices.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figures in millions of British pounds sterling. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Regional gross value added </th></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td><b>2,095</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><b>2,536</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td><b>3,238</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Swansea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swansea.gov.uk/media/pdf/k/r/swansea_2020.pdf">Swansea 2020 Swansea's Economic Regeneration Strategy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015235/http://www.swansea.gov.uk/media/pdf/k/r/swansea_2020.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"City Profile: Swansea", <i>Cities</i>, Volume 22, Issue 1, February 2005, Pages 65-76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wales.gov.uk/location/spatial/documents/wsp2008update/?lang=en"><i>People, Places, Futures</i>. The 2008 Wales Spatial Plan update, Welsh Assembly Government.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213032007/http://wales.gov.uk/location/spatial/documents/wsp2008update/?lang=en">Archived</a> 2009-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/downloads/Introduction_to_2001_TTWAs.pdf">National Statistics, Introduction to the 2001-based Travel-to-Work Areas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305103131/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/downloads/Introduction_to_2001_TTWAs.pdf">Archived</a> March 5, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boorman, D. (1986) <i>The Brighton of Wales: Swansea as a fashionable seaside resort, c. 1780 - c. 1830</i>. Swansea Little Theatre Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southwest/sites/swansea/pages/georgian2.shtml">BBC – South West Wales Swansea – Exploring the Georgian buildings of Swansea</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southwest/sites/swansea/pages/georgian1.shtml">BBC – South West Wales Swansea – Exploring Georgian Swansea</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, P (1992) A History of Modern Wales 1536-1990. Harlow: Longman.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miskell, L (2004) Swansea Bay 1904, Old Ordnance Survey Maps. England & Wales Sheet 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansea_Economic_Profile_May_2008_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swansea.gov.uk/media/pdf/9/1/Swansea_Economic_Profile_May08.pdf">All aged 16 and over</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan, Gareth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burrows.co.uk/swansea/">Forward</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080207083453/http://www.burrows.co.uk/swansea/">Archived</a> 2008-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, City and County of Swansea's Business Directory for 2007, retrieved 2008-06-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.wales.gov.uk/about/strategy/publications/935778/?lang=en">Welsh Assembly Government | Wales:A Vibrant Economy</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-City_Centre_Strategic_Framework-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-City_Centre_Strategic_Framework_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-City_Centre_Strategic_Framework_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swanseacitycentre.com/media/pdf/6/o/strategic_framework_final_proofred_may07.pdf">Swansea City Center Strategic Framework</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070919203717/http://www.swanseacitycentre.com/media/pdf/6/o/strategic_framework_final_proofred_may07.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 2008-06-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swansea.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=21491">City and County of Swansea - Developers appointed for £1 billion Swansea city centre regeneration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812231325/http://www.swansea.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=21491">Archived</a> August 12, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swanseacitycentre.com/index.cfm?articleid=13106">Swansea City Centre – City Centre Strategic Framework</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080318222507/http://www.swanseacitycentre.com/index.cfm?articleid=13106">Archived</a> 2008-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swansea.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=5979">City and County of Swansea – SA1 Swansea Waterfront</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070817113014/http://www.swansea.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=5979">Archived</a> 2007-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swan.ac.uk/research/centresandinstitutes/ILS/">Swansea University - ILS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220110828/http://www.swan.ac.uk/research/centresandinstitutes/ILS/">Archived</a> 2007-02-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf">Regional Gross Value Added</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201002538/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf">Archived</a> December 1, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, National Accounts Co-ordination Division, Office for National Statistics, London, retrieved 2008-06-20</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Swansea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015235/http://www.swansea.gov.uk/media/pdf/k/r/swansea_2020.pdf">Swansea 2020</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080207083453/http://www.burrows.co.uk/swansea/">Burrows Directory: Swansea (economic statistics for Swansea)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Swansea" title="Template:Economy of Swansea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Swansea" title="Template talk:Economy of Swansea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Swansea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Swansea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Swansea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economy of Swansea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main commercial employers<br /><small>(excluding national retailers)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Insurance">Admiral Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto-Culver" title="Alberto-Culver">Alberto-Culver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemis_Company" title="Bemis Company">Bemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/118_118_(UK)" title="118 118 (UK)">Conduit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Data_Systems" title="Electronic Data Systems">Electronic Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rectifier" title="International Rectifier">International Rectifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium Metals">Timet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale Limited">Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media" title="Virgin Media">Virgin Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main public sector employers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_and_County_of_Swansea_Council" title="City