CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hellenistic-era warships - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2489ca59-c706-9285-90a0-05f3696c430c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hellenistic-era_warships","wgTitle":"Hellenistic-era warships","wgCurRevisionId":1252719444,"wgRevisionId":1252719444,"wgArticleId":658286,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Greek-language text","Galleys","Military history of the Mediterranean","Hellenistic warfare","Navy of ancient Rome","Ships of the Hellenistic period","Naval warfare of antiquity"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Hellenistic-era_warships","wgRelevantArticleId":658286,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Quinqueremes","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships#Quinquereme","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q15249389","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nike_di_samotracia_00.JPG/1200px-Nike_di_samotracia_00.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nike_di_samotracia_00.JPG/800px-Nike_di_samotracia_00.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nike_di_samotracia_00.JPG/640px-Nike_di_samotracia_00.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hellenistic-era warships - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships#Quinquereme"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships#Quinquereme"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hellenistic-era_warships rootpage-Hellenistic-era_warships skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hellenistic-era+warships" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hellenistic-era+warships" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hellenistic-era+warships" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hellenistic-era+warships" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolution of design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution_of_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution of design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oar_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oar_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Oar system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oar_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_warships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_warships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Heavy warships</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Heavy_warships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Heavy warships subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Heavy_warships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quadrireme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quadrireme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Quadrireme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quadrireme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quinquereme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quinquereme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Quinquereme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quinquereme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hexareme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hexareme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hexareme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hexareme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Septireme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Septireme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Septireme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Septireme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Octeres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Octeres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Octeres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Octeres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enneres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enneres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Enneres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enneres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deceres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deceres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Deceres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deceres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Larger_polyremes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Larger_polyremes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Larger polyremes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Larger_polyremes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_warships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_warships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Light warships</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Light_warships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Light warships subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Light_warships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lembos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lembos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lembos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lembos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hemiolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hemiolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hemiolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hemiolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trihemiolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trihemiolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Trihemiolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trihemiolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liburnians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liburnians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Liburnians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liburnians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hellenistic-era warships</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="السفن الحربية في العصر الهلنستي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السفن الحربية في العصر الهلنستي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Πολυήρεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυήρεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen-erala_militonavi" title="Helen-erala militonavi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Helen-erala militonavi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_perang_era_Helenistik" title="Kapal perang era Helenistik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapal perang era Helenistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_da_guerra_ellenistiche" title="Navi da guerra ellenistiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Navi da guerra ellenistiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigsskip_i_hellenistisk_tid" title="Krigsskip i hellenistisk tid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krigsskip i hellenistisk tid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentera" title="Pentera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pentera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navio_de_guerra_helen%C3%ADstico" title="Navio de guerra helenístico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Navio de guerra helenístico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15249389#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hellenistic-era_warships" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hellenistic-era_warships" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&oldid=1252719444" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hellenistic-era_warships&id=1252719444&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHellenistic-era_warships%23Quinquereme"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHellenistic-era_warships%23Quinquereme"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15249389" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinqueremes&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinqueremes">Quinqueremes</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Oared warships</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nike_di_samotracia_00.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nike_di_samotracia_00.JPG/220px-Nike_di_samotracia_00.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nike_di_samotracia_00.JPG/330px-Nike_di_samotracia_00.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nike_di_samotracia_00.JPG/440px-Nike_di_samotracia_00.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The famous 2nd century BC <a href="/wiki/Nike_of_Samothrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike of Samothrace">Nike of Samothrace</a>, standing atop the prow of an oared warship, most probably a trihemiolia.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 4th century BC on, new types of <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">oared warships</a> appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, superseding the <a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">trireme</a> and transforming <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a>. Ships became increasingly large and heavy, including some of the largest wooden ships hitherto constructed. These developments were spearheaded in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, but also to a large extent shared by the naval powers of the Western Mediterranean, specifically <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. While the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">successor kingdoms</a> in the East built huge warships ("polyremes"), Carthage and Rome, in the intense naval antagonism during the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>, relied mostly on medium-sized vessels. At the same time, smaller naval powers employed an array of small and fast craft, which were also used by the ubiquitous pirates. Following the establishment of complete Roman hegemony in the Mediterranean after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a>, the nascent <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> faced no major naval threats. In the 1st century AD, the larger warships were retained only as flagships and were gradually supplanted by the light <a href="/wiki/Liburnian_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liburnian (ship)">liburnians</a> until, by <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, the knowledge of their construction had been lost. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the warships of the era were distinguished by their names, which were compounds of a number and a suffix. Thus the English term quinquereme derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quīnquerēmis</i></span> and has the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> equivalent <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πεντήρης</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pentḗrēs</i></span>). Both are compounds featuring a prefix meaning "five": Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quīnque</i></span>, ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πέντε</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pénte</i></span>). The Roman suffix is from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rēmus</i></span>, "oar":<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence "five-oar". As the vessel cannot have had only five oars, the word must be a figure of speech meaning something else. There are a number of possibilities. The -ηρης occurs only in suffix form, deriving from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐρέσσω</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">eréssō</i></span>), "(I) row".