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data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard Lynn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Lynn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Lynn" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard Lynn" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ریچارد لین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد لین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Lynn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%EB%A6%B0" title="리처드 린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리처드 린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard Lynn" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ריצ'רד לין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד לין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard Lynn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Lynn" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Линн, Ричард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Линн, Ричард" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to editing disputes"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics:_A_Reassessment&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics: A Reassessment">Eugenics: A Reassessment</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British psychologist noted for his views on race and intelligence (1930–2023)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Richard Lynn</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Prof-Richard-Lynn-7635-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Prof-Richard-Lynn-7635-2.jpg/250px-Prof-Richard-Lynn-7635-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Prof-Richard-Lynn-7635-2.jpg/330px-Prof-Richard-Lynn-7635-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Prof-Richard-Lynn-7635-2.jpg/500px-Prof-Richard-Lynn-7635-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2231" data-file-height="2286" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Lynn in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1930-02-20)20 February 1930 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 2023(2023-07-00) (aged 93)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Research concerning <a href="/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">race and intelligence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Susan Maher</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1956; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1978)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Susan Hampson</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1990; died 1998)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Joyce Walters</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2004)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harland" title="Sydney Harland">Sydney Harland</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" />Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Institute" title="Economic and Social Research Institute">Economic and Social Research Institute</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Richard Lynn (20 February 1930 – July 2023) was a controversial English psychologist and self-described "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racist</a>"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> who advocated for a genetic relationship between <a href="/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">race and intelligence</a>. He was the editor-in-chief of <a href="/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly" title="Mankind Quarterly">Mankind Quarterly</a>, a <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a> journal.<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a> He was lecturer in psychology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a> and professor of psychology at the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Institute" title="Economic and Social Research Institute">Economic and Social Research Institute</a>, Dublin, and at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ulster_at_Coleraine" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ulster at Coleraine">University of Ulster at Coleraine</a>. Lynn was a professor <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">emeritus</a> of psychology at <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>, but had the title withdrawn by the university in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[7]</a> Many scientists criticised Lynn's work for lacking scientific rigour, misrepresenting data, and for promoting a racialist political agenda.<a href="#cite_note-16">[b]</a> Lynn was associated with a network of academics and organisations that promote scientific racism.<a href="#cite_note-26">[c]</a> He had also advocated fringe positions regarding <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_intelligence" title="Sex differences in intelligence">sexual differences in intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-27">[24]</a> In two books co-written with <a href="/wiki/Tatu_Vanhanen" title="Tatu Vanhanen">Tatu Vanhanen</a>, Lynn and Vanhanen argued that differences in developmental indexes among various nations are partially caused by the average <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">IQ</a> of their citizens. <a href="/wiki/Earl_B._Hunt" title="Earl B. Hunt">Earl Hunt</a> and Werner Wittmann (2008) questioned the validity of their research methods and the highly inconsistent quality of the available data points that Lynn and Vanhanen used in their analysis.<a href="#cite_note-Hunt,_E._2008_pp._1-9-9">[8]</a> Lynn also argued that a high fertility rate among individuals of low IQ constitutes a major threat to Western civilisation, as he believed people with low IQ scores will eventually outnumber high-IQ individuals. He argued in favour of <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">anti-immigration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> policies, provoking heavy criticism internationally.<a href="#cite_note-Kamin-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-valone-11">[10]</a> Lynn's work was among the main sources cited in the book <a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve" title="The Bell Curve">The Bell Curve</a>, and he was one of 52 scientists who signed an opinion piece in the Wall Street Journal entitled "<a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Science_on_Intelligence" title="Mainstream Science on Intelligence">Mainstream Science on Intelligence</a>",<a href="#cite_note-gottfredson-29">[26]</a> which endorsed a number of the views presented in the book. He was also on the board of the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Fund" title="Pioneer Fund">Pioneer Fund</a>, which funds Mankind Quarterly and has also been described as <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kincheloe-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-6">[6]</a> He was on the editorial board of the journal <a href="/wiki/Personality_and_Individual_Differences" title="Personality and Individual Differences">Personality and Individual Differences</a> until 2019.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> Richard Lynn's father was <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cross_Harland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Cross Harland">Sydney Cross Harland</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (1891–1982), an agricultural botanist and geneticist, who had lived and worked in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> extensively, establishing himself as an expert in cotton genetics. Lynn's mother Ann Freeman (1905–1964) was originally brought up in Trinidad and then educated at <a href="/wiki/Talbot_Heath_School" title="Talbot Heath School">Bournemouth Girls' High School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harrogate_Ladies%27_College" title="Harrogate Ladies' College">Harrogate Ladies' College</a>, and had moved back to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> to act as housekeeper for Harland. Harland was a close colleague of Ann Freeman's father — the director of agriculture in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> — but was still married to his first wife Emily. After a liaison in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> between Harland and Freeman in 1929,<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> his mother crossed the Atlantic to resettle near to her parents in <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>, where Lynn was born on 20 February 1930.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Memoirs-33">[30]</a> In <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, his mother raised him as a <a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">single parent</a> during his childhood and adolescence. In 1949, after his father returned to Britain as professor of genetics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, he met up with him roughly every year; Harland's younger brother Bernard became a companion of Lynn's mother, living together until their deaths in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-conversation-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-WW2022-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-WW-Harland-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Memoirs-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-NineLives-38">[35]</a> Lynn was educated at <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Grammar_School" title="Bristol Grammar School">Bristol Grammar School</a> and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>, where he received a Ph.D. in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-Richard_Lynn-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div> Lynn worked[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] as lecturer in psychology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a> and as professor of psychology at the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Institute" title="Economic and Social Research Institute">Economic and Social Research Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-conversation-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-WW2022-35">[32]</a> In 1974, Lynn published a positive review of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a>'s A New Morality from Science: Beyondism, in which he expressed the opinion that "incompetent societies have to be allowed to go to the wall" and that "the foreign aid which we give to the under-developed world is a mistake, akin to keeping going incompetent species like the dinosaurs which are not fit for the competitive struggle for existence".<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> In a 2011 interview, Lynn cited the work of Cattell, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Burt" title="Cyril Burt">Cyril Burt</a> as important influences.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publication_on_secular_increases_in_IQ">Publication on secular increases in IQ</h3></div> In 1982, Richard Lynn published a paper about the generational increase in performance on IQ tests, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Flynn_effect" title="Flynn effect">Flynn effect</a> slightly before <a href="/wiki/James_Flynn_(academic)" title="James Flynn (academic)">James Flynn</a>'s publications documenting the same phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> A few researchers have called the phenomenon the "Lynn–Flynn effect" as a way of recognizing both their contributions.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> In a 2013 paper, James Flynn offered his comments on this aspect of the effect's naming: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Calling massive IQ gains over time the "Flynn Effect" was an accident of history, a label Charles Murray coined in The Bell Curve in 1994. It is not a verdict a court would have been likely to hand down if it had an eye for the historical record. [...] Therefore, I give my thanks to Charles Murray and my apologies to Richard Lynn.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dysgenics_and_eugenics">Dysgenics and eugenics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dysgenics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dysgenics.jpg/220px-Dysgenics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Dysgenics.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Dysgenics</figcaption></figure> In Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations (1996), Lynn reviewed the history of eugenics and <a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">dysgenics</a>, from the early writings of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_Morel" title="Bénédict Morel">Bénédict Morel</a> and Francis Galton through the rise of eugenics in the early 20th century and its subsequent collapse. As a eugenicist himself, Lynn lists three concerns: deterioration in health, intelligence and conscientiousness. Lynn claims that, unlike modern societies, natural selection in pre-industrial societies favoured traits such as intelligence and "character".<a href="#cite_note-Dysgenics_1996-48">[45]</a> According to Lynn, those with greater educational achievement have fewer children, while children with lower IQs come from larger families.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> Lynn claimed that <a href="/wiki/Twin_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin studies">twin studies</a> provide evidence of a genetic basis for these differences. Lynn proposes that <a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">conscientiousness</a> is heritable, and that criminals tend to have more offspring. Lynn agreed with <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman" title="Lewis Terman">Lewis Terman</a>'s comment in 1922 that "children of successful and cultivated parents test higher than children from wretched and ignorant homes for the simple reason that their heredity is better".