and County of Swansea Council">City and County of Swansea Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_%26_Vehicle_Licensing_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency">Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Land_Registry" title="HM Land Registry">HM Land Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Bay_University_Health_Board" title="Swansea Bay University Health Board">Swansea Bay University Health Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Metropolitan_University" title="Swansea Metropolitan University">Swansea Metropolitan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_University" title="Swansea University">Swansea University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies with a local headquarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CGram_Software" title="CGram Software">CGram Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Cymru" title="First Cymru">First Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurns_Brewing_Company" title="Hurns Brewing Company">Hurns Brewing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Wales_Publications" title="South West Wales Publications">South West Wales Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Building_Society" title="Swansea Building Society">Swansea Building Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retail_park" title="Retail park">Retail parks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Enterprise_Park" title="Swansea Enterprise Park">Enterprise Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Fforestfach" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc Fforestfach">Fforestfach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morfa_Shopping_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Morfa Shopping Park">Morfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Tawe" title="Parc Tawe">Parc Tawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fforestfach" title="Fforestfach">Pontarddulais Road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopping centre">Shopping centres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_City_Centre" title="Swansea City Centre">City centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Market" title="Swansea Market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_Shopping_Centre" title="Quadrant Shopping Centre">Quadrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._David%27s_Shopping_Centre_(Swansea)" title="St. David's Shopping Centre (Swansea)">St. David's</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regeneration and development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swansea.com_Stadium" title="Swansea.com Stadium">Swansea.com Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SA1_Swansea_Waterfront" title="SA1 Swansea Waterfront">SA1 Waterfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Vale" title="Swansea Vale">Swansea Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tower,_Meridian_Quay" title="The Tower, Meridian Quay">The Tower, Meridian Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_National_Pool" title="Wales National Pool">Wales National Pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tourism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas_Centre" title="Dylan Thomas Centre">Dylan Thomas Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynn_Vivian_Art_Gallery" title="Glynn Vivian Art Gallery">Glynn Vivian Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LC,_Swansea" title="LC, Swansea">LC, Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbles_Pier" title="Mumbles Pier">Mumbles Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Waterfront_Museum" title="National Waterfront Museum">National Waterfront Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantasia" title="Plantasia">Plantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Beach" title="Swansea Beach">Swansea Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Marina" title="Swansea Marina">Swansea Marina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Museum" title="Swansea Museum">Swansea Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Pottery" title="Cambrian Pottery">Cambrian Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafod_Copperworks" title="Hafod Copperworks">Hafod Copperworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Swansea_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Swansea Valley">Lower Swansea Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Coalfield" title="South Wales Coalfield">South Wales Coalfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_Company_of_Wales" title="Steel Company of Wales">Steel Company of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Canal" title="Swansea Canal">Swansea Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_docks" title="Swansea docks">Swansea docks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_%26_Mumbles_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Swansea & Mumbles Railway">Swansea & Mumbles Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Neath_Railway" title="Vale of Neath Railway">Swansea & Neath Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Vale_Railway" title="Swansea Vale Railway">Swansea Vale Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neath_and_Tennant_Canal" title="Neath and Tennant Canal">Tennant Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_%26_Sons" title="Vivian & Sons">Vivian & Sons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Wales" title="Template:Economy of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Economy of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Wales" title="List of companies of Wales">List of companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="State-owned enterprises of the United Kingdom">State-owned companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Court" title="Companies Court">Companies Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre"><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_fiscal_balance" title="Welsh fiscal balance">Welsh fiscal balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Wales" title="Taxation in Wales">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_rates_in_Wales" title="Business rates in Wales">Business rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking and finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">List of banks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre"><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banc_Cambria" title="Banc Cambria">Banc Cambria</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_Bank_of_Wales" title="Development Bank of Wales">Development Bank of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodge_Bank" title="Hodge Bank">Hodge Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_Building_Society" title="Monmouthshire Building Society">Monmouthshire Building Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_Building_Society" title="Principality Building Society">Principality Building Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Building_Society" title="Swansea Building Society">Swansea