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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron Age Scandinavia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pre-roman_iron_age_(map).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG/250px-Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG/375px-Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG/500px-Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Iron Age">Nordic Iron Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf cultures</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_tribes_(750BC-1AD).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/250px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/375px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/500px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption> Expansion of <a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">early Germanic tribes</a> into previously mostly <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #d00;background-color:#f00; color:black;"> </span>  Settlements before 750 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #e73;background-color:#f84; color:black;"> </span>  New settlements by 500 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #da0;background-color:#ff0; color:black;"> </span>  New settlements by 250 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #0d0;background-color:#0f0; color:black;"> </span>  New settlements by <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AD</span></span> 1</div> Some sources also give a date of 750 BC for the earliest expansion out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany along the North Sea coast towards the mouth of the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Iron Age Scandinavia</b> (or <b>Nordic Iron Age</b>) was the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, as it unfolded in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. It was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 6th and 5th centuries BC were a tipping point for exports and imports on the European continent. The ever-increasing conflicts and wars between the central European <a href="/wiki/Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic tribes">Celtic tribes</a> and the Mediterranean cultures destabilized old major trade routes and networks between Scandinavia and the Mediterranean, eventually breaking them down. Archaeology attests a rapid and deep change in the Scandinavian culture and way of life due to various reasons which have not yet been sufficiently analyzed. Agricultural production became more intensified, organized around larger settlements and with a much more labour-intensive production. Slaves were introduced and deployed, something uncommon in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>. The rising power, wealth and organization of the central European tribes in the following centuries did not seem to instigate an increased trade and contact between Scandinavia and central Europe before 200‒100 BC. At this point the Celtic tribes had organized themselves in numerous urban communities known as <i><a href="/wiki/Oppida" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppida">oppida</a></i>, and the more stable political situation in Europe allowed for a whole new economic development and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-JJ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> could not be produced in Scandinavia, as <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> was not a local natural resource, but with new techniques, iron production from <a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">bog iron</a> (mostly in Denmark) slowly gained ground. Iron is a versatile metal and was suitable for tools and weapons, but it was not until the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> that iron incited a revolution in ploughing.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, herds of livestock had pasture grazed freely in large <a href="/wiki/Wood_pasture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pasture">wood pastures</a>, but were now placed in stables, probably to utilize manure more efficiently and increase agricultural production. Even though the advent of the Iron Age in Scandinavia was a time of great crisis, the new agricultural expansions, techniques and organizations proceeded apace. And though the decline of foreign trade might suggest that the period marked a transition from a rich and wealthy culture to a poor and meagre one, the population grew and new technology was developed. The period might just reflect a change of culture and not necessarily a decline in standards of living.<sup id="cite_ref-JJ_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periodization">Periodization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Periodization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe#Periodization" title="Archaeology of Northern Europe">archaeology of Northern Europe § Periodization</a></div> <p>The Iron Age in Scandinavia and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> begins around 500 BC with the <a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf culture</a>, and is taken to last until c. 800 AD and the beginning Viking Age. It succeeds the Nordic Bronze Age with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">ferrous metallurgy</a> by contact with the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallstatt D">Hallstatt D</a>/<a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a> cultures. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a> (5th to 1st centuries BC). There are many <a href="/wiki/Bog_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bog bodies">bog bodies</a> from Danish bog areas, some ritually killed, perhaps as <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifices</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Tollund_Man" title="Tollund Man">Tollund Man</a> (found 1950) is the best-known. Their hair, skin and possessions have often been preserved in the anaerobic conditions, allowing archaeologists to learn more about their lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a> (1st to 4th centuries AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a> (5th to 8th centuries AD) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vendel_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendel era">Vendel era</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The Northern European Iron Age is the locus of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> culture, in its later stage differentiating into <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> (in Scandinavia), and <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic">Ingvaeonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">Irminonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Istvaeonic</a>) in northern Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_religion">Culture and religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Culture and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Nordic Iron Age culture</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 236.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 234.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hodde_Iron_Age_village,_Denmark,_c._100_BC.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of Hodde Iron Age village, Denmark, c. 100 BC.[6]"><img alt="Model of Hodde Iron Age village, Denmark, c. 100 BC.[6]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hodde_Iron_Age_village%2C_Denmark%2C_c._100_BC.png/352px-Hodde_Iron_Age_village%2C_Denmark%2C_c._100_BC.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hodde_Iron_Age_village%2C_Denmark%2C_c._100_BC.png/528px-Hodde_Iron_Age_village%2C_Denmark%2C_c._100_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hodde_Iron_Age_village%2C_Denmark%2C_c._100_BC.png/704px-Hodde_Iron_Age_village%2C_Denmark%2C_c._100_BC.png 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="769" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of Hodde Iron Age village, Denmark, c. 100 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Langhuset_Veien_kulturminnepark_20070722.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstructed Iron Age hall at Veien, Norway. Roman Iron Age, 1st-2nd century AD.[7]"><img alt="Reconstructed Iron Age hall at Veien, Norway. Roman Iron Age, 1st-2nd century AD.[7]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Langhuset_Veien_kulturminnepark_20070722.JPG/269px-Langhuset_Veien_kulturminnepark_20070722.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Langhuset_Veien_kulturminnepark_20070722.JPG/404px-Langhuset_Veien_kulturminnepark_20070722.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Langhuset_Veien_kulturminnepark_20070722.JPG/538px-Langhuset_Veien_kulturminnepark_20070722.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Reconstructed Iron Age hall at <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veien_kulturminnepark" class="extiw" title="no:Veien kulturminnepark">Veien</a>, Norway. Roman Iron Age, 1st-2nd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lojsta_-_KMB_-_16000300020844.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lojsta Hall, a 30 x 16 m reconstructed hall from the Germanic Iron Age (Gotland, Sweden)"><img alt="Lojsta Hall, a 30 x 16 m reconstructed hall from the Germanic Iron Age (Gotland, Sweden)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lojsta_-_KMB_-_16000300020844.jpg/280px-Lojsta_-_KMB_-_16000300020844.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lojsta_-_KMB_-_16000300020844.jpg/419px-Lojsta_-_KMB_-_16000300020844.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lojsta_-_KMB_-_16000300020844.jpg/559px-Lojsta_-_KMB_-_16000300020844.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lojsta_Castle" title="Lojsta Castle">Lojsta Hall</a>, a 30 x 16 m reconstructed hall from the Germanic Iron Age (<a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, Sweden)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 99.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 97.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardenhaarnetz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Women wore sprangs. A reconstructed hairnet from the Pre-Roman Iron Age (Arden Woman, Denmark)"><img alt="Women wore sprangs. A reconstructed hairnet from the Pre-Roman Iron Age (Arden Woman, Denmark)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ardenhaarnetz.jpg/146px-Ardenhaarnetz.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ardenhaarnetz.jpg/220px-Ardenhaarnetz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ardenhaarnetz.jpg/293px-Ardenhaarnetz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1029" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Women wore <a href="/wiki/Sprang" title="Sprang">sprangs</a>. A reconstructed hairnet from the Pre-Roman Iron Age (<a href="/wiki/Arden_Woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arden Woman">Arden Woman</a>, Denmark)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 89.