<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> A review of Dysgenics by evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a>, published posthumously in 2000 in the <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Human Genetics</a>, praised the book and its endorsement of eugenics, saying "discussing the large bank of evidence that still accumulates on heritability of aptitudes and differentials of fertility, shows in this book that almost all of the worries of the early eugenicists were well-founded, in spite of the relative paucity of their evidence at the time".<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mackintosh" title="Nicholas Mackintosh">Nicholas Mackintosh</a>, reviewing the book for the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biosocial_Science" title="Journal of Biosocial Science">Journal of Biosocial Science</a> in 2002, wrote that Lynn "argues that the ideas of the eugenicists were correct and that we ignore them at our peril". Mackintosh criticised Lynn for "not fully acknowledg[ing] the negative relationship between social class and education on the one hand, and infant mortality and life expectancy on the other". He questioned Lynn's interpretation of data, and pointed out that according to Lynn's reading of the theory of natural selection, "if it is true that those with lower IQ and less education are producing more offspring, then they are fitter than those of higher IQ and more education". According to Mackintosh, eugenicist arguments such as Lynn's are not based on a "biological imperative, but rather on a particular set of value judgements".<a href="#cite_note-:4-52">[49]</a> In Eugenics: A Reassessment (2001), Lynn claimed that embryo selection as a form of standard reproductive therapy would raise the average intelligence of the population by 15 IQ points in a single generation (p. 300). If couples produce a hundred embryos, he argues, the range in potential IQ would be around 15 points above and below the parents' IQ. Lynn argues that this gain could be repeated each generation, eventually stabilising the population's IQ at a theoretical maximum of around 200 after six or seven generations.<a href="#cite_note-Eugenics_2001-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_national_differences_in_intelligence">Race and national differences in intelligence</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">Race and intelligence</a></div> In the late 1970s, Lynn wrote that he found the average IQ of the Japanese to be 106.6, and that of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese people</a> living in Singapore to be 110.<a href="#cite_note-JT-54">[51]</a> Lynn's psychometric studies were cited in the 1994 book The Bell Curve and were criticised as part of the controversy surrounding that book.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> In his 2002 article, "Skin color and intelligence in African Americans", published in 2002 in Population and Environment, Lynn concluded that lightness of skin color in African Americans is positively correlated with IQ, which he claims derives from the higher proportion of Caucasian admixture.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> However, Lynn failed to control for childhood environmental factors that are related to intelligence, and his research was criticised by a subsequent article published in the journal by Mark E. Hill. The article concluded that "...[Lynn's] bivariate association disappears once childhood environmental factors are considered".<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> In his response to Hill, Lynn wrote that "The conclusion that there is a true association between skin color and IQ is consistent with the hypothesis that genetic factors are partly responsible for the black–white difference in intelligence... the evidence that a statistically significant correlation is present confirms the genetic hypothesis".<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> This statement was described by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Feldman" title="Marcus Feldman">Marcus Feldman</a> as "nonsensical".<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> In 2010 <a href="/wiki/Earl_B._Hunt" title="Earl B. Hunt">Earl B. Hunt</a> summarized Lynn's research in this area along with that of <a href="/wiki/Tatu_Vanhanen" title="Tatu Vanhanen">Tatu Vanhanen</a>, that he is "highly critical of their empirical work, and even more so of their interpretations", but that they "do deserve credit for raising important questions in a way that has resulted in interesting and important findings".<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Lynn proposed the "cold winters theory" of the evolution of human intelligence, which postulates that intelligence evolved to greater degrees as an evolutionary adaptation to colder environments.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> According to this theory, cold environments produce a selective pressure for higher intelligence because they present cognitive demands not found in warmer environments, such as the need to find ways of keeping warm, and the stockpiling of food for winter.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Flynn_(academic)" title="James Flynn (academic)">James Flynn</a> has criticized this theory as being inconsistent with the global distribution of IQ scores. If the theory were correct, the people of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, who originated primarily from China's southern Guangdong province, would possess a lower average IQ than the people of mainland China, when in fact the reverse is true.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> In 2012 Scott A. McGreal, writing for <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a>, described it as a <a href="/wiki/Just-so_story" title="Just-so story">just-so story</a>, saying the theory fails to account for challenges specific to warmer environments, and also does not explain why hominids who evolved for millions of years in colder environments (such as <a href="/wiki/Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a>) did not also evolve similar intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> In <a href="/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations" title="IQ and the Wealth of Nations">IQ and the Wealth of Nations</a> (2002), Lynn and Vanhanen argued that differences in nations' per capita <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) are partially caused by IQ differences, meaning that certain nations are wealthier in part, because their citizens are more intelligent.<a href="#cite_note-Nechyba-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richardson-67">[64]</a> K. Richardson wrote in the journal <a href="/wiki/Heredity_(journal)" title="Heredity (journal)">Heredity</a> that "an association between IQ and national wealth is hardly surprising, though its causal direction is the opposite of that assumed by L&V. But I would not take the 'evidence' presented in this book to serve arguments either way."<a href="#cite_note-Richardson-67">[64]</a> Other economists who reviewed the book also pointed to numerous flaws throughout the study, from unreliable IQ statistics for 81 of the 185 countries used in the analysis,<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> to insecure estimates of the national IQ in the remaining 101 countries in the sample that did not have published IQ data.<a href="#cite_note-Palairet-69">[66]</a> This was in addition to the highly unreliable GDP estimates for present-day developing countries<a href="#cite_note-Richardson-67">[64]</a> and the even more unreliable historical data estimating GDP and national IQ dating back to the early 19th century, well before either concept even existed.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palairet-69">[66]</a> Even the data on the 81 countries where direct evidence of IQ scores were actually available were highly problematic. For example, the data sets containing <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Surinamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> IQ scores were based on unrepresentative samples of children who had emigrated from their nation of birth to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Hunt,_E._2008_pp._1-9-9">[8]</a> In a book review for the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Literature" title="Journal of Economic Literature">Journal of Economic Literature</a>, economist Thomas Nechyba wrote: "Such sweeping conclusions based on relatively weak statistical evidence and dubious presumptions seem misguided at best and quite dangerous if taken seriously. It is therefore difficult to find much to recommend in this book."<a href="#cite_note-Nechyba-66">[63]</a> Lynn's 2006 <a href="/wiki/Race_Differences_in_Intelligence_(book)" title="Race Differences in Intelligence (book)">Race Differences in Intelligence</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> organises data on intelligence into ten population groups and (in the 2015 edition) covers over 500 published articles..<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> Lynn's meta-analysis lists the average IQ scores of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asians</a> (105), <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a> (99), the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> (91), <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> each (87), <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islanders</a> (85), <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Middle Easterners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">South Asians</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa#North_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">North Africans</a> each (84), East and West Africans (67), <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Australian Aborigines</a> (62) and <a href="/wiki/Bushmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushmen">Bushmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies" title="African Pygmies">Pygmies</a> (54).<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rushton-review-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-main-74">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Lynn has previously argued that nutrition is the best-supported environmental explanation for variation in the lower range,<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> and a number of other environmental explanations have been advanced. In his 2011 book The Chosen People, Lynn offers largely genetic explanations for Ashkenazi Jewish intelligence (generally estimated at 107–115 IQ).<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_differences_in_intelligence">Sex differences in intelligence</h3></div> Observing a correlation between brain size and measured IQ, Lynn postulated that men and women may have brains that are different in size in proportion with differences in body size.<a href="#cite_note-conversation-34">[31]</a> In 1994, Lynn formulated a developmental theory of sex differences in intelligence, postulating that girls would have a developmental advantage over boys at the ages of 9 to 14, but that boys would continue to develop and increase in mean IQ relative to girls from the age of 15 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> In 2004, Lynn and Irwing conducted a meta-analysis of 57 studies from 14 countries, reporting a male advantage in IQ (measured via <a href="/wiki/Raven%27s_Progressive_Matrices" title="Raven's Progressive Matrices">Raven's Progressive Matrices</a>) that begins to appear at the age of 15, eventually reaching an average of 5 IQ points at the ages of 20-29 and onwards.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> In a 2006 study of <a href="/wiki/Naglieri_Nonverbal_Ability_Test" title="Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test">Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test</a> results in 5-17 year olds, Johannes Rojahn and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Naglieri" title="Jack Naglieri">Jack Naglieri</a> reported findings that demonstrate a female advantage in the 10-13 age group and a male advantage in 15- and 16-year-olds. However, the authors conclude that the disparities were smaller than predicted by Lynn and too small to be of practical importance.<a href="#cite_note-:2-80">[77]</a> In 2008, Lynn and Irwing proposed that since <a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a> ability correlates highest with g factor, researchers would have no choice but to accept greater male intelligence if differences on working memory tasks are found. As a result, a <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> study published by Schmidt et al. (2009) conducted an investigation into this proposal by measuring sex differences on an <a href="/wiki/N-back" title="N-back">n-back</a> working memory task. The results found no sex difference in working memory capacity, thus contradicting the position put forward by Lynn and Irwing (2008).<a href="#cite_note-Chamorro-Premuzic-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> Roberto Colom and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Thompson_(neuroscientist)" title="Paul Thompson (neuroscientist)">Paul M. Thompson</a>, writing in The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences, conclude based on the findings of Schmidt et al. and others that "there is no sex difference in working memory capacity".<a href="#cite_note-Chamorro-Premuzic-81">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intranational_intelligence_variations">Intranational intelligence variations</h3></div> In a 2005 article, Lynn reported that <a href="/wiki/Mexicans_of_European_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicans of European descent">Mexicans of European descent</a> had an IQ of 98, <a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Mexico" title="Mestizos in Mexico">Mestizos in Mexico</a> had an IQ of 94, and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">indigenous peoples of Mexico</a> had an IQ of 83, explaining the lower-than-expected IQ of Indians on their poor nutrition and other social factors.