CINXE.COM
Home - Dorland's Support Center
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-GB"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="author" content="Elsevier"> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="07F3B1BE4722E46C4C133E84B660C733" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="woieZOfrYLFVL8DUY0QJtJMq5i7S5D4uDzYay4gHrWU" /> <meta name="tdm-reservation" content="1"> <meta name="tdm-policy" content="https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/tdmrep-policy.json"> <meta name="robots" content="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW"> <meta name="description" content="Find FAQs that will quickly help to answer your questions aboutDorland's Support Center"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/apple_touch_icon_180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/favicon_192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/favicon_160x160.png" sizes="160x160"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/favicon_96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/favicon_16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/euf/assets/themes/base/images/favicons/favicon_32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <title>Home - Dorland's Support Center</title> <!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="/euf/core/static/html5.js"></script><![endif]--> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Home Search" href="/ci/browserSearch/desc/https%3A%2F%2Fservice.elsevier.com%2Fapp%2Fanswers%2Flist%2Fkw%2F%7BsearchTerms%7D/Home+Search/Home+Search/%2Feuf%2Fassets%2Fimages%2Ficons%2Ffavicon_browserSearchPlugin.ico"/> <style type='text/css'> <!-- .rn_ScreenReaderOnly{position:absolute; height:1px; left:-10000px; overflow:hidden; top:auto; width:1px;} .rn_Hidden{display:none !important;} --></style> <base href='https://service.elsevier.com/euf/generated/optimized/1740463680/themes/elsevier/'/> <link href='/euf/generated/optimized/1740463680/templates/elsevier.themes.elsevier.SITE.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' media='all'/> <style type="text/css"> <!-- .rn_BrowserTitle{} .rn_Search{} .rn_LeftNavigation{} .rn_LeftNavigation div.navigationTabs{color: red;} .rn_LeftNavigation .rn_LeftNavigationListItem{} .rn_LeftNavigation li{margin-bottom: 0;} .rn_LeftNavigation ul > :first-child{color: #000;} .rn_LeftNavigation .menu-item-active a{color: #323232;} .rn_LeftNavigation-spine.toggle-active{display: block;} .rn_LeftNavigation{} .rn_LeftNavigation div.navigationTabs{color: red;} .rn_LeftNavigation .rn_LeftNavigationListItem{} .rn_LeftNavigation li{margin-bottom: 0;} .rn_LeftNavigation ul > :first-child{color: #000;} .rn_LeftNavigation .menu-item-active a{color: #323232;} .rn_LeftNavigation-spine.toggle-active{display: block;} .rn_RoleFilterCheckboxes{} .left-div-checkboxes{margin-bottom: 20px;width: 100%;} .left-div-labels{float: left;} .rn_RoleFilterCheckboxes label.c-label:before{background-color: #fff;border: 2px solid #b9b9b9;content: "";display: inline-block;height: 24px;left: 0;margin-right: 10px;position: absolute;top: 0;transition: border-color .3s ease;width: 24px;} .rn_RoleFilterCheckboxes label.c-label:after{background-color: transparent;content: "";display: inline-block;height: 12px;left: 6px;margin-right: 10px;position: absolute;top: 6px;transition: background-color .3s ease;width: 12px;} .rn_RoleFilterCheckboxes label.c-label{cursor: pointer;display: inline-block;font-size: 1.25rem;margin-right: 15px;padding-left: 30px;position: relative;} .rn_RoleFilterCheckboxes input[type=checkbox], .rn_RoleFilterCheckboxes input[type=radio]{left: -999999px;position: absolute;} .rn_RoleFilterCheckboxes input[type=checkbox]:checked + label.c-label:after, .rn_RoleFilterCheckboxes input[type=radio]:checked + label.c-label:after{background-color: #e9711c;} @media only screen and (max-width: 40.063em){.left-div-checkboxes{width: initial;float: left;} .rn_RoleFilterCheckboxes{padding-left: .9375rem;} } .rn_RoleFilterCheckboxes input[type="checkbox"]:focus + label.c-label::after, .rn_RoleFilterCheckboxes input[type="radio"]:focus + label.c-label::after{background-color: grey;} .rn_RoleFilterCheckboxes fieldset{border: 0 none;padding: 0;margin: 0;} .rn_RoleFilterCheckboxes fieldset legend{margin: 0;padding: 0;} .rn_TopNewsItems{} .rn_TopAnswers.rn_TopAnswers{margin-bottom: 30px;} .scopusStyle{height: 140px;padding-left: 13.5px;border-left: 2px solid #E9711C;} .scopusStyle h1{color: #E9711C;} .scopusStyle p{color: #0c5f86;} --> </style> <script>window.caughtErrors = [];window.onerror = function(msg, file, line, col, error) {window.caughtErrors.push({msg: msg,file: file,line: line,col: col,error: error,readyState: (document.readyState ? document.readyState : 'unknown'),caughtEarly: true});};</script> <script> ;(function(win, doc, style, timeout) { var STYLE_ID = 'at-body-style'; function getParent() { return doc.