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 87.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Axe_of_iron_from_Swedish_Iron_Age,_found_at_Gotland,_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iron axe head (Gotland, Sweden. Drawing from Nordisk familjebok, 1904–1926)"><img alt="Iron axe head (Gotland, Sweden. Drawing from Nordisk familjebok, 1904–1926)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Axe_of_iron_from_Swedish_Iron_Age%2C_found_at_Gotland%2C_Sweden.jpg/131px-Axe_of_iron_from_Swedish_Iron_Age%2C_found_at_Gotland%2C_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Axe_of_iron_from_Swedish_Iron_Age%2C_found_at_Gotland%2C_Sweden.jpg/197px-Axe_of_iron_from_Swedish_Iron_Age%2C_found_at_Gotland%2C_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Axe_of_iron_from_Swedish_Iron_Age%2C_found_at_Gotland%2C_Sweden.jpg/262px-Axe_of_iron_from_Swedish_Iron_Age%2C_found_at_Gotland%2C_Sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iron axe head (Gotland, Sweden. Drawing from <i><a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a></i>, 1904–1926)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Model-af-Hjortspringb%C3%A5den_DO-2304_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nordic Iron Age boats (Hjortspring boat, Denmark), c. 400 BC"><img alt="Nordic Iron Age boats (Hjortspring boat, Denmark), c. 400 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Model-af-Hjortspringb%C3%A5den_DO-2304_original.jpg/244px-Model-af-Hjortspringb%C3%A5den_DO-2304_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Model-af-Hjortspringb%C3%A5den_DO-2304_original.jpg/366px-Model-af-Hjortspringb%C3%A5den_DO-2304_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Model-af-Hjortspringb%C3%A5den_DO-2304_original.jpg/488px-Model-af-Hjortspringb%C3%A5den_DO-2304_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nordic Iron Age boats (<a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring boat</a>, Denmark), c. 400 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SorteMuld_guldskat_800px.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bracteates (Bornholm, Denmark)"><img alt="Bracteates (Bornholm, Denmark)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SorteMuld_guldskat_800px.jpg/269px-SorteMuld_guldskat_800px.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SorteMuld_guldskat_800px.jpg/404px-SorteMuld_guldskat_800px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SorteMuld_guldskat_800px.jpg/539px-SorteMuld_guldskat_800px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">Bracteates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a>, Denmark)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gundestrupkarret1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ornamented cauldrons. The silver Gundestrup Cauldron from the Roman Iron Age (Aars, Denmark)"><img alt="Ornamented cauldrons. The silver Gundestrup Cauldron from the Roman Iron Age (Aars, Denmark)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gundestrupkarret1.jpg/226px-Gundestrupkarret1.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gundestrupkarret1.jpg/339px-Gundestrupkarret1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gundestrupkarret1.jpg/452px-Gundestrupkarret1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ornamented cauldrons. The silver <a href="/wiki/Gundestrup_Cauldron" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundestrup Cauldron">Gundestrup Cauldron</a> from the Roman Iron Age (<a href="/wiki/Aars" title="Aars">Aars</a>, Denmark)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%B6nekragen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden necklaces. The Möne Collar from the Germanic Iron Age (Västergötland, Sweden)"><img alt="Golden necklaces. The Möne Collar from the Germanic Iron Age (Västergötland, Sweden)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/M%C3%B6nekragen.jpg/239px-M%C3%B6nekragen.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/M%C3%B6nekragen.jpg/358px-M%C3%B6nekragen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/M%C3%B6nekragen.jpg/477px-M%C3%B6nekragen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1697" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Golden necklaces. The Möne Collar from the Germanic Iron Age (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>, Sweden)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Nordic Iron Age culture</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dejbjerg_wagon,_Nationalmuseet_Copenhagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceremonial wagons. The Dejbjerg wagon from the Pre-Roman Iron Age (National Museum of Denmark)"><img alt="Ceremonial wagons. The Dejbjerg wagon from the Pre-Roman Iron Age (National Museum of Denmark)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Dejbjerg_wagon%2C_Nationalmuseet_Copenhagen.jpg/240px-Dejbjerg_wagon%2C_Nationalmuseet_Copenhagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Dejbjerg_wagon%2C_Nationalmuseet_Copenhagen.jpg/360px-Dejbjerg_wagon%2C_Nationalmuseet_Copenhagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Dejbjerg_wagon%2C_Nationalmuseet_Copenhagen.jpg/480px-Dejbjerg_wagon%2C_Nationalmuseet_Copenhagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceremonial wagons. The <a href="/wiki/Dejbjerg_wagon" title="Dejbjerg