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Izurri Beltza - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.

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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Izendapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izendapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Izendapena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izendapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izurriaren_eta_heriotza_tasa_altuaren_arrazoiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izurriaren_eta_heriotza_tasa_altuaren_arrazoiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Izurriaren eta heriotza tasa altuaren arrazoiak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Izurriaren_eta_heriotza_tasa_altuaren_arrazoiak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Izurriaren eta heriotza tasa altuaren arrazoiak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Izurriaren_eta_heriotza_tasa_altuaren_arrazoiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Faktore_klimatikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faktore_klimatikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Faktore klimatikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faktore_klimatikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faktore_sozioekonomikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faktore_sozioekonomikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Faktore sozioekonomikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faktore_sozioekonomikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izurriaren_kronika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izurriaren_kronika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Izurriaren kronika</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Izurriaren_kronika-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Izurriaren kronika azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Izurriaren_kronika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Erdialdeko_Asiatik_Krimeara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erdialdeko_Asiatik_Krimeara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Erdialdeko Asiatik Krimeara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erdialdeko_Asiatik_Krimeara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1338-1339,_Issyk-Kul_lakua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1338-1339,_Issyk-Kul_lakua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>1338-1339, Issyk-Kul lakua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1338-1339,_Issyk-Kul_lakua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1340-1341,_Erdialdeko_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1340-1341,_Erdialdeko_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>1340-1341, Erdialdeko Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1340-1341,_Erdialdeko_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1346ko_urria-azaroa,_Urrezko_Horda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1346ko_urria-azaroa,_Urrezko_Horda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>1346ko urria-azaroa, Urrezko Horda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1346ko_urria-azaroa,_Urrezko_Horda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krimeatik_Mediterraneora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krimeatik_Mediterraneora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Krimeatik Mediterraneora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krimeatik_Mediterraneora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1346,_Krimeako_penintsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1346,_Krimeako_penintsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>1346, Krimeako penintsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1346,_Krimeako_penintsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1347ko_udaberria,_Konstantinopla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1347ko_udaberria,_Konstantinopla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>1347ko udaberria, Konstantinopla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1347ko_udaberria,_Konstantinopla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1347ko_udaberria-uda,_Ekialde_Ertaina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1347ko_udaberria-uda,_Ekialde_Ertaina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>1347ko udaberria-uda, Ekialde Ertaina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1347ko_udaberria-uda,_Ekialde_Ertaina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1347ko_udazkena,_Ekialdeko_Mediterraneoko_portuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1347ko_udazkena,_Ekialdeko_Mediterraneoko_portuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>1347ko udazkena, Ekialdeko Mediterraneoko portuak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1347ko_udazkena,_Ekialdeko_Mediterraneoko_portuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izurria_Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izurria_Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Izurria Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izurria_Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1347ko_urria,_Messina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1347ko_urria,_Messina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>1347ko urria, Messina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1347ko_urria,_Messina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1347ko_udazkena,_Catania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1347ko_udazkena,_Catania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>1347ko udazkena, Catania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1347ko_udazkena,_Catania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genova,_bi_pausotan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genova,_bi_pausotan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Genova, bi pausotan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genova,_bi_pausotan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1348ko_urtarrila,_Venezia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1348ko_urtarrila,_Venezia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>1348ko urtarrila, Venezia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1348ko_urtarrila,_Venezia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1348,_Mendebaldeko_Europan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1348,_Mendebaldeko_Europan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1348, Mendebaldeko Europan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1348,_Mendebaldeko_Europan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1347ko_azaroaren_1a,_Marsella" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1347ko_azaroaren_1a,_Marsella"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>1347ko azaroaren 1a, Marsella</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1347ko_azaroaren_1a,_Marsella-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1348ko_urtarrila,_Avignon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1348ko_urtarrila,_Avignon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>1348ko urtarrila, Avignon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1348ko_urtarrila,_Avignon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1347ko_abendua_-_1348ko_martxoa,_Mallorca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1347ko_abendua_-_1348ko_martxoa,_Mallorca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>1347ko abendua - 1348ko martxoa, Mallorca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1347ko_abendua_-_1348ko_martxoa,_Mallorca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1348ko_urtarrila-martxoa,_Toscana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1348ko_urtarrila-martxoa,_Toscana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>1348ko urtarrila-martxoa, Toscana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1348ko_urtarrila-martxoa,_Toscana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1348ko_udaberria,_Iberiar_Penintsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1348ko_udaberria,_Iberiar_Penintsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>1348ko udaberria, Iberiar Penintsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1348ko_udaberria,_Iberiar_Penintsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1348ko_udaberria,_Frantziako_hegoaldea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1348ko_udaberria,_Frantziako_hegoaldea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.6</span> <span>1348ko udaberria, Frantziako hegoaldea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1348ko_udaberria,_Frantziako_hegoaldea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izurria_Euskal_Herrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izurria_Euskal_Herrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.7</span> <span>Izurria Euskal Herrian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izurria_Euskal_Herrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1348ko_uda,_Frantziako_iparraldea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1348ko_uda,_Frantziako_iparraldea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.8</span> <span>1348ko uda, Frantziako iparraldea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1348ko_uda,_Frantziako_iparraldea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1348_Ekialdean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1348_Ekialdean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>1348 Ekialdean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1348_Ekialdean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1348ko_udaberria,_Mediterraneoaren_hegoaldea_eta_ekialdea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1348ko_udaberria,_Mediterraneoaren_hegoaldea_eta_ekialdea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>1348ko udaberria, Mediterraneoaren hegoaldea eta ekialdea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1348ko_udaberria,_Mediterraneoaren_hegoaldea_eta_ekialdea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izurri_Beltzaren_ondorengo_izurriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izurri_Beltzaren_ondorengo_izurriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Izurri Beltzaren ondorengo izurriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izurri_Beltzaren_ondorengo_izurriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiaren_demografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiaren_demografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Epidemiaren demografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiaren_demografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epidemiologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sintomatologia_klinikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sintomatologia_klinikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sintomatologia klinikoa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sintomatologia_klinikoa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sintomatologia klinikoa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sintomatologia_klinikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gaur_egungo_ikuspuntu_zientifikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaur_egungo_ikuspuntu_zientifikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Gaur egungo ikuspuntu zientifikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaur_egungo_ikuspuntu_zientifikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XIV._mendeko_deskribapenak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XIV._mendeko_deskribapenak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>XIV. mendeko deskribapenak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XIV._mendeko_deskribapenak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurri_medikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurri_medikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Neurri medikoak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Neurri_medikoak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Neurri medikoak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Neurri_medikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medikuntzaren_egoera_Erdi_Aroan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medikuntzaren_egoera_Erdi_Aroan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Medikuntzaren egoera Erdi Aroan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medikuntzaren_egoera_Erdi_Aroan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izurriaren_arrazoien_azalpena_eta_proposaturiko_neurriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izurriaren_arrazoien_azalpena_eta_proposaturiko_neurriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Izurriaren arrazoien azalpena eta proposaturiko neurriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izurriaren_arrazoien_azalpena_eta_proposaturiko_neurriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tratamendua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tratamendua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Tratamendua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tratamendua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izurriko_medikuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izurriko_medikuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Izurriko medikuak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izurriko_medikuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurri_administratiboak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurri_administratiboak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Neurri administratiboak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurri_administratiboak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izurria,_erlijioak_eta_superstizioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izurria,_erlijioak_eta_superstizioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Izurria, erlijioak eta superstizioak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Izurria,_erlijioak_eta_superstizioak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Izurria, erlijioak eta superstizioak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Izurria,_erlijioak_eta_superstizioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eliza_Katolikoa_eta_izurria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eliza_Katolikoa_eta_izurria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Eliza Katolikoa eta izurria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eliza_Katolikoa_eta_izurria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flageleria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flageleria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Flageleria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flageleria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bianchi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bianchi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Bianchi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bianchi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koreomania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koreomania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Koreomania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koreomania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jendearen_superstizioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jendearen_superstizioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Jendearen superstizioak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jendearen_superstizioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izurriaren_ukenduen_eta_pozoitzeen_inguruko_histeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izurriaren_ukenduen_eta_pozoitzeen_inguruko_histeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Izurriaren ukenduen eta pozoitzeen inguruko histeria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Izurriaren_ukenduen_eta_pozoitzeen_inguruko_histeria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Izurriaren ukenduen eta pozoitzeen inguruko histeria azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Izurriaren_ukenduen_eta_pozoitzeen_inguruko_histeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egoera_soziala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egoera_soziala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Egoera soziala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egoera_soziala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pozoitzaileen_sektari_jazarpena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pozoitzaileen_sektari_jazarpena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Pozoitzaileen sektari jazarpena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pozoitzaileen_sektari_jazarpena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legenardunen_suntsiketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legenardunen_suntsiketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Legenardunen suntsiketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legenardunen_suntsiketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juduen_erailketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juduen_erailketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Juduen erailketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juduen_erailketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teoria_alternatiboak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teoria_alternatiboak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Teoria