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; } function addStyle(parent, id, def) { if (!parent) { return; } var style = doc.createElement('style'); style.id = id; style.innerHTML = def; parent.appendChild(style); } function removeStyle(parent, id) { if (!parent) { return; } var style = doc.getElementById(id); if (!style) { return; } parent.removeChild(style); } addStyle(getParent(), STYLE_ID, style); setTimeout(function() { removeStyle(getParent(), STYLE_ID); }, timeout); }(window, document, "body {opacity: 0 !important}", 3000)); </script> <script src='//assets.adobedtm.com/4a848ae9611a/dfecfa1f6904/launch-576a26794a92.min.js' async></script> <style> #aa-globalheader-search { margin-bottom: 0 } .inform_your_decisions > div { margin-bottom: 30px; } .inform_your_decisions svg { height: 30px; margin-bottom: 7px; } .small-block-grid-3 a { color: #e9711c; } .small-block-grid-3 a:hover { color: #007398; } </style> <script src="../base/javascript/stacktrace.min.js" async></script> </head> <body class="yui-skin-sam yui3-skin-sam supporthub"> <div id="rn_SkipLinks_5" class="rn_SkipLinks"> <a class="accessibility-skip" href="#siteSearch" data-skip="search">Skip to search</a> <a class="accessibility-skip" href="#mainContent" data-skip="content">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div class="off-canvas-wrap" data-offcanvas> <div class="inner-wrap push-row-first"> <header id="gh-cnt" class="gh-reduce-v-space"> <div id="gh-main-cnt" class="u-flex-center-ver u-position-relative gh-sides-padding"> <a href="/app/home/supporthub/dorland/" id="gh-branding" class="u-flex-center-ver"> <img src="../base/header/tree.svg" alt="Elsevier Logo" class="gh-logo"/> <img src="../base/header/elsevier_wordmark.svg" alt="Product Wordmark" class="gh-wordmark gh-elsevier-wordmark"> <!-- <div class="site-title">--> <!-- <span class="sh">Support Center</span>--> <!-- </div>--> </a> <div id="gh-nav-cnt" class="u-flex-center-ver"> <nav aria-label="links" class="gh-nav gh-nav-links gh-nav-h"> <ul class="gh-nav-list u-list-reset"> </ul> </nav> </div> <div id="gh-mobile-menu" class="" data-location="spineIconContainer"> <div class="gh-hamburger u-fill-grey7 u-margin-left-m"> <button class="button-link button-medium u-flex-center-ver button-link-primary" data-location="closedSpineIcon" aria-label="Toggle mobile menu" aria-expanded="false" type="button"> <svg class="gh-hamburger-svg-el gh-hamburger-closed" role="img" aria-hidden="true" height="18" width="40"> <path d="M0 14h40v2H0zm0-7h40v2H0zm0-7h40v2H0z"></path> </svg> </button> </div> <div id="gh-overlay" class="u-overlay u-display-none" role="button" tabindex="-1"></div> <div id="gh-drawer" aria-label="Mobile menu" class="" role="navigation"> <header id="gh-drawer-header" class="u-padding-s-xs text-s"> <div class="gh-hamburger u-margin-left-s"> <button class="button-link button-medium u-flex-center-ver button-link-primary" aria-label="Toggle mobile menu" aria-expanded="true" type="button"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="gh-hamburger-open" width="20" height="20" viewbox="0 0 20 20"> <rect x="9.01" y="-2.95" width="1.97" height="25.91" transform="translate(9.86 -4.29) rotate(45)"></rect> <rect x="9.01" y="-2.95" width="1.97" height="25.91" transform="translate(24 9.86) rotate(135)"></rect> </svg> </button> </div> </header> <div id="gh-mob-inst-cnt"> </div> <nav aria-label="links" class="gh-nav gh-nav-links gh-nav-v"> <ul class="gh-nav-list u-list-reset"> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <h2 class="u-clr-grey4 u-margin-bottom-s gh-lbl">Categories</h2> <div id="rn_LeftNavigation_7" class="rn_LeftNavigation-spine"> <nav id="secondary-nav-spine" class="spinecatlist"> <ul class="not-enum side-nav-spine