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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Basics_of_image_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basics_of_image_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Basics of image editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basics_of_image_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_image_enhancement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_image_enhancement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Automatic image enhancement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Automatic_image_enhancement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Automatic image enhancement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Automatic_image_enhancement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Super-resolution_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Super-resolution_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Super-resolution imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Super-resolution_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_data_compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_data_compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Digital data compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_data_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_editor_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_editor_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Image editor features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Image_editor_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Image editor features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Image_editor_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Layers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_size_alteration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_size_alteration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Image size alteration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_size_alteration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cropping_an_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cropping_an_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Cropping an image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cropping_an_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cutting_out_a_part_of_an_image_from_the_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cutting_out_a_part_of_an_image_from_the_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Cutting out a part of an image from the background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cutting_out_a_part_of_an_image_from_the_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Histogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Histogram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noise_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Noise reduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal_of_unwanted_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_of_unwanted_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Removal of unwanted elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_of_unwanted_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selective_color_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_color_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Selective color change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective_color_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Image orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perspective_control_and_distortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspective_control_and_distortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Perspective control and distortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perspective_control_and_distortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lens_correction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lens_correction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Lens correction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lens_correction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enhancing_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enhancing_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Enhancing images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enhancing_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sharpening_and_softening_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharpening_and_softening_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Sharpening and softening images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sharpening_and_softening_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selecting_and_merging_of_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selecting_and_merging_of_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Selecting and merging of images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selecting_and_merging_of_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slicing_of_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slicing_of_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Slicing of images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slicing_of_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>Special effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stamp_Clone_Tool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stamp_Clone_Tool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.18</span> <span>Stamp Clone Tool</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stamp_Clone_Tool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_color_depth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_color_depth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.19</span> <span>Change color depth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_color_depth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrast_change_and_brightening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrast_change_and_brightening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20</span> <span>Contrast change and brightening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrast_change_and_brightening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gamma_correction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gamma_correction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21</span> <span>Gamma correction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gamma_correction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_adjustments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_adjustments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.22</span> <span>Color adjustments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_adjustments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamic_blending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic_blending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.23</span> <span>Dynamic blending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic_blending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.24</span> <span>Printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.25</span> <span>Warping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Image editing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تعديل الصور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعديل الصور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%BCnt%C3%BCn%C3%BCn_yax%C5%9F%C4%B1la%C5%9Fd%C4%B1r%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1" title="Görüntünün yaxşılaşdırılması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Görüntünün yaxşılaşdırılması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="চিত্র সম্পাদনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিত্র সম্পাদনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrada_digitalne_slike" title="Obrada digitalne slike – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Obrada digitalne slike" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_d%27imatges" title="Editor d'imatges – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Editor d'imatges" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aprava_obrazu" title="Úprava obrazu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Úprava