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] In a 2010 article about IQ in Italy,<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> Lynn contended that IQs are highest in the north (103 in <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>) and lowest in the south (89 in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>) and are correlated with average incomes, stature, infant mortality, literacy and education. The lack of any actual IQ test data (as Lynn used PISA score data) among other methodological issues and Lynn's consequent conclusions were criticised.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> Other large surveys in Italy have found much smaller differences in educational achievement.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> Several subsequent studies based on the direct assessment of IQs failed to report significant differences among Italian regions. On the contrary, the results from the Southern half of the country (103) are sometimes higher than those from the North Central regions (100–101).<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> In 2012 Lynn similarly claimed that southern Spaniards have lower IQs than northern Spaniards do and believes that this is because of Middle Eastern and North African genes in the South.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> In a 2015 article published in <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(journal)" title="Intelligence (journal)">Intelligence</a> about the regional IQ differences in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, Lynn, Sakar and Cheng analysed the PISA scores of <a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Turkey" title="NUTS statistical regions of Turkey">NUTS-1 regions of the country</a> and calculated the average IQ scores of said provinces, claiming there being a high correlation (r= .91) between the two metrics. The team took the average PISA score of UK as baseline to represent an IQ of 100. The paper concluded that the NUTS regions with the highest IQ average were <a href="/wiki/West_Marmara_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Marmara Region (statistical)">West Marmara</a> (97.7), <a href="/wiki/East_Marmara_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="East Marmara Region">East Marmara</a> (97.4) and <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region (statistical)">Central Anatolia</a> (97.3), meanwhile the regions with the lowest scores were made up by <a href="/wiki/Central_East_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central East Anatolia Region (statistical)">Central East Anatolia</a> (87.3) and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Anatolia Region (statistical)">Southeast Anatolia</a> (86.3), respectively. The article suggested multiple theories to explain regional IQ disparity, such as historical migration to wealthier Western coastal areas having a eugenic effect on intelligence, or economic growth being inhibited by the mountainous terrain in the East, causing a negative effect on IQ. The paper compared the results of the study to those of Italy and US, citing a gross regional variation.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Global_Bell_Curve,_2008">The Global Bell Curve, 2008</h3></div> The Global Bell Curve: Race, IQ and Inequality Worldwide is a book by Lynn, originally published <a href="/wiki/Washington_Summit_Publishers" title="Washington Summit Publishers">Washington Summit Publishers</a> in 2008. The book's stated purpose is to determine whether the racial and socioeconomic differences in the United States in average IQ, as originally claimed by the 1994 book <a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve" title="The Bell Curve">The Bell Curve</a>, also exist in other countries. Lynn's book claims that such differences exist in other countries, in addition to in the United States. It was reviewed favorably by researchers <a href="/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton" title="J. Philippe Rushton">J. Philippe Rushton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Templer" title="Donald Templer">Donald Templer</a> in white nationalist publication <a href="/wiki/The_Occidental_Quarterly" title="The Occidental Quarterly">The Occidental Quarterly</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Meisenberg" title="Gerhard Meisenberg">Gerhard Meisenberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] A less favorable review of the book was written by <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Johnson" title="Wendy Johnson">Wendy Johnson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, who wrote in <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(journal)" title="Intelligence (journal)">Intelligence</a>, which had Lynn on its editorial board,<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> that "... despite many possible statistical and psychometric quibbles, the data Lynn presents in this book are essentially correct. At the same time, despite Lynn's protestations to the contrary, these data do little or nothing to address the questions of why this is the case or whether the situation is inevitable or permanent. Like the other theorists he criticizes, Lynn confuses correlation with causation."<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pioneer_Fund">Pioneer Fund</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Fund" title="Pioneer Fund">Pioneer Fund</a></div> Lynn [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] served on the board of directors of the Pioneer Fund and was also on the editorial board of the Pioneer-supported journal <a href="/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly" title="Mankind Quarterly">Mankind Quarterly</a>, both of which have been the subject of controversy for their dealing with <a href="/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">race and intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> and have been accused of racism, e.g., by <a href="/wiki/Avner_Falk" title="Avner Falk">Avner Falk</a> and William Tucker.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> Lynn's Ulster Institute for Social Research received $609,000 in grants from the Pioneer Fund between 1971 and 1996.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Lynn's 2001 book The Science of Human Diversity: A History of the Pioneer Fund<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> is a history and defence of the fund, in which he argues that, for the last 60 years, it has been "nearly the only non-profit foundation making grants for study and research into individual and group differences and the hereditary basis of human nature ... Over those 60 years, the research funded by Pioneer has helped change the face of social science." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> Lynn's review work on global racial differences in cognitive ability has been cited for misrepresenting the research of other scientists and has been criticised for unsystematic methodology and distortion. In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lane_(journalist)" title="Charles Lane (journalist)">Charles Lane</a> criticised Lynn's methodology in his article in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, "The Tainted Sources of The Bell Curve" (1994).<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Pioneer Fund president <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Weyher_Jr." title="Harry F. Weyher Jr.">Harry Weyher, Jr.</a> published a response accusing the reviewer of errors and misrepresentation; Lane also replied to this with a rebuttal.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> In 1995 psychologist <a href="/wiki/Leon_Kamin" title="Leon Kamin">Leon Kamin</a> faulted Lynn in a critical review of The Bell Curve, for "disregarding scientific objectivity", "misrepresenting data", and for "racism".<a href="#cite_note-Kamin1-104">[101]</a> Kamin argues that the studies of cognitive ability of Africans in Lynn's meta-analysis cited by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Herrnstein" title="Richard Herrnstein">Richard Herrnstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Charles Murray</a> show strong cultural bias. Kamin also reproached Lynn for concocting IQ values from test scores that have no correlation to IQ.<a href="#cite_note-Kamin2-105">[102]</a> Kamin also noted that Lynn excluded a study that found no difference in white and black performance, and ignored the results of a study which showed black scores were higher than white scores.<a href="#cite_note-Kamin3-106">[103]</a> In 2002, David King, the coordinator of the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_organization" title="Consumer organization">consumer watchdog</a> group <a href="/wiki/Human_Genetics_Alert" title="Human Genetics Alert">Human Genetics Alert</a>, said: "we find Richard Lynn's claims that some human beings are inherently superior to others repugnant".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Eugenics-107">[104]</a> In 2003, Gavin Evans wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> that Lynn was one of a number of "flat-earthers" who have claimed that "Africans, or black Americans, or poor people" are less intelligent than Westerners. He further wrote, with regard to Lynn's claims that Africans are less intelligent than Westerners, "What is remarkable in all this is not so much that there are people who believe him – after all, there are still those who insist the Earth is flat – but rather that any creditable institution should take it seriously."<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> The datum that Lynn and Vanhanen used for the lowest IQ estimate, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, was taken from a group of children in a home for developmentally disabled children in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> Corrections were applied to adjust for differences in IQ cohorts (the "Flynn" effect) on the assumption that the same correction could be applied internationally, without regard to the cultural or economic development level of the country involved. While there appears to be rather little evidence on cohort effect upon IQ across the developing countries, one study in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (Daley, Whaley, Sigman, Espinosa, & Neumann, 2003) shows a substantially larger cohort effect than is reported for developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-Hunt,_E._2008_pp._1-9-9">[8]</a> In 2002 an academic dispute arose after Lynn claimed that some races are inherently more <a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">psychopathic</a> than others, and other psychologists criticised his data and interpretations.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> Kamin said that "Lynn's distortions and misrepresentations of the data constitute a truly venomous racism, combined with the scandalous disregard for scientific objectivity".<a href="#cite_note-:5-27">[24]</a> In 2006, John P. Jackson Jr., of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado,_Boulder" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado, Boulder">University of Colorado, Boulder</a>, disputed Lynn's claim in The Science of Human Diversity that the Pioneer Fund was dedicated to funding objective scientific research. Jackson wrote that "... although the Pioneer Fund may not have endorsed any policy proposal officially, it has funded a group that is remarkably uniform in its opposition to school integration, immigration, and affirmative action".<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> In 2010, on his 80th birthday, Lynn was celebrated with a special issue of Personality and Individual Differences dedicated to his work that was edited by Danish psychologist <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Nyborg" title="Helmuth Nyborg">Helmuth Nyborg</a> with contributions by Nyborg, J. Philippe Rushton, <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Kanazawa" title="Satoshi Kanazawa">Satoshi Kanazawa</a> and several others.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> In February 2018, the Ulster University students' union issued a motion calling for the university to revoke Lynn's title as emeritus professor. The motion argued that Lynn's title should be revoked because he has made statements that are "racist and sexist in nature".<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> The university agreed to this request in April 2018.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allegations_of_racism">Allegations of racism</h2></div> Lynn is listed by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> (SPLC) in their extremist files as a <a href="/wiki/White_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="White nationalist">white nationalist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-27">[24]</a> The SPLC has kept a record of Lynn's controversial statements: for example, in a 2011 interview with then far-right artist <a href="/wiki/Alex_Kurtagi%C4%87" title="Alex Kurtagić">Alex Kurtagić</a>, Lynn stated: "I am deeply pessimistic about the future of the European peoples because mass immigration of third world peoples will lead to these becoming majorities in the United States and westernmost Europe during the present century. I think this will mean the destruction of European civilization in these countries."