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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydrolysed_lecithin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrolysed_lecithin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hydrolysed lecithin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrolysed_lecithin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetically_modified_crops_as_a_source_of_lecithin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetically_modified_crops_as_a_source_of_lecithin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Genetically modified crops as a source of lecithin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetically_modified_crops_as_a_source_of_lecithin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Properties and applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties_and_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties and applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_additive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_additive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Food additive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_additive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_supplement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_supplement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dietary supplement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_supplement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Religious restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ليسيثين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليسيثين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="লেসিথিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেসিথিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лецитин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лецитин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitina" title="Lecitina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lecitina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithine" title="Lecithine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lecithine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsitiin" title="Letsitiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Letsitiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Λεκιθίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεκιθίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitina" title="Lecitina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lecitina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitino" title="Lecitino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lecitino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezitina" title="Lezitina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lezitina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لسیتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لسیتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9cithine" title="Lécithine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lécithine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitina" title="Lecitina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lecitina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%8B%9C%ED%8B%B4" title="레시틴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레시틴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լեցիտիններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեցիտիններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesitin" title="Lesitin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lesitin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesit%C3%ADn" title="Lesitín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lesitín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitina" title="Lecitina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lecitina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F" title="לציטין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לציטין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesitin" title="Lesitin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lesitin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithine" title="Lecithine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lecithine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="レシチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レシチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsinlar" title="Letsinlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Letsinlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecytyny" title="Lecytyny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lecytyny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitina" title="Lecitina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lecitina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin%C4%83" title="Lecitină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lecitină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Лецитины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лецитины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лецитин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лецитин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9sitin" title="Lésitin – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lésitin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesitiini" title="Lesitiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lesitiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecitin" title="Lecitin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lecitin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เลซิทิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลซิทิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesitin" title="Lesitin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lesitin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лецитин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лецитин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lecithin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B5%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82" title="卵磷脂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卵磷脂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q241595#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Generic term for amphiphilic substances of plant and animal origin</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">Lectin</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1-Oleoyl-2-almitoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/1-Oleoyl-2-almitoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png/300px-1-Oleoyl-2-almitoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/1-Oleoyl-2-almitoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png/450px-1-Oleoyl-2-almitoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/1-Oleoyl-2-almitoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png/600px-1-Oleoyl-2-almitoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Structural_Formulae_V.1.png 2x" data-file-width="3483" data-file-height="2317" /></a><figcaption>An example of a <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">phosphatidylcholine</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipid</a> in lecithin. Shown in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#800000">red</span> – <a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">choline</a> residue and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> group; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000000">black</span> – <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> residue; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#008000">green</span> – <a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Monounsaturated fatty acid">monounsaturated fatty acid</a> residue; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000080">blue</span> – <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fatty acid">saturated fatty acid</a> residue.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lecithin-Formulierungen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lecithin-Formulierungen.jpg/220px-Lecithin-Formulierungen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lecithin-Formulierungen.jpg/330px-Lecithin-Formulierungen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lecithin-Formulierungen.jpg/440px-Lecithin-Formulierungen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>The different forms of lecithin – powder, two different concentration liquids, granular and powder lecithin</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lecithin</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LESS</span>-ith-in</i></a>; from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λέκιθος</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">lékithos</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Yolk" title="Yolk">yolk</a>") is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">fatty</a> substances occurring in animal and plant tissues which are <a href="/wiki/Amphiphilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiphilic">amphiphilic</a> – they attract both water and fatty substances (and so are both <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipophilic">lipophilic</a>), and are used for smoothing food textures, <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsifying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homogenization_(chemistry)" title="Homogenization (chemistry)">homogenizing</a> liquid mixtures, and repelling sticking materials.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lecithins are mixtures of <a href="/wiki/Glycerophospholipid" title="Glycerophospholipid">glycerophospholipids</a> including <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">phosphatidylcholine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine" title="Phosphatidylethanolamine">phosphatidylethanolamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol" title="Phosphatidylinositol">phosphatidylinositol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylserine" title="Phosphatidylserine">phosphatidylserine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidic_acid" title="Phosphatidic acid">phosphatidic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lecithin was first isolated in 1845 by the French chemist and pharmacist <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Nicolas_Gobley" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Nicolas Gobley">Théodore Gobley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1850, he named the phosphatidylcholine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">lécithine</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gobley originally isolated lecithin from <a href="/wiki/Egg_yolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg yolk">egg yolk</a> and established the complete chemical formula of phosphatidylcholine in 1874;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in between, he demonstrated the presence of lecithin in a variety of biological materials, including <a href="/wiki/Venous_blood" title="Venous blood">venous blood</a>, human lungs, <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brains</a> of humans, sheep and chicken. </p><p>Lecithin can easily be extracted chemically using solvents such as <a href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">hexane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_ether" title="Petroleum ether">petroleum ether</a> or <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>; or