alternatiboak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teoria_alternatiboak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biktima_ezagunak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biktima_ezagunak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Biktima ezagunak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biktima_ezagunak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ondorioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ondorioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Ondorioak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ondorioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izurri_Beltza_artean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izurri_Beltza_artean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Izurri Beltza artean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izurri_Beltza_artean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Ikus gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Izurri Beltza</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 122 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Dood" title="Swart Dood – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swart Dood" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Tod" title="Schwarzer Tod – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwarzer Tod" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الموت الأسود – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموت الأسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الموت الاسود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الموت الاسود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negro" title="Peste negro – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Peste negro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_%C3%B6l%C3%BCm" title="Qara ölüm – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara ölüm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="قارا اؤلوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارا اؤلوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ҡара үлем – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара үлем" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чорная смерць – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чорная смерць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чорная сьмерць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чорная сьмерць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82" title="Черната смърт – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черната смърт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maut_Hitam" title="Maut Hitam – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Maut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81" title="কালো মৃত্যু – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালো মৃত্যু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosenn_Zu" title="Bosenn Zu – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bosenn Zu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_smrt" title="Crna smrt – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crna smrt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesta_Negra" title="Pesta Negra – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pesta Negra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ik-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-b%C3%AAng" title="Háik-sṳ̄-bêng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háik-sṳ̄-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4" title="مردنی ڕەش – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مردنی ڕەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A1_smrt" title="Černá smrt – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černá smrt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla_Du" title="Pla Du – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pla Du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d" title="Den sorte død – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den sorte død" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Tod" title="Schwarzer Tod – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzer Tod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergo_siya" title="Mergo siya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mergo siya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Μαύρη πανώλη – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη πανώλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_morto" title="Nigra morto – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra morto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_surm" title="Must surm – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must surm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="مرگ سیاه – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرگ سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta_surma" title="Musta surma – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musta surma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_surm" title="Must surm – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Must surm" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ttin_svarta" title="Sóttin svarta – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sóttin svarta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_noire" title="Peste noire – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peste noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Nere" title="Peste Nere – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Peste Nere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_Dea" title="Swarte Dea – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swarte Dea" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phl%C3%A1_Mh%C3%B3r" title="An Phlá Mhór – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phlá Mhór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap%C3%A8s_nw%C3%A8" title="Lapès nwè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lapès nwè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_B%C3%A0s_Dubh" title="Am Bàs Dubh – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Am Bàs Dubh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Negra" title="Peste Negra – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peste Negra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het-s%C3%AD-phiang" title="Het-sí-phiang – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Het-sí-phiang" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="המוות השחור – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המוות השחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4" title="काली मौत – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काली मौत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba_kuge" title="Doba kuge – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Doba kuge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap%C3%A8s_nwa" title="Lapès nwa – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lapès nwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete_hal%C3%A1l" title="Fekete halál – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete halál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Սև մահ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև մահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%82_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Սեւ Մահ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեւ Մահ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_nigre" title="Peste nigre – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Peste nigre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabah_Hitam_(pandemi)" title="Wabah Hitam (pandemi) – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wabah Hitam (pandemi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_pesto" title="Nigra pesto – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nigra pesto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartidau%C3%B0i" title="Svartidauði – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartidauði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_nera" title="Peste nera – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peste nera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黒死病 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒死病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blak_Det" title="Blak Det – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Blak Det" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შავი ჭირი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი ჭირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarka_taberkant" title="Tarka taberkant – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tarka taberkant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D1%84%D3%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Емынэ фӀыцӀэ – kabardiera" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Емынэ фӀыцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9z%C9%A9k%CA%8A_k%C9%A9kp%C9%9Bd%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Оба індеті – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оба індеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%82%AC%EB%B3%91" title="흑사병 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑사병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirina_re%C5%9F" title="Mirina reş – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mirina reş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors_atra" title="Mors atra – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mors atra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazinura_negra" title="Hazinura negra – ladinoa" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hazinura negra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladinoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjwarte_Doe%C3%ABd" title="Zjwarte Doeëd – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zjwarte Doeëd" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_Foscia" title="Mort Foscia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mort Foscia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_mirtis" title="Juodoji mirtis – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji mirtis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meln%C4%81_n%C4%81ve" title="Melnā nāve – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnā nāve" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5" title="ब्ल्याक डेथ – maithilia" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ब्ल्याक डेथ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahafatesana_Mainty" title="Fahafatesana Mainty – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahafatesana Mainty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Црна смрт – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црна смрт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ബ്ലാക്ക് ഡെത്ത് – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്ലാക്ക് ഡെത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хар үхэл – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар үхэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="काळा प्लेग – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काळा प्लेग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maut_Hitam" title="Maut Hitam – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesta_s-sewda" title="Pesta s-sewda – maltera" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pesta s-sewda" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="မဲသေရောဂါ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဲသေရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiltik_mikistli" title="Tiltik mikistli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tiltik mikistli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Dood" title="Swart Dood – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swart Dood" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="कालो मृत्यु – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कालो मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="हाकुगु मृत्यु – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हाकुगु मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Dood" title="Zwarte Dood – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwarte Dood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartedauden" title="Svartedauden – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svartedauden" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartedauden" title="Svartedauden – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svartedauden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%BC%C3%A6%D0%BB%C3%A6%D1%82" title="Сау мæлæт – osetiera" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сау мæлæт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4" title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮੌਤ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮੌਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87" title="Czarna śmierć – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarna śmierć" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" title="تور مرګ – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تور مرګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Negra" title="Peste Negra – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peste Negra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moartea_neagr%C4%83" title="Moartea neagră – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moartea neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чёрная смерть – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрная смерть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_niedda" title="Peste niedda – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Peste niedda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesti_niura" title="Pesti niura – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pesti niura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Daith" title="Black Daith – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Black Daith" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_smrt" title="Crna smrt – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crna smrt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="කළු මරණය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කළු මරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierna_smr%C5%A5" title="Čierna smrť – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierna smrť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crna_smrt" title="Črna smrt – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črna smrt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Capis_sorme" title="Čapis sorme – Inariko samiera" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čapis sorme" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inariko samiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vdekja_e_Zez%C3%AB" title="Vdekja e Zezë – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vdekja e Zezë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Црна смрт – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црна смрт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den" title="Digerdöden – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Digerdöden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%8Frn%C5%8F_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87" title="Czŏrnŏ śmierć – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czŏrnŏ śmierć" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="கறுப்புச் சாவு – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கறுப்புச் சாவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="กาฬมรณะ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาฬมรณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salot_na_Itim" title="Salot na Itim – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salot na Itim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_%C3%96l%C3%BCm" title="Kara Ölüm – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kara Ölüm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чорна смерть – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорна смерть" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="سیاہ موت – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاہ موت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_o%CA%BBlim" title="Qora oʻlim – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora oʻlim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1i_Ch%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%90en" title="Cái Chết Đen – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cái Chết Đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesse_des_djins" title="Pesse des djins – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pesse des djins" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom_nga_Kamatayon" title="Itom nga Kamatayon – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Itom nga Kamatayon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="უჩა ჭირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა ჭირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hek-s%C3%BA-p%C4%93ng" title="Hek-sú-pēng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hek-sú-pēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42005#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8658625">.mw-parser-output .infobox_bodystyle{font-size:85%;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titlestyle{background:lavender}.mw-parser-output .infobox_abovestyle{background:lavender}.mw-parser-output .infobox_headerstyle{background:lavender}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderstyle{background:lavender}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderstyle1{width:100%;background:lavender;text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;infobox_bodystyle"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_abovestyle" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">Izurri Beltza</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8490878">.mw-parser-output .img_toogle ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;font-size:70%}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle li{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle li:after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle_caption{font-size:100%;font-style:normal;text-align:center;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px}</style><div class="img_toogle"> <div class="geobox"><table style="width:auto; margin:0; border:none; border-spacing:0; padding:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0; text-align:none;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Doutielt3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Irudia"><img alt="Irudia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Doutielt3.jpg/300px-Doutielt3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Doutielt3.jpg/450px-Doutielt3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Doutielt3.jpg/600px-Doutielt3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="482" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Mota</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Agerraldi_(epidemiologia)" title="Agerraldi (epidemiologia)">agerraldi epidemiko</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia">pandemia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Denbora-tarte</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">1346&#160;-&#160;1352</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Kokaleku</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">1338&#160;-&#160;<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iparraldeko_Afrika" title="Iparraldeko Afrika">Iparraldeko Afrika</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kaukasia" title="Kaukasia">Kaukasia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Herrialdea</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Errusia" title="Errusia">Errusia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"></td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Kausa</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q499106" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q499106">Oriental rat flea</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q499106?