wagon">Dejbjerg wagon</a> from the Pre-Roman Iron Age (National Museum of Denmark)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Votive_offering_in_Illerup_%C3%85dal_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Votive offerings in bogs and bodies of water (Illerup Ådal, Denmark)"><img alt="Votive offerings in bogs and bodies of water (Illerup Ådal, Denmark)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/A_Votive_offering_in_Illerup_%C3%85dal_1.JPG/240px-A_Votive_offering_in_Illerup_%C3%85dal_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/A_Votive_offering_in_Illerup_%C3%85dal_1.JPG/360px-A_Votive_offering_in_Illerup_%C3%85dal_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/A_Votive_offering_in_Illerup_%C3%85dal_1.JPG/480px-A_Votive_offering_in_Illerup_%C3%85dal_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1538" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Votive_offerings" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive offerings">Votive offerings</a> in bogs and bodies of water (<a href="/wiki/Illerup_%C3%85dal" title="Illerup Ådal">Illerup Ådal</a>, Denmark)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulmek%C3%A4rr,_labyrinth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone and turf labyrinths (Bohuslän, Sweden)"><img alt="Stone and turf labyrinths (Bohuslän, Sweden)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ulmek%C3%A4rr%2C_labyrinth.jpg/240px-Ulmek%C3%A4rr%2C_labyrinth.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ulmek%C3%A4rr%2C_labyrinth.jpg/360px-Ulmek%C3%A4rr%2C_labyrinth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ulmek%C3%A4rr%2C_labyrinth.jpg/480px-Ulmek%C3%A4rr%2C_labyrinth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone and turf labyrinths (<a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a>, Sweden)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%B8nna_marble_phallus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fertility symbols. The Dønna Phallus in marble (Dønna, Norway)"><img alt="Fertility symbols. The Dønna Phallus in marble (Dønna, Norway)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/D%C3%B8nna_marble_phallus.jpg/270px-D%C3%B8nna_marble_phallus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/D%C3%B8nna_marble_phallus.jpg/405px-D%C3%B8nna_marble_phallus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/D%C3%B8nna_marble_phallus.jpg/540px-D%C3%B8nna_marble_phallus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="919" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fertility symbols. The Dønna <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">Phallus</a> in marble (<a href="/wiki/D%C3%B8nna_(island)" title="Dønna (island)">Dønna</a>, Norway)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snake-witch.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Picture stones. The snake-witch stone from the Germanic Iron Age (Gotland, Sweden)"><img alt="Picture stones. The snake-witch stone from the Germanic Iron Age (Gotland, Sweden)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Snake-witch.JPG/169px-Snake-witch.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Snake-witch.JPG/254px-Snake-witch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Snake-witch.JPG/338px-Snake-witch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="2259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Picture_stone" title="Picture stone">Picture stones</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Snake-witch_stone" title="Snake-witch stone">snake-witch stone</a> from the Germanic Iron Age (Gotland, Sweden)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SorteMuld_guldgubber_600px.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Gullgubber": Symbolic golden leaves from the Germanic Iron Age (Bornholm, Denmark)"><img alt=""Gullgubber": Symbolic golden leaves from the Germanic Iron Age (Bornholm, Denmark)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SorteMuld_guldgubber_600px.jpg/121px-SorteMuld_guldgubber_600px.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SorteMuld_guldgubber_600px.jpg/181px-SorteMuld_guldgubber_600px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SorteMuld_guldgubber_600px.jpg/242px-SorteMuld_guldgubber_600px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/Gullgubber" title="Gullgubber">Gullgubber</a>": Symbolic golden leaves from the Germanic Iron Age (<a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a>, Denmark)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oden_f%C3%B6rgylld_praktrems%C3%B6lja_fr_Finnestorp_(RA%C3%84-nr_Larv_121-1_Fnr_224)_2747.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amulets and fibula depicting Norse Gods (this one is Odin) from the Germanic Iron Age."><img alt="Amulets and fibula depicting Norse Gods (this one is Odin) from the Germanic Iron Age." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Oden_f%C3%B6rgylld_praktrems%C3%B6lja_fr_Finnestorp_%28RA%C3%84-nr_Larv_121-1_Fnr_224%29_2747.jpg/156px-Oden_f%C3%B6rgylld_praktrems%C3%B6lja_fr_Finnestorp_%28RA%C3%84-nr_Larv_121-1_Fnr_224%29_2747.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Oden_f%C3%B6rgylld_praktrems%C3%B6lja_fr_Finnestorp_%28RA%C3%84-nr_Larv_121-1_Fnr_224%29_2747.jpg/235px-Oden_f%C3%B6rgylld_praktrems%C3%B6lja_fr_Finnestorp_%28RA%C3%84-nr_Larv_121-1_Fnr_224%29_2747.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Oden_f%C3%B6rgylld_praktrems%C3%B6lja_fr_Finnestorp_%28RA%C3%84-nr_Larv_121-1_Fnr_224%29_2747.jpg/313px-Oden_f%C3%B6rgylld_praktrems%C3%B6lja_fr_Finnestorp_%28RA%C3%84-nr_Larv_121-1_Fnr_224%29_2747.