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As "rower" is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐρέτης</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">erétēs</i></span>) and "oar" is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐρετμόν</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">eretmón</i></span>), <i>-ērēs</i> does not mean either of those but, being based on the verb, must mean "rowing". This meaning is no clearer than the Latin. Whatever the "five-oar" or the "five-row" originally meant was lost with knowledge of the construction, and is, from the 5th century on, a hotly debated issue. For the history of the interpretation efforts and current scholarly consensus, see <a href="#Oar_system">below</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_design">Evolution of design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolution of design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the great wars of the 5th century BC, such as the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Wars">Persian Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">trireme</a> was the heaviest type of warship used by the Mediterranean navies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199566_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199566-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200098_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200098-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trireme (Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τρῐήρης</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">triḗrēs</i></span>), "three-oared") was propelled by three banks of oars, with one oarsman each. During the early 4th century BC, however, variants of the trireme design began to appear: invention of the quinquereme (Gk.: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πεντήρης</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">pentḗrēs</i></span>), "five-oared") and the hexareme (Gk. <i>hexērēs</i>, "six-oared") is credited by the historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> to the tyrant <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse" title="Dionysius I of Syracuse">Dionysius I of Syracuse</a>, while the quadrireme (Gk. <i>tetrērēs</i>, "four-oared") was credited by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199566–68_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199566–68-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson199597_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson199597-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oar_system">Oar system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oar system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trireme_cut-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Trireme_cut-fr.svg/250px-Trireme_cut-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Trireme_cut-fr.svg/375px-Trireme_cut-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Trireme_cut-fr.svg/500px-Trireme_cut-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the position of the rowers in three different levels (from top: <i>thranitai</i>, <i>zygitai</i> and <i>thalamitai</i>) in a Greek trireme.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penteres.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Penteres.png/250px-Penteres.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Penteres.png/375px-Penteres.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Penteres.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>19th-century interpretation of the quinquereme's oaring system, with five levels of oars.</figcaption></figure> <p>Far less is known with certainty about the construction and appearance of these ships than about the trireme. Literary evidence is fragmentary and highly selective, and pictorial evidence unclear. The fact that the trireme had three levels of oars (<i>trikrotos naus</i>) led medieval historians, long after the specifics of their construction had been lost, to speculate that the design of the "four", the "five" and the other later ships would proceed logically, i.e. that the quadrireme would have four rows of oars, the quinquereme five, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson199578–79,_99_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson199578–79,_99-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the eventual appearance of bigger polyremes ("sixes" and later "sevens", "eights", "nines", "tens", and even a massive "<a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">forty</a>"), made this theory implausible. Consequently, during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and until the 19th century, it came to be believed that the rowing system of the trireme and its descendants was similar to the <i>alla sensile</i> system of the contemporary galleys, comprising multiple oars on each level, rowed by one oarsman each.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson199579_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson199579-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20th-century scholarship disproved that theory, and established that the ancient warships were rowed at different levels, with three providing the maximum practical limit. The higher numbers of the "fours", "fives", etc. were therefore interpreted as reflecting the number of files of oarsmen on each side of the ship, and not an increased number of rows of oars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008357_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008357-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common theory on the arrangement of oarsmen in the new ship types is that of "double-banking", i.e., that the quadrireme was derived from a <a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">bireme</a> (warship with two rows of oars) by placing two oarsmen on each oar, the quinquereme from a trireme by placing two oarsmen on the two uppermost levels (the <i>thranitai</i> and <i>zygitai</i>, according to Greek terminology), and the later hexareme by placing two rowers on every level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995101_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995101-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other interpretations of the quinquereme include a bireme warship with three and two oarsmen on the upper and lower oar banks, or even a <a href="/wiki/Monoreme" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoreme">monoreme</a> (warship with a single level of oars) with five oarsmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200099_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200099-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "double-banking" theory is supported by the fact that the 4th-century quinqueremes were housed in the same ship sheds as the triremes, and must therefore have had similar width (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 16 feet (4.9 m)</span>), which fits with the idea of an evolutionary progression from the one type to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995102_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995102-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reasons for the evolution of the polyremes are not very clear. The most often forwarded argument is one of lack of skilled manpower: the trireme was essentially a ship built for <a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">ramming</a>, and successful ramming tactics depended chiefly on the constant maintenance of a highly trained oar crew,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995138_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995138-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> something which few states aside from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">radical democracy</a> had the funds or the social structure to do.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000102_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000102-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using multiple oarsmen reduced the number of such highly trained men needed in each crew: only the rower at the tip of the oar had to be sufficiently trained, and he could then lead the others, who simply provided additional motive power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995104_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995104-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system was also in use in Renaissance galleys, but jars with the evidence of ancient crews continuing to be thoroughly trained by their commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008359_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008359-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increased number of oarsmen also required a broader hull, which on the one hand reduced the ships' speed, but on the other offered several advantages: larger vessels could be strengthened to better withstand ramming, while the wider hull increased their carrying capacity, allowing more <a href="/wiki/Marine_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (military)">marines</a>, and eventually catapults, to be carried along. The decks of these ships were also higher above the waterline, while their increased beam afforded them extra stability, making them superior missile platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008359–360_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008359–360-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was an important fact in an age where naval engagements were increasingly decided not by ramming but by less technically demanding <a href="/wiki/Boarding_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding action">boarding actions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000102_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000102-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has even been suggested by <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a> that the quinqueremes used by the Romans in the Punic Wars of the 3rd century were of the monoreme design (i.e., with one level and five rowers on each oar), being thus able to carry the large contingent of 120 marines attested for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Battle of Ecnomus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008359_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008359-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995105_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995105-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An evolution to larger ships was also desirable because they were better able to survive a bow-on-bow ramming engagement, which allowed for increased tactical flexibility over the older, smaller ships which were limited to broad-side ramming. Once bigger ships had become common, they proved their usefulness in siege operations against coastal cities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(332_BC)" title="Siege of Tyre (332 BC)">siege of Tyre</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, as well as numerous siege operations carried out by his successors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(305%E2%80%93304_BC)" title="Siege of Rhodes (305–304 BC)">siege of Rhodes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Poliorcetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Poliorcetes">Demetrius Poliorcetes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACMA_Relief_Lenormant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ACMA_Relief_Lenormant.jpg/250px-ACMA_Relief_Lenormant.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ACMA_Relief_Lenormant.jpg/375px-ACMA_Relief_Lenormant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ACMA_Relief_Lenormant.jpg/500px-ACMA_Relief_Lenormant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>The Lenormant Relief, from the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Acropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian Acropolis">Athenian Acropolis</a>, depicting the rowers of an "aphract" Athenian trireme, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 410 BC</span>. Found in 1852, it is one of the main pictorial testaments to the layout of the <a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">trireme</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There were two chief design traditions in the Mediterranean, the Greek and the Punic (<a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenician</a>/Carthaginian) one, which was later copied by the Romans. As exemplified in the trireme, the Greeks used to project the upper level of oars through an <a href="/wiki/Outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger">outrigger</a> (<i>parexeiresia</i>), while the later Punic tradition heightened the ship, and had all three tiers of oars projecting directly from the side hull.