gh-dd-nav"> <li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10542/supporthub/dorland/" data-location="categoryList_1spine" class="anchor gh-nav-action"><span class="anchor-text">Orders & Renewals</span></a></li><li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10543/supporthub/dorland/" data-location="categoryList_2spine" class="anchor gh-nav-action"><span class="anchor-text">Access</span></a></li><li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10546/supporthub/dorland/" data-location="categoryList_3spine" class="anchor gh-nav-action"><span class="anchor-text">Using the product</span></a></li><li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10547/supporthub/dorland/" data-location="categoryList_4spine" class="anchor gh-nav-action"><span class="anchor-text">Content</span></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </li> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <h2 class="u-clr-grey4 u-margin-bottom-s gh-lbl">Contact Us</h2> <ul class="gh-dd-nav u-margin-bottom-m"> <li class="gh-nav-item"> <a class="anchor button-link-primary gh-nav-action" href="/app/contact/supporthub/dorland/"> <span class="anchor-text" data-location="spineContactOption_email"> Email </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div id="gh-sub-header" class="u-flex-center-ver gh-sides-padding gh-move-to-spine"></div> </header> <div class="gh-sides-padding"> <h2> <a href="/app/home/supporthub/dorland/" id="gh-site-title" data-location="supportHubTitle"> Dorland's Support Center </a> </h2> </div> <div id="rn_UserInfoDialog_8" class="rn_UserInfoDialog rn_Hidden"> <div id="rn_UserInfoDialog_8_UserInfoContent"> <div id="rn_UserInfoDialog_8_UserInfoErrorMessage"></div> <p id="rn_UserInfoDialog_8_UserInfoDescription" class="rn_UserInfoDescription">To post social content, you must have a display name. The page will refresh upon submission. Any pending input will be lost.</p> <form id="rn_UserInfoDialog_8_UserInfoForm" onsubmit="return false;"> <label for="rn_UserInfoDialog_8_DisplayName" id="rn_UserInfoDialog_8_DisplayName_Label" class="rn_Label">Display Name <span class="rn_Required" aria-label="Required"> *</span> </label> <input id="rn_UserInfoDialog_8_DisplayName" type="text" maxlength="80" name="CommunityUser.DisplayName" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off"/> </form> </div> </div> <div class="container-form-search standout"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns medium-9 medium-offset-3" id="siteSearch"> <div id="rn_Search_11" class="rn_Search"> <form id="rn_Search_11_SearchForm" class="search"> <input type="hidden" name="p" value="0" id="rn_Search_11_SearchProduct"> <div class="row"> <div class="medium-5 large-4 columns"> <label for="rn_Search_11_SearchCategory" id="rn_Search_11_SearchCategory_label" class="sr-only"> Category </label> <select name="c" title="Category" id="rn_Search_11_SearchCategory" aria-label="search scope"> <option value="0"> All Topics </option> <option value="10542" > Orders & Renewals </option> <option value="10543" > Access </option> <option value="10546" > Using the product </option> <option value="10547" > Content </option> </select> </div> <div class="medium-7 large-8 columns"> <input type="search" name="kw" placeholder="Search" data-location="searchBar" id="rn_Search_11_SearchField" value="" aria-label="Search"> <button class="search-button" data-location="searchButton" id="rn_Search_11_Submit" type="submit" aria-label="Submit Search"> <span class="icon-gizmo-search"></span> </button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <!-- row --> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <main role="main" class="maincontent" id="mainContent"> <!-- navigation --> <div class="row"> <div class="leftRnCol columns medium-3"> <div id="rn_LeftNavigation_13" class="rn_LeftNavigation"> <nav id="secondary-nav" > <ul class="not-enum side-nav"> <li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10542/supporthub/dorland/" data-location="categoryList_1" class="anchor gh-nav-action">Orders & Renewals</a></li><li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10543/supporthub/dorland/" data-location="categoryList_2" class="anchor gh-nav-action">Access</a></li><li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10546/supporthub/dorland/" data-location="categoryList_3" class="anchor gh-nav-action">Using the product</a></li><li class="gh-nav-item" ><a href="/app/answers/list/c/10547/supporthub/dorland/" data-location="categoryList_4" class="anchor gh-nav-action">Content</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="columns medium-9 border"> <!