<a href="#cite_note-:5-27">[24]</a> In 1995, Lynn was quoted by the <a href="/wiki/Media_watchdog" class="mw-redirect" title="Media watchdog">media watchdog</a> group <a href="/wiki/Fairness_%26_Accuracy_In_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting">Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting</a> (FAIR) saying: "What is called for here is not genocide, the killing off of the population of incompetent cultures. But we do need to think realistically in terms of the 'phasing out' of such peoples ... Evolutionary progress means the extinction of the less competent. To think otherwise is mere sentimentality."<a href="#cite_note-:3-115">[112]</a> FAIR also quoted Lynn as having stated in an interview with the right-wing British political magazine <a href="/wiki/Right_Now!_(magazine)" title="Right Now! (magazine)">Right NOW!</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">I think the only solution lies in the breakup of the United States. Blacks and Hispanics are concentrated in the Southwest, the Southeast and the East, but the Northwest and the far Northeast, Maine, Vermont and upstate New York have a large predominance of whites. I believe these predominantly white states should declare independence and secede from the Union. They would then enforce strict border controls and provide minimum welfare, which would be limited to citizens. If this were done, white civilisation would survive within this handful of states.<a href="#cite_note-:5-27">[24]</a></blockquote> The SPLC stated that "for 50 years, Richard Lynn has been at the forefront of scientific racism",<a href="#cite_note-:5-27">[24]</a> that "he argues that the nations with the highest IQs must subjugate or eliminate the lower-IQ groups within their borders in order to preserve their dominance",<a href="#cite_note-:5-27">[24]</a> and summarizes his career thus: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Since the 1970s, Richard Lynn has been working tirelessly to place race, genes, and IQ at the center of discussions surrounding inequality. Through his own writings and those published by his Ulster Institute for Social Research, in Northern Ireland, Lynn argues that members of different races and nations possess innate differences in intelligence and behavior, and that these are responsible for everything from the incarceration rate of black Americans to the poverty of developing nations. Lynn is also an ethnic nationalist who believes that countries must "remain racially homogenous" in order to flourish.<a href="#cite_note-:5-27">[24]</a></blockquote> The centre has also stated that "Lynn uses his authority as [former<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[7]</a>] professor (emeritus) of psychology at the University of Ulster to argue for the genetic inferiority of non-white people."<a href="#cite_note-:5-27">[24]</a> Lynn was a frequent speaker at conferences hosted by the <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white-nationalist</a> publication <a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance_(magazine)" title="American Renaissance (magazine)">American Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-MythOfRace-25">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> On 23 July 2023, it was announced that Lynn had died. He was 93.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLynn1997" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dn790007.ca.archive.org/0/items/Dysgenics-Richard-Lynn/Dysgenics-Richard-Lynn.pdf">Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275949174" title="Special:BookSources/9780275949174"><bdi>9780275949174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dysgenics%3A+Genetic+Deterioration+in+Modern+Populations&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780275949174&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdn790007.ca.archive.org%2F0%2Fitems%2FDysgenics-Richard-Lynn%2FDysgenics-Richard-Lynn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn2001" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard (2001). The Science of Human Diversity: A History of the Pioneer Fund. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/076182040X" title="Special:BookSources/076182040X"><bdi>076182040X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Human+Diversity%3A+A+History+of+the+Pioneer+Fund&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=076182040X&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn2001" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/richard-lynn-eugenics/Richard-Lynn-Eugenics.pdf">Eugenics: A Reassessment</a> (PDF). Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275958220" title="Special:BookSources/9780275958220"><bdi>9780275958220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eugenics%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780275958220&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Frichard-lynn-eugenics%2FRichard-Lynn-Eugenics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynnVanhanen2002" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard; <a href="/wiki/Tatu_Vanhanen" title="Tatu Vanhanen">Vanhanen, Tatu</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations" title="IQ and the Wealth of Nations">IQ and the Wealth of Nations</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275975104" title="Special:BookSources/9780275975104"><bdi>9780275975104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IQ+and+the+Wealth+of+Nations&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780275975104&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Vanhanen%2C+Tatu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynnVanhanen2006" class="citation book cs1">Lynn; Vanhanen (2006). <a href="/wiki/IQ_and_Global_Inequality" title="IQ and Global Inequality">IQ and Global Inequality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Summit_Publishers" title="Washington Summit Publishers">Washington Summit Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59368-025-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59368-025-2"><bdi>1-59368-025-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IQ+and+Global+Inequality&rft.pub=Washington+Summit+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59368-025-2&rft.au=Lynn&rft.au=Vanhanen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynnVanhanen2012" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard; <a href="/wiki/Tatu_Vanhanen" title="Tatu Vanhanen">Vanhanen, Tatu</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lesacreduprintemps19.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/intelligence-a-unifying-construct-for-the-social-sciences-richard-lynn-and-tatu-vanhanen.pdf">Intelligence: A Unifying Construct for the Social Sciences</a> (PDF). Ulster: Ulster Institute for Social Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780956881175" title="Special:BookSources/9780956881175"><bdi>9780956881175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence%3A+A+Unifying+Construct+for+the+Social+Sciences&rft.place=Ulster&rft.pub=Ulster+Institute+for+Social+Research&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780956881175&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Vanhanen%2C+Tatu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flesacreduprintemps19.wordpress.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F08%2Fintelligence-a-unifying-construct-for-the-social-sciences-richard-lynn-and-tatu-vanhanen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn2015" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard (2015) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/RaceDifferencesInIntelligenceAnEvolutionaryAnalysis/%5BRichard_Lynn%5D_Race_Differences_in_Intelligence_A%28b-ok.xyz%29.pdf">Race Differences in Intelligence: An Evolutionary Analysis</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Washington_Summit_Publishers" title="Washington Summit Publishers">Washington Summit Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593680190" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593680190"><bdi>978-1593680190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+Differences+in+Intelligence%3A+An+Evolutionary+Analysis&rft.pub=Washington+Summit+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1593680190&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2FRaceDifferencesInIntelligenceAnEvolutionaryAnalysis%2F%255BRichard_Lynn%255D_Race_Differences_in_Intelligence_A%2528b-ok.xyz%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynnBecker2019" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard; Becker, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulsterinstitute.org/ebook/THE%20INTELLIGENCE%20OF%20NATIONS%20-%20Richard%20Lynn,%20David%20Becker.pdf">The Intelligence of Nations</a> (PDF). London: Ulster Institute for Social Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780993000157" title="Special:BookSources/9780993000157"><bdi>9780993000157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intelligence+of+Nations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ulster+Institute+for+Social+Research&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780993000157&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Becker%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulsterinstitute.org%2Febook%2FTHE%2520INTELLIGENCE%2520OF%2520NATIONS%2520-%2520Richard%2520Lynn%2C%2520David%2520Becker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynnDutton2019" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard; Dutton, Edward (2019). Race Differences in Psychopathic Personality: An Evolutionary Analysis. Augusta, Georgia: Washington Summit Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593680626" title="Special:BookSources/9781593680626"><bdi>9781593680626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+Differences+in+Psychopathic+Personality%3A+An+Evolutionary+Analysis&rft.place=Augusta%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=Washington+Summit+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781593680626&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Dutton%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn2020" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard (2020). Memoirs of a Dissident Psychologist. Ulster Institute for Social Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780993000171" title="Special:BookSources/9780993000171"><bdi>9780993000171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+a+Dissident+Psychologist&rft.pub=Ulster+Institute+for+Social+Research&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780993000171&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lynn, Richard (2021). Sex Differences in Intelligence: The Developmental Theory. <a href="/wiki/Arktos_Media" title="Arktos Media">Arktos Media</a> Ltd. ISBN 978-1914208652.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Hunt,_E._2008_pp._1-9-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kamin-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-valone-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manfred-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neisser-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gelb-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-MythOfRace-25">[23]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMin2020" class="citation news cs1">Min, Alex (18 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardpolitics.com/racist-pseudo-harvard/">"Racist Pseudoscience Has No Place At Harvard"</a>. Harvard Political Review. <q>Lynn is a self-described 'scientific racist'...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Political+Review&rft.atitle=Racist+Pseudoscience+Has+No+Place+At+Harvard&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft.aulast=Min&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardpolitics.com%2Fracist-pseudo-harvard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSehgal2020" class="citation news cs1">Sehgal, Parul (12 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/12/books/review-human-diversity-charles-murray.html">"Charles Murray Returns, Nodding to Caution but Still Courting Controversy"</a>. The New York Times. <q>Richard Lynn, for example, a self-described 'scientific racist,' ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Charles+Murray+Returns%2C+Nodding+to+Caution+but+Still+Courting+Controversy&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft.aulast=Sehgal&rft.aufirst=Parul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F02%2F12%2Fbooks%2Freview-human-diversity-charles-murray.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2018" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Gavin (2 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/02/the-unwelcome-revival-of-race-science">"The unwelcome revival of 'race science'"</a>. The Guardian. <q>...Richard Lynn, who has described himself as a 'scientific racist'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+unwelcome+revival+of+%27race+science%27&rft.date=2018-03-02&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fmar%2F02%2Fthe-unwelcome-revival-of-race-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson_Jr.Winston2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson Jr., John P.; Winston, Andrew S. (7 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/eprint/UC8HG8URH2WQWVIWN5AG/full">"The Mythical Taboo on Race and Intelligence"</a>. Review of General Psychology. 25 (1): 3–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1089268020953622">10.1177/1089268020953622</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225143131">225143131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+General+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Mythical+Taboo+on+Race+and+Intelligence&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1089268020953622&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225143131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jackson+Jr.