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson199594–95_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson199594–95-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on iconographic evidence from coins, Morrison and Coates have determined that the Punic triremes in the 5th and early 4th centuries BC were largely similar to their Greek counterparts, most likely including an outrigger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995137_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995137-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the mid-4th century, however, at about the time the quinquereme was introduced in Phoenicia, there is evidence of ships without outriggers. This would have necessitated a different oar arrangement, with the middle level placed more inwards, as well as a different construction of the hull, with side-decks attached to it. From the middle of the 3rd century BC onwards, Carthaginian "fives" display a separate "oar box" that contained the rowers and that was attached to the main hull. This development of the earlier model entailed further modifications, meaning that the rowers would be located above deck, and essentially on the same level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995137–138_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995137–138-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would allow the hull to be strengthened, and have increased carrying capacity in consumable supplies, as well as improve the ventilation conditions of the rowers, an especially important factor in maintaining their stamina, and thereby improving the ship's maintainable speed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995129–130,_139_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995129–130,_139-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear however whether this design was applied to heavier warships, and although the Romans copied the Punic model for their quinqueremes, there is ample iconographic evidence of outrigger-equipped warships used until the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">imperial period</a>. </p><p>In the Athenian <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Sicilian Expedition</a> of 415–413 BC, it became apparent that the topmost tier of rowers, the <i>thranitai</i>, of the "aphract" (un-decked and unarmoured) Athenian triremes were vulnerable to attack by arrows and catapults. Given the prominence of close-quarters boarding actions in later years,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995138_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995138-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vessels were built as "cataphract" ships, with a closed hull to protect the rowers, and a full deck able to carry marines and catapults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heavy_warships">Heavy warships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Heavy warships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quadrireme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1-10_model_reconstruction_of_a_quadrireme_(four-banked_gallery)_according_to_a_graffito_from_Alba_Fucens_in_Italy,_mid-1st_century_AD,_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schiffahrt,_Mainz_(34305899133).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/1-10_model_reconstruction_of_a_quadrireme_%28four-banked_gallery%29_according_to_a_graffito_from_Alba_Fucens_in_Italy%2C_mid-1st_century_AD%2C_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schiffahrt%2C_Mainz_%2834305899133%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/1-10_model_reconstruction_of_a_quadrireme_%28four-banked_gallery%29_according_to_a_graffito_from_Alba_Fucens_in_Italy%2C_mid-1st_century_AD%2C_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schiffahrt%2C_Mainz_%2834305899133%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/1-10_model_reconstruction_of_a_quadrireme_%28four-banked_gallery%29_according_to_a_graffito_from_Alba_Fucens_in_Italy%2C_mid-1st_century_AD%2C_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schiffahrt%2C_Mainz_%2834305899133%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4834" data-file-height="3161" /></a><figcaption>1-10 model reconstruction of a quadrireme based on a graffito from Alba Fucens in Italy, mid-1st century AD, Museum für Antike Schiffahrt, Mainz (34305899133)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> reports that <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> ascribed the invention of the quadrireme (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">quadriremis</i>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">τετρήρης</span>, <i>tetrērēs</i>) to the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the exact date is unknown, it is most likely the type was developed in the latter half of the 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their first attested appearance is at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(332_BC)" title="Siege of Tyre (332 BC)">Siege of Tyre</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 332 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a few years later, they appear in the surviving naval lists of Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199571_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199571-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the period after Alexander's death (323 BC), the quadrireme proved very popular: the Athenians made plans to build 200 of these ships, and 90 out of 240 ships of the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a> (r. 306–301 BC) were "fours". Subsequently, the quadrireme was favoured as the main warship of the <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodian</a> navy, the sole professional naval force in the Eastern Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995306_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995306-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Battle of Naulochus</a> in 36 BC, "fours" were the most common ship type fielded by the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Pompeius">Sextus Pompeius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570–71_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570–71-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several ships of this kind are recorded in the two praetorian fleets of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Imperial Roman navy</a>. </p><p>It is known from references from both the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Battle of Mylae</a> that the quadrireme had two levels of oarsmen, and was therefore lower than the quinquereme,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199571_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199571-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while being of about the same width (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5.6 m</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995139_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995139-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its displacement must have been around 60 tonnes, and its carrying capacity at <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75</span> marines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995139_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995139-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was especially valued for its great speed and manoeuvrability, while its relatively shallow draught made it ideal for coastal operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199571_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199571-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "four" was classed as a "major ship" (<i>maioris formae</i>) by the Romans,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199571_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199571-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as a light craft, serving alongside triremes, in the navies of the major Hellenistic kingdoms like <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199575_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199575-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Quinquereme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_ship_on_Isola_Tiberina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Roman_ship_on_Isola_Tiberina.jpg/250px-Roman_ship_on_Isola_Tiberina.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Roman_ship_on_Isola_Tiberina.jpg/375px-Roman_ship_on_Isola_Tiberina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Roman_ship_on_Isola_Tiberina.jpg/500px-Roman_ship_on_Isola_Tiberina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Isola_Tiberina" class="mw-redirect" title="Isola Tiberina">Isola Tiberina</a> prow in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. according to Coates, it depicts a Greek-type "five" or "six",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995139_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995139-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while according to Murray, it is a "five".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray201260–61_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray201260–61-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Perhaps the most famous of the Hellenistic-era warships, because of its extensive use by the Carthaginians and Romans, the quinquereme (Latin: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quīnquerēmis</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">πεντήρης</span>, <i>pentērēs</i>) was invented by the tyrant of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse" title="Dionysius I of Syracuse">Dionysius I</a> (r. 405–367 BC) in 399 BC, as part of a major naval armament program directed against the Carthaginians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199568_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199568-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During most of the 4th century, the "fives" were the heaviest type of warship, and often used as flagships of fleets composed of triremes and quadriremes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199569_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199569-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> had them by 351, and Athens fielded some in 324.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the eastern Mediterranean, they were superseded as the heaviest ships by the massive polyremes that began appearing in the last two decades of the 4th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the West, they remained the mainstay of the Carthaginian navy. When the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, which hitherto lacked a significant navy, was embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> with Carthage, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> set out to construct a fleet of 100 quinqueremes and 20 triremes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200097_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200097-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, the Romans seized a shipwrecked Carthaginian quinquereme and used it as a blueprint for their own ships,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is stated that the Roman copies were heavier than the Carthaginian vessels, which were better built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199569_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199569-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quinquereme provided the workhorse of the Roman and Carthaginian fleets throughout their conflicts, although "fours" and "threes" are also mentioned. Indeed, so ubiquitous was the type that Polybius uses it as a shorthand for "warship" in general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000104_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000104-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Polybius, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus" title="Battle of Cape Ecnomus">Battle of Cape Ecnomus</a>, the Roman quinqueremes carried a total crew of 420, 300 of whom were rowers, and the rest marines.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaving aside a deck crew of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 20</span> men, and accepting the 2–2–1 pattern of oarsmen, the quinquereme would have 90 oars in each side, and 30-strong files of oarsmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199569_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199569-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fully decked quinquereme could also carry a marine detachment of 70 to 120, giving a total complement of about 400.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995138_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995138-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "five" would be <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 45 m</span> long, displace around 100 tonnes, be some 5 m wide at water level, and have its deck standing <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3 m</span> above the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995138_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995138-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polybius said the quinquereme was superior to the old trireme,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was retained in service in significant numbers by many smaller navies. Accounts by <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> also show that the "five", being heavier, performed better than the triremes in bad weather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199569_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199569-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> in the 1520s built what was called a quinquereme based on the design of <a href="/wiki/Vettor_Fausto" title="Vettor Fausto">Vettor Fausto</a>, who based it on his readings of classical texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerreiro2010_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerreiro2010-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hexareme">Hexareme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hexareme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hexareme or sexireme (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">hexēris</i>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἑξήρης</span></span></span>, <i>hexērēs</i>) is affirmed by the ancient historians Pliny the Elder and <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> to have been invented in Syracuse.