-- widgets --> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-12"> <div id="rn_TopNewsItems_15" class="rn_TopNewsItems"> <h2>News</h2> <article> No news items available </article> </div> </div> <div class="columns large-12"> </div> <div class="columns large-12"> <div id="rn_TopAnswersExtended_17" class="rn_TopAnswersExtended rn_TopAnswers"> <h2> Top 10 FAQs </h2> <article> <ol> <li> <span class="rn_Title"> <a href="/app/answers/detail/a_id/27675/session/L3RpbWUvMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9nZW4vMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9zaWQvZlVCMzM1UjdQWHp0WkdJM2xfTUkxbmRUR1dNSU1iWG1IeUZqYlVNT29PaDkwQ1M3TEdJc0VNdV9TanJTNnR0andrMlRVaERGTkZueGV1WlM2QmNFdkZONVpfbk53b1VZdUJVa1lNT29JXzlNeXlrYUN0OG9JSW1nJTIxJTIx/supporthub/dorland/p/10864/" > I believe I鈥檝e identified a harmful error in an Elsevier product. How can I let Elsevier know? </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="rn_Title"> <a href="/app/answers/detail/a_id/5609/session/L3RpbWUvMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9nZW4vMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9zaWQvZlVCMzM1UjdQWHp0WkdJM2xfTUkxbmRUR1dNSU1iWG1IeUZqYlVNT29PaDkwQ1M3TEdJc0VNdV9TanJTNnR0andrMlRVaERGTkZueGV1WlM2QmNFdkZONVpfbk53b1VZdUJVa1lNT29JXzlNeXlrYUN0OG9JSW1nJTIxJTIx/supporthub/dorland/p/10864/" > Do I get free access to the DorlandsOnline.com dictionary with purchase of the print dictionary? </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="rn_Title"> <a href="/app/answers/detail/a_id/5604/session/L3RpbWUvMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9nZW4vMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9zaWQvZlVCMzM1UjdQWHp0WkdJM2xfTUkxbmRUR1dNSU1iWG1IeUZqYlVNT29PaDkwQ1M3TEdJc0VNdV9TanJTNnR0andrMlRVaERGTkZueGV1WlM2QmNFdkZONVpfbk53b1VZdUJVa1lNT29JXzlNeXlrYUN0OG9JSW1nJTIxJTIx/supporthub/dorland/p/10864/" > What should I do if I can't hear the audio? </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="rn_Title"> <a href="/app/answers/detail/a_id/5605/session/L3RpbWUvMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9nZW4vMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9zaWQvZlVCMzM1UjdQWHp0WkdJM2xfTUkxbmRUR1dNSU1iWG1IeUZqYlVNT29PaDkwQ1M3TEdJc0VNdV9TanJTNnR0andrMlRVaERGTkZueGV1WlM2QmNFdkZONVpfbk53b1VZdUJVa1lNT29JXzlNeXlrYUN0OG9JSW1nJTIxJTIx/supporthub/dorland/p/10864/" > How do I utilize the Browser Plugin? </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="rn_Title"> <a href="/app/answers/detail/a_id/5599/session/L3RpbWUvMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9nZW4vMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9zaWQvZlVCMzM1UjdQWHp0WkdJM2xfTUkxbmRUR1dNSU1iWG1IeUZqYlVNT29PaDkwQ1M3TEdJc0VNdV9TanJTNnR0andrMlRVaERGTkZueGV1WlM2QmNFdkZONVpfbk53b1VZdUJVa1lNT29JXzlNeXlrYUN0OG9JSW1nJTIxJTIx/supporthub/dorland/p/10864/" > How do I change my choice of subscription period? </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="rn_Title"> <a href="/app/answers/detail/a_id/5601/session/L3RpbWUvMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9nZW4vMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9zaWQvZlVCMzM1UjdQWHp0WkdJM2xfTUkxbmRUR1dNSU1iWG1IeUZqYlVNT29PaDkwQ1M3TEdJc0VNdV9TanJTNnR0andrMlRVaERGTkZueGV1WlM2QmNFdkZONVpfbk53b1VZdUJVa1lNT29JXzlNeXlrYUN0OG9JSW1nJTIxJTIx/supporthub/dorland/p/10864/" > How do I redeem a discount or trial code? </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="rn_Title"> <a href="/app/answers/detail/a_id/5593/session/L3RpbWUvMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9nZW4vMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9zaWQvZlVCMzM1UjdQWHp0WkdJM2xfTUkxbmRUR1dNSU1iWG1IeUZqYlVNT29PaDkwQ1M3TEdJc0VNdV9TanJTNnR0andrMlRVaERGTkZueGV1WlM2QmNFdkZONVpfbk53b1VZdUJVa1lNT29JXzlNeXlrYUN0OG9JSW1nJTIxJTIx/supporthub/dorland/p/10864/" > How do I change my profile? </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="rn_Title"> <a