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2331" data-file-height="2680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amulets and <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibula</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Norse_Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse Gods">Norse Gods</a> (this one is <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>) from the Germanic Iron Age.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guldhornene_DO-10765_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Golden Horns of Gallehus from the early Germanic Iron Age (Møgeltønder, Denmark)"><img alt="The Golden Horns of Gallehus from the early Germanic Iron Age (Møgeltønder, Denmark)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guldhornene_DO-10765_original.jpg/252px-Guldhornene_DO-10765_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guldhornene_DO-10765_original.jpg/378px-Guldhornene_DO-10765_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guldhornene_DO-10765_original.jpg/504px-Guldhornene_DO-10765_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3431" data-file-height="2451" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horns_of_Gallehus" title="Golden Horns of Gallehus">Golden Horns of Gallehus</a> from the early Germanic Iron Age (Møgeltønder, Denmark)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Treudd_(Holmberg,_Nordbon_under_hednatiden_(1852)_sid_295).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Triangular flat burial cairns (Drawing from the Swedish book Nordbon under hednatiden, 1852)"><img alt="Triangular flat burial cairns (Drawing from the Swedish book Nordbon under hednatiden, 1852)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Treudd_%28Holmberg%2C_Nordbon_under_hednatiden_%281852%29_sid_295%29.jpg/249px-Treudd_%28Holmberg%2C_Nordbon_under_hednatiden_%281852%29_sid_295%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Treudd_%28Holmberg%2C_Nordbon_under_hednatiden_%281852%29_sid_295%29.jpg/374px-Treudd_%28Holmberg%2C_Nordbon_under_hednatiden_%281852%29_sid_295%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Treudd_%28Holmberg%2C_Nordbon_under_hednatiden_%281852%29_sid_295%29.jpg/498px-Treudd_%28Holmberg%2C_Nordbon_under_hednatiden_%281852%29_sid_295%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="2265" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Triangular <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flat_burial_cairns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flat burial cairns (page does not exist)">flat burial cairns</a> (Drawing from the Swedish book <i>Nordbon under hednatiden</i>, 1852)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B6nor_p%C3%A5_%C3%A4gg,_K%C3%A4lla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Flying stones" grave fields (Öland, Sweden)"><img alt=""Flying stones" grave fields (Öland, Sweden)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/H%C3%B6nor_p%C3%A5_%C3%A4gg%2C_K%C3%A4lla.jpg/269px-H%C3%B6nor_p%C3%A5_%C3%A4gg%2C_K%C3%A4lla.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/H%C3%B6nor_p%C3%A5_%C3%A4gg%2C_K%C3%A4lla.jpg/404px-H%C3%B6nor_p%C3%A5_%C3%A4gg%2C_K%C3%A4lla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/H%C3%B6nor_p%C3%A5_%C3%A4gg%2C_K%C3%A4lla.jpg/538px-H%C3%B6nor_p%C3%A5_%C3%A4gg%2C_K%C3%A4lla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Flying stones" grave fields (<a href="/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a>, Sweden)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inglinge_h%C3%B6g_(Ra%C3%A4-nr_%C3%96stra_Tors%C3%A5s_1-1)_gravklot-kopia_5209.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone grave orbs (Småland, Sweden)"><img alt="Stone grave orbs (Småland, Sweden)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Inglinge_h%C3%B6g_%28Ra%C3%A4-nr_%C3%96stra_Tors%C3%A5s_1-1%29_gravklot-kopia_5209.jpg/240px-Inglinge_h%C3%B6g_%28Ra%C3%A4-nr_%C3%96stra_Tors%C3%A5s_1-1%29_gravklot-kopia_5209.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Inglinge_h%C3%B6g_%28Ra%C3%A4-nr_%C3%96stra_Tors%C3%A5s_1-1%29_gravklot-kopia_5209.jpg/360px-Inglinge_h%C3%B6g_%28Ra%C3%A4-nr_%C3%96stra_Tors%C3%A5s_1-1%29_gravklot-kopia_5209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Inglinge_h%C3%B6g_%28Ra%C3%A4-nr_%C3%96stra_Tors%C3%A5s_1-1%29_gravklot-kopia_5209.jpg/480px-Inglinge_h%C3%B6g_%28Ra%C3%A4-nr_%C3%96stra_Tors%C3%A5s_1-1%29_gravklot-kopia_5209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone <a href="/wiki/Grave_orb" title="Grave orb">grave orbs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a>, Sweden)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tollundmannen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mummified bog bodies. Tollund Man (Silkeborg, Denmark)"><img alt="Mummified bog bodies. Tollund Man (Silkeborg, Denmark)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tollundmannen.jpg/204px-Tollundmannen.