extraction can be done mechanically. Common sources include egg yolk,<sup id="cite_ref-WebMD_on_lecithin_2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebMD_on_lecithin_2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marine foods, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WebMD_on_lecithin_2019_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebMD_on_lecithin_2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> milk, <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cottonseed" title="Cottonseed">cottonseed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">sunflower oil</a>. It has low <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a> in water, but is an excellent <a href="/wiki/Emulsifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifier">emulsifier</a>. In aqueous solution, its <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a> can form either <a href="/wiki/Liposome" title="Liposome">liposomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">bilayer sheets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micelle" title="Micelle">micelles</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lamellar_structure" title="Lamellar structure">lamellar structures</a>, depending on hydration and temperature. This results in a type of <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a> that usually is classified as <a href="/wiki/Amphipathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphipathic">amphipathic</a>. Lecithin is sold as a <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a>. In cooking, it is sometimes used as an emulsifier and to prevent sticking, for example in <a href="/wiki/Non-stick_cooking_spray" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-stick cooking spray">non-stick cooking spray</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecithin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial lecithin, as used by food manufacturers, is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_fats_and_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable fats and oils">oil</a>. The lecithin can be obtained by water degumming the extracted oil of seeds. It is a mixture of various phospholipids, and the composition depends on the origin of the lecithin. A major source of lecithin is <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">soybean oil</a>. Because of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> requirement to declare additions of allergens in foods, in addition to regulations regarding <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">genetically modified crops</a>, a gradual shift to other sources of lecithin (such as sunflower lecithin) is taking place.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main phospholipids in lecithin from soy and sunflower are <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">phosphatidylcholine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol" title="Phosphatidylinositol">phosphatidylinositol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine" title="Phosphatidylethanolamine">phosphatidylethanolamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylserine" title="Phosphatidylserine">phosphatidylserine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidic_acid" title="Phosphatidic acid">phosphatidic acid</a>. They are often abbreviated to PC, PI, PE, PS and PA, respectively. Purified phospholipids are produced by companies commercially.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrolysed_lecithin">Hydrolysed lecithin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecithin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hydrolysed lecithin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To modify the performance of lecithin to make it suitable for the product to which it is added, it may be hydrolysed enzymatically. In hydrolysed lecithins, a portion of the phospholipids have one fatty acid removed by <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase" title="Phospholipase">phospholipase</a>. Such phospholipids are called lysophospholipids. The most commonly used phospholipase is phospholipase A2, which removes the <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a> at the C2 position of glycerol. Lecithins may also be modified by a process called <a href="/wiki/Fractionation" title="Fractionation">fractionation</a>. During this process, lecithin is mixed with an alcohol, usually <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. Some phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, have good solubility in ethanol, whereas most other phospholipids do not dissolve well in ethanol. The ethanol is separated from the lecithin sludge, after which the ethanol is removed by evaporation to obtain a phosphatidylcholine-enriched lecithin fraction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetically_modified_crops_as_a_source_of_lecithin">Genetically modified crops as a source of lecithin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecithin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetically modified crops as a source of lecithin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As described above, lecithin is highly processed. Therefore, genetically modified (GM) <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> or <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> from the original <a href="/wiki/Genetically-modified_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically-modified crops">GM crop</a> from which it is derived often is undetectable – in other words, it is not substantially different from lecithin derived from non-GM crops.<sup id="cite_ref-MarxDissertation_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarxDissertation-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, consumer concerns about <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">genetically modified food</a> have extended to highly purified derivatives from GM food, such as lecithin.<sup id="cite_ref-Navigator_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navigator-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concern led to policy and regulatory changes in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> in 2000, when Commission Regulation (<a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">EC</a>) 50/2000 was passed<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which required <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_the_release_of_genetic_modified_organisms#Labeling_and_traceability" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms">labelling of food containing additives derived from GMOs</a>, including lecithin. Because it is nearly impossible to detect the origin of derivatives such as lecithin, the European regulations require those who wish to sell lecithin in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> to use a meticulous, but essential system of <a href="/wiki/Identity_preservation" title="Identity preservation">identity preservation</a> (IP).<sup id="cite_ref-MarxDissertation_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarxDissertation-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties_and_applications">Properties and applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecithin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Properties and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lecithin" title="Special:EditPage/Lecithin">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lecithin%22">"Lecithin"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lecithin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lecithin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lecithin%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lecithin%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lecithin%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lecitina_de_soja_en_Montevideo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lecitina_de_soja_en_Montevideo.jpg/220px-Lecitina_de_soja_en_Montevideo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lecitina_de_soja_en_Montevideo.jpg/330px-Lecitina_de_soja_en_Montevideo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lecitina_de_soja_en_Montevideo.jpg/440px-Lecitina_de_soja_en_Montevideo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="3118" /></a><figcaption>Soy lecithin for sale at a grocery store in Uruguay</figcaption></figure> <p>Lecithins have <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricant</a> properties, and are a <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a>. They can be completely <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Inositol" title="Inositol">inositol</a>) by humans, so are well tolerated by humans and <a href="/wiki/Nontoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontoxic">nontoxic</a> when ingested. </p><p>The major components of commercial soybean-derived lecithin are:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>33–35% soybean oil</li> <li>20–21% <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol" title="Phosphatidylinositol">phosphatidylinositols</a></li> <li>19–21% <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">phosphatidylcholine</a></li> <li>8–20% <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine" title="Phosphatidylethanolamine">phosphatidylethanolamine</a></li> <li>5–11% other <a href="/wiki/Phosphatide" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphatide">phosphatides</a> including <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylserine" title="Phosphatidylserine">phosphatidylserine</a></li> <li>5% free <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a></li> <li>2–5% <a href="/wiki/Sterol" title="Sterol">sterols</a></li> <li>1% moisture</li></ul> <p>Lecithin is used for applications in human food, animal feed, pharmaceuticals, paints, and other industrial applications. </p><p>Applications include: </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical industry</a>, it acts as a wetting agent, stabilizing agent and a choline enrichment carrier, helps in emulsification and encapsulation, and is a good dispersing agent. It can be used in manufacture of intravenous fat infusions and for therapeutic use.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Compound_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound feed">animal feed</a>, it enriches fat and protein and improves pelletization.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a> industry, it forms protective coatings for surfaces with painting and <a href="/wiki/Printing_ink" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing ink">printing ink</a>, helps as a <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a> inhibitor, is a colour intensifying agent, <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a>, conditioning aid modifier, and dispersing aid; it is a good stabilizing and suspending agent, emulsifier, and <a href="/wiki/Wetting_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetting agent">wetting agent</a>, helps in maintaining uniform mixture of several <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>, helps in grinding of <a href="/wiki/Metal_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal oxide">metal oxide</a> pigments, is a spreading and mixing aid, prevents hard settling of pigments, eliminates <a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">foam</a> in water-based paints, and helps in fast dispersion of <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>-based paints.