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Arratoi_beltz" title="Arratoi beltz">Arratoi beltz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Pertsona hilak</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">75.000.000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerstyle" style="text-align:center">Osatuta</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div style="text-align:start;"><b><a href="/wiki/Izurri_pneumoniko" title="Izurri pneumoniko">Izurri pneumoniko</a></b> <br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Izurri_buboniko" title="Izurri buboniko">izurri buboniko</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><span style="float:center;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Izurri Beltza</b>, <b>Izurrite Beltza</b>, <b>Heriotza Beltza</b>, <b>Izurri Handia</b> edo <b>Izurri Buboniko Handia</b> <a href="/wiki/Gizateriaren_historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gizateriaren historia">gizateriaren historian</a> jasotako <a href="/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia">pandemiarik</a> hilgarriena izan zen. <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europan</a> 1347 eta 1351 artean izan zuen bere une gorena eta <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> 75 eta 200 milioi pertsona artean hil zituela kalkulatzen da<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Zientzialari gehienen ustetan, Izurri Beltza <a href="/wiki/Izurri_buboniko" title="Izurri buboniko">izurri bubonikoaren</a> agerraldia izan zen, historian zehar zenbait alditan izan den epidemia dena. <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> izeneko bakteriak sortu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Arratoi_beltz" title="Arratoi beltz">arratoi beltzak</a> (<i>Rattus rattus</i>) zeramatzan <a href="/wiki/Arkakuso" title="Arkakuso">arkakuso</a>en bidez zabalduta. Izurriteak hainbat nahasmendu erlijioso, sozial eta ekonomiko sortu zituen, eta eragin sakonak izan zituen Europako historian. </p><p>Izurri Beltza, ziur aski, <a href="/wiki/Erdialdeko_Asia" title="Erdialdeko Asia">Erdialdeko Asian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNpD-1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNpD-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> edo <a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_Asia" title="Ekialdeko Asia">Ekialdeko Asian</a> sortu zen<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a> lakuaren inguruetatik (gaur egun, <a href="/wiki/Kirgizistan" title="Kirgizistan">Kirgistanen</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, eta <a href="/wiki/Zetaren_Bidea" title="Zetaren Bidea">Zetaren Bidean</a> zehar zabaldu zen: adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Krimea" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Krimea">Krimeara</a> <a href="/wiki/1343" title="1343">1343an</a> iritsi zen<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Handik, litekeena da <a href="/wiki/Genovako_Errepublika" title="Genovako Errepublika">Genovako</a> merkataritza ontzietan zihoazen <a href="/wiki/Arratoi_beltz" title="Arratoi beltz">arratoi beltzetan</a> bizi ziren arkakusoek garraiatua izatea, Mediterraneoko arro osoan barrena. </p><p>Kalkuluen arabera, izurri beltzak Europako biztanleriaren&#160;% 30 eta&#160;% 60 artean hil zuen<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Guztira, izurriteak <a href="/wiki/Munduko_biztanleria" title="Munduko biztanleria">munduko populazioa</a> 475 milioitik 350-375 milioira murriztu bide zuen <a href="/wiki/XIV._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="XIV. mende">XIV. mendean</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Europako populazioak 200 urte behar izan zituen aurreko kopurua berreskuratzeko<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, eta eskualde batzuetan (Florentzian, esaterako) XIX. mendea arte ez zen hori jazo<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Izurritearen agerraldiak XX. mendearen hasierara arte berriz gertatu ziren. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izendapena">Izendapena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izendapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Izendapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Euskaraz <i>izurri</i> eta <i>izorri</i> hitzak erabiltzen dira gehienbat, <i>beltz</i> adjektiboa ere gehituta batzuetan. Inguruko hizkuntza erromantzeetan <i>pestilencia</i> / <i>pestilence</i> eta antzekoak nagusitu ziren 1347an, izurria zabaldu ahala. Geroago, beste izendapen batzuk agertu ziren, hala nola frantsesez <i>mort noire</i>, <i>grande mortalité</i> eta <i>peste noire</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izurriaren_eta_heriotza_tasa_altuaren_arrazoiak">Izurriaren eta heriotza tasa altuaren arrazoiak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izurriaren eta heriotza tasa altuaren arrazoiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Izurriaren eta heriotza tasa altuaren arrazoiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faktore_klimatikoak">Faktore klimatikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Faktore klimatikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Faktore klimatikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faktore_sozioekonomikoak">Faktore sozioekonomikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Faktore sozioekonomikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Faktore sozioekonomikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izurriaren_kronika">Izurriaren kronika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izurriaren kronika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Izurriaren kronika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kristo" title="Kristo">Kristo</a> ondorengo urteetan <a href="/wiki/Mediterraneoa" title="Mediterraneoa">Mediterraneo</a> inguruko herriak epidemietatik urrun mantendu ziren <a href="/wiki/Biztanleria" title="Biztanleria">populazioaren</a> gorakada bat eraginez. II. eta III. <a href="/wiki/Mende" title="Mende">mendeetan</a> ordea moteltze demografiko bat hasten da <a href="/wiki/Baztanga" title="Baztanga">biruela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Errubeola" title="Errubeola">errubeola</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Legenar" title="Legenar">legenarraren</a> sarrerarekin, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malariaen</a> ondorioen okertzea zela eta. Hala ere lehen izurrite demografikoa VI. mendean hasten da <a href="/wiki/Bizantziar_Inperioa" title="Bizantziar Inperioa">Bizantziar Inperioa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa">Erromako Inperioan</a>. </p><p>Izurriteak "iragarpen" aldia izan zuen. 1100 eta 1200 artean izurri epidemiak ikusi ziren <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erdialdeko_Asia" title="Erdialdeko Asia">Erdialdeko Asian</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Txina" class="mw-redirect" title="Txina">Txinan</a>, baina izurria <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto">Egiptora</a> ere hedatu zen. Egiptoko biztanleria bereziki kaltetua izan zen, izurritearen ondorioz milioi bat pertsona baino gehiago galdu baitzituen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel1990109_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1990109-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Bosgarren_Gurutzada" title="Bosgarren Gurutzada">Bosgarren Gurutzadan</a> parte hartu zutenak Egiptora iritsi ziren izurriteak gehien kaltetutako tokietaraino<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel1990109_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1990109-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, baina ez zuen eskala handiko izurriterik ekarri Europan. </p><p><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 940px; height: 400px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="940" data-height="400" data-zoom="3" data-lat="39.2166665" data-lon="40.186" data-overlays="[&quot;_df1f778021ffee6bde8b87536b80fd4d3909caf0&quot;]" href="/wiki/Berezi:Map/3/39.2166665/40.186/eu"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,39.2166665,40.186,940x400.png?lang=eu&amp;domain=eu.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;revid=9794734&amp;groups=_df1f778021ffee6bde8b87536b80fd4d3909caf0" width="940" height="400" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,39.2166665,40.186,940x400@2x.png?lang=eu&amp;domain=eu.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;revid=9794734&amp;groups=_df1f778021ffee6bde8b87536b80fd4d3909caf0 2x" alt="Map" /></a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erdialdeko_Asiatik_Krimeara">Erdialdeko Asiatik Krimeara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erdialdeko Asiatik Krimeara»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Erdialdeko Asiatik Krimeara"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1338-1339,_Issyk-Kul_lakua"><span id="1338-1339.2C_Issyk-Kul_lakua"></span>1338-1339, Issyk-Kul lakua</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1338-1339, Issyk-Kul lakua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1338-1339, Issyk-Kul lakua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Izurriteak mendebalderanzko bidaia hasi zuen inflexio puntua <a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a> lakua da, gaur egungo <a href="/wiki/Kirgizistan" title="Kirgizistan">Kirgizistan</a>, non, XIX. mendearen amaieran, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Khvolson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Khvolson (sortu gabe)">Daniel Khvolson</a> arkeologo errusiarrak, tokiko <a href="/wiki/Nestoriar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestoriar">nestoriar</a> komunitateko 1338-1339 urteetan datatutako hilarrien kopurua izugarri handia zela ikusi zuen. Gaur egun oraindik dauden hilarri haietako batean, Khvolsonek idazkuna irakurtzea lortu zuen: "<i>Hemen dago Kutluk. Izurriak jota hil zen bere emazte Magno-Kelkareki</i>n". Geroago, zalantzan jarri zen interpretazio hori, eta adierazi zen gaixotasunaren izena "pestilentzia" gisa ulertu behar zela, eta horrek edozein gaixotasun infekzioso adieraz zezakeela, baina datak bat etortzeak adierazten du oso probabilitate handiarekin izurritea zela, handik mendebalderantz hedatzen hasi zena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly20057_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20057-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNpD-1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNpD-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1340-1341,_Erdialdeko_Asia"><span id="1340-1341.2C_Erdialdeko_Asia"></span>1340-1341, Erdialdeko Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1340-1341, Erdialdeko Asia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1340-1341, Erdialdeko Asia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urte haietaz, ez dago datu zehatzik izurriteak mendebalderantz egiten duen mugimenduari buruz. Uste denez, haren agerraldiak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balasagun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Balasagun (sortu gabe)">Balasagunen</a> gertatu ziren <a href="/wiki/1340" title="1340">1340an</a>; ondoren, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Talas (sortu gabe)">Talasen</a> (Kirgizistan) <a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341ean</a>; eta, azkenik, <a href="/wiki/Samarkanda" title="Samarkanda">Samarkandan</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly20058_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20058-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, gaur egungo <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1346ko_urria-azaroa,_Urrezko_Horda"><span id="1346ko_urria-azaroa.2C_Urrezko_Horda"></span>1346ko urria-azaroa, Urrezko Horda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1346ko urria-azaroa, Urrezko Horda»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1346ko urria-azaroa, Urrezko Horda"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1346" title="1346">1346an</a>, izurria <a href="/wiki/Don_(ibaia)" title="Don (ibaia)">Don</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> ibaien behealdean agertu zen eta <a href="/wiki/Urrezko_Horda" title="Urrezko Horda">Urrezko Hordaren</a> hiriburu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khans_Sarai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Khans Sarai (sortu gabe)">Khans Sarai</a> eta inguruko hiriak suntsitu. 1497 Kronika Bildumak (1346. urtea) izurri gogorrari buruzko informazioa du<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>: </p> <table style="background-color:#e0e0e0;border-collapse:collapse;border-radius: 6px;border-style:none;margin: .5em 2.75em; padding: 20px;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:40px;font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;">« </td> <td align="left" style="padding:10px; padding-bottom:10px; font-size: 90%;">Izurria indartsua da ekialdeko herrialdean: Ornachin, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azstorokan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Azstorokan (sortu gabe)">Azstorokanen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarai (sortu gabe)">Sarain</a>, Bezdezhen, eta haien herrialdeetan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosurman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosurman (sortu gabe)">Bosurmanen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartar">tartaroen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armeniar" title="Armeniar">armeniarren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz" title="Abkhaz">abkhaziar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italiar" title="Italiar">italiar</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Txerkasiar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Txerkasiar (sortu gabe)">txerkasiarren</a> artean, eurak lurperatzeko inor ez balego bezala.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:40px;font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;">» </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Benediktov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ole Benediktov (sortu gabe)">Ole Benediktov</a> norvegiar historialariaren arabera, izurria ezin izan zen iparraldera eta mendebaldera hedatu, Urrezko Horda eta bere mugakideen artean ezarritako etsaitasunagatik. Izurritea Don eta Volgaren <a href="/wiki/Estepa" title="Estepa">estepetan</a> gelditu zen, Horda iparraldeko bizilagunak ez ziren horrela kaltetu. Baina izurritea hegoaldeko bidean zabaldu zen. Bi adarretan banatua, horietako bat, <a href="/wiki/Persiar" title="Persiar">persiar</a> iturrien arabera, merkatarien karabanekin batera. Izurritearen arratoi eta arkakusoentzat garraiobide oso egokia ematen zuten karabanek, Volga eta <a href="/wiki/Kaukaso_(mendikatea)" title="Kaukaso (mendikatea)">Kaukaso</a> mendilerroen artean, <a href="/wiki/Ekialde_Hurbila" title="Ekialde Hurbila">Ekialde Ertaineraino</a> hedatzen zelarik; bigarrena, itsasoz, <a href="/wiki/Krimeako_penintsula" title="Krimeako penintsula">Krimeako</a> penintsulara iristen zen bitartean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200460_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200460-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Azalpen materialagoa ere badago. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Lostxitz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Lostxitz (sortu gabe)">Yuri Lostxitz</a> historialari errusiarraren arabera, izurria Europara ekarri zuten <a href="/wiki/Genoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa">genoarrek</a> tatariarrei erosi eta Mediterraneo osoan saldu zieten "salgai bizi" batekin batera, eta honekin batera izurria ere garraiatu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krimeatik_Mediterraneora">Krimeatik Mediterraneora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Krimeatik Mediterraneora»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Krimeatik Mediterraneora"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1346,_Krimeako_penintsula"><span id="1346.2C_Krimeako_penintsula"></span>1346, Krimeako penintsula</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1346, Krimeako penintsula»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1346, Krimeako penintsula"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Merkataritza ontziekin batera, izurritea <a href="/wiki/Krimeako_penintsula" title="Krimeako penintsula">Krimean</a> sartu zen, non, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Wardi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Wardi (sortu gabe)">Ibn al-Wardi</a> historialari arabiarraren arabera (hark, aldi berean, Krimeako penintsulan merkataritzan ziharduten merkatarien informazioa lortu zuen), 85.000 pertsona hil zituen, "<i>ezagutzen ez ditugunak kontuan hartu gabe</i>". </p><p>Garai hartako europar kronika guztiek bat egiten dute izurrite horretan Europan, eta <a href="/wiki/Mediterraneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterraneo">Mediterraneo</a> osoan merkataritzan aritzera eraman zituzten <a href="/wiki/Genovako_Errepublika" title="Genovako Errepublika">genoar</a> itsasontziek parte hartu zutela. Nola gertatu zen azalduz, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriele_de%27Mussi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriele de&#39;Mussi (sortu gabe)">Gabriele de'Mussi</a> notario genoar baten istorioa dago; hala ere, ikertzaile askok zalantzan jartzen dute. 1346an <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Kaffako</a> genoar lantegietan zegoen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khan_Janibeck&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Khan Janibeck (sortu gabe)">Khan Janibecken</a> Urrezko Hordako tropek setiatua. Mussiren arabera, izurritea mongoliar armadan hasi ondoren, Khanek, katapultekin batera, gaixotasunaren hildakoen gorpuak Kaffan botatzea agindu zuen: horrela, han izurritea berehala hasi zen. Setioa ezerezean amaitu zen, armadak, gaitzak ahulduta, atzera egin behar izan baitzuen, Kaffako genoar ontziek nabigatzen segitu zuten eta gaitza Mediterraneoko portu guztietatik urrutirago eraman. </p><p>Mussiren eskuizkribua (egun <a href="/wiki/Wroclaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Wroclaw">Wroclawko</a> Unibertsitateko liburutegian dago) <a href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842an</a> argitaratu zen lehen aldiz. Ez dago datatuta, baina idazteko ordua erraz ezartzen da deskribatutako gertakarien arabera. Gaur egun, zenbait ikertzailek eskuizkribuko informazioa zalantzan jartzen dute, Mussiren kasuan, lehenik eta behin, miasmen usainaren bidez gaixotasuna nola hedatu zen ulertzeak gidatu zuela, eta izurritea arratoien arkakusoekin sar zitekeenik ez zekielako. Hala ere, "Khan Janibeken gerra biologikoaren" hipotesiak bere defendatzaileak ditu. Horrela, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Willis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Willis (sortu gabe)">Mark Willis</a> mikrobiologo ingelesak dioenez, egun haietan, setio armada hiritik urruti samar zegoen, etsaien gezi eta jaurtigaietatik distantzia seguru batera, baina arratoiei ez zaie beren zuloetatik urruntzea gustatzen. Gorpuak zauri txikiak eta larruazaleko urradurak izan ditzake, eta litekeena da gorpuek infekzioa izatea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1347ko_udaberria,_Konstantinopla"><span id="1347ko_udaberria.2C_Konstantinopla"></span>1347ko udaberria, Konstantinopla</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1347ko udaberria, Konstantinopla»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1347ko udaberria, Konstantinopla"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaixotasunaren hurrengo agerraldia <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopla" title="Konstantinopla">Konstantinoplan</a> gertatu zen, <a href="/wiki/Bizantziar_Inperioa" title="Bizantziar Inperioa">Bizantziar Inperioaren</a> hiriburuan. Han, genoar merkataritzak postu bat zuen: Pere. Izurriaren biktimetako bat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Androniko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Androniko (sortu gabe)">Androniko</a> izan zen, <a href="/wiki/Joan_VI.a_Kantakuzeno" title="Joan VI.a Kantakuzeno">Joan VI.a Kantakuzeno</a> enperadorearen 13 urteko seme gazteena. Enperadoreak berak, bere <i>Historia</i>n, hiriko epidemiari eta gaixotasunaren hedapen handiari buruzko historia bat idatzi zuen <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatoliako</a> kostaldean, <a href="/wiki/Egeo" title="Egeo">Egeo</a> itsasoko uharteetan eta <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkanetan</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizeforo_Gregoras&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizeforo Gregoras (sortu gabe)">Nizeforo Gregoras</a> historialari bizantziarrak "izurri baten antzeko gaixotasun larri" baten inguruan idatzi zuen, "etxe gehienetan, bizidun guztiak batera hil zirelarik". <a href="/wiki/Veneziako_Errepublika" title="Veneziako Errepublika">Veneziarren</a> arabera, hiriko biztanleriaren&#160;% 90 hil egin zen, eta, historialariek kopuru hori gehiegizkoa zela uste duten arren, hiriko heriotza tasa oso altua izan zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200581_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200581-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1347ko_udaberria-uda,_Ekialde_Ertaina"><span id="1347ko_udaberria-uda.2C_Ekialde_Ertaina"></span>1347ko udaberria-uda, Ekialde Ertaina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1347ko udaberria-uda, Ekialde Ertaina»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1347ko udaberria-uda, Ekialde Ertaina"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Izurritea <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> hasi zen zabaltzen, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-disambig" title="Persia">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trebisonda" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebisonda">Trebisondan</a> agertu zen irailean. Konstantinoplako epidemiako errefuxiatuek eraman zuten, eta <a href="/wiki/Transkaukasia" title="Transkaukasia">Transkaukasiatik</a> ihesi zihoazenak haiengana zihoazen. Gainera, merkatari karabanek gaitza berekin eraman zuten. Une horretan, abiadura nabarmen jaitsi zen, urteko 100 kilometro inguru eginik: handik bi urtera iritsi zen mendebaldeko <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatoliako</a> mendietara, eta hantxe gelditu zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200461_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200461-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1347ko_udazkena,_Ekialdeko_Mediterraneoko_portuak"><span id="1347ko_udazkena.2C_Ekialdeko_Mediterraneoko_portuak"></span>1347ko udazkena, Ekialdeko Mediterraneoko portuak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1347ko udazkena, Ekialdeko Mediterraneoko portuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1347ko udazkena, Ekialdeko Mediterraneoko portuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maqrizi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Maqrizi (sortu gabe)">Al-Maqrizi</a> historialari egiptoarrak xehetasunez kontatzen du Konstantinoplako itsasontzi bat <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandriako</a> portura iritsi zela; 32 merkatari eta itsasontziko 300 tripulatzaile eta esklabotik soilik, 40 marinel, 4 merkatari eta esklabo batek bizirautea lortu zuten, "Han bertan portuan hil zena". Haiekin batera, izurria hirira iritsi zen eta, haratago, <a href="/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo">Nilotik</a> igota, <a href="/wiki/Asuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Asuan">Asuanera</a>, 1349ko otsailean; bitarte horretan, herrialdea erabat suntsitu zuen. Hegoalderako aurrerapen handienean, <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharako</a> basamortua oztopo gaindiezina bihurtu zen arratoi eta arkakusoentzat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedictow2004_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedictow2004-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Izurria <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Greziara</a> hedatu zen eta, ondoren, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> eta mendebaldeko <a href="/wiki/Errumania" title="Errumania">Errumaniara</a> (une horretan <a href="/wiki/Hungariako_Erresuma" title="Hungariako Erresuma">Hungariako Erresumaren</a> zatia) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poloniara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Poloniara (sortu gabe)">Poloniaraino</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zipre" title="Zipre">Zipre</a> kolpatu zuen, eta epidemiari beste hondamendi bat gehitu zitzaion: <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamia</a>. Zipretar desesperatuek, matxinada baten beldurrez, uharteko biztanle <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">musulman</a> guztiak hil zituzten, eta erasotzaileetako asko beren biktimengandik bizirik irten ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200562_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200562-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izurria_Italian">Izurria Italian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izurria Italian»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Izurria Italian"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1347ko_urria,_Messina"><span id="1347ko_urria.2C_Messina"></span>1347ko urria, Messina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1347ko urria, Messina»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1347ko urria, Messina"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genoar kronikak izurritea <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italiako</a> hegoaldean hedatzeari buruz erabat isilik dauden arren, eskualdeak beste batzuek baino gutxiago jasan zuen. Fra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_de_Piazza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele de Piazza (sortu gabe)">Michele de Piazza</a> historialari siziliarrak, bere "<i>Historia Secular</i>" lanean, 12 galera genoar <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messinako</a> portura iritsi zirela kontatzen du xehetasunez, haiekin "azote hilgarri" bat eramanik. Kopuru hori, ordea, aldatu egiten da, "espeziaz betetako hiru itsasontzi" aipatzen baita, bai eta lau ere, Krimeatik itzulti ziren "infektatutako marinel talde batekin". Piazzaren arabera, "<i>gorpuak etxeetan geratu ziren, eta ez apaizik, ez seniderik (semea, aita edo hurbileko norbait) ez zen hara sartzen ausartu: ehorzleei diru asko agindu zitzaien hildakoak eraman eta lurperatzeko. Hildakoen etxeak altxor, diru eta bitxi guztiekin ireki ziren; inork hara sartu nahi bazuen, inork ez zion bidea blokeatuko</i>". Laster, genoarrak kanporatuak izan ziren, baina honek ezin izan zuen ezer aldatu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200580-83_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200580-83-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1347ko_udazkena,_Catania"><span id="1347ko_udazkena.2C_Catania"></span>1347ko udazkena, Catania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1347ko udazkena, Catania»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1347ko udazkena, Catania"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hilzorian zegoen Messinako biztanleria ihes egiten saiatu zen izu-ihesaldi batean eta, Piazzaren testigantzaren arabera, bidean bertan asko hil ziren. Bizirik iraun zutenak <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Cataniara</a> iritsi ziren, baina han ez zituzten onartu; izurritearen berri izan zutenean, biztanleek uko egin zioten errefuxiatuekin tratatzeari, saihestu egin zituzten, eta jateari eta edateari ere uko egin zioten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200586_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200586-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Hala ere, horrek ez zituen salbatu, eta laster hiria ia erabat iraungi zen. "<i>Zer esan dezaket Cataniaz, orain oroimenetik ezabatzen den hiri batez?</i>" idatzi zuen Piazzak<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Izurritea handik uharte osoan hedatu zen: <a href="/wiki/Sirakusa" title="Sirakusa">Sirakusa</a>k, <a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Sciacca</a>k eta <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigentok</a> asko sufritu zuten. Era berean, <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a> hutsik geratu zen: "<i>Umezurtz geratu zelarik herriko jendea hil ondoren</i>". Izurritearen azken biktimetako bat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Randazzo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Randazzo (sortu gabe)">Giovanni Randazzo</a> izan zen, "Siziliako duke koldarra", San Andrea gazteluan infekziotik ezkutatzen saiatu zena. Guztira, Siziliak biztanleriaren herena galdu zuen, izurriteak atzera egin eta urtebetera, uhartea hilotzez beteta zegoen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200588_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200588-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genova,_bi_pausotan"><span id="Genova.2C_bi_pausotan"></span>Genova, bi pausotan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Genova, bi pausotan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Genova, bi pausotan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1347ko urrian Messinatik kanporatutako genoar itsasontziak, etxera itzultzen saiatu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200588_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200588-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, baina <a href="/wiki/Genova" title="Genova">Genovako</a> biztanleek, jada arriskuaren berri izanik, itsasora bota zituzten gezi eta suzko <a href="/wiki/Katapulta" title="Katapulta">katapultekin</a>. Horrela, Genoak izurritearen hasiera bi hilabetez atzeratzea lortu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200590_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200590-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Kroniken arabera, 1347ko <a href="/wiki/Abenduaren_31" title="Abenduaren 31">abenduaren 31n</a> izurrite bat hasi zen Genoan. Kalkulu modernoen arabera, 80.000-90.000 mila pertsona hil ziren hirian, baina ez dakigu kopuru zehatza<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200592_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200592-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Aldi berean, uharteotako biztanleak izurritearen biktimak izan ziren: <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korsika" title="Korsika">Korsika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Elba" class="mw-disambig" title="Elba">Elba</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200472_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200472-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1348ko_urtarrila,_Venezia"><span id="1348ko_urtarrila.2C_Venezia"></span>1348ko urtarrila, Venezia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1348ko urtarrila, Venezia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1348ko urtarrila, Venezia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prebentzio neurri administratibo eraginkorrek <a href="/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia">Venezia</a> kaosetik salbatzea lortu zuten, baina oraindik ezin izan zuten izurria geldiarazi. Veneziak bi uharte zituen gaixotasunak zituztenak konfinatzeko: <a href="/wiki/Lazzaretto_Vecchio" title="Lazzaretto Vecchio">Lazzaretto Vecchio</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Lazzaretto_Nuovo" title="Lazzaretto Nuovo">Lazzaretto Nuovo</a>. Bertan gaixotasunak zeuden lekuetatik zetozen barkuek berrogei egun eman behar zituzten Veneziara iritsi aurretik (hortik dator <a href="/wiki/Berrogeialdi" title="Berrogeialdi">berrogeialdi</a> hitza<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Zenbait kalkuluren arabera, biztanleriaren&#160;% 60 inguru hil zen hirian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200595_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200595-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1348,_Mendebaldeko_Europan"><span id="1348.2C_Mendebaldeko_Europan"></span>1348, Mendebaldeko Europan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1348, Mendebaldeko Europan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1348, Mendebaldeko Europan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1347ko_azaroaren_1a,_Marsella"><span id="1347ko_azaroaren_1a.2C_Marsella"></span>1347ko azaroaren 1a, Marsella</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1347ko azaroaren 1a, Marsella»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1347ko