Le retour du Printemps des peuples de 1848 : entrevue avec l’historien Christopher Clark

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media="(max-width: 600px)" srcset="https://media2.ledevoir.com/images_galerie/nwd_1864243_1447000/image.jpg?width=600"> <source media="(min-width: 601px) and (max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://media1.ledevoir.com/images_galerie/nwd_1864243_1447000/image.jpg?width=768"> <source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" srcset="https://media2.ledevoir.com/images_galerie/nwd_1864243_1447000/image.jpg?width=348"> <source media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1235px)" srcset="https://media2.ledevoir.com/images_galerie/nwd_1864243_1447000/image.jpg?width=612"> <source media="(min-width: 1236px) " srcset="https://media2.ledevoir.com/images_galerie/nwd_1864243_1447000/image.jpg?width=828"> <img fetchpriority="high" src="https://media2.ledevoir.com/images_galerie/nwd_1864243_1447000/image.jpg" alt="Selon Christopher Clark, Jake Angeli, «le “chaman” de QAnon, avec ses peintures [corporelles] et ses tatouages, un homme auquel Trump vient d’accorder un pardon, est un personnage échappé tout droit du théâtre de 1848!». On le voit ici lors d’un rassemblement à Phoenix, en novembre 2020." height="530" width="828" class="img-responsive"> </picture> <figcaption> <span> Photo: Ross D. Franklin Archives Associated Press </span> Selon Christopher Clark, Jake Angeli, «le “chaman” de QAnon, avec ses peintures [corporelles] et ses tatouages, un homme auquel Trump vient d’accorder un pardon, est un personnage échappé tout droit du théâtre de 1848!». On le voit ici lors d’un rassemblement à Phoenix, en novembre 2020. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-14 col-md-10 col-md-offset-4"> <div class="author-offset"> <aside class="author sans-photo sans-presentation"> <h3> <a href="/auteur/jean-francois-nadeau" title="Jean-François Nadeau"> <span>Jean-François Nadeau</span></a> </h3> <time datetime="2025-01-31T05:00:00Z" class="clair">Publié le 31 janvier</time> <nav class="category-nav"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href="/lire"><span>Lire</span></a></li> </ul> </nav> <ul class="social list-unstyled hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <li class="tw"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Le+retour+du+XIXe+si%C3%A8cle%2C+ou+comment+comprendre+notre+%C3%A9poque+https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Flire%2F837796%2Fretour-xixe-siecle-ou-comment-comprendre-notre-epoque" target="_blank"><span class="normal"><svg width="1200" height="1227" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path 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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="20.031" viewBox="0 0 14 20.031"><path d="M0 0h14v1H0zM1 19l6.104-4.895.505.597L1 20"/><path d="M6.552 14.867l6.446 5.116v-1l-5.946-4.616M13 0h1v20h-1M0 .032h1v20H0z"/></svg></span><span class="hover"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="20.031" viewBox="0 0 14 20.031"><path fill="none" d="M1 19l6.104-4.895.505.597-.062.05L13 18.97V1H1"/><path d="M13 0H0v20.032h1V20l5.98-4.793 6.018 4.775.002-.003V20h1V0h-1z"/></svg></span></a></li> </ul> </aside> </div> <div class=" text-offset "> <div class="editor scrolling-tracker"> <p>Historien réputé, professeur à l’Université de Cambridge, Christopher Clark vient de publier <i>1848, le Printemps des peuples</i>, une imposante histoire des révolutions qui secouèrent l’Europe et, par ricochet, le monde. Un ouvrage majeur expliquant les fondements du système mondial qui se met en place au XIX<sup>e </sup>siècle et dont les échos au présent se font entendre plus qu’avant.</p><p>« Quand j’ai commencé à écrire ce livre, je n’ai jamais pensé qu’il serait possible d’établir des résonances avec notre présent. On est toujours sceptique, à raison, comme historien, à l’idée de transposer le passé dans le présent. Il vaut mieux parler de correspondances, d’effets de transparence. » Reste que Clark éprouve le sentiment que les gens de 1848 pourraient se voir en nous.