</li> <li>Lecithin also may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Release_agent" title="Release agent">release agent</a> for <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>, an anti-sludge additive in motor lubricants, an anti-gumming agent in gasoline, and an emulsifier, spreading agent, and antioxidant in textile, rubber, and other industries.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_additive">Food additive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecithin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Food additive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nontoxicity of lecithin leads to its use with food, as a <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> or in food preparation. It is used commercially in foods requiring a natural emulsifier or lubricant. </p><p>In confectionery, it reduces viscosity, replaces more expensive ingredients, controls sugar crystallization and the flow properties of <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, helps in the homogeneous mixing of ingredients, improves shelf life for some products, and can be used as a coating. In emulsions and <a href="/wiki/Spread_(food)" title="Spread (food)">fat spreads</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">margarines</a> with a high <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> content of more than 75%, it stabilizes emulsions, reduces spattering (splashing and scattering of oil droplets) during <a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">frying</a>, improves texture of spreads and flavor release.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">doughs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a>, it reduces fat and egg requirements, helps even out distribution of ingredients in dough, stabilizes <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a>, increases volume, protects <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> cells in dough when frozen, and acts as a releasing agent to prevent sticking and simplify cleaning. It improves wetting properties of <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> powders (such as low-fat proteins) and <a href="/wiki/Lipophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipophilic">lipophilic</a> powders (such as <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoa powder">cocoa powder</a>), controls dust, and helps complete dispersion in water.<sup id="cite_ref-Riehm_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riehm-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lecithin keeps <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_solids" title="Cocoa solids">cocoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">cocoa butter</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bar" title="Chocolate bar">candy bar</a> from separating. It can be used as a component of <a href="/wiki/Cooking_spray" title="Cooking spray">cooking sprays</a> to prevent sticking and as a releasing agent. </p><p>In the EU Lecithin is designated at <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E322</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FSA5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSA5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dietary_supplement">Dietary supplement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecithin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dietary supplement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lecithin contains dietary precursors to <a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">choline</a>, an essential nutrient, which was formerly classified as a B vitamin (vitamin B<sub>4</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid36950691_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid36950691-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zeisel_SH,_da_Costa_KA_2009_615–23_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeisel_SH,_da_Costa_KA_2009_615–23-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lecithin is a mixture of fats that contains phospholipids, including phosphatidylcholine, and the human body can convert phosphatidylcholine into choline.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid672614_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid672614-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drugs-bf_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-bf-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7816350_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7816350-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choline content in lecithin can vary, but it's found that phosphatidylcholine makes up about 25 to 35 percent of lecithin. Furthermore, only about 12 percent of phosphatidylcholine is actually choline. This adds up to a choline content of approximately 4 percent for lecithin. For example, 10 grams of lecithin has 2,500mg of phosphatidylcholine.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7816350_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7816350-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid672614_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid672614-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phosphatidylcholine is approximately 13.7% choline; as such, about 342mg of choline is present per 10 grams of lecithin. Therefore, 10 grams of lecithin can be a source for the body to produce about the same amount of choline (342mg) as can be produced by the body from 2 egg yolks.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7816350_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7816350-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid672614_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid672614-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recommended intake of choline varies depending on age, sex, and physiological conditions, and is roughly 500 mg per day for adults.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lecithin is <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> (GRAS) by the FDA.<sup id="cite_ref-lactmed_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lactmed-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drugs-bf_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-bf-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no robust, scientifically validated clinical research investigating the safety and effectiveness of high-dose lecithin supplementation in lactating women and their infants. A meta-analysis found no evidence that high doses of lecithin improved milk flow in <a href="/wiki/Breast-feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast-feeding">breast-feeding</a> mothers or infants, though concluded that "higher maternal choline intake was likely to be associated with better child neurocognition and neurodevelopment."<sup id="cite_ref-lactmed_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lactmed-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drugs-bf_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-bf-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soy lecithin does not contain enough allergenic proteins for most people allergic to soy, although the US FDA only exempts a few soy lecithin products from its mandatory requirements for allergenic source labeling.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative source of lecithin, derived from sunflowers, is available as a dietary supplement for those with concerns about soy-based foods.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32368129_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32368129-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2003 review of randomized trials found no benefit of lecithin in people with <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_restrictions">Religious restrictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecithin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religious restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soy-derived lecithin is considered by some to be <i><a href="/wiki/Kitniyot" title="Kitniyot">kitniyot</a></i> and prohibited on <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> when many grain-based foods are forbidden, but not at other times. This does not necessarily affect <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a>, who do not have the same restrictions on rice and <i>kitniyot</i> during Passover.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> are not forbidden to eat lecithin per se; however, since it may be derived from animal as well as plant sources, care must be taken to ensure the source is <a href="/wiki/Halal#Foods" title="Halal">halal</a>. Lecithin derived from plants and egg yolks is permissible, as is that derived from animals slaughtered according to the rules of <i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">dhabihah</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sunflower lecithin, sourced from the seeds of sunflowers, is entirely plant-based and may be an option for those with religious or cultural concerns regarding food intake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecithin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phytosome" title="Phytosome">Phytosome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecithin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lecithin">"Lecithin"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster Dictionary Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210956/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lecithin">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=Lecithin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Flecithin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecithin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzuha1989" class="citation book cs1">Szuha BF (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_2Vgsk7o9LsC&pg=PA109">"Chapter 7"</a>. <i>Lecithins: Sources, Manufacture & Uses</i>. The American Oil Chemist's Society. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935315-27-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-935315-27-6"><bdi>0-935315-27-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7&rft.btitle=Lecithins%3A+Sources%2C+Manufacture+%26+Uses&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=The+American+Oil+Chemist%27s+Society&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-935315-27-6&rft.aulast=Szuha&rft.aufirst=Bernard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_2Vgsk7o9LsC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecithin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithHong-Shum2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith J, Hong-Shum L, eds. (2011). <i>Food Additives Data Book</i> (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9773-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9773-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-9773-4</bdi></a>. <q>Complex mixture of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, glycolipids, etc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Additives+Data+Book&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=334&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-9773-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecithin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGobley1846" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gobley T (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DC04AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA84">"Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'œuf"</a> [Chemical researches on egg yolk]. <i>Journal de Pharmacie et de Chemie</i>. 