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Sixes" were certainly present in the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_II_of_Syracuse" title="Dionysius II of Syracuse">Dionysius II of Syracuse</a> (r. 367–357 and 346–344 BC), but they may well have been invented in the last years of his father, Dionysius I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Sixes" were rarer than smaller vessels, and appear in the sources chiefly as flagships: at the Battle of Ecnomus, the two <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consuls</a> each had a hexareme, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XII">Ptolemy XII</a> (r. 80–58 and 55–51 BC) had one as his personal flagship, as did Sextus Pompeius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995139_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995139-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a>, hexaremes were present in both fleets, but with a notable difference: while in the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> they were the heaviest type of vessel, in the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> they were the second smallest, after the quinqueremes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single hexareme, the <i>Ops</i>, is later recorded as the heaviest ship serving in the praetorian <a href="/wiki/Classis_Misenensis" title="Classis Misenensis">Fleet of Misenum</a>. </p><p>The exact arrangement of the hexareme's oars is unclear. If it evolved naturally from the earlier designs, it would be a trireme with two rowers per oar;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the less likely alternative is that it had two levels with three oarsmen at each.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports about "sixes" used during the 1st-century BC Roman civil wars indicate that they were of a similar height to the quinqueremes, and record the presence of towers on the deck of a "six" serving as flagship to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Septireme">Septireme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Septireme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pliny the Elder attributes the creation of the septireme (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">septiremis</i>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἑπτήρης</span></span></span>, <i>heptērēs</i>) to Alexander the Great.<sup id="cite_ref-Pliny_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Curtius</a> corroborates this, and reports that the king gave orders for wood for 700 septiremes to be cut in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be used in his projected circumnavigations of the <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabian peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Poliorcetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Poliorcetes">Demetrius Poliorcetes</a> had seven such ships built in Phoenicia and, later, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II</a> (r. 283–246 BC) had 36 septiremes constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199576_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199576-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a> (r. 306–302 and 297–272 BC) also apparently had at least one "seven", which was captured by the Carthaginians and eventually lost at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000107_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000107-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Presumably, the septireme was derived by adding a standing rower to the lower level of the hexareme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199576_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199576-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Octeres">Octeres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Octeres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ship_graffiti_at_Nymphaion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ship_graffiti_at_Nymphaion.jpg/250px-Ship_graffiti_at_Nymphaion.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ship_graffiti_at_Nymphaion.jpg/375px-Ship_graffiti_at_Nymphaion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Ship_graffiti_at_Nymphaion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Graffiti from the Greek colony of <a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, depicting a heavy polyreme of the 3rd century BC, with fore- and aft-castles.</figcaption></figure> <p>Very little is known about the octeres (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀκτήρης</span></span></span>, <i>oktērēs</i>). At least two of their type were in the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V of Macedon</a> (r. 221–179 BC) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Battle of Chios</a> in 201 BC, where they were rammed in their prows. Their last appearance was at Actium, where Mark Antony is said by <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> to have had many "eights".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199576_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199576-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the comments of <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Orosius</a> that the larger ships in Antony's fleet were only as high as the quinqueremes (their deck standing at <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3 m</span> above water), it is presumed that "eights", as well as the "nines" and "tens", were rowed at two levels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995140_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995140-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An exceptionally large "eight", the <a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a>, is recorded by <a href="/wiki/Memnon_of_Heraclea" title="Memnon of Heraclea">Memnon of Heraclea</a> to have been built by <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a> (r. 306–281 BC), one of the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a>. It was richly decorated, required 1,600 rowers (8 files of 100 per side) and could support 1,200 marines. Remarkably for a ship of its size, its performance at sea was reportedly very good. The Romans used similar ships as troop carriers and flagships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199576_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199576-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enneres">Enneres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Enneres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The enneres (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐννήρης</span></span></span>) is first recorded in 315 BC, when three of their type were included in the fleet of Antigonus Monophthalmus. The presence of "nines" in Antony's fleet at Actium is recorded by <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, although Plutarch makes explicit mention only of "eights" and "tens". The oaring system may have been a modification of the quadrireme, with two teams of five and four oarsmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199577_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199577-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deceres">Deceres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deceres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the septireme, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="grc-Latn">deceres</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δεκήρης</span></span></span>, <i>dekērēs</i>) is attributed by Pliny to Alexander the Great,<sup id="cite_ref-Pliny_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they are present alongside "nines" in the fleet of Antigonus Monophthalmus in 315 BC. Indeed, it is most likely that the "ten" was derived from adding another oarsman to the "nine". A "ten" is mentioned as Philip V's flagship at Chios in 201 BC, and their last appearance was at Actium, where they constituted Antony's heaviest ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199577_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199577-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Larger_polyremes">Larger polyremes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Larger polyremes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delos_graffito_50_oared_ship.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Delos_graffito_50_oared_ship.JPG/250px-Delos_graffito_50_oared_ship.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Delos_graffito_50_oared_ship.JPG/375px-Delos_graffito_50_oared_ship.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Delos_graffito_50_oared_ship.JPG/500px-Delos_graffito_50_oared_ship.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3154" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>This graffito perhaps represents a very large polyreme ship, as it shows 50 oars on one side. It was first copied by Capt. Carlini in the 1930s and is now preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Delos" title="Archaeological Museum of Delos">Archaeological Museum of Delos</a> where this picture was taken in 2015.</figcaption></figure> <p>The tendency to build ever bigger ships that appeared in the last decades of the 4th century did not stop at the "ten". <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Poliorcetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Poliorcetes">Demetrius Poliorcetes</a> built "elevens", "thirteens", "fourteens", "fifteens" and "sixteens", and his son, <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas">Antigonus II Gonatas</a> had an "eighteen", while Ptolemy II's navy fielded 14 "elevens", 2 "twelves", 4 "thirteens", and even one "twenty" and two "thirties".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008357_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008357-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199577_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199577-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IV">Ptolemy IV</a> built a "forty" (<i><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">tessarakonteres</a></i>) that was 130m long, required 4,000 rowers and 400 other crew, and could support a force of 2,850 marines on its decks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995108_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995108-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "tens" seem to be the largest to have been used in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERankov201382_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERankov201382-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The larger polyremes were possibly double-hulled <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamarans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995107_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995107-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that, with the exception of the "forty", these ships must have been rowed at two levels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199577_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199577-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Light_warships">Light warships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Light warships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several types of fast vessels were used during this period, the successors of the 6th and 5th-century BC triacontors (τριακόντοροι, <i>triakontoroi</i>, "thirty-oars") and <a href="/wiki/Penteconter_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penteconter (ship)">pentecontors</a> (πεντηκόντοροι, <i>pentēkontoroi</i>, "fifty-oars"). Their primary use was in piracy and scouting, but they also found their place in the battle line. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D473-bir%C3%A8me_romaine-Liv2-ch10.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/D473-bir%C3%A8me_romaine-Liv2-ch10.png/250px-D473-bir%C3%A8me_romaine-Liv2-ch10.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/D473-bir%C3%A8me_romaine-Liv2-ch10.png/375px-D473-bir%C3%A8me_romaine-Liv2-ch10.