obrazu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildbearbeitung" title="Bildbearbeitung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bildbearbeitung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edici%C3%B3n_de_im%C3%A1genes" title="Edición de imágenes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edición de imágenes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ویرایش تصویر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویرایش تصویر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retouche_num%C3%A9rique" title="Retouche numérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Retouche numérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edici%C3%B3n_de_imaxes" title="Edición de imaxes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edición de imaxes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%A7%80_%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91" title="이미지 편집 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이미지 편집" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7" title="Ռետուշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռետուշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyuntingan_gambar_digital" title="Penyuntingan gambar digital – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyuntingan gambar digital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaborazione_di_immagini" title="Elaborazione di immagini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elaborazione di immagini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="עריכת תמונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עריכת תמונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Өңдемелеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өңдемелеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F%E7%B7%A8%E9%9B%86" title="画像編集 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="画像編集" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_imagens" title="Edição de imagens – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edição de imagens" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editarea_fotografiilor" title="Editarea fotografiilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Editarea fotografiilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Редактирование изображений – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Редактирование изображений" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_editing" title="Photo editing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Photo editing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvank%C3%A4sittely" title="Kuvankäsittely – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuvankäsittely" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇమేజ్ ఎడిటింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇమేజ్ ఎడిటింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6tu%C5%9F" title="Rötuş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rötuş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Processes of altering images</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the uses, cultural impact, and ethical concerns of image editing, see <a href="/wiki/Photo_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">Photo manipulation</a>. For the process of culling and archiving images, see <a href="/wiki/Digital_asset_management" title="Digital asset management">Digital asset management</a>. For the restoration of physical photographs using digital techniques, see <a href="/wiki/Digital_photograph_restoration" title="Digital photograph restoration">Digital photograph restoration</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photoshop_work.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Photoshop_work.jpg/220px-Photoshop_work.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Photoshop_work.jpg/330px-Photoshop_work.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Photoshop_work.jpg/440px-Photoshop_work.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="7680" /></a><figcaption>An image that has been digitally edited to include additional rose blooms</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Image editing</b> encompasses the processes of altering <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a>, whether they are <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital photographs</a>, traditional <a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">photo-chemical photographs</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustrations</a>. Traditional analog image editing is known as <a href="/wiki/Photo_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">photo retouching</a>, using tools such as an <a href="/wiki/Airbrush" title="Airbrush">airbrush</a> to modify photographs or edit illustrations with any traditional <a href="/wiki/Art_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Art medium">art medium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Graphic_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic software">Graphic software</a> programs, which can be broadly grouped into <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics_editor" title="Vector graphics editor">vector graphics editors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics_editor" title="Raster graphics editor">raster graphics editors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3D_modeler" class="mw-redirect" title="3D modeler">3D modelers</a>, are the primary tools with which a user may manipulate, enhance, and transform images. Many image editing programs are also used to <a href="/wiki/Artistic_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic rendering">render</a> or create <a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">computer art</a> from scratch. The term "image editing" usually refers only to the editing of 2D images, not 3D ones. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basics_of_image_editing">Basics of image editing</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Image_editing" title="Special:EditPage/Image editing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">Raster</a> images are stored on a computer in the form of a grid of picture elements, or <a href="/wiki/Pixels" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixels">pixels</a>. These pixels contain the image's color and brightness information. Image editors can change the pixels to enhance the image in many ways. The pixels can be changed as a group or individually by the sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithms">algorithms</a> within the image editors. This article mostly refers to <a href="/wiki/Bitmap" title="Bitmap">bitmap</a> graphics editors, which are often used to alter photographs and other raster graphics. However, <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a> software, such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator" title="Adobe Illustrator">Adobe Illustrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/CorelDRAW" title="CorelDRAW">CorelDRAW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xara_Photo_%26_Graphic_Designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Xara Photo & Graphic Designer">Xara Designer Pro</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inkscape" title="Inkscape">Inkscape</a>, is used to create and modify vector images, which are stored as descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Line_(geometry)" title="Line (geometry)">lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve" title="Bézier curve">Bézier curves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">text</a> instead of pixels. It is easier to <a href="/wiki/Rasterize" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasterize">rasterize</a> a vector image than to <a href="/wiki/Vectorization_(image_tracing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vectorization (image tracing)">vectorize</a> a raster image; how to go about vectorizing a raster image is the focus of much research in the field of <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a>. Vector images can be modified more easily because they contain descriptions of the shapes for easy rearrangement. They are also scalable, being rasterizable at any <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">resolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automatic_image_enhancement">Automatic