3rd series (in French). <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">81–</span>91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Pharmacie+et+de+Chemie&rft.atitle=Recherches+chimiques+sur+le+jaune+d%27%C5%93uf&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Gobley&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A9odore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDC04AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecithin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGobley1850" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gobley T (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQVCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA411">"Recherches chimiques sur les œufs de carpe"</a> [Chemical researches on carp eggs]. <i>Journal de Pharmacie et de Chemie</i>. 3rd series (in French). <b>17</b>: <span class="nowrap">401–</span>430. <q><i>Je propose de donner au premier le nom de </i>Lécithine<i> (de λεκιθος, jaune d'œuf), parce qu'on le rencontre en grande quantité dans le jaune d'œuf</i> ... (I propose to give to the former the name of <i>lecithin</i> (from λεκιθος, egg yolk), because it is encountered in great quantity in egg yolk ... )</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Pharmacie+et+de+Chemie&rft.atitle=Recherches+chimiques+sur+les+%C5%93ufs+de+carpe&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E430&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Gobley&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A9odore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQVCAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecithin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGobley1874" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gobley T (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ypdGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA346">"Sur la lécithine et la cérébrine"</a> [On lecithin and cerebrin]. <i>Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie</i>. 4th series (in French). <b>19</b>: <span class="nowrap">346–</span>353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Pharmacie+et+de+Chimie&rft.atitle=Sur+la+l%C3%A9cithine+et+la+c%C3%A9r%C3%A9brine&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E346-%3C%2Fspan%3E353&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Gobley&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A9odore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DypdGAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecithin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WebMD_on_lecithin_2019-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WebMD_on_lecithin_2019_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WebMD_on_lecithin_2019_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-966/lecithin">"Lecithin: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning"</a>. <i>WebMD</i>. 2019-01-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190618051017/https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-966/lecithin">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=Lecithin%3A+Uses%2C+Side+Effects%2C+Interactions%2C+Dosage%2C+and+Warning&rft.date=2019-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fvitamins%2Fai%2Fingredientmono-966%2Flecithin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecithin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEfting2021" class="citation web cs1">Efting M (August 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodbeverageinsider.com/fats-oils/sunflower-lecithin-formidable-emulsifier">"Emulsifier alternative: sunflower lecithin"</a>. <i>Food & Beverage Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724222511/https://www.foodbeverageinsider.com/fats-oils/sunflower-lecithin-formidable-emulsifier">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2023</span>. <q>Sunflower lecithin is a promising alternative to the more common soybean lecithin, and could face increased demand from suppliers as a non-GMO product.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+%26+Beverage+Insider&rft.atitle=Emulsifier+alternative%3A+sunflower+lecithin&rft.date=2021-08-03&rft.aulast=Efting&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodbeverageinsider.com%2Ffats-oils%2Fsunflower-lecithin-formidable-emulsifier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecithin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarxDissertation-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarxDissertation_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarxDissertation_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Marx GM (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109042604/http://etd.uovs.ac.za/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-10042011-094627/unrestricted/MarxGM.pdf"><i>Monitoring of genetically modified food products in South Africa</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). 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Drugs and Lactation Database, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 20 September 2021. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30000831">30000831</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161909/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30000831/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment". <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>3</b> (3): CD001015. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001015">10.1002/14651858.CD001015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917896">12917896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Lecithin+for+dementia+and+cognitive+impairment&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD001015&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD001015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12917896&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Flicker%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALecithin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Reb Yehonatan Levy, Shomer Kashrut Mashgiach - based upon halachic rulings of CRC - Chicago Rabbinic Council, and from shiurim/lessons by Rabbi D. Raccah on "Pesach Preparations" following commentary from former Rishon-LeTzion Rav Ovadia Yosef). OK Kosher Certification, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okkosher.com/Content.asp?ID=172">Keeping Kosher for Pesach.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315173355/http://www.okkosher.com/Content.asp?ID=172">Archived</a> 2012-03-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on September 10, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America FAQ, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifanca.org/faq/#lecithin">IFANCA: Consumer FAQ</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123122312/http://www.ifanca.org/faq/#lecithin">Archived</a> 2011-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on July 7, 2010. The practice of consuming Halal products is not widespread among Muslims, the practice is common with Muslims who follow Sharia laws.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lecithin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.chemie.uni-erlangen.de/services/dissonline/data/dissertation/Christoph_Wabel/html/Chapter1.html">Introduction to Lecithin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013920/http://www2.chemie.uni-erlangen.de/services/dissonline/data/dissertation/Christoph_Wabel/html/Chapter1.html">Archived</a> 2020-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Erlangen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Erlangen">University of Erlangen</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117012303/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/soyguid.html">FDA Industry guideline for soy lecithin labeling</a></li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elma-eu.org">European Lecithin Manufacturers Association official website</a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShurtleffAoyagi2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Shurtleff" title="William Shurtleff">Shurtleff W</a>, Aoyagi A (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soyinfocenter.com/books/193"><i>History of Lecithin and Phospholipids (1850-2016): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook</i></a>. Lafayette, CA: Soyinfo Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-928914-86-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-928914-86-0"><bdi>978-1-928914-86-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dietary_supplement" title="Template talk:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dietary_supplements155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Dietary supplements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_bar" title="Energy bar">Energy bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Fatty acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">Prebiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">Probiotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium">Bifidobacterium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_supplement" title="Protein supplement">Protein supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">chemical elements<br /> ("minerals")</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Retinol (Vitamin A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<sub>1</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<sub>2</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<sub>3</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<sub>5</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Pyridoxine (B<sub>6</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin (B<sub>7</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid (B<sub>9</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Cyanocobalamin (B<sub>12</sub>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Tocopherol (Vitamin E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_supplement" title="Calcium supplement">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other common <br />ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_alpha-ketoglutarate" title="Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate">AAKG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Hydroxy_beta-methylbutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid">β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">Carnitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">Chondroitin sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_gluconate" title="Copper gluconate">Copper gluconate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinacea#Medicinal_effects" title="Echinacea">Echinacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">Glucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_extract" title="Grape seed extract">Grape seed extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarana" title="Guarana">Guarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_supplement" title="Iron supplement">Iron supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonicera_japonica" title="Lonicera japonica">Japanese honeysuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoic_acid" title="Lipoic