azaroaren 1a, Marsella"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Azaroaren hasieran, jada 20 bat izurrite-ontzi itsasoratu ziren Mediterraneoan eta Adriatikoan, gaitza portu guztietara hedatuz, aingurak denbora labur batez bota zituzten horietan, gutxienez. Genovako eskuadroiaren zati batek <a href="/wiki/Marseilla" title="Marseilla">Marseillan</a> babesa aurkitu zuen, izurritea hiri abegitsuan zabalduz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200588_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200588-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Barkuak portu batetik hirugarren aldiz kanporatuak izan ziren, azkenik, itsasoan desagertzeko, eskifaia hila zelarik. Marseillak ia bere populazioaren erdia galdu zuen. Fede juduko biztanleak ez zituzten jazarri eta hemen jendetza amorratuaren babesa izan zezaketen toki bakarrenetakoa izatearen ospea lortu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200590_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200590-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1348ko_urtarrila,_Avignon"><span id="1348ko_urtarrila.2C_Avignon"></span>1348ko urtarrila, Avignon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1348ko urtarrila, Avignon»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1348ko urtarrila, Avignon"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kroniken arabera, <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignongo</a> biztanleriaren ia&#160;% 80 izurritearen ondorioz hil zen. Historialari modernoek, kopuru hori gehiegizkoa dela uste dutenek, Avignoneko biztanleriaren&#160;% 50 inguru izurritearen ondorioz hil zela uste dute. Nolanahi ere, hilkortasun tasa hain handia izan zen, ez zela nahikoa lurrik egon gorpuak lurperatzeko. <a href="/wiki/Klemente_VI.a" title="Klemente VI.a">Klemente VI.a</a> Aita Santuak ibaia sagaratu behar izan zuen, hildakoen gorpuak gurdietatik botatzen has zitezen<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Besteak beste, Laura, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Petrarca" title="Francesco Petrarca">Francesco Petrarcaren</a> maitea eta musa, Avignongo izurritearen biktima izan zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2005152_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2005152-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1347ko_abendua_-_1348ko_martxoa,_Mallorca"><span id="1347ko_abendua_-_1348ko_martxoa.2C_Mallorca"></span>1347ko abendua - 1348ko martxoa, Mallorca</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1347ko abendua - 1348ko martxoa, Mallorca»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1347ko abendua - 1348ko martxoa, Mallorca"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marseillatik edo <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" class="mw-redirect" title="Montpellier">Montpellierretik</a> zetorren itsasontzi batek eraman omen zuen izurria <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorcara</a>, baina ez da data zehatzik ezarri. Uharteko lehen biktimaren izena ezagutzen da: Guillem Brass izeneko arrantzale bat, <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%BAdia" title="Alcúdia">Alcúdia</a> herriko bizilaguna<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Izurriak uhartea suntsitu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200479_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200479-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, 9.000 hildako ingururekin<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1348ko_urtarrila-martxoa,_Toscana"><span id="1348ko_urtarrila-martxoa.2C_Toscana"></span>1348ko urtarrila-martxoa, Toscana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1348ko urtarrila-martxoa, Toscana»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1348ko urtarrila-martxoa, Toscana"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genoarrek ere sartu zuten izurritea <a href="/wiki/Toscana" title="Toscana">Toscanan</a>. Une hartatik aurrera, portuak utzi, eta izurritea barrualderantz jotzen hasi zen. Bideko lehen hiria <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> izan zen; hurrengoa, <a href="/wiki/Pistoia" title="Pistoia">Pistoia</a> (bertan, osasun publikoa ikuskatzeko kontseilu bat antolatu zen berehala, veneziarraren ereduari jarraituz). Hilotzak hilkutxa sendoetan lurpera zitezen agindu zen, eta hilobiak, gutxienez, metro erdiko sakoneran zulatzea. Izua ez zabaltzeko, hileta- zerbitzu eta jantziak eta kanpai-hotsak debekatu ziren. Hala ere, han ere adierazi zen Erdi Aroko klase-ezaugarria: agindu horiek guztiak "ez dagozkie inola ere zaldunei, zuzenbidean doktoreei, epaileei eta medikuntzan doktoreei, eta ohore guztiak eman dakizkieke, oinordekoek eskatuta"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200596_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200596-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Orvieto" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a> izurritearen hedapenaz ez konturatzen saiatu ziren, handik ezer ere egin gabe igarotzea espero baitzuten, baina alferrik izan zela ikusi zen. Garaikideen iruzkinen arabera, Orvieton hilkortasun-tasa&#160;% 90era artekoa izan zen; egungo ikertzaileek, kopuru horri gehiegizko deritzotela, ordea, populazioaren erdia inguru hil zela uste dute<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200598_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200598-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Boccaccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Boccaccio">Boccaccioren</a> garaikide gazteago <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldassare_Bonayuti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baldassare Bonayuti (sortu gabe)">Baldassare Bonayuti</a> <a href="/wiki/Florentzia" title="Florentzia">florentziar</a> kronikariak jakinarazi zuenez, gaixotasuna 1348ko martxoan iritsi zen hirira eta ez zen iraila arte geratu: jende asko ez ezik, etxeko animaliak ere hil ziren. Medikuek ez zekiten nola jokatu, eta herriko izutuek euren senide, seme-alaba eta bikoteak, kutsatzen baziren, bakarrik uzten zituzten etxe abandonatuetan. Elizak hildakoz beterik zeuden: <a href="/wiki/Hobi_komun" title="Hobi komun">hobi komunak</a> zulatzen ziren alde guztietan, eta bertan gorpuak geruzetan jartzen ziren. Elikagaien, botiken, kandelen eta hileta-zerbitzuen prezioak igo egin ziren. Lanbide eta artisauen gremioen jarduera amaitu zen, tabernak eta lantegiak itxi ziren, elizak eta botikak baino ez ziren irekita geratu; haien abade eta jabeak, ehorzleekin batera, nabarmen aberastu ziren. 1348ko urrian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Acchiaioli&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelo Acchiaioli (sortu gabe)">Angelo Acchiaioli</a> apezpikuaren aginduz, epidemiak 96.000 hildako eragin zituela kalkulatu zen<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1348ko_udaberria,_Iberiar_Penintsula"><span id="1348ko_udaberria.2C_Iberiar_Penintsula"></span>1348ko udaberria, Iberiar Penintsula</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1348ko udaberria, Iberiar Penintsula»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1348ko udaberria, Iberiar Penintsula"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iberiar_penintsula" title="Iberiar penintsula">Iberiar penintsula</a>n bi lekutatik sartu zen: alde batetik, Mediterraneoko portuetatik, ziurrenik <a href="/wiki/Bartzelona" title="Bartzelona">Bartzelona</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Valentzia" title="Valentzia">Valentziatik</a>; bestetik, Donejakue Bidea <a href="/wiki/Pirinioak" title="Pirinioak">Pirinioetatik</a> jarraituz (ikus, ondoren, <i>Izurria Euskal Herrian</i> atala). 1348ko hasieran, penintsulara hedatu zen eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonor_Aragoikoa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonor Aragoikoa (sortu gabe)">Leonor Aragoikoa</a> erregina hil egin zen. </p><p>Bartzelonan, prozesioak antolatu ziren gaixotasunari aurre egiteko, eta askoz jende gehiago kutsatu zen horren ondorioz. Eraso antisemitak ugaritu ziren hirietan, eta Kataluniako gune askotan juduak hiltzen hasi ziren. Valentzian, uztaila erdialdean, 300 pertsona hiltzen ziren inguruan. Gaztelan, aldiz, Donejakue bidearen bidez hedatu zen, eta urte amaieran jada Portugaleraino iritsi zen eta, hortik, hegoalderantz jaitsi zen<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Gaztelako errege <a href="/wiki/Alfontso_XI.a_Gaztelakoa" title="Alfontso XI.a Gaztelakoa">Alfontso XI.a</a> gaixotasun baten ondorioz hil zen bere kanpamenduan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gibraltarreko_setioa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gibraltarreko setioa (sortu gabe)">Gibraltarreko setioan</a>, 1350eko martxoan. Lleidaraino 1348ko udan iritsi zela pentsatzen da eta Granadara urtearen aldera<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1348ko_udaberria,_Frantziako_hegoaldea"><span id="1348ko_udaberria.2C_Frantziako_hegoaldea"></span>1348ko udaberria, Frantziako hegoaldea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1348ko udaberria, Frantziako hegoaldea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1348ko udaberria, Frantziako hegoaldea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frantziako hego-mendebaldeko Izurri Beltza ez dago Avignongoa bezain dokumentatuta. 1348ko urtarrilean <a href="/wiki/Carcasona" title="Carcasona">Carcasonan</a> eta apirilean <a href="/wiki/Tolosa_Okzitania" title="Tolosa Okzitania">Tolosan</a> egon zela ikus daiteke. 1348ko ekainean <a href="/wiki/Bordele" title="Bordele">Bordelen</a> zegoela pentsatzen da, baina litekeena da martxoan bertan egon izana. Ezaguna da Bordeleko erromes ontzi batek <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Compostelaraino</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eraman zuela izurria, eta baliteke bide berberetik iristea Euskal Herriko kostaldera eta <a href="/wiki/Ingalaterra" title="Ingalaterra">Ingalaterrara</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Izurria_Euskal_Herrian">Izurria Euskal Herrian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izurria Euskal Herrian»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Izurria Euskal Herrian"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Udaberri" title="Udaberri">udaberrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donejakue_bidea" title="Donejakue bidea">Done Jakue bideari</a> jarraituz, <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantziatik</a> sartu zen lehen fokua <a href="/wiki/Itsasertz" title="Itsasertz">kostatik</a> <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bizkaia" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaira</a> hedatu eta <a href="/wiki/Galizia" title="Galizia">Galiziaraino</a> iritsi zen. Berthe ikerlaria hekatonbe batez mintzo da, izurriteak eragindako kalteei dagokienean, goseak, izurriak eta sukarrak (<a href="/wiki/Nafar_erromantze" title="Nafar erromantze">nafar erromantzez</a>: <i>fuegos</i>) familien&#160;% 40 hil baitzituen. Benedictoren arabera, hilkortasun tasa hori <a href="/wiki/Nafarroako_Erresuma" title="Nafarroako Erresuma">Nafarroako Erresuman</a>&#160;% 60-65era iritsi bide zen<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Castán eta Dueñasen arabera, datu horiek gehiegizkoak dira, ordea: matematikan oinarrituta, hildakoen kopurua Nafarroan&#160;% 25 baino gutxiago izan zela pentsatzen dute<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Aldiz, Monteano historialariaren ustez, <a href="/wiki/Nafarroa" class="mw-disambig" title="Nafarroa">Nafarroako</a> <a href="/wiki/Biztanleria" title="Biztanleria">populazioaren</a>&#160;% 50 hil zen urte haietan, kokapenaren araberako ezberdintasun nabariak kontuan hartuz<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Adibidez <a href="/wiki/Anue" title="Anue">Anuen</a> 10 <a href="/wiki/Familia" title="Familia">familiatik</a> 8 hil ziren, bain <a href="/wiki/Sakana" title="Sakana">Sakanan</a>, biztanleriaren herena. <a href="/wiki/Anton_Erkoreka" title="Anton Erkoreka">Anton Erkoreka</a> mediku eta historialariaren arabera, Izurrite Beltzak ez zuen gizarte klaseen artean desberdintasunik egin, horren adierazle da <a href="/wiki/Iru%C3%B1eko_katedrala" title="Iruñeko katedrala">Iruñeko katedralaren</a> kanonikoen heriotza tasa&#160;% 50 izan zela (43tik 24 hil ziren).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tasa horiek <a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria">Euskal Herriko</a> edozein lekutan aplikagarri dira, <a href="/wiki/Araba" title="Araba">Arabako</a> abandonaturiko herriek eta <a href="/wiki/Bizkaia" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaiko</a> herri garrantzitsuenak (<a href="/wiki/Bermeo" title="Bermeo">Bermeo</a>) jasan zuen biztanleriaren beherakada aztertuz gero. <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1348ko_uda,_Frantziako_iparraldea"><span id="1348ko_uda.2C_Frantziako_iparraldea"></span>1348ko uda, Frantziako iparraldea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1348ko uda, Frantziako iparraldea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1348ko uda, Frantziako iparraldea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1348ko apirilean, izurri beltza <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyonera</a> iritsi zela ikus daiteke. Lyondik, izurritea <a href="/wiki/Borgoina" title="Borgoina">Borgoinan</a> zabaldu zen. Borgoinako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Givry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Givry (sortu gabe)">Givry</a> herrian biztanleriaren erdia 1348ko abuztua eta azaroa bitartean hil zela baieztatzen da<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Izurri Beltza <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisen</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_de_Venette&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean de Venette (sortu gabe)">Jean de Venette</a> karmeldarraren kronika ospetsuan deskribatzen da, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-Franceko</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a> abadian, Paris kanpoaldean. Une horretan, Paris Europako hiririk handiena zen, 80.000 eta 200.000 biztanle artean zituena. Jean de Venetteren arabera, izurritea lehen aldiz 1348ko ekainean iritsi zen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roissy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Roissy (sortu gabe)">Roissyra</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goness&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Goness (sortu gabe)">Gonessetik</a> gertu. Bere esanetan, 16.000 pertsona hil ziren Saint-Denisen eta 800 pertsona egunero Parisen azaroa eta abendua bitartean, eta 500 pertsona hobi komun batera eramaten zituzten egunero<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Izurritearen berri ematen da <a href="/wiki/Normandia" title="Normandia">Normandiako</a> <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> herriko <i>Normanniae nova Cronica</i>n, 1348ko <a href="/wiki/Ekainaren_24" title="Ekainaren 24">ekainaren 24an</a>. Normandian, izurriteak ezinezkoa egin zuen gorpuak herri txikietan lurperatzea, eta izurriteak eraman zuen herrixka bakoitzak bandera beltz bat jarri zuen, hurbiltzen zen edonor ohartzeko<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Frantziako iparraldean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_li_Muisis_Tournaikoa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilles li Muisis Tournaikoa (sortu gabe)">Gilles li Muisis Tournaikoa</a> abadearen kronikan deskribatzen da izurria. Li Muisisen arabera, izurritea 1349ko abuztuan iritsi zen <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournaira</a> eta azarora arte iraun zuen. Tournain, Izurri Beltzak erreforma erlijioso bat eragin zuen. Izurritea Jainkoaren zigor gisa ikusi zenez gizateriaren bekatuengatik, agintariek erregulazioak egin zituzten bekatutzat jotzen zen guztia debekatzeko, jokoa kasu, eta elkarrekin bizi ziren bikoteak, ezkondu gabe, berehala banandu edo ezkontzera behartzeko<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Frantziaren tamainagatik, zati batzuk ez zituen berehala harrapatu izurriteak, lehorretik itsasotik baino astiroago bidaiatu zuena. <a href="/wiki/Bretainia" title="Bretainia">Bretainia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Auvernia" title="Auvernia">Auvernia</a> ez ziren 1349 arte iritsi, eta urruneko zati batzuk ez ziren 1351 arte iritsi. Izurri beltza iritsi zen Frantziako azken zatia <a href="/wiki/Tonnerre" title="Tonnerre">Tonnerre</a> izan zen, 1352an<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1348_Ekialdean">1348 Ekialdean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1348 Ekialdean»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1348 Ekialdean"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1348ko_udaberria,_Mediterraneoaren_hegoaldea_eta_ekialdea"><span id="1348ko_udaberria.2C_Mediterraneoaren_hegoaldea_eta_ekialdea"></span>1348ko udaberria, Mediterraneoaren hegoaldea eta ekialdea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Aldatu atal hau: «1348ko udaberria, Mediterraneoaren hegoaldea eta ekialdea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 1348ko udaberria, Mediterraneoaren hegoaldea eta ekialdea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexandriako izurria <a href="/wiki/Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza">Gazan</a> agertu zen, eta handik <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestinara</a> hedatu. <a href="/wiki/Damasko" title="Damasko">Damaskok</a> ia biztanleen erdia galdu zuen, eta Ekialde arabiar osoak biztanleriaren&#160;% 30 eta&#160;% 40 artean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaphy200323_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaphy200323-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battutak</a> tokioetan izurritea deskribatu zuenean, <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">musulmanek</a> prozesioak antolatzen zituztela eta <a href="/wiki/Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Allah">Allahren</a> haserrea baretzeko, baraualdi zorrotza mantentzen zutela esan zuen. Erromes asko joan ziren berehala <a href="/wiki/Meka" title="Meka">Mekara</a>, eta izurritea <a href="/wiki/Arabiar_Penintsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabiar Penintsula">Arabiar Penintsulara</a> eraman. <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma">Profetarekin</a> lotutako bigarren hiririk garrantzitsuena, arrazoi ezezagunengatik izurritetik salbatu zen arren, Mekak gaixotasuna oso gogor jasan zuen, bertako egoiliar eta erromes asko hirian hil ziren. Horrelako hondamendia Islamaren gune erlijioso nagusian gertatu izanak musulmanak nahastuta utzi zituen. Konponbide baten bila, beren bizilagun kristauek bezala, Alaren haserrea eragitea Mekako juduei leporatu zieten, hiri santuan egoteagatik soilik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200465_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200465-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izurri_Beltzaren_ondorengo_izurriak">Izurri Beltzaren ondorengo izurriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izurri Beltzaren ondorengo izurriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Izurri Beltzaren ondorengo izurriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/XIV._mendea" title="XIV. mendea">XIV. mendeko</a> bigarren erdia berragerpen ugari egon ziren <a href="/wiki/Nafarroako_Erresuma" title="Nafarroako Erresuma">Nafarroako Erresuman</a>: <a href="/wiki/1361" title="1361">1361</a>-<a href="/wiki/1362" title="1362">1362</a>, <a href="/wiki/1373" title="1373">1373</a>-<a href="/wiki/1374" title="1374">1374</a>, <a href="/wiki/1382" title="1382">1382</a>-<a href="/wiki/1383" title="1383">1383</a>, <a href="/wiki/1387" title="1387">1387</a> eta <a href="/wiki/1395" title="1395">1395</a> urteetan. <a href="/wiki/XV._mendea" title="XV. mendea">XV.