image enhancement</h2></div> <p>Camera or computer image editing programs often offer basic automatic image enhancement features that correct color <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a> and brightness imbalances as well as other image editing features, such as <a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">red eye</a> removal, <a href="/wiki/Acutance#Sharpness" title="Acutance">sharpness</a> adjustments, <a href="/wiki/Digital_zoom" title="Digital zoom">zoom</a> features and automatic <a href="/wiki/Image_cropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Image cropping">cropping</a>. These are called automatic because generally they happen without user interaction or are offered with one click of a button or mouse button or by selecting an option from a menu. Additionally, some automatic editing features offer a combination of editing actions with little or no user interaction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Super-resolution_imaging">Super-resolution imaging</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Super-resolution_imaging#Research" title="Super-resolution imaging">Super-resolution imaging § Research</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super-resolution_imaging&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> There is promising research on using <a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">deep convolutional networks</a> to perform super-resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular work has been demonstrated showing the transformation of a 20x <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> image of pollen grains into a 1500x <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a> image using it.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this technique can increase the information content of an image, there is no guarantee that the upscaled features exist in the original image and <a href="/wiki/Image_scaling#Deep_convolutional_neural_networks" title="Image scaling">deep convolutional upscalers</a> should not be used in analytical applications with ambiguous inputs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These methods can <a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">hallucinate</a> image features, which can make them unsafe for medical use.<sup id="cite_ref-Super-resolution_imaging_cohen-miccai-2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Super-resolution_imaging_cohen-miccai-2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_data_compression">Digital data compression</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Image_editing" title="Special:EditPage/Image editing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many image file formats use <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> to reduce file size and save storage space. Digital compression of images may take place in the camera, or can be done on the computer with the image editor. When images are stored in <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> format, compression has already taken place. Both cameras and <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a> allow the user to set the level of compression. </p><p>Some compression algorithms, such as those used in <a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a> file format, are <b><a href="/wiki/Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless">lossless</a></b>, which means no information is lost when the file is saved. By contrast, the more popular <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> file format uses a <b><a href="/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a></b> compression algorithm (based on <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> coding) by which the greater the compression, the more information is lost, ultimately reducing image quality or detail that can not be restored. JPEG uses knowledge of the way the human visual system perceives color to make this loss of detail less noticeable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_editor_features">Image editor features</h2></div> <p>Listed below are some of the most used capabilities of the better graphics manipulation programs. The list is by no means all-inclusive. There are a myriad of choices associated with the application of most of these features. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection">Selection</h3></div> <p>One of the prerequisites for many of the applications mentioned below is a method of <a href="/wiki/Selection_(user_interface)" title="Selection (user interface)">selecting</a> part(s) of an image, thus applying a change selectively without affecting the entire picture. Most graphics programs have several means of accomplishing this, such as: </p> <ul><li>a marquee tool for selecting rectangular or other regular polygon-shaped regions,</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Lasso_tool" title="Lasso tool">lasso tool</a> for freehand selection of a region,</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Magic_wand_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic wand tool">magic wand tool</a> that selects objects or <a href="/wiki/Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions">regions</a> in the image defined by proximity of color or <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a>,</li> <li>vector-based pen tools,</li></ul> <p>as well as more advanced facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Edge_detection" title="Edge detection">edge detection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mask_(computing)" title="Mask (computing)">masking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_compositing" title="Alpha compositing">alpha compositing</a>, and color and channel-based extraction. The border of a selected area in an image is often animated with the <a href="/wiki/Marching_ants" title="Marching ants">marching ants</a> effect to help the user to distinguish the selection border from the image background. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layers">Layers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_and_Goethe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Da_Vinci_and_Goethe.jpg/220px-Da_Vinci_and_Goethe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Da_Vinci_and_Goethe.jpg/330px-Da_Vinci_and_Goethe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Da_Vinci_and_Goethe.jpg/440px-Da_Vinci_and_Goethe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man overlaid with Goethe's Color Wheel using a screen layer in Adobe Photoshop. Screen layers can be helpful in graphic design and in creating multiple exposures in photography.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_Vitruvian_Man_overlaid_with_Moses_Harris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_Vitruvian_Man_overlaid_with_Moses_Harris.jpg/220px-Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_Vitruvian_Man_overlaid_with_Moses_Harris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_Vitruvian_Man_overlaid_with_Moses_Harris.jpg/330px-Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_Vitruvian_Man_overlaid_with_Moses_Harris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_Vitruvian_Man_overlaid_with_Moses_Harris.jpg/440px-Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_Vitruvian_Man_overlaid_with_Moses_Harris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man overlaid a soft light layer Moses Harris's Color Wheel and a soft light layer of Ignaz Schiffermüller's Color Wheel. Soft light layers have a darker, more translucent look than screen layers.