</p><p>En 1848, à Paris, une foule prend d’assaut l’Assemblée constituante, laquelle est un des produits de ces temps révolutionnaires. Déçue de la tournure des événements, cette foule affirme que l’Assemblée est dissoute. « Elle veut installer un nouveau gouvernement. La garde nationale la chasse… Et après des tractations, les travaux continuent. » Clark dit avoir été frappé par les ressemblances entre cet événement et l’attaque des trumpistes lancée <a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/assaut-capitole" target="_blank">le <a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/assaut-capitole">6 janvier 2021</a> sur le Capitole américain, à Washington</a>. « La foule voulait, là aussi, dissoudre le Parlement. C’était dans l’esprit Proudhon, un homme extrêmement intéressant qui dit que, dans tous les cas, le suffrage est une fraude. À Washington, c’est le fait de la droite, à Paris, de la gauche. Dans les deux cas, il y a bien la mise en question de la représentation. » Il note au passage que <a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/monde/etats-unis/647958/assaut-du-capitole-41-mois-de-prison-pour-le-chaman-lie-a-qanon?utm_source=recirculation&utm_medium=hyperlien&utm_campaign=corps_texte" target="_blank">Jake Angeli, « le “chaman” de QAnon</a>, avec ses peintures [corporelles] et ses tatouages, un homme auquel Trump vient d’accorder un pardon, est un personnage échappé tout droit du théâtre de 1848 ! »</p><h2 class="h2-intertitre">Nos temps troublés</h2><p>Pour Clark, comprendre le monde européen du XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle peut nous aider à nous situer. « Ces gens n’avaient pas encore connu la modernité, l’industrialisation et ses effets. Ils ignoraient l’époque de la radio, des télévisions, des grands partis et de leurs pouvoirs disciplinaires, les fascismes, le stalinisme, l’imposition de l’ordre par de grandes instances. » Et pourtant, soutient-il, leur temps se rapproche du nôtre, par des effets de transparence. Nous basculons vers ce qu’ils ont connu.</p><p>Notre époque, comme celle de 1848, est en quête de réponses devant des temps troublés. Cela se traduit jusque dans des lectures communes inattendues. « Tout le monde a lu Thomas Piketty sur le capitalisme négatif. » <i>Le capital au XXI<sup>e</sup> siècle</i> est a priori un de ces gros livres qui n’auraient pas, en d’autres temps, été beaucoup lus. Il s’est pourtant vendu à des millions d’exemplaires. « Au fond, ce sont les mêmes questions que posait Louis Blanc en 1840 : “Est-ce que notre système cause des inégalités et à quoi conduisent-elles ?” »</p><p>Les modalités des sociétés mises en place au XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle, dans la foulée des révolutions, sont à se déliter, observe l’historien. « Les journaux sont en difficulté. Il y a beaucoup de nervosité à propos des médias sociaux. Les partis politiques apparaissent, eux aussi, liquéfiés, <a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/monde/etats-unis/822470/comment-make-america-great-again-est-devenu-maga" target="_blank">avalés par le MAGA</a>, par le trumpisme. Et la télé ne joue certainement plus un rôle d’unification comme avant. » En quelque sorte, le XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle est de retour.</p><p>« Nous sommes revenus à un monde multipolaire. Pour nous, c’est inquiétant. Pour eux, au XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle, c’était la seule chose qu’ils connaissaient… » Ce retour se produit, pense l’historien, par un réalignement des forces à l’œuvre dans le système capitaliste. « Tout est à se liquéfier. Ce qui explique les résonances avec le XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle. Ce qui ne veut pas dire pour autant qu’une révolution va survenir. »</p><h2 class="h2-intertitre">Le retour du tragique</h2><p>« Nous sommes de retour à des éléments tragiques. » Chacun sait que la modernité a pollué la planète, qu’elle a exploité les peuples, les travailleurs. « En même temps, le XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle avait su imposer des règles dans le discours politique, un décorum, une politesse à respecter, une idée selon laquelle il faut éviter les attaques personnelles. Or, tout ça disparaît maintenant… »</p><p>En 1848, tout explose. Une suite de révolutions déchire l’Europe. Tous les pays apparaissent