&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft.au=Winston%2C+Andrew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Feprint%2FUC8HG8URH2WQWVIWN5AG%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Joe L. Kincheloe, et al., Measured Lies: The Bell Curve Examined, Palgrave Macmillan, 1997, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Ibrahim G. Aoudé, The ethnic studies story: politics and social movements in Hawaiʻi, University of Hawaii Press, 1999, pg. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Kenneth Leech, Race, Church Publishing, Inc., 2005, pg. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker2002" class="citation cs2">Tucker, William H. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C-jIEhfKPaYC&q=Richard+Lynn+Pioneer+Fund&pg=PA2">The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund</a>, University of Illinois Press, p. 2, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252027628" title="Special:BookSources/9780252027628"><bdi>9780252027628</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+funding+of+scientific+racism%3A+Wickliffe+Draper+and+the+Pioneer+Fund&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780252027628&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC-jIEhfKPaYC%26q%3DRichard%2BLynn%2BPioneer%2BFund%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-43768132">"Ulster University withdraws status from Prof Richard Lynn"</a>. BBC News. 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ulster+University+withdraws+status+from+Prof+Richard+Lynn&rft.date=2018-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-43768132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt,_E._2008_pp._1-9-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt,_E._2008_pp._1-9_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt,_E._2008_pp._1-9_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt,_E._2008_pp._1-9_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt,_E._2008_pp._1-9_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuntWittmann2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, E; Wittmann, W. (2008). "National intelligence and national prosperity". Intelligence. 36 (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intell.2006.11.002">10.1016/j.intell.2006.11.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence&rft.atitle=National+intelligence+and+national+prosperity&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.intell.2006.11.002&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Wittmann%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamin-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamin_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamin_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKamin" class="citation magazine cs1">Kamin, Leon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305143803/http://sites.biology.duke.edu/rausher/Kamin.pdf">"Behind the Bell Curve"</a> (PDF). Scientific American. p. 100. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biology.duke.edu/rausher/Kamin.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 March 2016. <q>Lynn's distortions and misrepresentations of the data constitute a truly venomous racism, combined with the scandalous disregard for scientific objectivity</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Behind+the+Bell+Curve&rft.pages=100&rft.aulast=Kamin&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.duke.edu%2Frausher%2FKamin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-valone-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valone_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valone_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFValone2002" class="citation journal cs1">Valone, David A. (2002). "Richard Lynn: Eugenics: A Reassessment, review". Isis. 93 (3): 534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F374143">10.1086/374143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Richard+Lynn%3A+Eugenics%3A+A+Reassessment%2C+review&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=534&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F374143&rft.aulast=Valone&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manfred-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Manfred_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVelden2010" class="citation book cs1">Velden, Manfred (2010). Biologism: The Consequence of an Illusion. V&R unipress GmbH. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biologism%3A+The+Consequence+of+an+Illusion&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=V%26R+unipress+GmbH&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Velden&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson1996" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Carter A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780803973367">Racism: From Slavery to Advanced Capitalism</a>. SAGE. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780803973367/page/229">229</a>. <q>At best Lynn's approach is racial propaganda or biased research driven by a strong prejudice against blacks and a strong need to believe in their genetic inferiority. At worst, Lynn's research arises out of a malicious and dishonest effort to demonstrate the genetic inferiority of blacks</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism%3A+From+Slavery+to+Advanced+Capitalism&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Carter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780803973367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnettWilliams2004" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett, Susan M.; Williams, Wendy (2004). "National Intelligence and The Emperor's New Clothes". PsycCRITIQUES. 49 (4): 389–396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F004367">10.1037/004367</a>. <q>Among this book's strengths are that it argues for a point of view unpopular within the scientific community, it relies on hard data to make its points, its organisation and clarity. Also, the book is expansive in its thinking and argumentation. All of these strengths considered, however, we believe that the arguments advanced in the book are flawed by an omnipresent logical fallacy and confusion of correlation with causation that undermines the foundation of the book.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PsycCRITIQUES&rft.atitle=National+Intelligence+and+The+Emperor%27s+New+Clothes&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E396&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F004367&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFValencia2010" class="citation book cs1">Valencia, Richard R. (2010). Dismantling Contemporary Deficit Thinking: Educational Thought and Practice. Routledge. pp. 56–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dismantling+Contemporary+Deficit+Thinking%3A+Educational+Thought+and+Practice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Valencia&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGross2015" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Richard (2015). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour (7th ed.). Harchette.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology%3A+The+Science+of+Mind+and+Behaviour&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Harchette&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichards2004" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Graham (2004). Race, Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History. Routledge. p. 280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+Racism+and+Psychology%3A+Towards+a+Reflexive+History&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerber2012" class="citation book cs1">Ferber, Abby L. (2012). Home-Grown Hate: Gender and Organized Racism. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home-Grown+Hate%3A+Gender+and+Organized+Racism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ferber&rft.aufirst=Abby+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neisser-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Neisser_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeisser2004" class="citation journal cs1">Neisser, Ulric (2004). "Serious Scientists or Disgusting Racists?". PsycCRITIQUES. 49 (1): 5–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F004224">10.1037/004224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PsycCRITIQUES&rft.atitle=Serious+Scientists+or+Disgusting+Racists%3F&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F004224&rft.aulast=Neisser&rft.aufirst=Ulric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gelb-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Gelb_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGelb1997" class="citation cs2">Gelb, Steven A. 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"The Bell Curve: Another Chapter in the Continuing Political Economy of Racism". American Behavioral Scientist. 39 (1): 12–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764295039001003">10.1177/0002764295039001003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143761154">143761154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Bell+Curve%3A+Another+Chapter+in+the+Continuing+Political+Economy+of+Racism&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764295039001003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143761154%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Newby&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft.au=Newby%2C+Diane+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MythOfRace-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MythOfRace_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MythOfRace_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSussman2014" class="citation book cs1">Sussman, Robert Wald (2014). The Myth of Race: The Troubling Persistence of an Unscientific Idea. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Race%3A+The+Troubling+Persistence+of+an+Unscientific+Idea&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Sussman&rft.aufirst=Robert+Wald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/richard-lynn">"Richard Lynn"</a>. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft.atitle=Richard+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fextremist-files%2Findividual%2Frichard-lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2014" class="citation cs2">Ahmed, Rabia (19 April 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/21755/forget-polio-pakistan-is-bigger-than-india-and-size-is-all-that-matters/">Forget polio, Pakistan is 'BIGGER' than India and size is all that matters!</a>, retrieved 1 June 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forget+polio%2C+Pakistan+is+%27BIGGER%27+than+India+and+size+is+all+that+matters%21&rft.date=2014-04-19&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Rabia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.tribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F21755%2Fforget-polio-pakistan-is-bigger-than-india-and-size-is-all-that-matters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gottfredson-29"><a href="#cite_ref-gottfredson_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGottfredson1994" class="citation cs2">Gottfredson, Linda (13 December 1994), "Mainstream Science on Intelligence", Wall Street Journal, p. A18</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Mainstream+Science+on+Intelligence&rft.pages=A18&rft.date=1994-12-13&rft.aulast=Gottfredson&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kincheloe-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Kincheloe_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKincheloe1997" class="citation cs2">Kincheloe, Joe L. (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVLaKci3uOIC&q=Measured+Lies:+The+Bell+Curve+Examined++By+Joe+L.+Kincheloe">Measured Lies: The Bell Curve Examined</a>, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 39, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312172282" title="Special:BookSources/9780312172282"><bdi>9780312172282</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measured+Lies%3A+The+Bell+Curve+Examined&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780312172282&rft.aulast=Kincheloe&rft.aufirst=Joe+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVLaKci3uOIC%26q%3DMeasured%2BLies%3A%2BThe%2BBell%2BCurve%2BExamined%2B%2BBy%2BJoe%2BL.%2BKincheloe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFHarland2001">Harland (2001</a>, pp. 75–76) and <a href="#CITEREFLynn2020a">Lynn (2020a</a>, pp. 8–9) for more details. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50037414.html">"Lynn, Richard, 1930-"</a>. Library of Congress Name Authority File. Retrieved 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Name+Authority+File&rft.atitle=Lynn%2C+Richard%2C+1930-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid.loc.gov%2Fauthorities%2Fnames%2Fn50037414.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memoirs-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Memoirs_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoirs_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn2020a" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard (2020a). Memoirs of a Dissident Psychologist. Ulster Institute for Social Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780993000188" title="Special:BookSources/9780993000188"><bdi>9780993000188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+a+Dissident+Psychologist&rft.pub=Ulster+Institute+for+Social+Research&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780993000188&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-conversation-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conversation_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-conversation_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-conversation_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNyborg2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nyborg, Helmuth (July 2012). "A conversation with Richard Lynn". Personality and Individual Differences. 