href="/app/answers/detail/a_id/5597/session/L3RpbWUvMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9nZW4vMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9zaWQvZlVCMzM1UjdQWHp0WkdJM2xfTUkxbmRUR1dNSU1iWG1IeUZqYlVNT29PaDkwQ1M3TEdJc0VNdV9TanJTNnR0andrMlRVaERGTkZueGV1WlM2QmNFdkZONVpfbk53b1VZdUJVa1lNT29JXzlNeXlrYUN0OG9JSW1nJTIxJTIx/supporthub/dorland/p/10864/" > I've forgotten my username/password. what shall I do? </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="rn_Title"> <a href="/app/answers/detail/a_id/5596/session/L3RpbWUvMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9nZW4vMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9zaWQvZlVCMzM1UjdQWHp0WkdJM2xfTUkxbmRUR1dNSU1iWG1IeUZqYlVNT29PaDkwQ1M3TEdJc0VNdV9TanJTNnR0andrMlRVaERGTkZueGV1WlM2QmNFdkZONVpfbk53b1VZdUJVa1lNT29JXzlNeXlrYUN0OG9JSW1nJTIxJTIx/supporthub/dorland/p/10864/" > How do I delete my account? </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="rn_Title"> <a href="/app/answers/detail/a_id/5603/session/L3RpbWUvMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9nZW4vMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9zaWQvZlVCMzM1UjdQWHp0WkdJM2xfTUkxbmRUR1dNSU1iWG1IeUZqYlVNT29PaDkwQ1M3TEdJc0VNdV9TanJTNnR0andrMlRVaERGTkZueGV1WlM2QmNFdkZONVpfbk53b1VZdUJVa1lNT29JXzlNeXlrYUN0OG9JSW1nJTIxJTIx/supporthub/dorland/p/10864/" > How do I search for terms in Dorlands? </a> </span> </li> </ol> <a href="/app/answers/list/supporthub/dorland/p/10864/" class="cta-tertiary" data-location="topAnswersViewMore_10864"> View more </a> </article> </div> </div> </div> <!-- row --> </div> <!-- 9 column --> </div> <section class="main-contact-area standout"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns medium-9 medium-offset-3"> <div> <div id="rn_MainContactTypes_18" class="rn_MainContactTypes rn_MainContactContainer"> <div class="rn_MainContactRow" data-location="mainContactOptionRow" id="rn_MainContactTypes_18_MainContactRow"> <p>For further assistance:</p> <div class="row" data-equalizer="contactPanel"> <div class="email"> <div class="rn_MainContactTileContainer columns medium-3 small-6 large-2 end"> <a href="/app/contact/supporthub/dorland/" class="panel" title="We aim to respond within 24 hours" data-location="mainContactOption_email" aria-haspopup="true" data-aa-region="aa-contact-options" data-aa-name="email" data-equalizer-watch="contactPanel" onclick="" > <span class="icon-gizmo-email"></span><br /> Email </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </main> <footer class="footer-main"> <div class="row expand"> <div class="medium-12 columns"> <a class="els-footer-elsevier" href="http://www.elsevier.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> <span class="ccs-icon svg-wordmark-non-solus" aria-label="Elsevier"> <span class="svg-text">Elsevier</span> </span> </a> <div class="footer-content"> <p class="footer-links"> <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/legal/elsevier-website-terms-and-conditions" data-location="termsAndConditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/legal/privacy-policy" data-location="privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> <button class="ot-sdk-show-settings">Cookie Settings</button> </p> <p> Copyright ©2025 Elsevier, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. </p> </div> <a class="els-footer-relx" href="http://www.relx.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> <span class="ccs-icon svg-wordmark-relx-group" aria-label="RELX Group" data-location="relx"> <span class="svg-text">RELX Group</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </footer> </div><!-- .inner-wrap --> </div><!-- .off-canvas-wrap --> <!-- vendor scripts --> <script src="../base/javascript/vendor/jquery2.1.4.min.js"></script> <script src="../base/javascript/vendor/jqueryui.1.11.4.min.js"></script> <script src="../base/javascript/vendor/modernizr2.8.3.min.js"></script> <script src="../base/javascript/vendor/foundation5.5.3.min.js"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function($) { Foundation.global.namespace = ''; $(document).foundation(); }); var rejectedCookies = false; // Wait till window is loaded before trying as otherwise gets messed up by Adobe async loading window.addEventListener("load", () => { window.OptanonWrapper = function () { // Auto reject cookies if ?no-cookies=1 is set. const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); if (urlParams.get('no-cookies') === '1' && !rejectedCookies) { rejectedCookies = true; OneTrust.RejectAll(); } // Call Digital Assistant wrapper if it exists if (window.OptanonWrapperDA) { window.OptanonWrapperDA(); } // Call Engagement Engine wrapper if it exists if (window.OptanonWrapperEE) { window.OptanonWrapperEE(); } } }); </script> <script src="../base/javascript/tkcfunctions.js"></script> <script src="../base/javascript/webflow.js"></script> <script src="/cc/localisation/messages"></script> <script src="../base/javascript/globalbranding.js"></script> <script src="../base/javascript/validate.js"></script> <script src="../base/javascript/knowledge.js"></script> <!