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Layers_(digital_image_editing)" title="Layers (digital image editing)">Layers (digital image editing)</a></div> <p>Another feature common to many graphics applications is that of <a href="/wiki/Layers_(digital_image_editing)" title="Layers (digital image editing)">Layers</a>, which are analogous to sheets of transparent <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">acetate</a> (each containing separate elements that make up a combined picture), stacked on top of each other, each capable of being individually positioned, altered, and <a href="/wiki/Blend_modes" title="Blend modes">blended</a> with the layers below, without affecting any of the elements on the other layers. This is a fundamental workflow that has become the norm for the majority of programs on the market today, and enables maximum flexibility for the user while maintaining <a href="/wiki/Non-destructive_editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-destructive editing">non-destructive editing</a> principles and ease of use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_size_alteration">Image size alteration</h3></div> <p>Image editors can resize images in a process often called <a href="/wiki/Image_scaling" title="Image scaling">image scaling</a>, making them larger, or smaller. High <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">image resolution</a> cameras can produce large images, which are often reduced in size for <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> use. Image editor programs use a mathematical process called <a href="/wiki/Image_scaling" title="Image scaling">resampling</a> to calculate new pixel values whose spacing is larger or smaller than the original pixel values. Images for Internet use are kept small, say 640 x 480 pixels, which would equal 0.3 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">megapixels</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cropping_an_image">Cropping an image</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cropping_(image)" title="Cropping (image)">Cropping (image)</a></div> <p>Digital editors are used to <a href="/wiki/Cropping_(image)" title="Cropping (image)">crop images</a>. Cropping creates a new image by selecting a desired rectangular portion from the image being cropped. The unwanted part of the image is discarded. Image cropping does not reduce the resolution of the area cropped. Best results are obtained when the original image has a high resolution. A primary reason for cropping is to improve the image composition in the new image. </p> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lillyacp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lillyacp.jpg/220px-Lillyacp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lillyacp.jpg/330px-Lillyacp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lillyacp.jpg/440px-Lillyacp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Uncropped image from camera</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LillyCroppedacp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/LillyCroppedacp.jpg/220px-LillyCroppedacp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/LillyCroppedacp.jpg/330px-LillyCroppedacp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/LillyCroppedacp.jpg/440px-LillyCroppedacp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Lily cropped from larger image</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cutting_out_a_part_of_an_image_from_the_background">Cutting out a part of an image from the background</h3></div> <p>Using a selection tool, the outline of the figure or element in the picture is traced/selected, and then the background is removed. Depending on how intricate the "edge" is this may be more or less difficult to do cleanly. For example, individual hairs can require a lot of work. Hence the use of the "green screen" technique (chroma key) which allows one to easily remove the background. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Histogram">Histogram</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Curve_(tonality)" title="Curve (tonality)">Curve (tonality)</a></div> <p>Image editors have provisions to create an <a href="/wiki/Image_histogram" title="Image histogram">image histogram</a> of the image being edited. The histogram plots the number of pixels in the image (vertical axis) with a particular brightness value (horizontal axis). Algorithms in the digital editor allow the user to visually adjust the brightness value of each pixel and to dynamically display the results as adjustments are made. Improvements in picture brightness and contrast can thus be obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SunLou2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SunLou2.jpg/220px-SunLou2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SunLou2.jpg/330px-SunLou2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SunLou2.jpg/440px-SunLou2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption> Sunflower image</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SunHistacp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/SunHistacp.jpg/220px-SunHistacp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/SunHistacp.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="119" /></a><figcaption>Histogram of Sunflower image</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noise_reduction">Noise reduction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noise_reduction" title="Noise reduction">Noise reduction</a></div> <p>Image editors may feature a number of algorithms which can add or remove <a href="/wiki/Image_noise" title="Image noise">noise</a> in an image. Some <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> artifacts can be removed; dust and scratches can be removed and an image can be de-speckled. Noise reduction merely estimates the state of the scene without the noise and is not a substitute for obtaining a "cleaner" image. Excessive noise reduction leads to a loss of detail, and its application is hence subject to a trade-off between the undesirability of the noise itself and that of the reduction artifacts. </p><p>Noise tends to invade images when pictures are taken in low light settings. A new picture can be given an 'antiqued' effect by adding uniform monochrome noise. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_of_unwanted_elements">Removal of unwanted elements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inpainting" title="Inpainting">Inpainting</a></div> <p>Most image editors can be used to remove unwanted branches, etc., using a "clone" tool. Removing these distracting elements draws focus to the subject, improving overall <a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">composition</a>. </p> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_and_high_court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Globe_and_high_court.jpg/220px-Globe_and_high_court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Globe_and_high_court.jpg/330px-Globe_and_high_court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Globe_and_high_court.jpg/440px-Globe_and_high_court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Notice the branch in the original image</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_and_high_court_fix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Globe_and_high_court_fix.jpg/220px-Globe_and_high_court_fix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Globe_and_high_court_fix.jpg/330px-Globe_and_high_court_fix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Globe_and_high_court_fix.jpg/440px-Globe_and_high_court_fix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The eye is drawn to the center of the globe.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selective_color_change">Selective color change</h3></div> <p>Some image editors have color swapping abilities to selectively change the color of specific items in an image, given that the selected items are within a specific color range. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imageeditingslelecgivecolorchange10-28-2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Imageeditingslelecgivecolorchange10-28-2005.jpg/600px-Imageeditingslelecgivecolorchange10-28-2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Imageeditingslelecgivecolorchange10-28-2005.jpg/900px-Imageeditingslelecgivecolorchange10-28-2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Imageeditingslelecgivecolorchange10-28-2005.jpg/1200px-Imageeditingslelecgivecolorchange10-28-2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4207" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Selective color change</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_orientation">Image orientation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imageorientationexample12-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Imageorientationexample12-7.jpg/220px-Imageorientationexample12-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Imageorientationexample12-7.jpg/330px-Imageorientationexample12-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Imageorientationexample12-7.jpg/440px-Imageorientationexample12-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>Image orientation (from left to right): original, 30° <a href="/wiki/Counterclockwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterclockwise">CCW</a> rotation, and flipped.