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/D473-bir%C3%A8me_romaine-Liv2-ch10.png/500px-D473-bir%C3%A8me_romaine-Liv2-ch10.png 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>A Roman <a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">bireme</a> depicted in a <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> from the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Fortuna_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortuna (mythology)">Fortuna Primigenia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Praeneste" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeneste">Praeneste</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestrina" title="Palestrina">Palastrina</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120 BC</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exhibited in the Pius-Clementine Museum (<a href="/wiki/Museo_Pio-Clementino" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Pio-Clementino">Museo Pio-Clementino</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lembos">Lembos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lembos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>lembos</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">λέμβος</span>, "skiff", in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>lembus</i>) is used generically for boats or light vessels, and more specifically for a light warship,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995162_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995162-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most commonly associated with the vessels used by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria" title="List of ancient tribes in Illyria">Illyrian tribes</a>, chiefly for piracy, in the area of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995125_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995125-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of craft was also adopted by Philip V of Macedon, and soon after by the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a>, Rome, and even the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> king <a href="/wiki/Nabis_of_Sparta" title="Nabis of Sparta">Nabis</a> in his attempt to rebuild the Spartan navy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995125–126_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995125–126-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary writings, the name was associated with a class rather than a specific type of vessels, as considerable variation is evident in the sources: the number of oars ranged from 16 to 50, they could be one- or double-banked, and some types did not have a ram, presumably being used as couriers and fast cargo vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995126_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995126-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hemiolia">Hemiolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hemiolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>hemiolia</i> or <i>hemiolos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡμιολία [ναῦς]</span></span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡμίολος [λέμβος]</span></span>) was a light and fast warship that appeared in the early 4th century BC. It was particularly favoured by pirates in the eastern Mediterranean,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995128_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995128-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also used by Alexander the Great as far as the rivers <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Hydaspes</a>, and by the Romans as a troop transport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199574_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199574-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that the type was invented by pirates, probably in <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199573_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199573-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little is known of their characteristics, but <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I</a> (r. 323–283 BC), includes them amongst the triacontors. According to one view, it was manned by half the number of oarsmen to make room for the fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to another, there were one and a half files of oarsmen on each side, with the additional half file placed amidships, where the hull was wide enough to accommodate them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199574_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199574-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view, they could have had 15 oars on each side, with a full file of ten and a half file of five or instead the middle oars may have been double-manned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199574–75_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199574–75-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given their lighter hulls, greater length and generally slimmer profile, the hemiolia would have had an advantage in speed even over other light warships like the liburnian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995140_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995140-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trihemiolia">Trihemiolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trihemiolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodian_Trireme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rhodian_Trireme.jpg/250px-Rhodian_Trireme.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rhodian_Trireme.jpg/375px-Rhodian_Trireme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rhodian_Trireme.jpg/500px-Rhodian_Trireme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Relief of a Rhodian galley, most likely a <i>trihemiolia</i>, carved in the rock beneath the acropolis of <a href="/wiki/Lindos" title="Lindos">Lindos</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>trihemiolia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τριημιολία [ναῦς]</span></span></span>) first appears in accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(305_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rhodes (305 BC)">Siege of Rhodes</a> by Demetrius Poliorcetes in 304 BC, where a squadron of <i>trihemioliai</i> was sent out as <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raider" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce raider">commerce raiders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type was one of the chief vessels of the Rhodian navy, and it is very likely that it was also invented there, as a counter to the pirates' swift <i>hemioliai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995129–130_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995129–130-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So great was the attachment of the Rhodians to this type of vessel, that for a century after their navy was abolished by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a> in 46 BC, they kept a few as ceremonial vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995131_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995131-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The type was classed with the trireme, and had two and a half files of oarsmen on each side. Judging from the Lindos relief and the famous <a href="/wiki/Nike_of_Samothrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike of Samothrace">Nike of Samothrace</a>, both of which are thought to represent <i>trihemioliai</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995140_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995140-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the two upper files would have been accommodated in an oarbox, with the half-file located beneath them in the classic <i>thalamitai</i> position of the trireme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199575_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199575-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lindos relief also includes a list of the crews of two <i>trihemioliai</i>, allowing us to deduce that each was crewed by 144 men, 120 of whom were rowers (hence a full file numbered 24).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199575_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199575-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reconstruction based on the above sculptures shows that the ship was relatively low, with a boxed-in superstructure, a displacement of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 40</span> tonnes, and capable of reaching speeds comparable with those of a full trireme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995140_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995140-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>trihemiolia</i> was a very successful design, and was adopted by the navies of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> and Athens among others. Despite being classed as lighter warships, they were sometimes employed in a first-line role, for instance at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Battle of Chios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199575_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199575-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liburnians">Liburnians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Liburnians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:058_Conrad_Cichorius,_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule,_Tafel_LVIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/058_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_LVIII.jpg/250px-058_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_LVIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/058_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_LVIII.jpg/375px-058_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_LVIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/058_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_LVIII.jpg/500px-058_Conrad_Cichorius%2C_Die_Reliefs_der_Traianss%C3%A4ule%2C_Tafel_LVIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption>Bireme Roman warships, probably liburnians, of the Danube fleet during <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">liburnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">liburna</i>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">λιβυρνίς</span>, <i>libyrnis</i>) was a variant of <i>lembos</i> invented by the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Liburnians" title="Liburnians">Liburnians</a>. Initially used for piracy and scouting, this light and swift vessel was adopted by the Romans during the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian Wars">Illyrian Wars</a>, and eventually became the mainstay of the fleets of the Roman Empire following Actium, displacing the heavier vessels. Especially the provincial Roman fleets were composed almost exclusively of liburnians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199572_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199572-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livy, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annaeus_Lucanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annaeus Lucanus">Lucan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> all describe the liburnian as bireme; they were fully decked (cataphract) ships, with a sharply pointed prow, providing a more streamlined shape designed for greater speed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199572–73_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199572–73-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of speed, the liburnian was probably considerably slower than a trireme, but on a par with a "five".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199573_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199573-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=remus1">rēmus</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=e)re/ssw"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐρέσσω</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199566-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199566_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200098-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200098_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2000">Goldsworthy 2000</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199566–68-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199566–68_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, pp. 66–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008358_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Souza2008">de Souza 2008</a>, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson199597-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson199597_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson199578–79,_99-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson199578–79,_99_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, pp. 78–79, 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson199579-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson199579_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008357-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008357_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008357_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Souza2008">de Souza 2008</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995101-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995101_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200099-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200099_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2000">Goldsworthy 2000</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995102-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995102_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995138-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995138_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995138_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995138_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995138_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoates1995">Coates 