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mntl-block"><button id="mntl-toc-toggle__btn_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc-toggle__btn mntl-text-block js-mntl-toc-toggle" data-collapsed-text="Expand" data-expanded-text="Collapse">Expand</button></div></div> <ul id="mntl-toc__list_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list"><li id="mntl-toc__list-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-traditional-chain-of-command" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_1-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Traditional Chain of Command</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_2-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-chain-of-command-positives" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_2-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Chain of Command Positives</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_3-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_3-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-chain-of-command-challenges" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_3-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Chain of Command Challenges</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_4-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_4-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-position-power" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_4-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Position Power</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_5-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_5-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-what-the-future-holds" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_5-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">What the Future Holds</span></a></div></li></ul></div></div> <div id="reference-bylines_1-0" class="comp reference-bylines mntl-bylines right-rail__offset"><div id="mntl-bylines__group_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__group mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--author"><div id="mntl-bylines__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item mntl-attribution__item--has-date"> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">By</span> <div data-tooltip="Susan Heathfield is an HR and management consultant with an MS degree. She has decades of experience writing about human resources." tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.liveabout.com/susan-m-heathfield-6500900" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Susan M. Heathfield</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group mntl-author-tooltip--no-job-title"> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top mntl-author-tooltip__top--no-image"> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.liveabout.com/susan-m-heathfield-6500900" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Susan M. Heathfield</a> </div> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> Susan Heathfield is an HR and management consultant with an MS degree. She has decades of experience writing about human resources. </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on 09/29/20</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="100" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Are you interested in knowing more about the chain of command at your workplace? "Chain of command" describes the way in which organizations, including the military, religious institutions, corporations, government entities, and universities, traditionally structure their reporting relationships. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Reporting relationships refers to an organizational structure in which every employee is placed somewhere on an organizational chart. The employees report to the employee who is listed above them on the organizational chart. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> When every employee reports to one other employee, decisions and communication are tightly controlled and they flow down the chain of command throughout the organization. This is an intentional, traditional structure for the chain of command in organizations that want to tightly control the dissemination of information and the allocation of power and control. Historically, this was the preferred structure for an organization. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-traditional-chain-of-command"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Traditional Chain of Command </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In the traditional chain of command, if you look at relationships pictorially presented on an organizational chart, the <a href="https://www.liveabout.com/what-does-a-president-do-1919122" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="noopener noreferrer">president</a> or CEO is the top employee in the chain of command. This person's directly reporting staff members would occupy the second line of the chart, and so forth down through the reporting relationships in an organization. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-callout mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-experttipnote" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block"><p>At each level of the organization moving down the chain of command, the power to make meaningful decisions is diminished. This hierarchical method for organizing information flow, decision making, power, and authority, assumes that each level of the organization is subordinate to the level to which it reports.</p></div></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Terminology like a "subordinate" to refer to reporting employees and "superior" to refer to employees others report to, <a href="https://www.liveabout.com/what-does-a-manager-do-in-the-workplace-1919121" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="noopener noreferrer">such as managers</a>, is part of traditional hierarchical language and thinking. These terms are increasingly not being used as much, as a move to more egalitarian workplaces is the norm. Undoubtedly, the current focus in organizations <a href="https://www.liveabout.com/how-to-show-employees-that-your-company-values-diversity-and-inclusion-5076409" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2" rel="noopener noreferrer">on diversity and, especially, inclusion</a>, will accelerate this trend. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Command and control are intrinsic in the chain of command within organizations. The further up the chain of command your job is located, the more power, authority, and usually responsibility and accountability you have. Larger organizations are more prone to using this model </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Traditional hierarchical structures have plus.es and minuses about how they work in organizations. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-chain-of-command-positives"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Chain of Command Positives </span> </h2> <ul id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <li>Clear reporting relationships exist with employees designated who are responsible for communicating information, providing direction, and delegating authority and responsibility.</li> <li>Each employee has one boss, thus alleviating the problem of multiple masters and conflicting direction in the chain of command, such as in a <a href="https://www.liveabout.com/matrix-management-2276122" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="noopener noreferrer">matrix organization</a>, where employees can report to multiple bosses.</li> <li>Responsibility and accountability are clearly assigned and each manager has oversight responsibility for a group of employees performing a function.</li> <li>Employees are not confused about whom to go to for resources, assistance, and feedback.</li> <li>A certain simplicity and security exist when you organize people and relationships in a structured, unbending, controlled hierarchical cascade.</li> </ul> <div id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-callout mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-experttipimportant" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block"><ul><li>Chain of command communicates to customers and vendors which employee who is responsible for what decisions in their interaction. Job titles that define each level of the organization further communicate authority and responsibility to organizational stakeholders and outsiders. For example, external stakeholders know how much power the title of vice president conveys.</li></ul></div></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-chain-of-command-challenges"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Chain of Command Challenges </span> </h2> <ul id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <li>Chain of command thinking originated in an industrial age when work involved more rote activities, less information, and communication options were limited, Decision making and authority were clearly placed in the hands of a few individuals at or near the top of an organization chart. </li> <li>Today's organizations experience a plethora of communication options, more intellectually challenging and information-based jobs, and the need for faster decision making. The chain of command, in many ways, impedes these new organizational options and needs.