</figcaption></figure> <p>Image editors are capable of altering an image to be rotated in any direction and to any degree. <a href="/wiki/Mirror_image" title="Mirror image">Mirror images</a> can be created and images can be horizontally <a href="/wiki/Flipped_image" title="Flipped image">flipped</a> or vertically <a href="/wiki/Flopped_image" title="Flopped image">flopped</a>. A small rotation of several <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a> is often enough to level the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a>, correct <a href="/wiki/Vertical_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical direction">verticality</a> (of a building, for example), or both. Rotated images usually require <a href="/wiki/Cropping_(image)" title="Cropping (image)">cropping</a> afterwards, in order to remove the resulting gaps at the image edges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perspective_control_and_distortion">Perspective control and distortion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perspective_control" title="Perspective control">Perspective control</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:405px-Cathedral_Notre-Dame_de_Reims,_France_Combo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/405px-Cathedral_Notre-Dame_de_Reims%2C_France_Combo.jpg/220px-405px-Cathedral_Notre-Dame_de_Reims%2C_France_Combo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/405px-Cathedral_Notre-Dame_de_Reims%2C_France_Combo.jpg/330px-405px-Cathedral_Notre-Dame_de_Reims%2C_France_Combo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/405px-Cathedral_Notre-Dame_de_Reims%2C_France_Combo.jpg/440px-405px-Cathedral_Notre-Dame_de_Reims%2C_France_Combo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Perspective control: original (left), perspective distortion removed (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Some image editors allow the user to <a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">distort</a> (or "transform") the shape of an image. While this might also be useful for special effects, it is the preferred method of correcting the typical <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a> distortion that results from photographs being taken at an <a href="/wiki/Angle#Types_of_angles" title="Angle">oblique angle</a> to a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rectilinear" class="extiw" title="wikt:rectilinear">rectilinear</a> subject. Care is needed while performing this task, as the image is reprocessed using <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolation</a> of adjacent pixels, which may reduce overall image <a href="/wiki/Definition" title="Definition">definition</a>. The effect mimics the use of a <a href="/wiki/Perspective_control_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective control lens">perspective control lens</a>, which achieves a similar correction <a href="/wiki/In-camera_effect" title="In-camera effect">in-camera</a> without loss of definition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lens_correction">Lens correction</h3></div> <p>Photo manipulation packages have functions to correct images for various lens <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(optics)" title="Distortion (optics)">distortions</a>, including pincushion, <a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a>, and barrel distortions. The corrections are in most cases subtle, but can improve the appearance of some photographs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enhancing_images">Enhancing images</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>, the enhancement of an image is the process of improving the quality of a digitally stored image by manipulating the image with software. It is quite easy, for example, to make an image lighter or darker, or to increase or decrease contrast. Advanced photo enhancement software also supports many filters for altering images in various ways.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programs specialized for image enhancement are sometimes called image editors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharpening_and_softening_images">Sharpening and softening images</h3></div> <p>Graphics programs can be used to both sharpen and blur images in a number of ways, such as <a href="/wiki/Unsharp_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsharp mask">unsharp masking</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deconvolution#Optics_and_other_imaging" title="Deconvolution">deconvolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portraits often appear more pleasing when selectively softened (particularly the skin and the background) to better make the subject stand out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This can be achieved with a camera by using a large <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a>, or in the image editor by making a selection and then blurring it. <a href="/wiki/Edge_enhancement" title="Edge enhancement">Edge enhancement</a> is an extremely common technique used to make images appear sharper, although purists frown on the result as appearing unnatural. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach-Original_and_Clearer-png.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Beach-Original_and_Clearer-png.png/220px-Beach-Original_and_Clearer-png.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Beach-Original_and_Clearer-png.png/330px-Beach-Original_and_Clearer-png.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Beach-Original_and_Clearer-png.png/440px-Beach-Original_and_Clearer-png.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Image sharpening: original (top), image sharpened (bottom).</figcaption></figure> <p>Another form of image sharpening involves a form of contrast. This is done by finding the average color of the pixels around each pixel in a specified radius, and then contrasting that pixel from that average color. This effect makes the image seem clearer, seemingly adding details. An example of this effect can be seen to the right. It is widely used in the printing and photographic industries for increasing the local contrasts and sharpening the images. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selecting_and_merging_of_images">Selecting and merging of images</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_compositing" title="Digital compositing">Digital compositing</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photomontage_(Forggensee_Panorama)_-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Photomontage_%28Forggensee_Panorama%29_-2.jpg/400px-Photomontage_%28Forggensee_Panorama%29_-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Photomontage_%28Forggensee_Panorama%29_-2.jpg/600px-Photomontage_%28Forggensee_Panorama%29_-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Photomontage_%28Forggensee_Panorama%29_-2.jpg/800px-Photomontage_%28Forggensee_Panorama%29_-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4569" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Photomontage of 16 photos which have been <a href="/wiki/Photo_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">digitally manipulated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Photoshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoshop">Photoshop</a> to give the impression that it is a real landscape</figcaption></figure> <p>Many graphics applications are capable of merging one or more individual images into a single file. The orientation and placement of each image can be controlled. </p><p>When selecting a raster image that is not rectangular, it requires separating the edges from the background, also known as silhouetting. This is the digital-analog of cutting out the image from a physical picture. <a href="/wiki/Clipping_path" title="Clipping path">Clipping