acid">Lipoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silybum_marianum#Health_benefits" title="Silybum marianum">Milk thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_(supplement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melatonin (supplement)">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_yeast_rice" title="Red yeast rice">Red yeast rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)" title="Spirulina (dietary supplement)">Spirulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum#Medicinal_uses" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatgrass" title="Wheatgrass">Wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji" title="Goji">Wolfberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">Zinc gluconate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyte" title="Enzyte">Enzyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadacol" title="Hadacol">Hadacol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutraceutical" title="Nutraceutical">Nutraceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin">Multivitamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acetylcholine_receptor_modulators127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Acetylcholine_receptor_modulators127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptor" title="Acetylcholine receptor">Acetylcholine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators859" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators859" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors"><abbr title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors">mAChRs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_agonist" title="Muscarinic agonist">Agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/77-LH-28-1" title="77-LH-28-1">77-LH-28-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-42" title="AC-42">AC-42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AC-260,584&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AC-260,584 (page does not exist)">AC-260,584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceclidine" title="Aceclidine">Aceclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AF30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AF30 (page does not exist)">AF30</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AF150(S)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AF150(S) (page does not exist)">AF150(S)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AF267B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AF267B (page does not exist)">AF267B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvameline" title="Alvameline">Alvameline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AQRA-741&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AQRA-741 (page does not exist)">AQRA-741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethanechol" title="Bethanechol">Bethanechol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrylcholine" title="Butyrylcholine">Butyrylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0034&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0034 (page does not exist)">CDD-0034</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0078&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0078 (page does not exist)">CDD-0078</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0097&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0097 (page does not exist)">CDD-0097</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0098&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0098 (page does not exist)">CDD-0098</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0102 (page does not exist)">CDD-0102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cevimeline" title="Cevimeline">Cevimeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Dioxolane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cis-Dioxolane">cis-Dioxolane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylclozapine" title="Desmethylclozapine">Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethoxysebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethoxysebacylcholine (page does not exist)">Ethoxysebacylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itameline" title="Itameline">Itameline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-593,039&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-593,039 (page does not exist)">LY-593,039</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-689,660&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-689,660 (page does not exist)">L-689,660</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2,033,298&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2,033,298 (page does not exist)">LY-2,033,298</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McNA343&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McNA343 (page does not exist)">McNA343</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methacholine" title="Methacholine">Methacholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milameline" title="Milameline">Milameline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarine" title="Muscarine">Muscarine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGX-267&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGX-267 (page does not exist)">NGX-267</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocvimeline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocvimeline (page does not exist)">Ocvimeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxotremorine" title="Oxotremorine">Oxotremorine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-151,832&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-151,832 (page does not exist)">PD-151,832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilocarpine" title="Pilocarpine">Pilocarpine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS86 (page does not exist)">RS86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabcomeline" title="Sabcomeline">Sabcomeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDZ_210-086&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDZ 210-086 (page does not exist)">SDZ 210-086</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebacylcholine (page does not exist)">Sebacylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suberyldicholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suberyldicholine (page does not exist)">Suberyldicholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talsaclidine" title="Talsaclidine">Talsaclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazomeline" title="Tazomeline">Tazomeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiopilocarpine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiopilocarpine (page does not exist)">Thiopilocarpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaclidine" title="Vedaclidine">Vedaclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-0029767&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-0029767 (page does not exist)">VU-0029767</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-0090157&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-0090157 (page does not exist)">VU-0090157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VU-0152099" title="VU-0152099">VU-0152099</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VU-0152100" title="VU-0152100">VU-0152100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VU-0238429" title="VU-0238429">VU-0238429</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAY-132,983&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WAY-132,983 (page does not exist)">WAY-132,983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanomeline" title="Xanomeline">Xanomeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-796&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-796 (page does not exist)">YM-796</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonist" title="Muscarinic antagonist">Antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate" title="3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate">3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-DAMP" title="4-DAMP">4-DAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aclidinium_bromide" title="Aclidinium bromide">Aclidinium bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aclidinium_bromide/formoterol" title="Aclidinium bromide/formoterol">+formoterol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abediterol" title="Abediterol">Abediterol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AF-DX_250&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AF-DX 250 (page does not exist)">AF-DX 250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AFDX-384" title="AFDX-384">AF-DX 384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambutonium_bromide" title="Ambutonium bromide">Ambutonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisodamine" title="Anisodamine">Anisodamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisodine" title="Anisodine">Anisodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-generation_antihistamine" class="mw-redirect" title="First-generation antihistamine">Antihistamines (first-generation)</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">brompheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buclizine" title="Buclizine">buclizine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">captodiame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">cinnarizine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">clemastine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">cyproheptadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">dimenhydrinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimetindene" title="Dimetindene">dimetindene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxylamine" title="Doxylamine">doxylamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meclizine" title="Meclizine">meclizine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mequitazine" title="Mequitazine">mequitazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">perlapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenindamine" title="Phenindamine">phenindamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">pheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine" title="Phenyltoloxamine">phenyltoloxamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">promethazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propiomazine" title="Propiomazine">propiomazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triprolidine" title="Triprolidine">triprolidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AQ-RA_741&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AQ-RA 741 (page does not exist)">AQ-RA 741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropine_methonitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Atropine methonitrate">Atropine methonitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">fluperlapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine" title="Olanzapine/fluoxetine">+fluoxetine</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rilapine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rilapine (page does not exist)">rilapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenilapine" title="Tenilapine">tenilapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">zotepine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benactyzine" title="Benactyzine">Benactyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzatropine" title="Benzatropine">Benzatropine (benztropine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzilone" title="Benzilone">Benzilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzilylcholine_mustard" title="Benzilylcholine mustard">Benzilylcholine mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevonium" title="Bevonium">Bevonium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BIBN_99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIBN 99 (page does not exist)">BIBN 99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biperiden" title="Biperiden">Biperiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornaprine" title="Bornaprine">Bornaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camylofin" title="Camylofin">Camylofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-226,086" title="CAR-226,086">CAR-226,086</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-301,060" title="CAR-301,060">CAR-301,060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,196" title="CAR-302,196">CAR-302,196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,282" title="CAR-302,282">CAR-302,282</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAR-302,368&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAR-302,368 (page does not exist)">CAR-302,368</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAR-302,537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAR-302,537 (page does not exist)">CAR-302,537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,668" title="CAR-302,668">CAR-302,668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramiphen" title="Caramiphen">Caramiphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetropium_bromide" title="Cimetropium bromide">Cimetropium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clidinium_bromide" title="Clidinium bromide">Clidinium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloperastine" title="Cloperastine">Cloperastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS-27349" title="CS-27349">CS-27349</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">Cyclobenzaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentolate" title="Cyclopentolate">Cyclopentolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darifenacin" title="Darifenacin">Darifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DAU-5884&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAU-5884 (page does not exist)">DAU-5884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desfesoterodine" title="Desfesoterodine">Desfesoterodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexetimide" title="Dexetimide">Dexetimide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIBD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIBD (page does not exist)">DIBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicycloverine" title="Dicycloverine">Dicycloverine (dicyclomine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihexyverine" title="Dihexyverine">Dihexyverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difemerine" title="Difemerine">Difemerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphemanil_metilsulfate" title="Diphemanil metilsulfate">Diphemanil metilsulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditran" title="Ditran">Ditran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drofenine" title="Drofenine">Drofenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3167" title="EA-3167">EA-3167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3443" title="EA-3443">EA-3443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3580" title="EA-3580">EA-3580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3834" title="EA-3834">EA-3834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emepronium_bromide" title="Emepronium bromide">Emepronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etanautine" title="Etanautine">Etanautine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etybenzatropine" title="Etybenzatropine">Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenpiverinium" title="Fenpiverinium">Fenpiverinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentonium_bromide" title="Fentonium bromide">Fentonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fesoterodine" title="Fesoterodine">Fesoterodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavoxate" title="Flavoxate">Flavoxate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Glycopyrronium bromide">Glycopyrronium bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium bromide">+beclometasone/formoterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indacaterol/glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide">+indacaterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neostigmine/glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Neostigmine/glycopyrronium bromide">+neostigmine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexahydrodifenidol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexahydrodifenidol (page does not exist)">Hexahydrodifenidol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexahydrosiladifenidol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexahydrosiladifenidol (page does not exist)">Hexahydrosiladifenidol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexbutinol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexbutinol (page does not exist)">Hexbutinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexocyclium" title="Hexocyclium">Hexocyclium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbacine" title="Himbacine">Himbacine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HL-031,120&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HL-031,120 (page does not exist)">HL-031,120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homatropine" title="Homatropine">Homatropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidafenacin" title="Imidafenacin">Imidafenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipratropium_bromide" title="Ipratropium bromide">Ipratropium bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ipratropium_bromide/salbutamol" title="Ipratropium bromide/salbutamol">+salbutamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropamide" title="Isopropamide">Isopropamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J-104,129&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J-104,129 (page does not exist)">J-104,129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamine" title="Hyoscyamine">Hyoscyamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba#Mamba_toxins" title="Mamba">Mamba toxin 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba#Mamba_toxins" title="Mamba">Mamba toxin 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaticol" title="Mazaticol">Mazaticol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebeverine" title="Mebeverine">Mebeverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meladrazine" title="Meladrazine">Meladrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepenzolate" title="Mepenzolate">Mepenzolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methantheline" title="Methantheline">Methantheline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoctramine" title="Methoctramine">Methoctramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylatropine" title="Methylatropine">Methylatropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhomatropine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylhomatropine">Methylhomatropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylscopolamine_bromide" title="Methylscopolamine bromide">Methylscopolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metixene" title="Metixene">Metixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_toxin_7" title="Muscarinic toxin 7">Muscarinic toxin 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate" title="N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate">N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate" title="N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate">N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatropine_methylbromide" title="Octatropine methylbromide">Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otenzepad" title="Otenzepad">Otenzepad (AF-DX 116)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otilonium_bromide" title="Otilonium bromide">Otilonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxapium_iodide" title="Oxapium iodide">Oxapium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxitropium_bromide" title="Oxitropium bromide">Oxitropium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxybutynin" title="Oxybutynin">Oxybutynin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphencyclimine" title="Oxyphencyclimine">Oxyphencyclimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphenonium_bromide" title="Oxyphenonium bromide">Oxyphenonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PBID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PBID (page does not exist)">PBID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-102,807" title="PD-102,807">PD-102,807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-0298029" title="PD-0298029">PD-0298029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthienate" title="Penthienate">Penthienate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PFHHSiD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PFHHSiD (page does not exist)">pFHHSiD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenglutarimide" title="Phenglutarimide">Phenglutarimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine" title="Phenyltoloxamine">Phenyltoloxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipenzolate_bromide" title="Pipenzolate bromide">Pipenzolate bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperidolate" title="Piperidolate">Piperidolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirenzepine" title="Pirenzepine">Pirenzepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroheptine" title="Piroheptine">Piroheptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizotifen" title="Pizotifen">Pizotifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poldine" title="Poldine">Poldine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridinol" title="Pridinol">Pridinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prifinium_bromide" title="Prifinium bromide">Prifinium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procyclidine" title="Procyclidine">Procyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profenamine" title="Profenamine">Profenamine (ethopropazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propantheline_bromide" title="Propantheline bromide">Propantheline bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiverine" title="Propiverine">Propiverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_thiochromane-4-carboxylate" title="3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate">3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revefenacin" title="Revefenacin">Revefenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rociverine" title="Rociverine">Rociverine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-47,213&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-47,213 (page does not exist)">RU-47,213</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCH-57,790&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCH-57,790 (page does not exist)">SCH-57,790</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCH-72,788&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCH-72,788 (page does not exist)">SCH-72,788</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCH-217,443&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCH-217,443 (page does not exist)">SCH-217,443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine">Scopolamine (hyoscine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_butylbromide" title="Hyoscine butylbromide">Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silahexacyclium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silahexacyclium (page does not exist)">Silahexacyclium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofpironium_bromide" title="Sofpironium bromide">Sofpironium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solifenacin" title="Solifenacin">Solifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SSRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Femoxetine" title="Femoxetine">femoxetine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenzepine" title="Telenzepine">Telenzepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">maprotiline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiemonium_iodide" title="Tiemonium iodide">Tiemonium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timepidium_bromide" title="Timepidium bromide">Timepidium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiotropium_bromide" title="Tiotropium bromide">Tiotropium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiquizium_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiquizium bromide (page does not exist)">Tiquizium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofenacin" title="Tofenacin">Tofenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolterodine" title="Tolterodine">Tolterodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline/perphenazine" title="Amitriptyline/perphenazine">+perphenazine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Amitriptylinoxide" title="Amitriptylinoxide">amitriptylinoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butriptyline" title="Butriptyline">butriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cidoxepin" title="Cidoxepin">cidoxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">desipramine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desmethyldesipramine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desmethyldesipramine (page does not exist)">desmethyldesipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dibenzepin" title="Dibenzepin">dibenzepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">dosulepin (dothiepin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">doxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lofepramine" title="Lofepramine">lofepramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitroxazepine" title="Nitroxazepine">nitroxazepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northiaden" title="Northiaden">northiaden (desmethyldosulepin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protriptyline" title="Protriptyline">protriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinupramine" title="Quinupramine">quinupramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">trimipramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridihexethyl" title="Tridihexethyl">Tridihexethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihexyphenidyl" title="Trihexyphenidyl">Trihexyphenidyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimebutine" title="Trimebutine">Trimebutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripitamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripitamine">Tripitamine (tripitramine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropacine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropacine (page does not exist)">Tropacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropatepine" title="Tropatepine">Tropatepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicamide" title="Tropicamide">Tropicamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trospium_chloride" title="Trospium chloride">Trospium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">chlorprothixene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyamemazine" title="Cyamemazine">cyamemazine (cyamepromazine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesoridazine" title="Mesoridazine">mesoridazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umeclidinium_bromide" title="Umeclidinium bromide">Umeclidinium bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Umeclidinium_bromide/vilanterol" title="Umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol">+vilanterol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN-2299" title="WIN-2299">WIN-2299</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanomeline" title="Xanomeline">Xanomeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamifenacin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zamifenacin (page does not exist)">Zamifenacin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursors</a><br /><small>(and <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetyl-coA" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl-coA">Acetyl-coA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adafenoxate" title="Adafenoxate">Adafenoxate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">lecithin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citicoline" title="Citicoline">Citicoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylethanolamine" title="Dimethylethanolamine">Dimethylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerophosphocholine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerophosphocholine">Glycerophosphocholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenoxate" title="Meclofenoxate">Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">Phosphatidylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine" title="Phosphatidylethanolamine">Phosphatidylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorylcholine" title="Phosphorylcholine">Phosphorylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirisudanol" title="Pirisudanol">Pirisudanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators">Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators">Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators859" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators859" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors"><abbr title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors">nAChRs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptor agonist">Agonists</a><br />(and <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulators"><abbr title="positive allosteric modulators">PAMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip positive allosteric modulators</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-Hydroxyindoleacetic_acid" title="5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid">5-HIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Chloronicotine" title="6-Chloronicotine">6-Chloronicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-84,543" title="A-84,543">A-84,543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-366,833" title="A-366,833">A-366,833</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-582,941&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-582,941 (page does not exist)">A-582,941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-867,744&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-867,744 (page does not exist)">A-867,744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-202" title="ABT-202">ABT-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-418" title="ABT-418">ABT-418</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-560&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-560 (page does not exist)">ABT-560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-894&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-894 (page does not exist)">ABT-894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altinicline" title="Altinicline">Altinicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabasine" title="Anabasine">Anabasine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatabine" title="Anatabine">Anatabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-R17779" title="AR-R17779">AR-R17779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bephenium_hydroxynaphthoate" title="Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate">Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butinoline" title="Butinoline">Butinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrylcholine" title="Butyrylcholine">Butyrylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_m-bromophenyl_ether" title="Choline m-bromophenyl ether">Choline m-bromophenyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotinine" title="Cotinine">Cotinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytisine" title="Cytisine">Cytisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decamethonium" title="Decamethonium">Decamethonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desformylflustrabromine" title="Desformylflustrabromine">Desformylflustrabromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianicline" title="Dianicline">Dianicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylphenylpiperazinium" title="Dimethylphenylpiperazinium">Dimethylphenylpiperazinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiboxidine" title="Epiboxidine">Epiboxidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethoxysebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethoxysebacylcholine (page does not exist)">Ethoxysebacylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EVP-4473&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVP-4473 (page does not exist)">EVP-4473</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVP-6124" class="mw-redirect" title="EVP-6124">EVP-6124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">Galantamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTS-21" title="GTS-21">GTS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispronicline" title="Ispronicline">Ispronicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-39393406" title="JNJ-39393406">JNJ-39393406</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levamisole" title="Levamisole">Levamisole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MEM-63,908&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEM-63,908 (page does not exist)">MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morantel" title="Morantel">Morantel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NS-1738&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NS-1738 (page does not exist)">NS-1738</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHA-543,613" title="PHA-543,613">PHA-543,613</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PHA-709,829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PHA-709,829 (page does not exist)">PHA-709,829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-120,596" title="PNU-120,596">PNU-120,596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-282,987" title="PNU-282,987">PNU-282,987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozanicline" title="Pozanicline">Pozanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrantel" title="Pyrantel">Pyrantel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivanicline" title="Rivanicline">Rivanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RJR-2429" title="RJR-2429">RJR-2429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazetidine_A" title="Sazetidine