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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Breathing gas mixture of hydrogen, helium, and oxygen</div> <p><b>Hydreliox</b> is an exotic <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> mixture of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fife1979_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fife1979-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rostain1988_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rostain1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydra_VIII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydra VIII (page does not exist)">Hydra VIII</a> (Hydra 8) mission at 50 atmospheres of ambient pressure, the mixture used was 49% hydrogen, 50.2% helium, and 0.8% oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is used primarily for research and scientific <a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">deep diving</a>, usually below 130 metres (430 ft). Below this depth, extended breathing of <a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">heliox</a> gas mixtures may cause <a href="/wiki/High_pressure_nervous_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure nervous syndrome">high pressure nervous syndrome</a> (HPNS).<sup id="cite_ref-Hunger1974_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunger1974-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two gas mixtures exist that attempt to combat this problem: <a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">trimix</a> and hydreliox. Like trimix, hydreliox contains helium and oxygen and a third gas to counteract HPNS. The third gas in trimix is <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and the third gas in hydreliox is <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>. Because hydrogen is the lightest gas, it is easier to breathe than <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> under high pressure. To avoid the risk of explosion, as a rule of thumb hydrogen is only considered for use in breathing mixtures if the proportion of oxygen in the mixture is less than 5%. However, the pressure during the dive must be such that the <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> of 5% oxygen is sufficient to sustain the diver. (The flammability of the mixture also depends to some degree on the pressure)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving#Depth_records" title="Saturation diving">diving depth record</a> for off-shore (saturation) diving was achieved in 1988 by a team of <a href="/wiki/Professional_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional diver">professional divers</a> (Th. Arnold, S. Icart, J.G. Marcel Auda, R. Peilho, P. Raude, L. Schneider) of the <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">Comex S.A.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_diving#Commercial_diving" title="Commercial diving">industrial deep-sea diving</a> company performing pipe line connection exercises at a depth of 534 m (1,752 ft) of seawater (<a href="/wiki/Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">msw</a>/fsw) in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> as part of the Hydra VIII (Hydra 8) programme.<sup id="cite_ref-Hydra_8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hydra_8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NS1992-2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS1992-2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydreliox has been tested in 1992 to a simulated depth of 701 metres (2,300 ft) by <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">COMEX</a> <a href="/wiki/S.A._(corporation)" title="S.A. (corporation)">S.A.</a> diver Théo Mavrostomos in an on-shore <a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber#Hyperbaric_chamber" title="Diving chamber">hyperbaric chamber</a> as part of the Hydra X (Hydra 10) programme.<sup id="cite_ref-Lafay1995_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lafay1995-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hydra X team Théo Mavrostomos belonged to spent 3 days at the simulated 675 metres (2,215 ft) depth. After the rest of this team were held incapacitated at 675 m depth, Mavrostomos took a short 2-hour excursion at the simulated 701 metres (2,300 ft) depth, and took 43 days to complete the record experimental dive.<sup id="cite_ref-NS1992_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although breathing hydreliox improves the symptoms seen in HPNS, tests have shown that <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_narcosis" title="Hydrogen narcosis">hydrogen narcosis</a> becomes a factor at depths of 500 metres (1,600 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Rostain1988_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rostain1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abraini1994_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abraini1994-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydreliox&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argox" title="Argox">Argox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrox_(breathing_gas)" title="Hydrox (breathing gas)">Hydrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">Trimix</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydreliox&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fife1979-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fife1979_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFife1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fife, WP (1979). "The use of Non-Explosive mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen for diving". <i>Texas A&M University Sea Grant</i>. 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