paths</a> may be used to add silhouetted images to vector graphics or page layout files that retain vector data. <a href="/wiki/Alpha_compositing" title="Alpha compositing">Alpha compositing</a>, allows for soft <a href="/wiki/Translucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucent">translucent</a> edges when selecting images. There are a number of ways to silhouette an image with soft edges, including selecting the image or its background by sampling similar colors, selecting the edges by raster tracing, or converting a clipping path to a raster selection. Once the image is selected, it may be copied and pasted into another section of the same file, or into a separate file. The selection may also be saved in what is known as an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha channel">alpha channel</a>. </p><p>A popular way to create a composite image is to use transparent <a href="/wiki/Layers_(digital_image_editing)" title="Layers (digital image editing)">layers</a>. The background image is used as the bottom layer, and the image with parts to be added are placed in a layer above that. Using an image <a href="/wiki/Layer_Mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer Mask">layer mask</a>, all but the parts to be merged is hidden from the layer, giving the impression that these parts have been added to the background layer. Performing a merge in this manner preserves all of the <a href="/wiki/Pixels#Technical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixels">pixel data</a> on both layers to more easily enable future changes in the new merged image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slicing_of_images">Slicing of images</h3></div><p> A more recent tool in digital image editing software is the image slicer. Parts of images for graphical user interfaces or web pages are easily sliced, labeled and saved separately from whole images so the parts can be handled individually by the display medium. This is useful to allow dynamic swapping via interactivity or animating parts of an image in the final presentation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slicing_(interface_design)" title="Slicing (interface design)">Slicing (interface design)</a></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_effects">Special effects</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imgeditingspecialmanipulati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Imgeditingspecialmanipulati.jpg/220px-Imgeditingspecialmanipulati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Imgeditingspecialmanipulati.jpg/330px-Imgeditingspecialmanipulati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Imgeditingspecialmanipulati.jpg/440px-Imgeditingspecialmanipulati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>An example of some special effects that can be added to a picture</figcaption></figure><p> Image editors usually have a list of special effects that can create unusual results. Images may be skewed and distorted in various ways. Scores of special effects can be applied to an image which include various forms of distortion, artistic effects, geometric transforms and texture effects,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or combinations thereof. </p><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_editing_example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Image_editing_example.png/548px-Image_editing_example.png" decoding="async" width="548" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Image_editing_example.png/822px-Image_editing_example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Image_editing_example.png/1096px-Image_editing_example.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>A complex effect in the first image from the right</figcaption></figure><p><br />Using custom Curves settings<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Image editors such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Photoshop</a>, one can mimic the "<a href="/wiki/Solarisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solarisation">pseudo-solarisation</a>" effect, better known in photographic circles as the <i>Sabattier-effect</i>.</p><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiritual_Tree_dsc06786_duo_nevit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spiritual_Tree_dsc06786_duo_nevit.jpg/360px-Spiritual_Tree_dsc06786_duo_nevit.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spiritual_Tree_dsc06786_duo_nevit.jpg/540px-Spiritual_Tree_dsc06786_duo_nevit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spiritual_Tree_dsc06786_duo_nevit.jpg/720px-Spiritual_Tree_dsc06786_duo_nevit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="1776" /></a><figcaption>A pseudo-solarised color image</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stamp_Clone_Tool">Stamp Clone Tool</h3></div> <p>The Clone Stamp tool selects and samples an area of your picture and then uses these pixels to paint over any marks. The Clone Stamp tool acts like a brush so you can change the size, allowing cloning from just one pixel wide to hundreds. You can change the opacity to produce a subtle clone effect. Also, there is a choice between Clone align or Clone non-align the sample area. In Photoshop this tool is called Clone Stamp, but it may also be called a Rubber Stamp tool. </p> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MACS166_Set_1_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MACS166_Set_1_3.png/220px-MACS166_Set_1_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MACS166_Set_1_3.png/330px-MACS166_Set_1_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MACS166_Set_1_3.png/440px-MACS166_Set_1_3.png 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>Image after stamp tool processed</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Change_color_depth">Change color depth</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rgbtobandswexample11-28-200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rgbtobandswexample11-28-200.jpg/220px-Rgbtobandswexample11-28-200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rgbtobandswexample11-28-200.jpg/330px-Rgbtobandswexample11-28-200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rgbtobandswexample11-28-200.jpg/440px-Rgbtobandswexample11-28-200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>An example of converting an image from color to grayscale</figcaption></figure> <p>It is possible, using the software, to change the <a href="/wiki/Color_depth" title="Color depth">color depth</a> of images. Common color depths are 2, 4, 16, 256, 65,536 and 16.7 million colors. The JPEG and PNG image formats are capable of storing 16.7 million colors (equal to 256 luminance values per color channel). In addition, <a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">grayscale</a> images of 8 <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> or less can be created, usually via conversion and <a href="/wiki/Downsampling" class="mw-redirect" title="Downsampling">down-sampling</a> from a full-color image. <a href="/wiki/Grayscale#Converting_color_to_grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale conversion</a> is useful for reducing the file size dramatically when the original photographic print was monochrome, but a color tint has been introduced due to aging effects. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contrast_change_and_brightening">Contrast change and brightening</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_editing_contrast_correction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Photo_editing_contrast_correction.jpg/220px-Photo_editing_contrast_correction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Photo_editing_contrast_correction.jpg/330px-Photo_editing_contrast_correction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Photo_editing_contrast_correction.jpg/440px-Photo_editing_contrast_correction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An example of contrast correction. Left side of the image is untouched.