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tollundmannen.jpg/306px-Tollundmannen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tollundmannen.jpg/407px-Tollundmannen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="1983" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mummified <a href="/wiki/Bog_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bog bodies">bog bodies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tollund_Man" title="Tollund Man">Tollund Man</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silkeborg" title="Silkeborg">Silkeborg</a>, Denmark)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">British Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Wars">Germanic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Migration period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKinder1988" class="citation cs2">Kinder, Hermann (1988), <i>Penguin Atlas of World History</i>, vol. I, London: Penguin, p. 108, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051054-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051054-0"><bdi>0-14-051054-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+Atlas+of+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-14-051054-0&rft.aulast=Kinder&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency">"Languages of the World: Germanic languages"</a>. <i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Chicago, IL, United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-571-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-571-5"><bdi>0-85229-571-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Languages+of+the+World%3A+Germanic+languages&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85229-571-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia07ency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JJ-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JJ_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JJ_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jørgen Jensen: <i>I begyndelsen</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2019" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Stephanie (26 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/26/world/climate-change-threatens-archaeology-intl/index.html">"Climate change reveals, and threatens, thawing relics"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226163545/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/26/world/climate-change-threatens-archaeology-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Climate+change+reveals%2C+and+threatens%2C+thawing+relics&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F02%2F26%2Fworld%2Fclimate-change-threatens-archaeology-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109082658/http://lukashevichus.info/knigi/ancient_europe_encycl_bogucki_crabtree_1.pdf">"Ancient Europe 8000 B.C-1000 A.D"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lukashevichus.info/knigi/ancient_europe_encycl_bogucki_crabtree_1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Europe+8000+B.C-1000+A.D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flukashevichus.info%2Fknigi%2Fancient_europe_encycl_bogucki_crabtree_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://danmarksoldtid.lex.dk/Bag_landsbyens_hegn">"Hodde Iron Age village"</a>. <i>danmarksoldtid.lex.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135026/https://danmarksoldtid.lex.dk/Bag_landsbyens_hegn">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=danmarksoldtid.lex.dk&rft.atitle=Hodde+Iron+Age+village&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdanmarksoldtid.lex.dk%2FBag_landsbyens_hegn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exarc.net/members/venues/veien-kulturminnepark-no">"Veien Kulturminnepark"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526165732/https://exarc.net/members/venues/veien-kulturminnepark-no">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veien+Kulturminnepark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexarc.net%2Fmembers%2Fvenues%2Fveien-kulturminnepark-no&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Age+Scandinavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jørgen Jensen (2002): <i>I begyndelsen</i>, Gyldendal og Politikens Danmarks Historie (Vol. 1), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-89068-26-2" title="Special:BookSources/87-89068-26-2">87-89068-26-2</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Danish)</span></li> <li>Bente Magnus, G Franceschi, Asger Jorn (2005): <i>Men, Gods and Masks in Nordic Iron Age Art</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/84747032">84747032</a>.</li> <li>M Zvelebil (1985): <i>Iron Age transformations in Northern Russia and the Northeast Baltic, Beyond Domestication in Prehistoric Europe</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Age_Scandinavia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nordic_Iron_Age" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nordic Iron Age">Nordic Iron Age</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scandinavianarchaeology.com/the-vendel-period-the-golden-age-of-the-norse/">The Vendel Period: The Golden Age of the Norse</a></li></ul> <div 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Flint tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Stone Age">Later Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipaleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone-Age_Poland" title="Stone-Age Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_British_Isles" title="Neolithic British Isles">British</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Copper metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">Iron meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe"> Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic</a></li> <li><a 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