</a>, <a href="/wiki/XVI._mendea" title="XVI. mendea">XVI.</a> eta <a href="/wiki/XVII._mendea" title="XVII. mendea">XVII. mendeetan</a> hainbat aldiz agertu zen <a href="/wiki/XVIII._mendea" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII. mendera</a> arte, guztiz desagertzeko <a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria">Euskal Herrian</a>. </p><p>1524ko udaberrian, izurriak Zangoza astindu zuen, heriotza ugari eraginez. 1564. urtean izurrite batek Logroño jo zuen hilkortasun handia eraginez. Euskaraz <i>izurri</i> eta <i>izorri</i> izenez aipatua, erdarazko agiri historikoetan <i>pestilencia</i>, eta 21. mendeko ehorzketa leku batzuetako ADN azterketek demostratu dute <i>Yersinia pestis</i> izan zela Logroñokoaren kausa. Agerraldi horretako ADN aztarnak bat datoz lehenagoko Europako gertakarietan analizatuekin, eta horrek esan nahi du izurria berriz Asiatik etorri barik, Europan jarraitu izan zuela berragerpenak egiten tarteka<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. 1564an, Logroñotik eta Aragoitik Nafarroa Garaira eta Arabara sartu zen, hainbat lekutan biztanleria gogor astinduz, hala nola Agurain, Gasteiz eta Iruñean, besteak beste. 1597tik aurrera, beste izurri gogor batek astindu zuen Euskal Herria, eta demografia jaitsarazi. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europako</a> azken agerpena <a href="/wiki/Marseilla" title="Marseilla">Marseilla</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Proventza" title="Proventza">Proventzan</a> izan zen <a href="/wiki/1720" title="1720">1720ean</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 300 urte hartan izandako heriotza-tasa altuari aurre egiteko, herriak <a href="/wiki/Erlijio" title="Erlijio">erlijio</a> eta santuetan bilatu zuen laguntza, <a href="/wiki/XVII._mendea" title="XVII. mendea">XVII. mendeko</a> <a href="/wiki/Roke_Montpellierkoa" title="Roke Montpellierkoa">San Rokeren</a> omenez eraikitako <a href="/wiki/Ermita" title="Ermita">ermitek</a> erakusten duten bezalaxe. Zenbait <a href="/wiki/Herri" title="Herri">herritan</a> gaur egundaino, <a href="/wiki/Eritasun" title="Eritasun">gaixotasun</a> horrekin loturiko <a href="/wiki/XVI._mendea" title="XVI. mendea">XVI. mendeko</a> ohiturak mantendu dira; adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Laudio" title="Laudio">Laudion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abuztuaren_16" title="Abuztuaren 16">abuztuaren 16an</a> San Rokeren eguna ospatzen da. <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiaren_demografia">Epidemiaren demografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Epidemiaren demografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Epidemiaren demografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Epidemiologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Epidemiologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sintomatologia_klinikoa">Sintomatologia klinikoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sintomatologia klinikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sintomatologia klinikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaur_egungo_ikuspuntu_zientifikoa">Gaur egungo ikuspuntu zientifikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gaur egungo ikuspuntu zientifikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Gaur egungo ikuspuntu zientifikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XIV._mendeko_deskribapenak">XIV. mendeko deskribapenak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" title="Aldatu atal hau: «XIV. mendeko deskribapenak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: XIV. mendeko deskribapenak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neurri_medikoak">Neurri medikoak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=37" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Neurri medikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Neurri medikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medikuntzaren_egoera_Erdi_Aroan">Medikuntzaren egoera Erdi Aroan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=38" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Medikuntzaren egoera Erdi Aroan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Medikuntzaren egoera Erdi Aroan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izurriaren_arrazoien_azalpena_eta_proposaturiko_neurriak">Izurriaren arrazoien azalpena eta proposaturiko neurriak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=39" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izurriaren arrazoien azalpena eta proposaturiko neurriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Izurriaren arrazoien azalpena eta proposaturiko neurriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tratamendua">Tratamendua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=40" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Tratamendua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Tratamendua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Izurri" class="mw-redirect" title="Izurri">Epidemia</a> hau hain arriskutsu egin zuen faktoreen artean garai hartan bere transmisioa ez ezagutzea eta sintomen ikusgarritasuna azpimarratu behar dira. <a href="/wiki/XIV._mendea" title="XIV. mendea">XIV. mendeko</a> Marchione di Coppo Stefaniren historialari <a href="/wiki/Florentzia" title="Florentzia">florentziarrak</a> honelaxe deskribatu zuen gaixotasuna <i>Crónica Florentina</i>n: </p> <table cellpadding="10" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; color: inherit; background-color:transparent; border-style:none; width:;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:2 2px;">« </td> <td>Zorne-zorro bat agertzen da iztai edo besapean, bat-bateko sukarra (...) odola eta listua botatzen da (...) eta odola botatzen duen oro hiltzen da. Hain beldurgarria zen non etxe batez jabetzen bazen etxeko guztiak hiltzen ziren </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;,serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:2 2px;">» </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Medikuen senda-belarrak eta <a href="/wiki/Ozpin" title="Ozpin">ozpina</a> erabiltzen zuten azken honek <a href="/wiki/Eritasun" title="Eritasun">gaixotasuna</a> hiltzen zuelakoan. Era berean buboi inguruko <a href="/wiki/Odol" title="Odol">odola</a> drainatzea ohikoa zen gaixoa "humore txarrez" garbitzeko, honek gaixoa gehiago ahuldu eta azkenik heriotza eragiten zuelarik. <a href="/wiki/Eritasun" title="Eritasun">Patologiaren</a> aurka asko ezin egin zitekeen arren profilaxian aurrerapausoak eman ziren gaixoen arropa eta oheak errez. Era berean udal-autoritateek <a href="/wiki/Berrogeialdi" title="Berrogeialdi">berrogeialdien</a> bidez gaixoen etxeak isolatu ohi zituzten, batzuetan auzo oso bat hesitzen zutelarik. Hildakoak <a href="/wiki/Hiri" title="Hiri">hiri</a> kanpoaldean lurperatzen zituzten eta euren etxeak fumigatu ohi zituzten intsentsu eta beste lurrin-landareekin, garbitzaileak zirela uste baitzuten. </p><p>Aipatzekoa da XVI. <a href="/wiki/Mende" title="Mende">mendearen</a> hasieran <a href="/wiki/Pizkundea" title="Pizkundea">Pizkundeko</a> medikuek jantzi bereziak erabiltzen hasi ziren <a href="/wiki/Izurri" class="mw-redirect" title="Izurri">izurriaz</a> ez kutsatzeko: </p> <ul><li><b>intsentsudun makila</b>: pizturik zegoen kutsaturiko <a href="/wiki/Aire" title="Aire">airea</a> "garbitzeko" balio zuen eta itzalirik zegoenean gaixoa manipulatzeko. <a href="/wiki/Gorri" title="Gorri">Gorriz</a> margoturik egon ohi zen.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>lihozko tunika</b>: gorputz osoa estaltzen zuen eta argizariz estali ohi zen "atomo pozointsuek" irrista zitezen.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>maskara</b>: arnasteko hodi metaliko luzea izan ohi zuen belar usaintsuz betea "aire kutsatutik" babesteko. Maskara <a href="/wiki/Larru" title="Larru">larruzkoa</a> izan ohi zen, <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristalezko</a> lenteekin.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izurriko_medikuak">Izurriko medikuak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=41" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izurriko medikuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Izurriko medikuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_(black_and_white).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg/180px-Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg/270px-Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg/360px-Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Izurri Beltza</figcaption></figure> <p>Carlo Cipolla historialari italiarraren ustetan <a href="/wiki/Pizkundea" title="Pizkundea">Pizkunde</a> osoan miasmaren paradigma nagusitu zen garaiko medikuen artean. Teoria honen arabera gaixotasuna aire ez-osasuntsu eta kirasduna arnasteagatik kutsatzen zen. Teoria honi <a href="/wiki/Antzinaroa" title="Antzinaroa">Antzinaroko</a> partikulen kontzepzioa gehitu zioten. Kirats hauek miasma izeneko partikula negatibo batzuetatik jaiotzen ziren leku askotatik etorri zitezkeenak: padurak, putzuak, <a href="/wiki/Haitzulo" title="Haitzulo">leizeak</a>, etab. </p><p>Beraz gaixoak hildako <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animalia</a> bat ukitzeagatik, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">ur</a> gelditan murgiltzeagatik edo kiratsa bakarrik arnasteagatik ere <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a> <a href="/wiki/Pozoi" title="Pozoi">pozoitsuek</a> kutsa zezaketen garaiko medikuen ustez. Edonola ere, kontuan hartu beharrekoa da paradigma hau behaketan ere oinarritzen zela eta ez zegoela beti oker, adibidez <a href="/wiki/Uda" title="Uda">uda</a> partean kasuak biderkatu egiten ziren arratoiek <a href="/wiki/Janari" class="mw-redirect" title="Janari">elikagai</a> gehiago aurkitzen zituztelako eta ez padurek kirats gehiago zeriotelako <a href="/wiki/Bero" title="Bero">beroren</a> eraginez. <sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neurri_administratiboak">Neurri administratiboak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=42" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Neurri administratiboak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Neurri administratiboak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izurria,_erlijioak_eta_superstizioak"><span id="Izurria.2C_erlijioak_eta_superstizioak"></span>Izurria, erlijioak eta superstizioak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=43" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izurria, erlijioak eta superstizioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Izurria, erlijioak eta superstizioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eliza_Katolikoa_eta_izurria">Eliza Katolikoa eta izurria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=44" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eliza Katolikoa eta izurria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Eliza Katolikoa eta izurria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flageleria">Flageleria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=45" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Flageleria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Flageleria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bianchi">Bianchi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=46" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bianchi»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bianchi"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koreomania">Koreomania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=47" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Koreomania»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=47" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Koreomania"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jendearen_superstizioak">Jendearen superstizioak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=48" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Jendearen superstizioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=48" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Jendearen superstizioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1345" title="1345">1345an</a> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturno" title="Saturno">Saturno</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Marte" title="Marte">Marteren</a> arteko <a href="/wiki/Konjuntzio_handi" title="Konjuntzio handi">Konjuntzio handi</a> bat gertatu zen eta, gerora, horri egotzi zitzaion lehen agerraldi hori<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izurriaren_ukenduen_eta_pozoitzeen_inguruko_histeria">Izurriaren ukenduen eta pozoitzeen inguruko histeria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=49" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izurriaren ukenduen eta pozoitzeen inguruko histeria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=49" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Izurriaren ukenduen eta pozoitzeen inguruko histeria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egoera_soziala">Egoera soziala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=50" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Egoera soziala»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=50" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Egoera soziala"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pozoitzaileen_sektari_jazarpena">Pozoitzaileen sektari jazarpena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=51" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Pozoitzaileen sektari jazarpena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=51" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Pozoitzaileen sektari jazarpena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legenardunen_suntsiketa">Legenardunen suntsiketa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=52" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Legenardunen suntsiketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=52" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Legenardunen suntsiketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juduen_erailketa">Juduen erailketa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=53" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Juduen erailketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=53" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Juduen erailketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teoria_alternatiboak">Teoria alternatiboak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=54" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Teoria alternatiboak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=54" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Teoria alternatiboak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biktima_ezagunak">Biktima ezagunak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=55" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Biktima ezagunak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=55" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Biktima ezagunak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ondorioak">Ondorioak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=56" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ondorioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=56" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ondorioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izurri_Beltza_artean">Izurri Beltza artean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=57" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izurri Beltza artean»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=57" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Izurri Beltza artean"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=58" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=58" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTuesday2008-01-29">Tuesday,&#32;29 January 2008 Will DunhamABC/Reuters. &#32;(2008-01-29).