53 (2): 79–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2011.02.033">10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=A+conversation+with+Richard+Lynn&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.paid.2011.02.033&rft.aulast=Nyborg&rft.aufirst=Helmuth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WW2022-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WW2022_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WW2022_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/25186">"Lynn, Richard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)" title="Who's Who (UK)">Who's Who</a>. Vol. 2022 (online ed.). A & C Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lynn%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2Foupww%2Fwhoswho%2F25186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-WW-Harland-36"><a href="#cite_ref-WW-Harland_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/165033">"Harland, Sydney Cross"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)" title="Who's Who (UK)">Who's Who</a>. Vol. 2022 (online ed.). A & C Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harland%2C+Sydney+Cross&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2Foupww%2Fwhoswho%2F165033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Harland, Sydney Cross". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31201">10.1093/ref:odnb/31201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harland%2C+Sydney+Cross&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-NineLives-38"><a href="#cite_ref-NineLives_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarland2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cross_Harland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Cross Harland">Harland, Sydney Cross</a> (2001). Max Millard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitingduckpress.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/harland.pdf">Nine Lives: An Autobiography of a Yorkshire Physicist</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Boson_Books" title="Boson Books">Boson Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-917990-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-917990-25-0"><bdi>0-917990-25-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nine+Lives%3A+An+Autobiography+of+a+Yorkshire+Physicist&rft.pub=Boson+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-917990-25-0&rft.aulast=Harland&rft.aufirst=Sydney+Cross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbitingduckpress.com%2Fwordpress%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F07%2Fharland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_Lynn-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Lynn_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rlynn.co.uk/">"Richard Lynn"</a>, RLynn.co.uk</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RLynn.co.uk&rft.atitle=Richard+Lynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rlynn.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2023/08/31/richard-lynn-evolutionary-psychologist-eugenics-obituary/">"Richard Lynn, evolutionary psychologist who declared his belief in the benefits of eugenics – obituary"</a>. The Telegraph. 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Richard+Lynn%2C+evolutionary+psychologist+who+declared+his+belief+in+the+benefits+of+eugenics+%E2%80%93+obituary&rft.date=2023-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fobituaries%2F2023%2F08%2F31%2Frichard-lynn-evolutionary-psychologist-eugenics-obituary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn1974" class="citation journal cs1">Lynn, Richard (Winter 1974). "Review: A New Morality from Science: Beyondism". Irish Journal of Psychology. 2 (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Review%3A+A+New+Morality+from+Science%3A+Beyondism&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurtagić" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Kurtagi%C4%87" title="Alex Kurtagić">Kurtagić, Alex</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925123803/https://www.wermodandwermod.com/newsitems/news160920111400.html">"Interview with Richard Lynn"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wermodandwermod.com/newsitems/news160920111400.html">the original</a> on 25 September 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Richard+Lynn&rft.aulast=Kurtagi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wermodandwermod.com%2Fnewsitems%2Fnews160920111400.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodgersWänström2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rodgers, Joseph Lee; Wänström, Linda (March–April 2007). "Identification of a Flynn Effect in the NLSY: Moving from the center to the boundaries". Intelligence. 35 (2): 187–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intell.2006.06.002">10.1016/j.intell.2006.06.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence&rft.atitle=Identification+of+a+Flynn+Effect+in+the+NLSY%3A+Moving+from+the+center+to+the+boundaries&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.date=2007-03%2F2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.intell.2006.06.002&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Lee&rft.au=W%C3%A4nstr%C3%B6m%2C+Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2015" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Garett (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5n-iCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51">Hive Mind: How Your Nation's IQ Matters So Much More Than Your Own</a>. 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Hamilton">Hamilton, W. D.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-1809.2000.6440363.x">"A review of Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations"</a>. Annals of Human Genetics. 64 (4): 363–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-1809.2000.6440363.x">10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6440363.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+review+of+Dysgenics%3A+Genetic+Deterioration+in+Modern+Populations&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1469-1809.2000.6440363.x&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1469-1809.2000.6440363.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-52"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackintosh2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mackintosh, N. J. (2002). "Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations. By Richard Lynn. Pp. 237. (Praeger, 1996.) £48.95, 0-275-94917-6, hardback". J. Biosoc. 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Praeger, <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Conn" class="mw-redirect" title="Westport, Conn">Westport, Conn</a>, p. 301. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95822-0">978-0-275-95822-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-JT-54"><a href="#cite_ref-JT_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, James (July 2012). 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Personality and Individual Differences. 40 (4): 853–855. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2005.10.004">10.1016/j.paid.2005.10.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=Lynn+Richard%2C+Race+Differences+in+Intelligence%3A+An+Evolutionary+Analysis%2C+Washington+Summit+Books%2C+Augusta%2C+Georgia+%282005%29%2C+318+pp.%2C+US%2434.95%2C+ISBN+1-59368-020-1&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E853-%3C%2Fspan%3E855&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.paid.2005.10.004&rft.au=Rushton%2C+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-main-74"><a href="#cite_ref-main_74-0">^</a> Lynn, R. and Vanhanen, T. (2002). IQ and the wealth of nations. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97510-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97510-X">0-275-97510-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> In RDiI Lynn surveys NGO reports of four different signs of severe malnutrition – underweight, anemia, wasting, and stunting – for five developing regions, ranking Latin America as suffering the least malnutrition, followed by the Middle-east, Asia/Pacific, Africa, and finally South Asia, suffering the worst malnutrition of any region (ch. 14). </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn2011" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NeuRygAACAAJ">The Chosen People: A Study of Jewish Intelligence and Achievement</a>. Washington Summit Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59368-036-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59368-036-7"><bdi>978-1-59368-036-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chosen+People%3A+A+Study+of+Jewish+Intelligence+and+Achievement&rft.pub=Washington+Summit+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59368-036-7&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNeuRygAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn1994" class="citation journal cs1">Lynn, Richard (1994). "Sex differences in brain size and intelligence: a paradox resolved". Personality and Individual Differences. 17: 257–271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intell.2004.06.008">10.1016/j.intell.2004.06.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=Sex+differences+in+brain+size+and+intelligence%3A+a+paradox+resolved&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.intell.2004.06.008&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lynn, Richard (1999). "Sex differences in intelligence and brain size: a developmental theory". Intelligence. 27: 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0160-2896%2899%2900009-4">10.1016/S0160-2896(99)00009-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence&rft.atitle=Sex+differences+in+intelligence+and+brain+size%3A+a+developmental+theory&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0160-2896%2899%2900009-4&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynnIrwing2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lynn, Richard; Irwing, Paul (September 2004). "Sex differences on the progressive matrices: A meta-analysis". Intelligence. 32 (5): 481–498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intell.2004.06.008">10.1016/j.intell.2004.06.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence&rft.atitle=Sex+differences+on+the+progressive+matrices%3A+A+meta-analysis&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E481-%3C%2Fspan%3E498&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.intell.2004.06.008&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Irwing%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-80"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRojahnNaglieri2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rojahn, Johannes; Naglieri, Jack A. (1 May 2006). "Developmental gender differences on the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test in a nationally normed sample of 5–17 year olds". Intelligence. 34 (3): 253–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intell.2005.09.004">10.1016/j.intell.2005.09.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence&rft.atitle=Developmental+gender+differences+on+the+Naglieri+Nonverbal+Ability+Test+in+a+nationally+normed+sample+of+5%E2%80%9317+year+olds&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.intell.2005.09.004&rft.aulast=Rojahn&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Naglieri%2C+Jack+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamorro-Premuzic-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chamorro-Premuzic_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamorro-Premuzic_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColomThompson2015" class="citation book cs1">Colom, Roberto; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Thompson_(neuroscientist)" title="Paul Thompson (neuroscientist)">Thompson, Paul M.</a> (2015). "Understanding Human Intelligence by Imaging the Brain". In Furnham, Adrian; von Stumm, Sophie; Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_SyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA346">The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. pp. 346, 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119050308" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119050308"><bdi>978-1119050308</bdi></a>. <q>In conclusion, there is no sex difference in working memory capacity, and males and females use the same brain design for coping with this paradigmatic experimental task.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+Human+Intelligence+by+Imaging+the+Brain&rft.btitle=The+Wiley-Blackwell+Handbook+of+Individual+Differences&rft.pages=346%2C+363&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1119050308&rft.aulast=Colom&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF_SyBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtJogiaFastChristodoulou2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Heike; Jogia, Jigar; Fast, Kristina; Christodoulou, Tessa; Haldane, Morgan; Kumari, Veena; Frangou, Sophia (2009). "No gender differences in brain activation during the N-back task: an fMRI study in healthy individuals". Hum Brain Mapp. 30 (11): 3609–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hum+Brain+Mapp&rft.atitle=No+gender+differences+in+brain+activation+during+the+N-back+task%3A+an+fMRI+study+in+healthy+individuals&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3609-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Heike&rft.au=Jogia%2C+Jigar&rft.au=Fast%2C+Kristina&rft.au=Christodoulou%2C+Tessa&rft.au=Haldane%2C+Morgan&rft.au=Kumari%2C+Veena&rft.au=Frangou%2C+Sophia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynnBackhoffContreras2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lynn, Richard; Backhoff, Eduardo; Contreras, L. A. (January 2005). "Ethnic and Racial Differences on the Standard Progressive Matrices in Mexico". Journal of Biosocial Science. 