</figcaption></figure> <p>Image editors have provisions to simultaneously change the <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(formula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast (formula)">contrast of images</a> and brighten or darken the image. <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Underexposed images</a> can often be improved by using this feature. Recent advances have allowed more intelligent exposure correction whereby only pixels below a particular <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a> threshold are brightened, thereby brightening underexposed shadows without affecting the rest of the image. The exact transformation that is applied to each color channel can vary from editor to editor. <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a> applies the following formula:<sup id="cite_ref-GIMP_Source_Code_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIMP_Source_Code-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">brightness</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">brightness</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">brightness</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tan</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">contrast</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PI</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> <p>where <var>value</var> is the input color value in the 0..1 range and <var>brightness</var> and <var>contrast</var> are in the −1..1 range. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gamma_correction">Gamma correction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">Gamma correction</a></div> <p>In addition to the capability of changing the images' brightness and/or contrast in a non-linear fashion, most current image editors provide an opportunity to manipulate the images' <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma value</a>. </p><p>Gamma correction is particularly useful for bringing details that would be hard to see on most computer monitors out of shadows. In some image editing software, this is called "curves", usually, a tool found in the color menu, and no reference to "gamma" is used anywhere in the program or the program documentation. Strictly speaking, the curves tool usually does more than simple gamma correction, since one can construct complex curves with multiple <a href="/wiki/Inflection_point" title="Inflection point">inflection points</a>, but when no dedicated gamma correction tool is provided, it can achieve the same effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_adjustments">Color adjustments</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_color_correction_in_photoshop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Example_of_color_correction_in_photoshop.jpg/220px-Example_of_color_correction_in_photoshop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Example_of_color_correction_in_photoshop.jpg/330px-Example_of_color_correction_in_photoshop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Example_of_color_correction_in_photoshop.jpg/440px-Example_of_color_correction_in_photoshop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2814" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption>An example of color adjustment using raster graphics editor</figcaption></figure> <p>The color of images can be altered in a variety of ways. Colors can be faded in and out, and tones can be changed using <a href="/wiki/Curve_(tonality)" title="Curve (tonality)">curves</a> or other tools. The color balance can be improved, which is important if the picture was shot indoors with daylight film, or shot on a camera with the <a href="/wiki/White_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="White balance">white balance</a> incorrectly set. Special effects, like <a href="/wiki/Sepia_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepia tone">sepia tone</a> and grayscale, can be added to an image. In addition, more complicated procedures, such as the mixing of color channels, are possible using more advanced graphics editors. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">red-eye effect</a>, which occurs when flash photos are taken when the pupil is too widely open (so that light from the flash that passes into the eye through the pupil reflects off the fundus at the back of the eyeball), can also be eliminated at this stage. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamic_blending">Dynamic blending</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Before_and_After_example_of_Advanced_Dynamic_Blending_Technique_created_by_Elia_Locardi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Before_and_After_example_of_Advanced_Dynamic_Blending_Technique_created_by_Elia_Locardi.jpg/310px-Before_and_After_example_of_Advanced_Dynamic_Blending_Technique_created_by_Elia_Locardi.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Before_and_After_example_of_Advanced_Dynamic_Blending_Technique_created_by_Elia_Locardi.jpg/465px-Before_and_After_example_of_Advanced_Dynamic_Blending_Technique_created_by_Elia_Locardi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Before_and_After_example_of_Advanced_Dynamic_Blending_Technique_created_by_Elia_Locardi.jpg/620px-Before_and_After_example_of_Advanced_Dynamic_Blending_Technique_created_by_Elia_Locardi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Before and after example of the advanced dynamic blending technique created by <a href="/wiki/Elia_Locardi" title="Elia Locardi">Elia Locardi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Advanced Dynamic Blending is a concept introduced by photographer <a href="/wiki/Elia_Locardi" title="Elia Locardi">Elia Locardi</a> in his blog <a href="/wiki/Blame_The_Monkey" title="Blame The Monkey">Blame The Monkey</a> to describe the photographic process of capturing multiple bracketed exposures of a land or cityscape over a specific span of time in a changing natural or artificial lighting environment. Once captured, the exposure brackets are manually blended together into a single High Dynamic Range image using post-processing software. Dynamic Blending images serve to display a consolidated moment. This means that while the final image may be a blend of a span of time, it visually appears to represent a single instant.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printing">Printing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PassionFlower_x3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PassionFlower_x3.jpg/220px-PassionFlower_x3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PassionFlower_x3.jpg/330px-PassionFlower_x3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PassionFlower_x3.jpg/440px-PassionFlower_x3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Control printed image by changing pixels-per-inch</figcaption></figure> <p>Controlling the print size and quality of digital images requires an understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_density" title="Pixel density">pixels-per-inch</a> (ppi) variable that is stored in the image file and sometimes used to control the size of the printed image. Within <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>'s Image Size dialog, the image editor allows the user to manipulate both pixel dimensions and the size of the image on the printed document. These parameters work together to produce a printed image of the desired size and quality. Pixels per inch of the image, pixel per inch of the computer monitor, and dots per inch on the printed document are related, but in use are very different. The Image Size dialog can be used as an image calculator of sorts. For example, a 1600 × 1200 image with a resolution of 200 ppi will produce a printed image of 8 × 6 inches. The same image with 400 ppi will produce a printed image of 4 × 3 inches. Change the resolution to 800 ppi, and the same image now prints out at 2 × 1.5 inches. All three printed images contain the same data (1600 × 1200 pixels), but the pixels are closer together on the smaller prints, so the smaller images will potentially look sharp when the larger ones do not. The quality of the image will also depend on the capability of the printer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warping">Warping</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Image_warping" title="Image warping">Image warping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">Morphing</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image_editing&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_raster_graphics_editors" title="Comparison of raster