A">Sazetidine A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-206553" title="SB-206553">SB-206553</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebacylcholine (page does not exist)">Sebacylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIB-1508Y" class="mw-redirect" title="SIB-1508Y">SIB-1508Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIB-1553A" title="SIB-1553A">SIB-1553A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSR-180,711" title="SSR-180,711">SSR-180,711</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suberyldicholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suberyldicholine (page does not exist)">Suberyldicholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suxamethonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Suxamethonium">Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suxethonium_chloride" title="Suxethonium chloride">Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-1698" title="TC-1698">TC-1698</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TC-1734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TC-1734 (page does not exist)">TC-1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-1827" title="TC-1827">TC-1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-2216" title="TC-2216">TC-2216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-5214" class="mw-redirect" title="TC-5214">TC-5214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-5619" class="mw-redirect" title="TC-5619">TC-5619</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TC-6683&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TC-6683 (page does not exist)">TC-6683</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebanicline" title="Tebanicline">Tebanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribendimidine" title="Tribendimidine">Tribendimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropisetron" title="Tropisetron">Tropisetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB-165" title="UB-165">UB-165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenicline" title="Varenicline">Varenicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-317,538" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-317,538">WAY-317,538</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XY-4083&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XY-4083 (page does not exist)">XY-4083</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonists</a><br />(and <a href="/wiki/Negative_allosteric_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative allosteric modulators"><abbr title="negative allosteric modulators">NAMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip negative allosteric modulators</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18-Methylaminocoronaridine" title="18-Methylaminocoronaridine">18-MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Neurotoxin" title="Α-Neurotoxin">α-Neurotoxins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-bungarotoxin">α-bungarotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-cobratoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-cobratoxin">α-cobratoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-conotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-conotoxin">α-conotoxin</a>, many others)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-126&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-126 (page does not exist)">ABT-126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcuronium">Alcuronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatruxonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatruxonium (page does not exist)">Anatruxonium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AQW051&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AQW051 (page does not exist)">AQW051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atracurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Atracurium">Atracurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNC-210" title="BNC-210">BNC-210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-bungarotoxin">α-bungarotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Κ-bungarotoxin">κ-bungarotoxin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW284C51" title="BW284C51">BW284C51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW-A444" title="BW-A444">BW-A444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candocuronium_iodide" title="Candocuronium iodide">Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorisondamine" title="Chlorisondamine">Chlorisondamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisatracurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisatracurium">Cisatracurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coclaurine" title="Coclaurine">Coclaurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronaridine" title="Coronaridine">Coronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curare" title="Curare">Curare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacuronium_bromide" title="Dacuronium bromide">Dacuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decamethonium" title="Decamethonium">Decamethonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydronorketamine" title="Dehydronorketamine">Dehydronorketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diadonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadonium (page does not exist)">Diadonium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydro-beta-erythroidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydro-beta-erythroidine (page does not exist)">DHβE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrochandonium" title="Dihydrochandonium">Dihydrochandonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltubocurarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltubocurarine">Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscorine" title="Dioscorine">Dioscorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrandium" title="Dipyrandium">Dipyrandium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine (MK-801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxacurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxacurium">Doxacurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encenicline" title="Encenicline">Encenicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythravine" title="Erythravine">Erythravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazadinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazadinium">Fazadinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallamine">Gallamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gantacurium_chloride" title="Gantacurium chloride">Gantacurium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexafluronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexafluronium">Hexafluronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexamethonium" title="Hexamethonium">Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxynorketamine" title="Hydroxynorketamine">Hydroxynorketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Laudexium">Laudexium (laudolissin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethadone" title="Levomethadone">Levomethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malouetine" title="Malouetine">Malouetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyethyl-18-methoxycoronaridinate" title="2-Methoxyethyl-18-methoxycoronaridinate">ME-18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecamylamine" title="Mecamylamine">Mecamylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Methorphan (racemethorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyllycaconitine" title="Methyllycaconitine">Methyllycaconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metocurine" title="Metocurine">Metocurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mivacurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mivacurium">Mivacurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphanol">Morphanol (racemorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neramexane" title="Neramexane">Neramexane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancuronium_bromide" title="Pancuronium bromide">Pancuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pempidine" title="Pempidine">Pempidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamine" title="Pentamine">Pentamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentolinium" title="Pentolinium">Pentolinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipecuronium_bromide" title="Pipecuronium bromide">Pipecuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapacuronium_bromide" title="Rapacuronium bromide">Rapacuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboxetine" title="Reboxetine">Reboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocuronium_bromide" title="Rocuronium bromide">Rocuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stercuronium_iodide" title="Stercuronium iodide">Stercuronium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surugatoxin" title="Surugatoxin">Surugatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocolchicoside" title="Thiocolchicoside">Thiocolchicoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxiferine" title="Toxiferine">Toxiferine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimetaphan_camsilate" title="Trimetaphan camsilate">Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropeinium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropeinium (page does not exist)">Tropeinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubocurarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubocurarine">Tubocurarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecuronium_bromide" title="Vecuronium bromide">Vecuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursors</a><br /><small>(and <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetyl-coA" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl-coA">Acetyl-coA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adafenoxate" title="Adafenoxate">Adafenoxate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">lecithin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citicoline" title="Citicoline">Citicoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylethanolamine" title="Dimethylethanolamine">Dimethylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerophosphocholine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerophosphocholine">Glycerophosphocholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenoxate" title="Meclofenoxate">Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">Phosphatidylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine" title="Phosphatidylethanolamine">Phosphatidylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorylcholine" title="Phosphorylcholine">Phosphorylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirisudanol" title="Pirisudanol">Pirisudanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators">Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators">Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241595#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata853" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241595#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata853" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241595#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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