37 (1): 107–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021932003006497">10.1017/S0021932003006497</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-7599">1469-7599</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15688574">15688574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biosocial+Science&rft.atitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Differences+on+the+Standard+Progressive+Matrices+in+Mexico&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2005-01&rft.issn=1469-7599&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15688574&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021932003006497&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Backhoff%2C+Eduardo&rft.au=Contreras%2C+L.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lynn, R. (2010). "In Italy, north–south differences in IQ predict differences in income, education, infant mortality, stature, and literacy". Intelligence. 38 (1): 93–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intell.2009.07.004">10.1016/j.intell.2009.07.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence&rft.atitle=In+Italy%2C+north%E2%80%93south+differences+in+IQ+predict+differences+in+income%2C+education%2C+infant+mortality%2C+stature%2C+and+literacy&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.intell.2009.07.004&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCornoldiBelacchiGiofrèMartini2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cornoldi, Cesare; Belacchi, Carmen; Giofrè, David; Martini, Angela; Tressoldi, Patrizio (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/2750/1/Cornoldi%2C%20C.%2C%20Belacchi%2C%20C.%2C%20Giofr%C3%A8%2C%20D.%2C%20Martini%2C%20A.%2C%20%26%20Tressoldi%2C%20P.%20%282010%29.%20The%20mean%20Southern%20Italian%20children%20IQ%20is%20not%20particularly%20low%20A%20reply%20to%20R.%20Lynn%20%282010%29.%20In.pdf">"The mean Southern Italian children IQ is not particularly low: A reply to R. Lynn (2010), Intelligence"</a> (PDF). Intelligence. 38 (5): 462–470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intell.2010.06.003">10.1016/j.intell.2010.06.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence&rft.atitle=The+mean+Southern+Italian+children+IQ+is+not+particularly+low%3A+A+reply+to+R.+Lynn+%282010%29%2C+Intelligence&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E462-%3C%2Fspan%3E470&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.intell.2010.06.003&rft.aulast=Cornoldi&rft.aufirst=Cesare&rft.au=Belacchi%2C+Carmen&rft.au=Giofr%C3%A8%2C+David&rft.au=Martini%2C+Angela&rft.au=Tressoldi%2C+Patrizio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.ljmu.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F2750%2F1%2FCornoldi%252C%2520C.%252C%2520Belacchi%252C%2520C.%252C%2520Giofr%25C3%25A8%252C%2520D.%252C%2520Martini%252C%2520A.%252C%2520%2526%2520Tressoldi%252C%2520P.%2520%25282010%2529.%2520The%2520mean%2520Southern%2520Italian%2520children%2520IQ%2520is%2520not%2520particularly%2520low%2520A%2520reply%2520to%2520R.%2520Lynn%2520%25282010%2529.%2520In.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeliceGiugliano2011" class="citation journal cs1">Felice, Emanuele; Giugliano, Ferdinando (2011). "Myth and reality: A response to Lynn on the determinants of Italy's North–South imbalances☆". Intelligence. 39 (1): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intell.2010.09.004">10.1016/j.intell.2010.09.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence&rft.atitle=Myth+and+reality%3A+A+response+to+Lynn+on+the+determinants+of+Italy%27s+North%E2%80%93South+imbalances%E2%98%86&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.intell.2010.09.004&rft.aulast=Felice&rft.aufirst=Emanuele&rft.au=Giugliano%2C+Ferdinando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonSagginoTommasi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, David; Saggino, Aristide; Tommasi, Marco (2011). "The case against Lynn's doctrine that population IQ determines levels of socio-economic development and public health status, Robinson et al. (2011)". 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Retrieved 21 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=%27The+Bell+Curve%27+and+Its+Sources+%26%23124%3B+The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1995-02-02&rft.au=More+by+Charles+Lane%2C+Harry+F.+Weyher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamin1-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Kamin1_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKamin1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Kamin, Leon (February 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022043901/http://mysite.du.edu/~psherry/bellcrv.html">"The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. Vol. 272. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.du.edu/~psherry/bellcrv.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2007. <q>Lynn's distortions and misrepresentations of the data constitute a truly venomous racism, combined with scandalous disregard for scientific objectivity. Lynn is widely known among academics to be an associate editor of the racist journal "Mankind Quarterly" and a major recipient of financial support from the nativist, eugenically oriented Pioneer Fund.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Bell+Curve%3A+Intelligence+and+Class+Structure+in+American+Life&rft.volume=272&rft.date=1995-02&rft.aulast=Kamin&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmysite.du.edu%2F~psherry%2Fbellcrv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamin2-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Kamin2_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKamin1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Kamin, Leon (February 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022043901/http://mysite.du.edu/~psherry/bellcrv.html">"The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life"</a>. Scientific American. Vol. 272. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.du.edu/~psherry/bellcrv.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2007. <q>In 1992 Owen reported on a sample of coloured students that had been added to the groups he had tested earlier. The footnote in "The Bell Curve" seems to credit this report as proving that South African colored students have an IQ "similar to that of American blacks", that is, about 85 (the actual reference does not appear in the book's bibliography). That statement does not correctly characterize Owen's work. The test used by Owen in 1992 was the "nonverbal" <a href="/wiki/Raven%27s_Progressive_Matrices" title="Raven's Progressive Matrices">Raven's Progressive Matrices</a>, which is thought to be less culturally biased than other IQ tests. He was able to compare the performance of colored students with that of the whites, blacks and Indians in his 1989 study because the earlier set of pupils had taken the Progressive Matrices in addition to the Junior Aptitude Tests. The black pupils, recall, had poor knowledge of English, but Owen felt that the instructions for the Matrices "are so easy that they can be explained with gestures". Owen's 1992 paper again does not assign IQs to the pupils. Rather he gives the mean number of correct responses on the Progressive Matrices (out of a possible 60) for each group: 45 for whites, 42 for Indians, 37 for coloreds and 28 for blacks. The test's developer, John Raven, repeatedly insisted that results on the Progressive Matrices tests cannot be converted into IQs. Matrices scores, unlike IQs, are not symmetrical around their mean (no "bell curve" here). There is thus no meaningful way to convert an average of raw Matrices scores into an IQ, and no comparison with American black IQs is possible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Bell+Curve%3A+Intelligence+and+Class+Structure+in+American+Life&rft.volume=272&rft.date=1995-02&rft.aulast=Kamin&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmysite.du.edu%2F~psherry%2Fbellcrv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamin3-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Kamin3_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKamin1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Kamin, Leon (February 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022043901/http://mysite.du.edu/~psherry/bellcrv.html">"The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life"</a>. Scientific American. Vol. 272. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.du.edu/~psherry/bellcrv.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2007. <q>Lynn chose to ignore the substance of Crawford-Nutt's paper, which reported that 228 black high school students in Soweto scored an average of 45 correct responses on the Matrices—HIGHER than the mean of 44 achieved by the same-age white sample on whom the test's norms had been established and well above the mean of Owen's coloured pupils.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Bell+Curve%3A+Intelligence+and+Class+Structure+in+American+Life&rft.volume=272&rft.date=1995-02&rft.aulast=Kamin&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmysite.du.edu%2F~psherry%2Fbellcrv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Eugenics-107"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Eugenics_107-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1952449.stm">"Call for re-think on eugenics"</a>. 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Personality and Individual Differences. 35 (6): 1439–1462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0191-8869%2802%2900361-6">10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00361-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=Psychopathic+personality+and+racial%2Fethnic+differences+reconsidered%3A+a+reply+to+Lynn+%282002%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1439-%3C%2Fspan%3E1462&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0191-8869%2802%2900361-6&rft.aulast=Skeem&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, John P. (June 2006). "Argumentum Ad Hominem in the Science of Race". Argumentation and Advocacy. 43 (1): 14–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00028533.2006.11821659">10.1080/00028533.2006.11821659</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1051-1431">1051-1431</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142449810">142449810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Argumentation+and+Advocacy&rft.atitle=Argumentum+Ad+Hominem+in+the+Science+of+Race&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142449810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1051-1431&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00028533.2006.11821659&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> "Evolution of race and sex differences in intelligence and personality: Tribute to Richard Lynn at eighty". Personality and Individual Differences. Volume 53, Issue 2, July 2012. Helmuth Nyborg (ed.). </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeredith2018" class="citation web cs1">Meredith, Robbie (14 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-43043242">"Calls to revoke 'sexist' professor's title"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Calls+to+revoke+%27sexist%27+professor%27s+title&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Robbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-43043242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-43768132">"Status withdrawn from controversial academic"</a>. BBC News. 14 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Status+withdrawn+from+controversial+academic&rft.date=2018-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-43768132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-115"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair.org/extra-online-articles/racism-resurgent/">"Racism Resurgent"</a>. FAIR. Jim Naureckas. January 1995. Retrieved 21 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAIR&rft.atitle=Racism+Resurgent&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffair.org%2Fextra-online-articles%2Fracism-resurgent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTillerson2017" class="citation book cs1">Tillerson, Corey (17 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1VMyDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Richard+Lynn%22+%22American+Renaissance%22&pg=PA37">The Alt-Right A Reference for the Far-Right Political Movement</a>. The author. pp. 37–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-387-17259-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-387-17259-7"><bdi>978-1-387-17259-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alt-Right+A+Reference+for+the+Far-Right+Political+Movement&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=The+author&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft.isbn=978-1-387-17259-7&rft.aulast=Tillerson&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1VMyDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Richard%2BLynn%2522%2B%2522American%2BRenaissance%2522%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlobodian2023" class="citation news cs1">Slobodian, Quinn (13 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2023/09/rise-new-tech-right-iq-cognitive-elite">"The rise of the new tech right: How the cult of IQ became a toxic ideology in Silicon Valley and beyond"</a>. The New Statesman. <q>One of the most prominent psychologists of race and intelligence, Richard Lynn, who died in July, was unwelcome in his own profession but had collaborated with the free-market think tank the Institute of Economic Affairs since the 1960s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+the+new+tech+right%3A+How+the+cult+of+IQ+became+a+toxic+ideology+in+Silicon+Valley+and+beyond&rft.date=2023-09-13&rft.aulast=Slobodian&rft.aufirst=Quinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fideas%2F2023%2F09%2Frise-new-tech-right-iq-cognitive-elite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> Bibliography <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalli-Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalli-Sforza">Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.