Building Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_banks_of_Wales" title="Category:Defunct banks of Wales">Defunct banks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK-wide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Other commercial banks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK-wide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">UK-wide Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett_formula" title="Barnett formula">Barnett formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">UK Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">Company law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-edged_securities" title="Gilt-edged securities">Gilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_%26_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Revenue & Customs">HM Revenue & Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_Management_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Debt Management Office (United Kingdom)">Debt Management Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility" title="Office for Budget Responsibility">Office for Budget Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority" title="UK Statistics Authority">UK Statistics Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment" title="UK Trade & Investment">UK Trade & Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgages_in_English_law" title="Mortgages in English law">Mortgages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_property_law" title="English property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_land_law" title="English land law">Land law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_torts_in_English_law" title="Economic torts in English law">Economic torts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ownership_within_England_and_Wales" title="Business ownership within England and Wales">Business ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_devolved_matters_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of devolved matters in Wales">Devolved policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_the_Economy_(Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for the Economy (Wales)">Minister for the Economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Revenue_Authority" title="Welsh Revenue Authority">Welsh Revenue Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Wales" title="Audit Wales">Audit Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_General_for_Wales" title="Auditor General for Wales">Auditor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Development_Agency" title="Welsh Development Agency">Welsh Development Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technium" title="Technium">Technium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Localised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economy_in_Wales" title="Regional economy in Wales">Regional economic deals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Capital_Region" title="Cardiff Capital Region">Cardiff Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Wales#Growth_deal" title="Mid Wales">Mid Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambition_North_Wales" title="Ambition North Wales">North Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Bay_City_Region" title="Swansea Bay City Region">Swansea Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cardiff" title="Economy of Cardiff">Economy of Cardiff</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economy of Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">People<br />and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li>Business schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Business_School" title="Cardiff Business School">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Business_School" title="South Wales Business School">South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Business_School" title="Swansea Business School">Swansea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_labour_law" title="United Kingdom labour law">UK Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law" title="United Kingdom employment equality law">UK equality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">UK Minimum wage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">Trades unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_innovations_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Welsh innovations and discoveries">Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Wales" title="Energy in Wales">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Wales" title="Renewable energy in Wales">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Wales" title="Mining in Wales">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_industry_of_Wales" title="Food and drink industry of Wales">Food and drink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh beer">Beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatisation_in_England_and_Wales" title="Water privatisation in England and Wales">Water privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming_in_Wales" title="Sheep farming in Wales">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woollen_industry_in_Wales" title="Woollen industry in Wales">Wool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Wales" title="Manufacturing in Wales">Manufacturing</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Forest_for_Wales" title="National Forest for Wales">Re-forestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Wales" title="Mining in Wales">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_the_Nantlle_Valley" title="Slate industry in the Nantlle Valley">Nantlle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_operations_on_the_Welsh_Highland_Railway" title="Slate operations on the Welsh Highland Railway">WHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slate_mines_in_Wales" title="Category:Slate mines in Wales">Mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ironworks_in_Wales" title="List of ironworks in Wales">Ironworks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Wales" title="Science and technology in Wales">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Wales">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_construction_in_Wales" title="Housing and construction in Wales">Housing and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Wales" title="Architecture of Wales">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visit_Wales" title="Visit Wales">Visit Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic impacts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of recessions in the United Kingdom">Recessions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Economic autonomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_fiscal_autonomy_for_Scotland_and_Wales" title="Full fiscal autonomy for Scotland and Wales">Full fiscal autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence#Fiscal_balance" title="Welsh independence">Full independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_dividend" title="Union dividend">Union dividend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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