s’embraser. Tous, sauf un : l’Angleterre. « Nos enseignants et l’Angleterre elle-même nous ont répété que le pays jouissait déjà d’une telle liberté qu’une révolution n’était pas nécessaire… » La vérité est tout autre. « La police anglaise était la mieux organisée, la plus efficace, la plus redoutable de toute l’Europe. Elle a écarté les mécontents. En Irlande, les “fauteurs de troubles” ont été transportés en Australie, mon pays natal ! C’est bien la police qui faisait pencher la balance. Pas le libéralisme. »</p><p>Le mouvement ouvrier des chartistes inocule, par ailleurs, quelques anticorps au système politique anglais pour le soustraire à la contagion révolutionnaire. « En 1832, le chartisme force les élites anglaises à concéder une extension du droit électoral. »</p><p>Dans les colonies britanniques, comme le Canada, c’est une tout autre affaire. « Là, on voit toute une cascade de manifestations, de conflits, de révoltes, de soulèvements. À Ceylan, aujourd’hui le Sri Lanka, il y a vraiment une révolution contre le régime anglais. En Australie et aussi au Canada, il y a des mouvements de contestation qui conduisent à un rajustement de la relation entre les colonies et le centre. »</p><p>L’historien parle de ce Printemps des peuples, qui se joue aussi bien en France qu’en Suisse ou dans l’empire d’Autriche, l’espace germanique ou italien. Nous sommes conviés dans des espaces peu fréquentés. Voici les paysans valaques plaidant, devant les élites roumaines, en faveur d’un partage des terres. Qui vous a parlé du soulèvement sanglant madrilène de mars 1848 ? De Paris, vous vous rendez en Moldavie. De la Sicile, vous serez bientôt en Norvège. Avec des détours. Sans jamais vous perdre.</p><h2 class="h2-intertitre">Le règne des journaux</h2><p>À la veille des révolutions, les différentes contrées européennes apparaissent étroitement connectées par l’information. « Dans la presse française, par exemple, on trouve des reportages sur les manifestations et les protestations en Sicile, en Suisse, dans les États allemands, etc. Même dans la presse des pays périphériques de l’Europe, à Budapest comme ailleurs, on trouve des reportages assez sophistiqués sur la situation en Sicile, à Rome, sur les manifestations à Milan… En Espagne, partout, c’est la même chose ! »</p><p>À l’époque, l’élite européenne en savait plus sur l’Europe que de nos jours, affirme-t-il. « C’était vraiment une élite européenne, des gens extrêmement bien formés, au fait de la situation du continent. »</p><p>À côté, en parallèle, les populations découvrent les effets néfastes de l’industrialisation. La misère générale apparaît. Le travail des enfants, la prostitution, les habitations insalubres. Les révolutions sont le fait d’une combinaison de causes différentes.</p><h2 class="h2-intertitre">La place des femmes</h2><p>Dans cet ouvrage magistral, l’historien consacre de belles pages à la place des femmes et aux rôles qu’elles jouent. « La sagacité et l’intelligence des féministes, des militantes qui fondent des associations, qui fondent des journaux pour améliorer la situation juridique et civile des femmes sont impressionnantes », observe-t-il.</p><p>« Les femmes de 1848 constatent que le patriarcat est plus profondément ancré dans les structures et les consciences que n’importe quelle autre forme d’asservissement. » Leurs actions permettent de créer des réseaux importants, même s’ils n’arrivent pas, au bout du compte, à changer la situation.</p><p>Les résultats des révolutions de 1848 peuvent paraître bien en deçà des espérances qu’elles portaient. Reste que, selon l’historien, ils ont tout changé. On se trouve au « point de départ des cultures, des structures et des administrations que nous connaissons ». C’est une nouvelle conception de l’État qui apparaît.</p><p>Les abstractions, les grands principes sont laissés de côté. Des technocrates prennent le contrôle. Les décisions sont guidées par des experts, des statisticiens, des urbanistes. Les débats sur les principes de fond, sur les grandes questions, sont abandonnés au profit de questions techniques, administratives.