-- Adobe Analytics --> <script> pageData = {"event":"pageLoad","page":{"businessUnit":"ELS:OPS:GCS","cmsName":"","productName":"RN","environment":"prod","language":"en","loadTimestamp":1740509196.8792,"name":"dorland:home","type":"HP-HL","noTracking":"false","productAppVersion":"oracle","secondaryProductName":"dr"},"visitor":{"ipAddress":"8.222.208.146","accessType":"rn:anon_guest"}}; if (typeof performance !== "undefined" && typeof performance.now !== "undefined") { pageData.page.loadTime = Math.round(performance.now()).toString(); } else { pageData.page.loadTime = ''; } try { window.appData = window.appData || []; window.appData.push(pageData); } catch(e) { console.warn("There was an error loading or running Adobe DTM:\r\n ", e); } </script> <!-- End Adobe Analytics --> <script>var YUI_config={"fetchCSS":false,"modules":{"RightNowTreeView":"/euf/core/3.9/js/1.49/min/modules/ui/treeview.js","RightNowTreeViewDialog":"/euf/core/3.9/js/1.49/min/modules/ui/treeviewdialog.js","RightNowTreeViewDropdown":"/euf/core/3.9/js/1.49/min/modules/ui/treeviewdropdown.js"},"lang":["en-GB","en-US"],"injected":true,"comboBase":"//elsevier5.widget.custhelp.com/ci/cache/yuiCombo/","groups":{"gallery-treeview":{"base":"/rnt/rnw/yui_3.18/gallery-treeview/","modules":{"gallery-treeview":{"path":"gallery-treeview-min.js"}}}}};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/euf/core/3.9/js/1.49/min/RightNow.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/euf/generated/optimized/1740463680/templates/elsevier.04c2bbf8588777b6f1eea9e821fa5e36.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/euf/generated/optimized/1740463680/pages/home.de5854cae14a69ac0535f42744eea451.js"></script> <script> /* <![CDATA[ */ RightNow.Env=(function(){var _props={module:'standard',coreAssets:'/euf/core/3.9/',yuiCore:'/rnt/rnw/yui_3.18/',profileData:{"isLoggedIn":false,"previouslySeenEmail":null}};return function(prop){return _props[prop];};})();RightNow.Interface.setMessagebase(function(){return {"ATTRIBUTES_LC_LBL":"attributes","ATTRIBUTE_HAVENT_SPECIFIED_VALID_IT_LBL":"Value for '%s' attribute is a number and you haven't specified a valid value for it.","BACK_LBL":"Back","BEG_DIALOG_PLS_DISMISS_DIALOG_BEF_MSG":"Beginning of dialogue. Please dismiss dialogue before continuing","CHANGED_LBL":"Changed","CLOSE_CMD":"Close","COL_SAVE_ED_ERR_L_INV_E_PERMISSIONS_MSG":"Widget changes could not be saved due to errors while saving. Please check the file permissions.","DIALOG_LBL":"dialogue","DIALOG_PLEASE_READ_TEXT_DIALOG_MSG_MSG":"Dialogue. Please read text above for dialogue message","END_DIALOG_PLS_DISMISS_DIALOG_BEF_MSG":"End of dialogue. Please dismiss dialogue before continuing","ERROR_LBL":"Error","ERRORS_LBL":"Errors","ERROR_PCT_S_LBL":"Error: %s","ERROR_REQUEST_ACTION_COMPLETED_MSG":"There was an error with the request and the action could not be completed.","ERR_SUBMITTING_FORM_DUE_INV_INPUT_LBL":"There was an error submitting the form, due to invalid input","ERR_SUBMITTING_SEARCH_MSG":"There was a problem with your request. Please change your search terms and try again.","HELP_LBL":"Help","INFORMATION_LBL":"Information","INFORMATION_S_LBL":"Information: %s","OK_LBL":"OK","PCT_S_ATTRIB_REQD_HAVENT_VALUE_MSG":"The '%s' attribute is required and you haven't specified a value for it.","PG_COL_SAVE_ED_ERR_L_INV_E_PERMISSIONS_MSG":"Widget changes of page could not be saved due to errors while saving. Please check the page file permissions.","REVEALED_DISP_TB_DD_OP_ADDTL_T_EXPOSED_MSG":"Note: The widget, when revealed, can be inspected, but you may need to perform additional actions for it to be exposed.","SOME_INST_ID_BUT_SEE_ITS_SATTRIBUTESS_MSG":"Some or all instances of this widget are hidden, but you can see its %sattributes%s.","SUCCESS_S_LBL":"Success: %s","TEMPL_COL_SAVE_ED_ERR_INV_TEMPL_PRMSSNS_MSG":"Widget changes of template could not be saved due to errors while saving. Please check the template file permissions.","THIS_WIDGET_HAS_NO_ATTRIBUTES_MSG":"This widget has no attributes.","THIS_WIDGET_HAS_NO_VIEW_LBL":"This widget has no view","VAL_PCT_S_ATTRIB_MINIMUM_VAL_ACCD_MSG":"Value for '%s' attribute is too small. The minimum value accepted is %s, but the value received was %s.","VAL_PCT_S_ATTRIB_MAX_VAL_ACCD_PCT_S_MSG":"Value for '%s' attribute is too large. The maximum value accepted is %s, but the value received was %s.","VIEW_ATTRIBUTES_LBL":"View Attributes","WARNING_LBL":"Warning","WARNING_S_LBL":"Warning: %s","WIDGET_CHANGES_ERRORS_WILL_IGNORED_MSG":"Widget changes with errors will be ignored."};}); RightNow.Interface.setConfigbase(function(){return {"DE_VALID_EMAIL_PATTERN":"^((([-_!#$%&'*+\/=?^~`{|}\\w]+(\\.[.]?[-_!#$%&'*+\/=?^~`{|}\\w]+)*)|(\"[^\"]+\"))@[0-9A-Za-z]+([\\-]+[0-9A-Za-z]+)*(\\.[0-9A-Za-z]+([\\-]+[0-9A-Za-z]+)*)+[; ]*)$","CP_HOME_URL":"overview\/elsevier\/","CP_FILE_UPLOAD_MAX_TIME":300,"OE_WEB_SERVER":"service.elsevier.com","SUBMIT_TOKEN_EXP":30};}); RightNow.Url.setParameterSegment(4); RightNow.Url.setSession('L3RpbWUvMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9nZW4vMTc0MDUwOTE5Ny9zaWQvZlVCMzM1UjdQWHp0WkdJM2xfTUkxbmRUR1dNSU1iWG1IeUZqYlVNT29PaDkwQ1M3TEdJc0VNdV9TanJTNnR0andrMlRVaERGTkZueGV1WlM2QmNFdkZONVpfbk53b1VZdUJVa1lNT29JXzlNeXlrYUN0OG9JSW1nJTIxJTIx'); RightNow.Event.setNoSessionCookies(true); RightNow.Interface.Constants = {"API_VALIDATION_REGEX_EMAIL":"((([-_!#$%&'*+\/=?^~`{|}\\w]+([.][-_!#$%&'*+\/=?^~`{|}\\w]*)*)|(\"[^\"]+\"))@[0-9A-Za-z]+([\\-]+[0-9A-Za-z]+)*(\\.[0-9A-Za-z]+([\\-]+[0-9A-Za-z]+)*)+[;, ]*)+"}; YUI().use('event-base',function(Y){Y.on('domready',function(){var n=RightNow.namespace,W=RightNow.Widgets,c='createWidgetInstance'; W.setInitialWidgetCount(8); W[c]({"i":{"c":"SkipLinks","n":"SkipLinks","w":5},"a":{"show_search":true},"j":[]},'W10=','fUKmp06exKNTQlGscX8Dnyegiecr93e5JkCVY02dSum4CrjlrozO7bNZkmwoSmKtBt_ZtH3F0rHR9ZVeBIO1o6xe1vopIWXlv1N5nbqh6IW12Cxy4bjhDYE1PRFwKlMeimTsEuPTJHZHc!',1740509197,'SkipLinks_5','custom/navigation/SkipLinks','Custom.Widgets.navigation.SkipLinks','5','ZlU1M3M0U2EyQjZFMlh2SEgwTkhQR0JLdEZ1aTc3c0lNNHVyNjRGd0xacUdwT3VyMkg0S0tRNWJCdDF0Y045WnByd3p4MHNkOUpMM050aVdCTTl5RXlmWmd6ZGVQV1pmVUUzdWlwdko0WXlzb3lndF9vNVpERVRQWVJBTV9Ua0k2cWRNQzgzaFZ3dFZFeUxiTkQ1emdWcE1WSEVwMENUdTNz'); W[c]({"i":{"c":"GlobalHeader","n":"GlobalHeader","w":6},"a":[],"j":[]},'W10=','fUmKeMu1grCw1bzACNLwPmmYQtcctZhcVQTuFV~zQxzf3yg76Mlj71oGZj3TDW1h9pBc4ygnL58xyUpFVIarlbr5sbMXpXvADuRtFuSJtuWsfSK4Yjn4T62p3IBETS2l75rr6JvGRsQlM!',1740509197,'GlobalHeader_6','custom/navigation/GlobalHeader','Custom.Widgets.navigation.GlobalHeader','6','ZlVVTjdWeWpncXBPc0tTRDkwbExueUEzQ3hfUE52WkpTRnFDTWhVX1k4fnBxODBiYjZfUHNUMFIwSjh4RDdDWFBGUWFFUFlXQXh3dzF2dlowVFhDMGs4d3ZzRHRuX3NOcDczb3VrMFFxODlJTk55bmVBREFWVlI0bHRPZGxLYkdVRGNER2hHZmtIQURocm5Pb3p_czlodWVfdUk5bGo5M2J0'); W[c]({"i":{"c":"UserInfoDialog","n":"UserInfoDialog","w":8},"a":{"display_on_page_load":false,"show_social_warning":true,"label_dialog_title":"Additional information needed","label_submit_button":"Finish","label_cancel_button":"Cancel","label_form_description":"To post social content, you must have a display name.","label_social_form_description":"To post social content, you must have a display name. The page will refresh upon submission. Any pending input will be lost.","label_display_name":"Display Name","label_incorrect_display_name":"Incorrect Display Name","create_social_user_ajax":"\/ci\/ajaxRequest\/createSocialUser","id":"userinfo"},"j":[]},'W10=','fUoYSb05rEjuyTH3IlZrmDVYoLeFLZh~6ugB_b1zxP6muVzqoYVORYnEETfbDNXdt8b0AsbeYxSDXaRhjH1UFA~ZhBL3yxfhV6zvpeqLxgnaKDkdFCvyEpFQYznM3x6D97WdURuiEVEHI!',1740509199,'UserInfoDialog_8','standard/user/UserInfoDialog','RightNow.Widgets.UserInfoDialog','8','ZlU2ekNRVnBUcUd6WWl5RENSbnVPTE42UjBpT2dxOUczaXljcmxyQmd0fnhOcVJ_Mlg0czMwU1AzRTdIcmpiWXZQXzNkOFluX1pJdnNXYzVTUkZHaEJnSVdObGpTTGcxSX5RX2xXaDhTfmJGMnFZcH44WXB5OFUyMms5N0w0eXdLa281U1Q1V2t0cnV4bEZsNHUyb0tMUmRUZHMwOThLbVU5'); W[c]({"i":{"c":"Search","n":"Search","w":11},"a":{"report_page_url":"\/app\/answers\/list","placeholder":"Search support