</a>, Menozzi, P., & Piazza, A. (1994). The history and geography of human genes. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlynn1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Flynn_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Flynn (academic)">Flynn, J.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1983-23444-001">"Lynn, the Japanese, and environmentalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Psychological_Society" title="British Psychological Society">Bulletin of the British Psychological Society</a>. 35: 411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+British+Psychological+Society&rft.atitle=Lynn%2C+the+Japanese%2C+and+environmentalism&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=411&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2Fpsycinfo%2F1983-23444-001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlynn1984" class="citation journal cs1">Flynn, J (1984). "The mean IQ of Americans: massive gains 1932 to 1978". <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Bulletin" title="Psychological Bulletin">Psychological Bulletin</a>. 95: 29–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.95.1.29">10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.29</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+mean+IQ+of+Americans%3A+massive+gains+1932+to+1978&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.95.1.29&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlynn1987" class="citation journal cs1">Flynn, J (1987). "Massive gains in 14 nations: what IQ tests really measure". <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Bulletin" title="Psychological Bulletin">Psychological Bulletin</a>. 101 (2): 171–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.101.2.171">10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Massive+gains+in+14+nations%3A+what+IQ+tests+really+measure&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.101.2.171&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLykken2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lykken, D (2004). "The New Eugenics". <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Psychology">Contemporary Psychology</a>. 49 (6): 670–672. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F004835">10.1037/004835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+New+Eugenics&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E670-%3C%2Fspan%3E672&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F004835&rft.aulast=Lykken&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="refLynn1978" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanvariationbi0000unse">"Ethnic and Racial Differences in Intelligence, International Comparisons"</a>. Human variation: The biopsychology of age, race, and sex. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-529050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-529050-0"><bdi>978-0-12-529050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Differences+in+Intelligence%2C+International+Comparisons&rft.btitle=Human+variation%3A+The+biopsychology+of+age%2C+race%2C+and+sex&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-12-529050-0&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanvariationbi0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn1982" class="citation journal cs1">Lynn, Richard (1982). "IQ in Japan and the United States shows a growing disparity". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 297 (5863): 222–3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Natur.297..222L">1982Natur.297..222L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F297222a0">10.1038/297222a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4331657">4331657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=IQ+in+Japan+and+the+United+States+shows+a+growing+disparity&rft.volume=297&rft.issue=5863&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E222-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4331657%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F297222a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982Natur.297..222L&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lynn, Richard (1990). "The role of nutrition in secular increases of intelligence". <a href="/wiki/Personality_and_Individual_Differences" title="Personality and Individual Differences">Personality and Individual Differences</a>. 11 (3): 273–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0191-8869%2890%2990241-i">10.1016/0191-8869(90)90241-i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=The+role+of+nutrition+in+secular+increases+of+intelligence&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0191-8869%2890%2990241-i&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="refLynn1996" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard (1996). Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations. Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94917-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94917-4"><bdi>978-0-275-94917-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dysgenics%3A+Genetic+Deterioration+in+Modern+Populations&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94917-4&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="refLynn2001" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Richard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XaiF6MeXFmQC">Eugenics: A Reassessment</a>. Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95822-0"><bdi>978-0-275-95822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eugenics%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95822-0&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXaiF6MeXFmQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lynn, Richard. (2010). In Italy, north–south differences in IQ predict differences in income, education, infant mortality, stature, and literacy. <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(journal)" title="Intelligence (journal)">Intelligence</a>, Volume 38, Issue 1, January–February 2010, Pages 93–100</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2001" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, N (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F414583a">"Retrieving the 'eu' from eugenics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 414 (6864): 583. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.414..583M">2001Natur.414..583M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F414583a">10.1038/414583a</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30552556">30552556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Retrieving+the+%27eu%27+from+eugenics&rft.volume=414&rft.issue=6864&rft.pages=583&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30552556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F414583a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.414..583M&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F414583a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Lynn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Neisser, U.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/24612?fulltext=true&print=yes">Rising Scores on Intelligence Tests</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Scientist" title="American Scientist">American Scientist</a>, Sept.-Oct</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Richard_Lynn" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Richard Lynn">Richard Lynn</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rlynn.co.uk/">Official 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<dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Exeter" title="Category:Chancellors of the University of Exeter">Chancellor</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barber_(educationist)" title="Michael Barber (educationist)">Sir Michael Barber</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Category:Vice-chancellors_of_the_University_of_Exeter" title="Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Exeter">Vice-Chancellor</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Roberts_(academic)" title="Lisa Roberts (academic)">Professor Lisa Roberts</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Exeter_people#Notable_academics" title="List of University of Exeter people">List of academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Exeter_people#Notable_alumni" title="List of University of Exeter people">List of alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_graduates_of_the_University_of_Exeter" title="List of honorary graduates of the University of Exeter">List of honorary graduates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Reed_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_278180.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reed Hall, Streatham Campus, University of Exeter"><img alt="Reed Hall, Streatham Campus, University of Exeter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Reed_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_278180.jpg/200px-Reed_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_278180.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Reed_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_278180.jpg/300px-Reed_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_278180.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Reed_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_278180.jpg/400px-Reed_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_278180.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #050; color: 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href="/wiki/Penryn_Campus" title="Penryn Campus">Penryn Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Campus" title="St Luke's Campus">St Luke's Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streatham_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Streatham Campus">Streatham Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter_Halls_of_Residence" title="University of Exeter Halls of Residence">Halls of Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harris_Memorial_Chapel_of_the_Holy_Trinity" title="Mary Harris Memorial Chapel of the Holy Trinity">University Chapel (Holy Trinity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Chapel_of_Saint_Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="University Chapel of Saint Luke">University Chapel (St Luke)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #050; color: white;width:1%">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exepos%C3%A9" title="Exeposé">Exeposé</a> (newspaper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter_Hockey_Club" title="University of Exeter Hockey Club">Hockey Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northcott_Theatre" title="Northcott Theatre">Northcott Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_University_RFC" title="Exeter University RFC">Rugby Football Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xpression_FM" title="Xpression FM">Xpression FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XTV" title="XTV">XTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_Match" title="Bottle Match">Bottle Match</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #050; color: white;width:1%">Affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTAR_project" title="ESTAR project">eSTAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_College_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry" title="Peninsula College of Medicine 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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 18 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-gpdnl","wgBackendResponseTime":188,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.242","walltime":"1.442","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11815,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":290613,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16331,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":442414,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1282.026 1 -total"," 40.99% 525.509 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.82% 228.480 54 Template:Cite_journal"," 17.63% 226.004 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 11.61% 148.903 28 Template:Cite_book"," 7.73% 99.101 2 Template:Ubl"," 6.67% 85.495 3 Template:Marriage"," 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1,\n [\"CITEREFLynnBecker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynnDutton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynnIrwing2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynnSakarCheng2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynnVanhanen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynnVanhanen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynnVanhanen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackintosh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehler1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeisenberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeredith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMore_by_Charles_Lane,_Harry_F._Weyher1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMore_by_Charles_Lane1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNechyba2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeisser2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewbyNewby1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyborg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPace,_F.Sprini,_G.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalairet2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsden2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinsonSagginoTommasi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodgersWänström2007\"] = 1,\n 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