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/01/29/2149185.htm">«Black death 'discriminated' between victims»</a>&#32;<i>www.abc.net.au</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1576875.stm"><i>De-coding the Black Death. </i></a>&#32;2001-10-03&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPhilipkoski2001-10-03">Philipkoski,&#32;Kristen. &#32;(2001-10-03).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2001/10/black-deaths-gene-code-cracked/">«Black Death's Gene Code Cracked»</a>&#32;<i>Wired</i>&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3-4"><a href="#cite_ref-3_4-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMartin2011-09-22">Martin,&#32;Xabier. &#32;(2011-09-22).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperekoa.berria.info/plaza/2011-09-22/046/001/lege_info.htm#despiezea1">«Herio Beltzaren eragilea»</a>&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Berria" title="Berria">Berria</a></i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title="&#160;Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague">«Plague»</a>&#32;<i>www.who.int</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRaoultAboudharamCrubézyLarrouy2000-11-07">Raoult,&#32;Didier&#59;&#32;Aboudharam,&#32;Gérard&#59;&#32;Crubézy,&#32;Eric&#59;&#32;Larrouy,&#32;Georges&#59;&#32;Ludes,&#32;Bertrand&#59;&#32;Drancourt,&#32;Michel. &#32;(2000-11-07).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/97/23/12800">«Molecular identification by “suicide PCR” of Yersinia pestis as the agent of Medieval Black Death»</a>&#32;<i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>&#32;97&#32;(23): 12800–12803.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.220225197">10.1073/pnas.220225197</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11058154">11058154</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNpD-1-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNpD-1_7-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNpD-1_7-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSpyrouMusralinaGnecchi_RusconeKocher2022-06-15">Spyrou,&#32;Maria A.&#59;&#32;Musralina,&#32;Lyazzat&#59;&#32;Gnecchi Ruscone,&#32;Guido A.&#59;&#32;Kocher,&#32;Arthur&#59;&#32;Borbone,&#32;Pier-Giorgio&#59;&#32;Khartanovich,&#32;Valeri I.&#59;&#32;Buzhilova,&#32;Alexandra&#59;&#32;Djansugurova,&#32;Leyla&#32;<i>et al</i>.. &#32;(2022-06-15).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04800-3">«The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia»</a>&#32;<i>Nature</i>: 1–7.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04800-3">10.1038/s41586-022-04800-3</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCNN">CNN,&#32;Julia Hollingsworth.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/23/asia/plague-china-history-intl-hnk-scli/index.html">«The plague in China, from ancient times to now»</a>&#32;<i>CNN</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBramantiStensethWalløeLei2016">Bramanti,&#32;Barbara&#59;&#32;Stenseth,&#32;Nils Chr.&#59;&#32;Walløe,&#32;Lars&#59;&#32;Lei,&#32;Xu. &#32;(2016).&#32;Yang, Ruifu&#32;ed.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0890-4_1">«Plague: A Disease Which Changed the Path of Human Civilization»</a>&#32;<i>Yersinia pestis: Retrospective and Perspective</i>&#32;(Springer Netherlands): 1–26.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-024-0890-4_1">10.1007/978-94-024-0890-4_1</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-94-024-0890-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-94-024-0890-4">978-94-024-0890-4</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWade2010-10-31">Wade,&#32;Nicholas. &#32;(2010-10-31).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/health/01plague.html">«Europe’s Plagues Came From China, Study Finds»</a>&#32;<i>The New York Times</i>&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death">«Black Death | Causes, Facts, and Consequences»</a>&#32;<i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWade">Wade,&#32;Nicholas.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E7D8133FF932A35752C1A9669D8B63">«Black Death's Origins Traced to China»</a>&#32;<i>query.nytimes.com</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGalarraga_Aiestaran2022-06-16">Galarraga Aiestaran,&#32;Ana. &#32;(2022-06-16).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zientzia.eus/artikuluak/izurri-beltzaren-jatorri-geografiko-eta-genetikoa-/">«Izurri beltzaren jatorri geografiko eta genetikoa argitu dituzte»</a>&#32;<i>Zientzia.eus</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/blackdisease_01.shtml">«BBC - History - British History in depth: Black Death: The Disease»</a>&#32;<i>www.bbc.co.uk</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAlchon,_Suzanne_Austin.2003">Alchon, Suzanne Austin.. &#32;(2003).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50773314"><i>A pest in the land&#160;: new world epidemics in a global perspective. </i></a>&#32;(1st ed. argitaraldia)&#32;University of New Mexico Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-8263-2870-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-8263-2870-9">0-8263-2870-9</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=50773314">50773314</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBureau">Bureau,&#32;US Census.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/international-programs/historical-est-worldpop.html">«Historical Estimates of World Population»</a>&#32;<i>The United States Census Bureau</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725005418/http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/2000/0717/peter.html">«TIME Europe | A Distant Mirror | 7/17/2000»</a>&#32;<i>web.archive.org</i>&#32;2008-07-25&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFNauert,_Charles_G.2006">Nauert, Charles G.. &#32;(2006).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863202742"><i>The A to Z of the Renaissance.. </i></a>&#32;Scarecrow Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4617-1896-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4617-1896-3">978-1-4617-1896-3</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=863202742">863202742</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJussila,_Heikki.2017">Jussila, Heikki.. &#32;(2017).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1124606124"><i>Sustainable Development and Geographical Space&#160;: Issues of Population, Environment, Globalization and Education in Marginal Regions.. </i></a>&#32;Routledge&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-351-72481-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-351-72481-4">978-1-351-72481-4</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1124606124">1124606124</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGoldthwaite,_Richard_A.,2009">Goldthwaite, Richard A.,. &#32;(2009).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/549522421"><i>The economy of Renaissance Florence. </i></a>&#32;Johns Hopkins University Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8018-9688-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8018-9688-0">978-0-8018-9688-0</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=549522421">549522421</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-03-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arte.tv/en/videos/069117-004-A/1347-the-black-death/">«1347: The Black Death - Dates That Made History - Watch the full documentary»</a>&#32;<i>ARTE</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-12-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1990109-22">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel1990109_22-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel1990109_22-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel1990">Daniel 1990</a>, 109 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20057-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly20057_23-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, 7 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20058-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly20058_24-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, 8 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2019.1.28892">«Грибер Ю.А., Йонаускайте Д., Мор К. Цвета эмоций: экспериментальное исследование ассоциативных связей в современном русском языке»</a>&#32;<i>Litera</i>&#32;1&#32;(1): 69–86.&#32;2019-01&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.25136%2F2409-8698.2019.1.28892">10.25136/2409-8698.2019.1.28892</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2409-8698">2409-8698</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-12)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Errusieraz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Errusieraz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9&amp;oldid=108576654"><i>Полное собрание русских летописей. </i></a>&#32;2020-08-05&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-12)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200460-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200460_27-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedictow2004">Benedictow 2004</a>, 60 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLoshchis1989">Loshchis. &#32;(1989).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21208131"><i>Dmitriĭ Donskoĭ. </i></a>&#32;Izd-vo DOSAAF SSSR&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/5-7030-0167-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/5-7030-0167-6">5-7030-0167-6</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=21208131">21208131</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-12)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groh.ru/gro/pla/pla.html">«Бубонная чума»</a>&#32;<i>groh.ru</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-12)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200581-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200581_30-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, 81 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200461-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200461_31-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedictow2004">Benedictow 2004</a>, 61 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedictow2004-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedictow2004_32-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedictow2004">Benedictow 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200562-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200562_33-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, 62 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200580-83-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200580-83_34-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, 80-83 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200586-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200586_35-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, 86 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49312838"><i>Stratum&#160;: struktury i katastrofy&#160;: sbornik simvolicheskoĭ indoevropeĭskoĭ istorii&#160;: arkheologii︠a︡, istochnikovedenie, lingvistika, filosofii︠a︡ istorii. </i></a>&#32;Nestor&#32;1997&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/5-901007-03-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/5-901007-03-4">5-901007-03-4</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=49312838">49312838</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200588-37">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200588_37-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200588_37-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200588_37-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, 88 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200590-38">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200590_38-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200590_38-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, 90 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200592-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200592_39-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, 92 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200472-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200472_40-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedictow2004">Benedictow 2004</a>, 72 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCassar1965">Cassar,&#32;Paul. &#32;(1965).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books/about/Medical_History_of_Malta.html?id=lf3QAAAAMAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Medical History of Malta. </i></a>&#32;Wellcome Historical Medical Library&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-13)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/venices-black-death-and-the-dawn-of-quarantine">«Venice’s Black Death and the Dawn of Quarantine»</a>&#32;<i>Discover Magazine</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200595-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200595_43-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, 95 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supotnitskiy.ru/book/book3-5.htm">«ОЧЕРКИ ИСТОРИИ ЧУМЫ ОЧЕРК V «ЧЕРНАЯ СМЕРТЬ» — ВТОРОЕ ПРИШЕСТВИЕ ЧУМЫ В ЕВРОПУ (1346—1351)»</a>&#32;<i>supotnitskiy.ru</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2005152-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2005152_45-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, 152 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBenitoGómez1996">Benito,&#32;Ricardo Izquierdo&#59;&#32;Gómez,&#32;Francisco Ruiz. &#32;(1996).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=961BjzS6ggIC&amp;pg=PA504&amp;dq=Guillem+Brassa+pesta&amp;hl=ca&amp;ei=d-M5TajkBsau8gOfoNiqCA&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result"><i>الارك ٨٩٢. </i></a>&#32;Univ de Castilla La Mancha&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-89492-34-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-89492-34-9">978-84-89492-34-9</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200479-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200479_47-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedictow2004">Benedictow 2004</a>, 79 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-48">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBetrán_Moya2006">Betrán Moya,&#32;José Luis. &#32;(2006).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1025281520"><i>Historia de las epidemias en España y sus colonias&#160;: (1348-1919). </i></a>&#32;La Esfera de los libros&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1025281520">1025281520</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200596-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200596_49-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, 96 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200598-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200598_50-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, 98 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rerumitalicarums301murauoft">«Rerum italicarum scriptores; raccolta degli storici italiani dal cinquecento al millecinquecento ordinata da L.A. Muratori. Nuova ed. riv. ampliata e corr. con la direzione di Giosue Carducci&#160;: Muratori, Lodovico Antonio, 1672-1750&#160;: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming»</a>&#32;<i>Internet Archive</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/osheim/marchione.html">«The Florentine Chronicle»</a>&#32;<i>www2.iath.virginia.edu</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-53">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-5"><sup><b>f</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHarrison,_Dick2001">Harrison, Dick. &#32;(2001).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/249197501"><i>Stora döden den värsta katastrof som drabbat Europa&#160;; författaruppläsning och urval. </i></a>&#32;Bonnier Audio&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/91-7951-074-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/91-7951-074-4">91-7951-074-4</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=249197501">249197501</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>The Black Death 1346-1353. The Complete History. </i>&#32;Rochester (AEB)- Woodbridge (EB):&#32;Boydell Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0851159435" title="Berezi:BookSources/0851159435">0851159435</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCastán_LanaspaDueñas_Carazo2006">Castán Lanaspa,&#32;Guillermo&#59;&#32;Dueñas Carazo,&#32;Salvador. &#32;(2006).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/69961"><i>Revisión de la incidencia de la Peste Negra (1348) en Navarra a través de un modelo matemático de población. </i></a>&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0213-2052">0213-2052</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRuiz_de_Loizaga_Ulibarri2009">Ruiz de Loizaga Ulibarri,&#32;Saturnino. &#32;(2009).