1995</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000102-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000102_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000102_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2000">Goldsworthy 2000</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995104-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995104_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008359-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008359_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008359_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Souza2008">de Souza 2008</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008359–360-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza2008359–360_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Souza2008">de Souza 2008</a>, pp. 359–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995105-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995105_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2012-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2012_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurray2012">Murray 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson199594–95-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson199594–95_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995137-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995137_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoates1995">Coates 1995</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995137–138-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995137–138_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoates1995">Coates 1995</a>, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrison & Coates (1996), pp. 259–260, 270–272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995129–130,_139-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995129–130,_139_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoates1995">Coates 1995</a>, pp. 129–130, 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meijer (1986), p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny, <i>Natural History</i>, VII.207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Curtius</a>, IV.3.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199571-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199571_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199571_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199571_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199571_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995306-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995306_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570–71-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199570–71_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995139-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995139_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995139_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995139_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995139_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoates1995">Coates 1995</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199575-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199575_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199575_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199575_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199575_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray201260–61-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray201260–61_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurray2012">Murray 2012</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199568-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199568_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199569-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199569_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199569_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199569_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199569_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200097-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200097_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2000">Goldsworthy 2000</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius, <i>The Histories</i>, I.20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000104-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000104_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2000">Goldsworthy 2000</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius, I.26.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius, I.63.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerreiro2010-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerreiro2010_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerreiro2010">Ferreiro 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny, <i>Natural History</i>, VII.207; Aelian, <i>Various History</i>, VI.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i>Historia Romana</i>, L.23.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meijer (1986), p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pliny-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pliny_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pliny_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny, <i>Natural History</i>, VII.206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Curtius</a>, X.1.19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199576-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199576_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199576_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199576_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199576_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000107-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2000107_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2000">Goldsworthy 2000</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1995140-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995140_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995140_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995140_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates1995140_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoates1995">Coates 1995</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199577-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199577_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199577_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199577_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199577_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995108-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995108_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERankov201382-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERankov201382_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRankov2013">Rankov 2013</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995107-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995107_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.B. Saddington (2011) [2007]. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1D612o_X2VYC&q=biremeClasses%3A&pg=PR10">the Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets</a>," in Paul Erdkamp (ed), <i>A Companion to the Roman Army</i>, 201-217. Malden, Oxford, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2153-8">978-1-4051-2153-8</a>. Plate 12.2 on p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coarelli, Filippo (1987), <i>I Santuari del Lazio in età repubblicana</i>. NIS, Rome, pp 35-84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995162-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995162_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995125-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995125_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995125–126-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995125–126_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995126-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995126_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995128-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995128_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199574-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199574_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199574_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199573-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199573_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199573_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Benselers" class="citation book cs1">Kaegi, Adolf (1931). <i>Benselers Griechisch-Deutsches Schulwörterbuch</i> (15 ed.). Leipzig and Berlin: B. G. Teubner. p. 348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benselers+Griechisch-Deutsches+Schulw%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Leipzig+and+Berlin&rft.pages=348&rft.edition=15&rft.pub=B.+G.+Teubner&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Kaegi&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenistic-era+warships" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199574–75-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199574–75_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <i>Historical Library</i>, XX.93.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995129–130-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995129–130_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meijer (1986), p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995131-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995131_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199572-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199572_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199572–73-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199572–73_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison1995">Morrison 1995</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lucien Basch (1989) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613150920/http://nauticalarch.org/uploads/Tropis/Tzalas%201995%20-%20Tropis%20III.pdf">Le 'navire invaincu à neuf rangées de rameurs' de Pausanias (I, 29.1) et le 'Monument des Taureaux', à Delos</a>", in TROPIS III, ed. H. Tzalas, Athens. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00133-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00133-6">978-1-107-00133-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasson1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Casson, Lionel</a> (1991). <i>The Ancient Mariners</i> (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01477-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01477-9"><bdi>0-691-01477-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Mariners&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-691-01477-9&rft.aulast=Casson&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenistic-era+warships" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasson1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Casson, Lionel</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDpMh0gK2OUC"><i>Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World</i></a>. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5130-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5130-0"><bdi>0-8018-5130-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+and+Seamanship+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=Baltimore+and+London&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8018-5130-0&rft.aulast=Casson&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDpMh0gK2OUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenistic-era+warships" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Casson, Lionel</a> (1994). "The Age of the Supergalleys". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014054039/https://archive.org/details/shipsseafaringin00cass"><i>Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71162-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71162-X"><bdi>0-292-71162-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shipsseafaringin00cass">the original</a></span> on 2016-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Age+of+the+Supergalleys&rft.btitle=Ships+and+Seafaring+in+Ancient+Times&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-292-71162-X&rft.aulast=Casson&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshipsseafaringin00cass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenistic-era+warships" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates1995" class="citation book cs1">Coates, John F. (1995). "The Naval Architecture and Oar Systems of Ancient Galleys". In <a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">Morrison, John S.</a>; Gardiner, Robert (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgalleymedit0000unse"><i>The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times</i></a>. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 127–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-554-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-554-3"><bdi>0-85177-554-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Naval+Architecture+and+Oar+Systems+of+Ancient+Galleys&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Galley%3A+Mediterranean+Oared+Vessels+Since+Pre-Classical+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pages=127-141&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-85177-554-3&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofgalleymedit0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenistic-era+warships" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerreiro2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larrie_Ferreiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Larrie Ferreiro">Ferreiro, Larrie D.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1387%2Ftheoria.617">"The Aristotelian Heritage in Early Naval Architecture, From the Venice Arsenal to the French Navy, 1500–1700"</a>. <i>Theoria: An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 227–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1387%2Ftheoria.617">10.1387/theoria.617</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10810%2F39435">10810/39435</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170627252">170627252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoria%3A+An+International+Journal+for+Theory%2C+History+and+Foundations+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+Aristotelian+Heritage+in+Early+Naval+Architecture%2C+From+the+Venice+Arsenal+to+the+French+Navy%2C+1500%E2%80%931700&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-241&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10810%2F39435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170627252%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1387%2Ftheoria.617&rft.aulast=Ferreiro&rft.aufirst=Larrie+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1387%252Ftheoria.617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenistic-era+warships" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoleySoedel1981" class="citation journal cs1">Foley, Vernon; Soedel, Werner (April 1981). "Ancient oared warships". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>244</b> (4): 116–129. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981SciAm.244d.148F">1981SciAm.244d.148F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0481-148">10.1038/scientificamerican0481-148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Ancient+oared+warships&rft.volume=244&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=116-129&rft.date=1981-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0481-148&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981SciAm.244d.148F&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rft.au=Soedel%2C+Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenistic-era+warships" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy" title="Adrian Goldsworthy">Goldsworthy, Adrian</a> (2000). <i>The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC</i>. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36642-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36642-0"><bdi>0-304-36642-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Carthage%3A+The+Punic+Wars+265%E2%80%93146+BC&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-304-36642-0&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenistic-era+warships" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeijer1986" class="citation book cs1">Meijer, Fik (1986). <i>A History of Seafaring in the Classical World</i>. Croom and Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-00075-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-00075-8"><bdi>0-312-00075-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Seafaring+in+the+Classical+World&rft.pub=Croom+and+Helm&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-312-00075-8&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=Fik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenistic-era+warships" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">J. S. Morrison</a> and R. T. Williams, <i>Greek Oared Ships: 900–322 BC</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1968.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisonCoates1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">Morrison, John S.</a>; Coates, John F. (1996). <i>Greek and Roman Oared Warships</i>. Oxford: Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900188-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-900188-07-4"><bdi>1-900188-07-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Oared+Warships&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-900188-07-4&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Coates%2C+John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenistic-era+warships" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">Morrison, John S.</a> (1995). "Hellenistic Oared Warships 399-31 BC". In <a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">Morrison, John S.</a>; Gardiner, Robert (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgalleymedit0000unse"><i>The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times</i></a>. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 66–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-554-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-554-3"><bdi>0-85177-554-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hellenistic+Oared+Warships+399-31+BC&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Galley%3A+Mediterranean+Oared+Vessels+Since+Pre-Classical+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pages=66-77&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-85177-554-3&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofgalleymedit0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenistic-era+warships" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2012" class="citation book cs1">Murray, William (2012). <i>The Age of Titans, the Rise and Fall of the Great Hellenistic Navies</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538864-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538864-0"><bdi>978-0-19-538864-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Titans%2C+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Great+Hellenistic+Navies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538864-0&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenistic-era+warships" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankov2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Rankov, Boris</a> (2013). "Ships and Shipsheds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6jZEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76"><i>Shipsheds of the Ancient Mediterranean</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ships+and+Shipsheds&rft.btitle=Shipsheds+of+the+Ancient+Mediterranean&rft.pages=76-101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Rankov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6jZEAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenistic-era+warships" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Souza2008" class="citation book cs1">de Souza, Philip (2008). "Naval Forces". In Sabin, Philip; van Wees, Hans; Whitby, Michael (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Volume 1: Greece, the Hellenistic world and the rise of Rome</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 357–367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85779-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85779-6"><bdi>978-0-521-85779-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Naval+Forces&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Greek+and+Roman+Warfare%2C+Volume+1%3A+Greece%2C+the+Hellenistic+world+and+the+rise+of+Rome&rft.pages=357-367&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85779-6&rft.aulast=de+Souza&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenistic-era+warships" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_sailing_vessels_and_rigs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template talk:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_sailing_vessels_and_rigs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a> vessels and <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sailing rigs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_rig" title="Ljungström rig">Ljungström rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Lug rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_aft_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast aft rig">Mast aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja rig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Sailing_rigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing rigs">sailing rigs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">Barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barquentine" title="Barquentine">Barquentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">Brig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">Brigantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catboat" title="Catboat">Catboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">Full-rigged ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackass-barque" title="Jackass-barque">Jackass-barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketch" title="Ketch">Ketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistico_(boat)" title="Mistico (boat)">Mistico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">Schooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">Sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(ship)" title="Snow (ship)">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">Yawl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a> vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBalia" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻalia">ʻalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatasi" title="Amatasi">Amatasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baurua" title="Baurua">Baurua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigiw" title="Bigiw">Bigiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camakau" title="Camakau">Camakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilalo" title="Guilalo">Guilalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalia_(watercraft)" title="Kalia (watercraft)">Kalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kora_kora" title="Kora kora">Kora kora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakatoi" title="Lakatoi">Lakatoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahi_(ship)" title="Pahi (ship)">Pahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamaran">Pentamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrimaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrimaran">Quadrimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_(watercraft)" title="Takia (watercraft)">Takia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">Tepukei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipairua" title="Tipairua">Tipairua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongiaki" title="Tongiaki">Tongiaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungalawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungalawa">Ungalawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27a-tele" title="Va'a-tele">Va'a-tele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaka_katea" title="Vaka katea">Vaka katea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval and merchant<br /><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a><br />and other vessels <br />(by origin date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boita" title="Boita">Boita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadriremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriremes">Quadriremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">K'un-lun po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtepe" title="Mtepe">Mtepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinger" title="Balinger">Balinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benawa" title="Benawa">Benawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birlinn" title="Birlinn">Birlinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_vessel" title="Bomb vessel">Bomb vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">Cog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulk_(medieval_ship_type)" title="Hulk (medieval ship type)">Hulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondura_(ship)" title="Kondura (ship)">Kondura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malangbang" title="Malangbang">Malangbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitik" title="Shitik">Shitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabra" title="Zabra">Zabra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">Carrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_treasure_ship" title="Chinese