center"},"j":{"supportHub":"dorland"}},'W10=','fUWkGr1C1JKbITz99WlvCYFOb00lpsed5OkOTjufyrhiaIASLA1O2EG7YHSOGP~oEEagkEREjjmEd3841jrf4XZdyMhFlMPWLPUln_sItjrt8qCEWmf39Vo7yH8pbqJrtk1sGyIjCGyuI!',1740509199,'Search_11','custom/navigation/Search','Custom.Widgets.navigation.Search','11','ZlVxZW1_cXZOanl2U3ZDfjB6YlhaMX5rZzdrd2tSYVBhcFlQRUcwZXhQQXZwTmJuZldmck5BeFNyOFlGdDg4QU5UU016NE5YfklfUWhnX1VKZnU1MXdtWlg1Rlo4MEVPZ0VQYkR3c3Y0M2w0cXczMUNScmxzWUN_OHJrNWNUbnBvNEJ6RXRGOUtWZWJQQklhVzZBV0xpQldBdFp1ZnVxdUV4'); W[c]({"i":{"c":"TopNewsItems","n":"TopNewsItems","w":15},"a":{"product_id":"10864","report_id":"125008","customer_type":"true","supporthub_link":"dorland","limit":"5","add_params_to_url":"kw,p,c,sort,supporthub","title":"News","show_excerpt":"false"},"j":[]},'W10=','fUJeGQUu1Tan66POhbRe6vgx8jb0lT871VAlA8ytjfquy4Msp2DEIZoEGvfjWzn1er3KsHER3jyAyC4w5Y9~VbGU1iR0tey24msd1N9aA9rM0z91nVVm3dTeMWeQl5DJSxJo8yZ5~0BP8!',1740509199,'TopNewsItems_15','custom/reports/TopNewsItems','Custom.Widgets.reports.TopNewsItems','15','ZlU5WWg2dUY5czJfZnZyT0NfQTRZSDJ3OGhNeHdQbEE5Y2JxdG50WWtXZnI5QzZKRXM2dzI1aUZvckQ2Sm1ZdnU4MDQxbE5PR1c0TklVdmVpTXp5a1dRUVRpYmdZZGdvTjQ2d3p4ZGVTMGZsanNPNXFpTXIySlFOaUp1RHhyVXZlbWlLMGRVNFBSNlpqR3AzcUlsdUdvRENVYTNlRmgwcUNO'); W[c]({"i":{"c":"TopAnswersExtended","n":"TopAnswersExtended","w":17},"a":{"show_excerpt":false,"title":"Top 10 FAQs","view_more":"View more","customer_type":"true","add_params_to_url":"kw,p,c,sort,supporthub,role","supporthub_link":"dorland","anchor":"","limit":10,"product_filter_id":10864,"category_filter_id":null,"excerpt_max_length":256,"answers_detail_url":"\/app\/answers\/detail","url_type_target":"_blank"},"j":[]},'W10=','fUNfYYQM5nV3W1q3rMxgkFx6xVeuo6nlTNsR6xrHpVHKrclTTvGqHbKQzvGMVbsoUby5XlBF7vJYV7Kg9Xfb5dVype_aRRg7PZMc6rdT5ueiRQhU0HRyHOX_Y1Qsfv4tzKIvkXyeHI77U!',1740509199,'TopAnswersExtended_17','custom/reports/TopAnswersExtended','Custom.Widgets.reports.TopAnswersExtended','17','ZlVROGtPSmE0T35xbjVnUE80bWRWNkFTTEc1NnF4ejhGSk9JZUtOT1k5cWF1QWhfamhybGF3Nlg1ZjJEVlB1R3dhMEpjTDVXZGdlRnNLRTVJNTNsQzFjb0MxZU9lWGlkcVoxczQxbUoxYmRtSjNOQUQyR1BxTVZUaGJKYmdPZ0hablprMVQ0TzJSUlVQcWRnflRxSkc4X0pzdk9ZS21nVjhq'); W[c]({"i":{"c":"MainContactTypes","n":"MainContactTypes","w":18},"a":{"chatServer":"\/ci\/ajax\/widget"},"j":[]},'W10=','fUoCz9uGtnkx23QLXye5oNef8l4injmfMeCW0KSh3cAcSUjCravKNKzDD1zASGC7PeQRIAbGGwR4UZgcrzri~DRA5gThMG0DxAgwre91Lhn02_3d5Fd8MOrtpXNdcTrm3kICS2NK6dslk!',1740509199,'MainContactTypes_18','custom/navigation/MainContactTypes','Custom.Widgets.navigation.MainContactTypes','18','ZlVPOHV_X3FUbmhIRHhiZHBUU3I3aXJEQ2JwazZNb2dXeUpDd0YyUn5_X2lMNU9nM00wSDNObzFzUHpkazFrcFExa1pmbmc0T0lTVGE3QzR3a2xYcHNtRkducHI1RDQ5THAxTFNZNWVTaE9laUlST35_RERVdmVTQjAwQUl6TmlmR2phdHNNdldpejByM1hkMDVZZ1JtflRyNDdpa2ZMV21Z'); W[c]({"i":{"c":"AdobeAnalytics","n":"AdobeAnalytics","w":21},"a":{"lang":"en-GB"},"j":[]},'W10=','fUUHubMWczS_f4waDPBS8r0JTIkIMy9iuvG1sU1uhJZN7~KVhIVMCY9bvh_cg1Ri~bUJz9XZhpun1jnL0EW9fHlFLU_9r7YnpoE6H0Df0WwJvU4_Owu9sWyzq2LfqdFoAZZfFYE_YC7rI!',1740509199,'AdobeAnalytics_21','custom/reporting/AdobeAnalytics','Custom.Widgets.reporting.AdobeAnalytics','21','ZlVwZXN0eXhKaHo5NDV6WU9tZjhOZmoyd0lzUUdqdThrNzRjUURVTFpmWEd6UXhYb0tJZDN0cVdLMHFPVjVCOG83TE40Szh0aUxIZ0JyN19oZGFSS3FDQ2VnbjBfbmtIR3JsN344RUp3QUNiRzVpX0U5eHV3NXhYWDN3T1pJcklLWjMzSFpWMFNRcEF4VWlreHByZlFTWHl6T2poNmdaSUdM'); })}); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var _rnq=_rnq||[];_rnq.push({"s":"YYo4hVYq","uh":"984f7db5","uc":"service.elsevier.com\/app\/home","b":"ca41811","i":"elsevier:elsevier5","f":"rnw","p":"Customer Portal","v":"24.11.0.1-b49-sp1","th":"www.rnengage.com"}); (function(e){var b,d,a=document.createElement("iframe"),c=document.getElementsByTagName("script");a.src="javascript:false";a.title="Action Capture";a.role="presentation";(a.frameElement||a).style.cssText="position:absolute;width:0;height:0;border:0";c=c[c.length-1];c.parentNode.insertBefore(a,c);try{b=a.contentWindow.document}catch(f){d=document.domain,a.src="javascript:var d=document.open();d.domain='"+d+"';void(0);",b=a.contentWindow.document}b.open()._l=function(){for(var a;e.length;)a=this.createElement("script"), d&&(this.domain=d),a.src=e.pop(),this.body.appendChild(a)};b.write('<head><title>Action Capture</title></head><body onload="document._l();">');b.close()})(["https://www.rnengage.com/api/e/ca41811/e.js","//www.rnengage.com/api/1/javascript/acs.js"]); </script></body> </html>