&#32;<i>La peste en los reinos peninsulares según documentación del Archivo Vaticano (1348-1460). </i>,&#160;125&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9788493556556" title="Berezi:BookSources/9788493556556">9788493556556</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMonteano,_Peio_J.2002">Monteano, Peio J.. &#32;(2002).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50128519"><i>La ira de Dios&#160;: los navarros en la era de la peste, 1348-1723. </i></a>&#32;Pamiela&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-7681-353-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-7681-353-8">84-7681-353-8</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=50128519">50128519</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFErkoreka2008_1_liburukia_=_42"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Erkoreka" title="Anton Erkoreka">Erkoreka,&#32;Anton</a>. &#32;(2008 1 liburukia = 42).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizkaia.ehu.es/p209-shmhmco/es/contenidos/informacion/mhm_otras_publicaciones/es_otras_pu/adjuntos/Erkoreka_A.Epidemies_en_Pays_Basque.pdf">«Épidémies en Pays Basque. De la peste noire à la grippe espagnole»</a>&#32;<i>Histoire des sciences médicales</i>&#32;in:&#32;<i>Medikuntzaren historiaren Piriniooz gaindiko Jardunaldiak</i>.&#32;(Colombes: Arodan)&#32;(2): 125.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0440-8888">0440-8888</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRuiz_de_Loizaga_Ulibarri1998">Ruiz de Loizaga Ulibarri,&#32;Saturnino. &#32;(1998).&#32;<i>Documentos sobre la peste negra (1348) en Navarra según algunos datos del Archivo Vaticano. </i>&#32;in:&#32;<i>Scriptorum Victoriense</i>.&#32;45,&#160;177-193&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0559-2186">0559-2186</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLopez_de_Gereñu1989">Lopez de Gereñu,&#32;Gerardo. &#32;(1989).&#32;<i>Toponimia alavesa, seguido de Mortuorios o despoblados y Pueblos alaveses. </i>&#32;(1.. argitaraldia)&#32;<a href="/wiki/Euskaltzaindia" title="Euskaltzaindia">Euskaltzaindia</a>,&#160;135-226&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-85479-48-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-85479-48-1">978-84-85479-48-1</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaphy200323-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaphy200323_61-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaphy2003">Naphy 2003</a>, 23 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200465-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedictow200465_62-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedictow2004">Benedictow 2004</a>, 65 orr.&#160;.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFNeumann">Neumann,&#32;Gunnar U.. &#32;().&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/monicaMedHist/status/1042811063522099200">«16th century Yersinia pestis genome from Logroño, Spain underlines plague persistence in Europe during the Second Pandemic»</a>&#32;<i>ISBA 2018</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-09-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBertrand1721">Bertrand,&#32;Jean Baptiste. &#32;(1721).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/relationhistoriq00bert#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Relation historique de la peste de Marseille, en 1720. </i></a>&#32;Kolonia:&#32;Pierre Marteau</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGoienuri1999">Goienuri,&#32;Gentza. &#32;(1999).&#32;<i>Cofradía Señor Sant Roque = Roke Deunaren Anaidia. </i>&#32;Gasteiz:&#32;<a href="/wiki/Arabako_Foru_Aldundia" title="Arabako Foru Aldundia">Arabako Foru Aldundia</a>,&#160;78&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7821-382-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7821-382-5">978-84-7821-382-5</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGarcía_Bartual2006ko_abuztua">García Bartual,&#32;Mario. &#32;(2006ko abuztua).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xtec.cat/~alamagra/Documentos/La%20Peste%20Negra.pdf"><i>La peste negra. </i></a></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title="&#160;Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: urtarrila 2023">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAlvar_Ezquerra1983">Alvar Ezquerra,&#32;Alfredo. &#32;(1983).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/31065">«Madrid reflejo de los problemas sanitarios de la península: la peste de 1596 vista por un galeno de la Corte»</a>&#32;<i>Anales del Instituto de Estudios Madrileños</i>&#32;(Instituto de Estudios Madrileños)&#32;XX: 203-218.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0584-6374">0584-6374</a>.</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=59" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bibliografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=59" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bibliografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBenedictow2004">Benedictow,&#32;Ole Jørgen.. &#32;(2004).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53375968"><i>The Black Death, 1346-1353&#160;: the complete history. </i></a>&#32;Boydell Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-85115-943-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-85115-943-5">0-85115-943-5</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=53375968">53375968</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-12)</small></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDaniel1990">Daniel,&#32;M. &#32;(1990).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/935523986"><i>Tajnye tropy nositelej smerti. </i></a>&#32;Progress&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/5-01-002041-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/5-01-002041-6">5-01-002041-6</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=935523986">935523986</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-12)</small></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly,&#32;John. &#32;(2005).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56195003"><i>The great mortality&#160;: an intimate history of the Black Death, the most devastating plague of all time. </i></a>&#32;(1st ed. argitaraldia)&#32;HarperCollins Publishers&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-06-000692-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-06-000692-7">0-06-000692-7</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=56195003">56195003</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-12)</small></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFNaphy2003">Naphy,&#32;William G. &#32;(2003).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/300238388"><i>La peste noire, 1345-1730&#160;: grandes peurs et épidémies. </i></a>&#32;Éditions Autrement&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/2-7467-0398-X" title="Berezi:BookSources/2-7467-0398-X">2-7467-0398-X</a>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=300238388">300238388</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-15)</small></span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus_gainera">Ikus gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=60" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=60" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ikus gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izurri_buboniko" title="Izurri buboniko">Izurri bubonikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izurri_pneumoniko" title="Izurri pneumoniko">Izurri pneumonikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiak_Euskal_Herrian" title="Epidemiak Euskal Herrian">Epidemiak Euskal Herrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinianoren_Izurria" title="Justinianoren Izurria">Justinianoren Izurria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=61" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izurri_Beltza&amp;action=edit&amp;section=61" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236167">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42005" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q42005">Q42005</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Death">Black Death</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&amp;search=%22Q42005%22">Q42005</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124641040">124641040</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124641040">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014548">sh85014548</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033822263">033822263</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42005" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q42005">Q42005</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Death">Black Death</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&amp;search=%22Q42005%22">Q42005</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8f644c877‐qhbk7 Cached time: 20241106072921 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.168 seconds Real time usage: 1.562 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 35387/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 180621/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 55637/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 24/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 60400/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.528/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4106311/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 14/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1432.168 1 -total 53.83% 770.961 1 Txantiloi:Gertakari_infotaula 48.01% 687.583 1 Txantiloi:Infobox_event/formatglobal 44.97% 644.004 1 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Gaur egun oraindik existitzen diren hilarri hauetako batean, Khvolsonek idazkuna irakurtzea lortu zuen: \"\u003Ci\u003EHemen dago Kutluk. Izurriak jota hil zen bere emazte Magno-Kelkareki\u003C/i\u003En\". Geroago, zalantzan jarri zen interpretazio hori, eta adierazi zen gaixotasunaren izena \"pestilentzia\" gisa ulertu behar zela, eta horrek edozein gaixotasun infekzioso adieraz zezakeela, baina daten bat-etortzeak adierazten du oso probabilitate handiarekin izurritea zela, hemendik mendebalderantz hedatzen hasi zena.","marker-symbol":"1"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[66.9597,39.6542],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"1340-1341, Erdialdeko Asia","description":"Urte hauetarako ez dago datu zehatzik izurriteak mendebalderantz egiten duen mugimenduari buruz. 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Garai hartako europar kronika guztiek bat egiten dute izurrite horretan Europan, eta Mediterraneo osoan merkataritzan aritzera eraman zituzten genoar itsasontziek parte hartu zutela.","marker-symbol":"4"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[28.976018,41.01224],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"1347ko udaberria, Konstantinopla","description":"Gaixotasunaren hurrengo agerraldia Konstantinoplan gertatu zen, Bizantziar Inperioaren hiriburuan, non genoar merkataritza postu bat zegoen: Pere. Izurriaren biktimetako bat Androniko izan zen, hamahiru urtekoa, Joan VI.a Kantakuzeno enperadorearen seme gazteena.","marker-symbol":"5"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[39.73,41],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"1347ko udaberria-uda, Ekialde Ertaina","description":"Izurritea \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Mesopotamia\" title=\"Mesopotamia\"\u003EMesopotamian\u003C/a\u003E hasi zen zabaltzen, \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Persia\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Persia\"\u003EPersian\u003C/a\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Trabzon\" title=\"Trabzon\"\u003ETrabzonen\u003C/a\u003E agertu zen urte bereko irailean. Konstantinoplako epidemiako errefuxiatuek eraman zuten gaixotasuna, eta \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Transkaukasia\" title=\"Transkaukasia\"\u003ETranskaukasiatik\u003C/a\u003E ihesi zihoazenak haiengana zihoazen. Gainera, merkatari karabanek eurekin eraman zuten izurritea. Une honetan, bere mugimenduaren abiadura nabarmen jaitsi zen, urteko 100 kilometro inguru estaliz, izurritea soilik bi urte beranduago iritsi ahal izan zen mendebaldeko \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Anatolia\" title=\"Anatolia\"\u003EAnatoliako\u003C/a\u003E mendietara, non aurrerapena gelditu zen","marker-symbol":"6"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[29.92,31.2],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"1347ko udazkena, Alexandria","description":"Al-Maqrizi historialari egiptoarrak xehetasunez kontatzen du Konstantinoplako itsasontzi bat Alexandriako portura iritsi zela; 32 merkatari eta itsasontziko 300 tripulatzaile eta esklabotik soilik 40 marinel, 4 merkatari eta esklabo batek bizirautea lortu zuten, \"Han bertan portuan hil zena\". Hauekin batera, izurria hirira iritsi zen, eta, haratago, Nilotik igota, Asuanera iritsi zen 1349ko otsailean, denbora honetan, herrialdea erabat suntsituz. Hegoalderako aurrerapen handienean, Saharako basamortua oztopo gaindiezina bihurtu zen arratoi eta arkakusoentzat.","marker-symbol":"7"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[23.7161,37.9794],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"1348ko udazkena, Grezia","description":"Izurria Greziara hedatu zen, eta, ondoren, Bulgaria eta mendebaldeko Errumaniara (une horretan Hungariako Erresumaren antzinako zatia) eta Poloniaraino.","marker-symbol":"8"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[33.365,35.1725],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"1348ko udazkena, Zipre","description":"Zipre kolpatu zuen, non epidemiari beste hondamendi bat gehitu zitzaion: tsunamia. Zipretar desesperatuek, matxinada baten beldurrez, uharteko biztanle musulman guztiak hil zituzten, erasotzaileetako asko, euren biktimengandik denbora gutxian bizirik irten ziren bitartean.","marker-symbol":"9"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[15.55,38.18],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"1347ko urria, Messina","description":"Genoar kronikak, izurritea Italiako hegoaldean hedatzeari buruz erabat isilik dauden arren, eskualdeak beste batzuek baino gutxiago jasan zuen. Fra Michele de Piazza historialari siziliarrak, bere \"Historia Secular\" lanean, 12 galera genoar Messinako portura iritsi zirela kontatzen du xehetasunez, berarekin \"azote hilgarri\" bat ekarriz. Zenbaki hau, ordea, aldatu egiten da, norbaitek \"espeziaz betetako hiru itsasontzi\" aipatzen ditu, norbaitek lau, Krimeatik itzultzen diren \"infektatutako marinel talde batekin\".","marker-symbol":"10"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[15.087269,37.502669],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"1347ko udazkena, Catania","description":"Hilzorian zegoen Messinako biztanleria ihes egiten saiatu zen izu-ihesaldi batean, eta, Piazzaren testigantzaren arabera, asko bidean bertan hil ziren. Bizirik atera zirenak Cataniara iritsi ziren, non batere abegitsua ez zen harrera bat zuten zain. Izurritearen berri izan zutenean, biztanleek uko egin zioten errefuxiatuekin tratatzeari, saihestu egin zituzten, eta jateari eta edateari ere uko egin zioten. Hala ere, honek ez zituen salbatu, eta laster hiria ia erabat iraungi zen. \"Zer esan dezaket Cataniaz, orain oroimenetik ezabatzen den hiri batez?\" idatzi zuen Piazzak. Izurriteak, hemendik, uharte osoan hedatzen jarraitu zuen, Sirakusa, Sciacca eta Agrigentok asko sufritu zuten. Trapani hiria, literalki, hutsik geratu zen, \"Umezurtz geratu zelarik herriko jendea hil ondoren\".","marker-symbol":"11"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[8.933983,44.407186],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"Genova, bi pausotan","description":"1347ko urrian Messinatik kanporatutako genoar itsasontziak, etxera itzultzen saiatu ziren, baina Genovako biztanleek, jada arriskuaren berri izan zutenak, itsasora bota zituzten gezi eta suzko katapultekin. Horrela, Genoak izurritearen hasiera bi hilabetez atzeratzea lortu zuen.\nKroniken arabera, 1347ko abenduaren 31n izurrite bat hasi zen Genoan. Kalkulu modernoen arabera, 80 eta 90 mila pertsona artean hil ziren hirian, baina ez dakigu kopuru zehatza. 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Nolanahi ere, hilkortasun tasa hain handia izan zen, ez zela nahikoa lurrik egon gorpuak lurperatzeko. Klemente VI.a Aita Santuak ibaia sagaratu behar izan zuen, hildakoen gorpuak gurdietatik botatzen has zitezen.","marker-symbol":"15"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[3.122,39.852],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"1347ko abendua - 1348ko martxoa, Mallorca","description":"Marseillatik edo Montpellierretik zetorren itsasontzi batek eraman omen zuen izurria Mallorcara, baina ez da data zehatzik ezarri. Uharteko lehen biktimaren izena ezagutzen da: Guillem Brass izeneko arrantzale bat, Alcúdia herriko bizilaguna. Izurriak uhartea suntsitu zuen.","marker-symbol":"16"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[10.4,43.72],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"1348ko urtarrila-martxoa, Toscana","description":"Genoarrek ere sartu zuten izurritea Toscanan. Une horretatik aurrera, izurritea orain arteko portuak utzi zituen, eta barrualderantz jotzen hasi zen. Bere bideko lehen hiria Pisa izan zen, hurrengoa, Pistoia, non berehala osasun publikoa ikuskatzeko kontseilu bat antolatu zen, veneziarraren ereduari jarraituz. Perugia, Siena, Orvieto, izurritearen hedapenaz ez konturatzen saiatu ziren, handik ezer ere egin gabe igarotzea espero zutelarik, baina alferrik izan zela ikusi zen. 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