</li> <li>When information is available everywhere, a hierarchical order that ensures the communication of decisions and information needed by various levels of employees is unnecessary to the dissemination of information.</li> <li>The <a href="https://www.liveabout.com/level-2-management-skills-2275891" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="noopener noreferrer">need for flexibility and faster decisions</a> in an <a href="https://www.liveabout.com/your-organization-s-future-demands-agility-1918814" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2" rel="noopener noreferrer">agile work environment</a> requires that employees communicate directly with all levels of the organization. Waiting several days for the boss to be available is not acceptable if a customer's need goes unserved or an employee's work is slowed down. The employee should be able to talk with his or her boss's boss or the president or make the decision on their own.</li> </ul> <div id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-callout mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-experttipnote" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block"><ul><li>If the desire is to develop employees who can immediately respond to a customer need, because customers require immediacy in this fast-paced world, employees must be able to get information immediately and make decisions without oversight to meet customer needs in a timely manner.</li></ul></div></div> <ul id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <li>Jobs are no longer rigidly defined and the current expectation promotes <a href="https://www.liveabout.com/empowerment-in-action-how-to-empower-your-employees-1918102" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="noopener noreferrer">employee empowerment</a>, autonomy, and decision-making authority closest to where the need for the decision exists.</li> </ul> <div id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The hierarchical order may still exist for ease of organization and reporting relationships, as laid out in a chain of command on an organizational chart. But, the lines and the former rigidity are now blurred. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In the past, if an employee circumvented his or her boss in favor of talking with the boss's boss, the employee received clear communication that the chain of command was in place for a purpose. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> While organizations still retain some of its vestiges, the chain of command is much more difficult to enforce when information is so freely circulating and<a href="https://www.liveabout.com/communication-in-the-workplace-1918089" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="noopener noreferrer"> communication is so easy with any member</a> of the organization. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The span of control of an individual manager has also become broader, with more reporting employees than in the past. This makes the enforcement of the chain of command more difficult. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_35-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-callout mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-experttiptip" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block"><p>This change forces the manager to allow more autonomy. Technology has blurred the hierarchy further since information is available all of the time to any employee. Many organizations are experiencing the value of decentralized decision making.</p></div></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-position-power"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_36-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Position Power </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_37-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Within the concept of the chain of command, position power still plays a role in organizations. It's a by-product of the traditional hierarchical organization. For example, a quality department supervisor at a small manufacturing company asked to become the quality director in her company. Her stated reason for the change in title was that, if she was a director, people would have to listen to her and do what she wants. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_38-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_39-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> This is a young supervisor, who is still learning how to accomplish work through other people, but her perception that a bigger title would solve her problems was an example of the traditional chain of command thinking. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_40-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_41-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In another example, a new employee was asked to send out a note with a question and a deadline to the director and VP-level managers in her organization. The request sparked an hour of work over a simple note because it was going to "the biggest, most important people in the company." </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_42-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-what-the-future-holds"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_43-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> What the Future Holds </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_44-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Modern management science is exploring other options for organization and customer service delivery in this brave new world. Team-based structures are replacing the traditional hierarchical approach to organizational structure and management. The span of control is increasing so managers have more reporting employees thus decreasing their ability to micromanage decision processes.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="1"></span> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_45-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_46-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The future holds out hope for innovative <a href="https://www.liveabout.com/pros-and-cons-of-project-organizational-structures-4105214" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">organizational structures</a> that better serve the needs of employees, organizations, and the marketplace. The rise in popularity of <a href="https://www.liveabout.com/reasons-why-teleworking-belongs-in-your-future-1919421" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">telework</a> and the ongoing trend to employ remote employees and enable worker flexibility, a specific desire for millennial employees (and Gen Z), further escalates the need for better management structures. After all, these employees are doing work that you cannot see them doing.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="2"></span> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_47-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_48-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-callout mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-keytakeaways" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><h3 id="mntl-sc-block-callout-heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-heading mntl-text-block">The Bottom Line</h3> <div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block"><p>But hierarchical thinking, a chain of command, and attributing power to position and titles all still exist—despite the increasing evidence that they are less functional in today's workplaces.</p></div></div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-right-rail"><div id="mm-ads-right-rail_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-right-rail mntl-block"><div 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600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_4-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-flex-2" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="btf1" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],[300, 600],[160, 600],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-native_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-native " style="--native-ad-height: auto"><div id="mm-ads-native__adunit_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-native__adunit mm-ads-gpt-dynamic-adunit mm-ads-gpt-adunit scads-to-load gpt native dynamic"> <div id="native" class="wrapper" data-type="native" data-pos="native" data-priority="4" data-sizes="[[1, 3],"fluid"]" data-rtb="false" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard3-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp 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