graphics editors">Comparison of raster graphics editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_darkroom" title="Digital darkroom">Digital darkroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_painting" title="Digital painting">Digital painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_imaging" title="Dynamic imaging">Dynamic imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photograph_restoration" title="Digital photograph restoration">Digital photograph restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_art_software" title="Graphic art software">Graphic art software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_file_format_summary" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics file format summary">Graphics file format summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homomorphic_filtering" title="Homomorphic filtering">Homomorphic filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_development_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Image development (visual arts)">Image development (visual arts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Image distortion">Image distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">Image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_retrieval" title="Image retrieval">Image retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_warping" title="Image warping">Image warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inpainting" title="Inpainting">Inpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Vol. 11070. pp. 529–536. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.08841">1805.08841</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-00928-1_60">10.1007/978-3-030-00928-1_60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-00927-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-00927-4"><bdi>978-3-030-00927-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43919703">43919703</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Distribution+Matching+Losses+Can+Hallucinate+Features+in+Medical+Image+Translation&rft.btitle=Medical+Image+Computing+and+Computer+Assisted+Intervention+%E2%80%93+MICCAI+2018&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=529-536&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1805.08841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43919703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-00928-1_60&rft.isbn=978-3-030-00927-4&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Paul&rft.au=Luck%2C+Margaux&rft.au=Honari%2C+Sina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerprofessional.de%2Fen%2Fen%2Fdistribution-matching-losses-can-hallucinate-features-in-medical%2F16122390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Detailed introduction to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-editing/histogram/">histograms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317235449/https://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-editing/histogram/">Archived</a> 2017-03-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-editing/levels/">levels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318000439/https://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-editing/levels/">Archived</a> 2017-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-editing/levels-curves/">curves</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317233941/https://www.photoshopessentials.com/photo-editing/levels-curves/">Archived</a> 2017-03-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> functionality available in most image editing software; PhotoshopEssentials.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Implementations include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imagic-photo.com">Imagic Photo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103075813/https://www.imagic-photo.com/">Archived</a> 2013-01-03 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.viesus.com">Viesus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209170204/https://www.viesus.com/">Archived</a> 2022-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topazlabs.com">Topaz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513224425/https://www.topazlabs.com/">Archived</a> 2018-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Implementations include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.focusmagic.com/">FocusMagic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509123612/https://www.focusmagic.com/">Archived</a> 2008-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livedocs.adobe.com/en_US/Photoshop/10.0/WS53AAF857-B3B3-49e6-99FF-56E162336590.html">Photoshop</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603035148/https://livedocs.adobe.com/en_US/Photoshop/10.0/WS53AAF857-B3B3-49e6-99FF-56E162336590.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJPFix" class="citation web cs1">JPFix. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpfix.com/About_Us/Articles/JPFix_Skin_Improvement_Technol/jpfix_skin_improvement_technol.html">"Skin Improvement Technology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004307/https://www.jpfix.com/About_Us/Articles/JPFix_Skin_Improvement_Technol/jpfix_skin_improvement_technol.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skin+Improvement+Technology&rft.au=JPFix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpfix.com%2FAbout_Us%2FArticles%2FJPFix_Skin_Improvement_Technol%2Fjpfix_skin_improvement_technol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyer2013" class="citation web cs1">Guyer, Jeff (24 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital-photography-school.com/the-sabattier-effect/">"The Sabattier Effect"</a>. Digital Photography School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109155616/https://digital-photography-school.com/the-sabattier-effect/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sabattier+Effect&rft.pub=Digital+Photography+School.&rft.date=2013-09-24&rft.aulast=Guyer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital-photography-school.com%2Fthe-sabattier-effect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GIMP_Source_Code-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GIMP_Source_Code_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/codesearch?q=GIMP+brightness_contrast_lut_setup">GIMP source code for brightness and contrast image filtering.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazzell" class="citation web cs1">Lazzell, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.xritephoto.com/2014/04/elia-locardi-post-processing/#sthash.j3giQG16.dpbs">"A Dynamic Blending and Post Processing Workshop With Travel Photographer Elia Locardi"</a>. <i>blog.xritephoto.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911051300/https://blog.xritephoto.com/2014/04/elia-locardi-post-processing/#sthash.j3giQG16.dpbs">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog.xritephoto.com&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+Blending+and+Post+Processing+Workshop+With+Travel+Photographer+Elia+Locardi&rft.aulast=Lazzell&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.xritephoto.com%2F2014%2F04%2Felia-locardi-post-processing%2F%23sthash.j3giQG16.dpbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCedric" class="citation web cs1">Cedric, De Boom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cedricdeboom.github.io/blog/blending-moments-in-time/">"Blending moments in time"</a>. <i>cedricdeboom.github.io</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008083349/https://cedricdeboom.github.io/blog/blending-moments-in-time/">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cedricdeboom.github.io&rft.atitle=Blending+moments+in+time&rft.aulast=Cedric&rft.aufirst=De+Boom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcedricdeboom.github.io%2Fblog%2Fblending-moments-in-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage+editing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/hdr-photography-with-elia-locardi/">"HDR photography with Elia Locardi"</a>. <i>www.cnet.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160922183832/https://www.cnet.com/news/hdr-photography-with-elia-locardi/">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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