treasure ship">Chinese treasure ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">Caravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">Lancaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoy_(boat)" title="Hoy (boat)">Hoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabaccolo" title="Trabaccolo">Trabaccolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crommesteven" title="Crommesteven">Crommesteven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">Galiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">Galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleass" title="Galleass">Galleass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyboat" title="Flyboat">Flyboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluyt" title="Fluyt">Fluyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_pinnace" title="Full-rigged pinnace">Full-rigged pinnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcha_(boat)" title="Lorcha (boat)">Lorcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">Man-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchua" title="Manchua">Manchua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patache" title="Patache">Patache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speronara" title="Speronara">Speronara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square-rigged_caravel" title="Square-rigged caravel">Square-rigged caravel (<i>round</i> or <i>de armada</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xebec" title="Xebec">Xebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_sloop" title="Bermuda sloop">Bermuda sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeas" title="Galeas">Galeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koff_(ship_type)" title="Koff (ship type)">Koff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_(ship)" title="Pink (ship)">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polacca" title="Polacca">Polacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilander" title="Bilander">Bilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chialoup" title="Chialoup">Chialoup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">Clipper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Clipper" title="Baltimore Clipper">Baltimore Clipper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallivat" title="Gallivat">Gallivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(ship)" title="Grab (ship)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundalow" title="Gundalow">Gundalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padewakang" title="Padewakang">Padewakang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_ship" title="Post ship">Post ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy-four_(ship)" title="Seventy-four (ship)">74-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloop-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toop_(boat)" title="Toop (boat)">Toop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincadour" title="Trincadour">Trincadour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackwall_frigate" title="Blackwall frigate">Blackwall frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Easter_(ship)" title="Down Easter (ship)">Down Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golekan" title="Golekan">Golekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-hulled_sailing_ship" title="Iron-hulled sailing ship">Iron-hulled sailing ship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">Warship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janggolan" title="Janggolan">Janggolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambo_(boat)" title="Lambo (boat)">Lambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_leti" title="Leti leti">Leti leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palari_(boat)" title="Palari (boat)">Palari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_barge" title="Tamar barge">Tamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_Ketch" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country Ketch">West Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windjammer" title="Windjammer">Windjammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montagu_whaler" title="Montagu whaler">Montagu whaler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fishing vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)" title="Bagan (fishing)">Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago_(boat)" title="Bago (boat)">Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca-longa" title="Barca-longa">Barca-longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falku%C5%A1a" title="Falkuša">Falkuša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">Felucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifie" title="Fifie">Fifie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gableboat" title="Gableboat">Gableboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_buss" title="Herring buss">Herring buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangada" title="Jangada">Jangada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugger" title="Lugger">Lugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masula_boat" title="Masula boat">Masula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(boat)" title="Mayang (boat)">Mayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patorani" title="Patorani">Patorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordland_(boat)" title="Nordland (boat)">Nordland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixareen" title="Sixareen">Sixareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgoth_Niseach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sgoth Niseach">Sgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smack_(ship)" title="Smack (ship)">Smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartane" title="Tartane">Tartane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_smack" title="Well smack">Well smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoal" title="Yoal">Yoal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinghy" title="Dinghy">Dinghy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_sailboat" title="Ljungström sailboat">Ljungström sailboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_aft_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast aft rig">Mast aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_cruiser" title="Pocket cruiser">Pocket cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_hydrofoil" title="Sailing hydrofoil">Sailing hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_yacht" title="Sailing yacht">Sailing yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsboat" title="Sportsboat">Sportsboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_sailer" title="Trailer sailer">Trailer sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wharram" title="James Wharram">Wharrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">Yacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inflatable_boat" title="Inflatable boat">Inflatable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee" title="Razee">Razee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_ship" title="Tall ship">Tall ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenailed_boat" title="Treenailed boat">Treenailed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_light_displacement_boat" title="Ultra light displacement boat">ULDB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel_pilot_cutter" title="Bristol Channel pilot cutter">Bristol Channel pilot cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_restaurant" title="Floating restaurant">Floating restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">Fusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_flat" title="Mersey flat">Mersey flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_punt" title="Norfolk punt">Norfolk punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_wherry" title="Norfolk wherry">Norfolk wherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pausik">Pausik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnace_(ship%27s_boat)" title="Pinnace (ship's boat)">Pinnace (ship's boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pram_(ship)" title="Pram (ship)">Pram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scow" title="Scow">Scow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_sailing_barge" title="Thames sailing barge">Thames sailing barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wherry" title="Wherry">Wherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propulsion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">Rutter (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> (Podouke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (Kadaram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Maritime Jade Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age#Economy_of_Iron_Age_Britain" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesian replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Maritime_Museum#Seaworthy_ships" title="New Zealand Maritime Museum">Aotearoa One</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>The Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)"><i>The Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&oldid=1252719444#Quinquereme">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&oldid=1252719444#Quinquereme</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Galleys" title="Category:Galleys">Galleys</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Category:Military history of the Mediterranean">Military history of the Mediterranean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hellenistic_warfare" title="Category:Hellenistic warfare">Hellenistic warfare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Navy_of_ancient_Rome" title="Category:Navy of ancient Rome">Navy of ancient Rome</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ships_of_the_Hellenistic_period" title="Category:Ships of the Hellenistic period">Ships of the Hellenistic period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_warfare_of_antiquity" title="Category:Naval warfare of antiquity">Naval warfare of antiquity</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 17:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic-era_warships&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#Quinquereme" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-szrlp","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.990","walltime":"1.212","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8890,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":253723,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9671,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":96011,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 953.228 1 -total"," 24.30% 231.675 90 Template:Sfn"," 15.30% 145.850 27 Template:Lang"," 14.76% 140.720 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.23% 116.624 12 Template:Cite_book"," 11.40% 108.687 9 Template:Navbox"," 9.33% 88.962 1 Template:Sailing_Vessels_and_Rigs"," 9.25% 88.158 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.98% 47.496 2 Template:ISBN"," 4.75% 45.273 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.567","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15969437,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Benselers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerreiro2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoleySoedel1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsworthy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeijer1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrisonCoates1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankov2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Souza2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ancient seafaring\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Hellenistic-Era Warships\"] = 1,\n [\"Google Books\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"L\u0026S\"] = 1,\n [\"LSJ\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 26,\n [\"Langx\"] = 15,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sailing Vessels and Rigs\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 90,\n [\"Sfn whitelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"The Age of the Galley\"] = 2,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFCoates1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison1995\"] = 1,\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5wzkx","timestamp":"20241122141314","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hellenistic-era warships","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hellenistic-era_warships#Quinquereme","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q15249389","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q15249389","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-16T11:48:12Z","dateModified":"2024-10-22T17:19:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f0\/Nike_di_samotracia_00.JPG","headline":"oared warships"}</script> </body> </html>