</p><p>Les gouvernements font un pas du côté en faveur de ce règne de l’expertise. La tendance va vers le centre de l’échiquier politique. « L’aile gauche du conservatisme se marie avec l’aide droite de la gauche, dans une union libérale. C’est l’émergence de politiques qui se veulent pragmatiques, dotées d’éléments combinatoires du conservatisme et du radicalisme. » Beaucoup d’échos, en somme, à ce que notre monde a connu dans les dernières décennies.</p><p>En 2014, lors d’une autre entrevue au <i>Devoir</i>, Christopher Clark parlait des causes de la Première Guerre mondiale, dans la foulée de la parution des <i>Somnambules</i>, un livre auquel sa renommée reste attachée. « On est continuellement à la recherche de coupables, d’éléments déclencheurs, de causes décisives », disait-il, ajoutant qu’il vaut mieux se demander pourquoi tout cela a pu arriver… C’est encore ce qu’il s’efforce de faire dans <i>1848, le Printemps des peuples</i>.</p> <footer class="credit-oeuvre-element"> <h3 class="credit-oeuvre-titre">1848, le Printemps des peuples. Se battre pour un monde nouveau</h3> <p class="credit-oeuvre-texte">Christopher Clark, Flammarion «Au fil de l’histoire», Paris, 2024, 808 pages</p> </footer> <div class="piano-suggest"></div> <div class="hidden-print read-also"> <h4>À voir en vidéo</h4> <span class="extra_texte"><script src="https://cdn.jwplayer.com/players/nGSyegM3-2OcidoSu.js?search=__CONTEXTUAL__"></script></span> </div> </div> <div id="cdn-component-commentsShortcut" class="cdn-component" data-component="commentsShortcut" data-article_id="837796"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-14 col-sm-7 col-md-5 col-lg-4 hidden-xs hidden-print flex-sm"> <aside class="flex-sm flex-col"> <div class="flex-1"> <div class="pub pub-sticky bigbox">  <div id="D1" class="pub"> <div align="center"> <div data-m32-ad data-options='{"sizes":"[[300,250],[300,600]]","sizeMapping":"[[[0,0],[[0,0]]], [[768,0],[[300,250],[300,600]]]]","dfpId":"21658289790,340432006","dfpAdUnitPath":"le.devoir/livres","kv":{"zone":"D1"}}'></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cdn-component-popularArticles" class="cdn-component" data-component="popularArticles" > </div> <div class="flex-1"> <div class="pub-sticky"> <div class="pub bigbox">  <div id="D2" class="pub"> <div align="center"> <div data-m32-ad data-options='{"sizes":"[[300,250],[300,600]]","sizeMapping":"[[[0,0],[[0,0]]], [[768,0],[[300,250],[300,600]]]]","dfpId":"21658289790,340432006","dfpAdUnitPath":"le.devoir/livres","kv":{"zone":"D2"}}'></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cdn-component-newsletter" class="cdn-component" data-component="newsletter" > </div> <div class="pub bigbox">  <div id="D3" class="pub"> <div align="center"> <div data-m32-dynamic-ad data-options='{"sizes":"[[300,250],[300,600]]","sizeMapping":"[[[0,0],[[0,0]]], [[768,0],[[300,250],[300,600]]]]","dfpId":"21658289790,340432006","dfpAdUnitPath":"le.devoir/livres","kv":{"zone":"D3"}}'></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pub bigbox"></div> </aside> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-14"> <aside class="suggested-content category"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-14 col-sm-8 col-md-9"> <div class="stories-same-section"> <div class="row piano-lire"></div> </div> <div class="stories-keywords"> <section class="mots-cles dodger-blue"> <strong>Mots clés</strong> <a href="/motcle/gouvernement">gouvernement</a>, <a href="/motcle/histoire-politique">histoire politique</a>, <a href="/motcle/histoire-generale">Histoire (générale)</a>, <a href="/motcle/revolution">révolution</a>, <a href="/motcle/europe-region">Europe (Région)</a> </section> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-14 col-sm-6 col-md-5">  <div class="dodger-blue"> <section class="most-popular vertical"> <h3>Les plus populaires</h3> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li class="dodger-blue"> <a href="/economie/838336/voici-comment-provinces-canada-repliquent-tarifs-trump"> <span class="nb">1</span> <span class="mptitle">Voici comment les provinces du Canada répliquent aux tarifs de Trump</span> </a> </li> <li class="dodger-blue"> <a href="/politique/quebec/838267/francois-legault-promet-riposter-rapidement-hesiter-tarifs-douaniers"> <span class="nb">2</span> <span class="mptitle">« On va se battre, M. 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