MOSAIC | ELT

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</div> </nav> <div class="container-fluid container-dark container-tight position-relative"> <img class="d-block h-100 w-100" src="https://cdn.eso.org/images/banner1920/subheader-instruments-mosaic.jpg" /> <div class="position-absolute instrument-header-textblock" > <div class="d-flex flex-column justify-content-around h-100"> <div class="header-title">MOSAIC</div> <div class="d-none d-lg-block header-subtitle instrument-header-subtitle">Multi-Object Spectrograph</div> <div class="d-none d-xl-block header-description instrument-header-description"> <p>By peering at objects from stars at the heart of the Milky Way to the most distant galaxies at the very edge of the observable Universe, MOSAIC will enable astronomers to trace the growth of galaxies and the distribution of matter from the Big Bang to the present day.</p> </div> <div class="d-block header-quick-links"> <div>Quick Links:</div> <div class="instrument-link-color"> <a class="instrument-link-color instrument-link" href="#science">Science</a> | <a class="instrument-link-color instrument-link" href="#design">Design</a> | <a class="instrument-link-color instrument-link" href="#docsntools">Documents</a> | <a class="instrument-link-color instrument-link" href="#consortium">Consortium</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-fluid container-light nutshell page-section"> <div class="container-paragraph section-title-paragraph d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between"> <div class="">In a nutshell</div>                      <div class="d-flex"> <a class="share-social-media-link share-social-media-icons" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://elt.eso.org/" title="Share on Facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="/public/archives/djp/elt-assets/img/social-media/icon_share_1.png" alt="Share on Facebook"> </a> <a class="share-social-media-link share-social-media-icons" 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noreferrer"> <img src="/public/archives/djp/elt-assets/img/social-media/icon_share_4.png" alt="Share on LinkedIn"> <span class="share-social-media-dropdown-text">Share on LinkedIn</span> </a> </div> </div> </span> </div> </div> <div class="container-subtitle d-none d-lg-block d-xl-none section-subtitle-paragraph-aftertitle"><p>By peering at objects from stars at the heart of the Milky Way to the most distant galaxies at the very edge of the observable Universe, MOSAIC will enable astronomers to trace the growth of galaxies and the distribution of matter from the Big Bang to the present day.</p></div> <div class="container-subtitle d-block d-lg-none section-subtitle-paragraph-aftertitle">Multi-Object Spectrograph</div> <div class="container-paragraph d-block d-lg-none section-text-paragraph"><p>By peering at objects from stars at the heart of the Milky Way to the most distant galaxies at the very edge of the observable Universe, MOSAIC will enable astronomers to trace the growth of galaxies and the distribution of matter from the Big Bang to the present day.</p></div> <div class="container-paragraph section-text-paragraph"> <p>Astronomers face a major challenge: the Universe contains hundreds of billions of galaxies, each of which contains hundreds of billions of stars. Surveying all of these and unravelling the mysteries behind the evolution of the Universe calls for a multi-object spectrograph that can measure the light from many different objects at the same time. MOSAIC is being built to do just this, as well as to serve as a follow-up machine of future space-based missions, such as the James Webb Space Telescope, as well as the European Space Agency's <a href="https://sci.esa.int/web/euclid">Euclid</a>, and <a href="https://sci.esa.int/web/athena">Athena</a> missions. </p> </div> </div> <div class="container-fluid container-light lightlinks"> <div class="row d-flex w-100 m-0 align-items-stretch" style="background-color: rgb(79, 143, 176);"> <div class="col-xl-6 p-0 position-relative"> <a href="#science"> <img class="w-100" src="https://cdn.eso.org/images/banner1920/instruments-mosaic-science.jpg" /> </a> <span class="position-absolute internal-menu-title" ><a href="#science">Science with MOSAIC</a></span> </div> <div class="col-xl-6 pb-3 pt-3 pt-xl-0 d-flex align-items-center position-relative"> <div class="internal-menu-text" > <p style="text-align: left;">MOSAIC will conduct the first exhaustive inventory of matter in the early Universe. This will lift the veil on how matter is distributed in and between galaxies, resulting in a tremendous leap forward in our understanding of how present-day galaxies formed and evolved. </p> </div> <div class="h-100 w-100 position-absolute d-flex align-items-end internal-menu-shape" > <div class="w-100 d-none d-xl-block"> <svg class="instrument-trapezoid internal-menu-trapezoid" viewBox="0 0 945 75" preserveAspectRatio="none" style="/* height: 75px; */"> <a href="/instrument/MOSAIC/#science"> <polygon points="0,0 260,0 340,67 945,67 945,75 0,75" /> </a> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="position-absolute d-none d-xl-flex align-items-center justify-content-center internal-menu-link internal-menu-trapezoid-link"> <a href="#science" class="internal-menu-link" style="color: rgb(79, 143, 176);"> Read more </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row d-flex w-100 m-0 align-items-stretch" style="background-color: rgb(95, 160, 151);"> <div class="col-xl-6 pb-3 pt-3 pt-xl-0 d-flex align-items-center position-relative order-2 order-xl-1"> <div class="internal-menu-text"> <p style="text-align: left;">MOSAIC is a versatile multi-object spectrograph that will use the widest possible field-of-view provided by the ELT. It will have three operating modes that cover observations in visible and infrared light for more than a hundred sources simultaneously.</p> </div> <div class="h-100 w-100 position-absolute d-flex align-items-end internal-menu-shape" > <div class="w-100 d-none d-xl-block"> <svg class="instrument-trapezoid internal-menu-trapezoid" viewBox="0 0 945 75" preserveAspectRatio="none" style="/* height: 75px; */"> <a href="/instrument/MOSAIC/#design"> <polygon points="0,0 260,0 340,67 945,67 945,75 0,75" /> </a> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="position-absolute d-none d-xl-flex align-items-center justify-content-center internal-menu-link internal-menu-trapezoid-link"> <a href="#design" class="internal-menu-link" style="color: rgb(95, 160, 151);"> Read more </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xl-6 p-0 position-relative order-1 order-xl-2"> <a href="#design"> <img class="w-100" src="https://cdn.eso.org/images/banner1920/instruments-mosaic-design.jpg" /> </a> <span class="position-absolute internal-menu-title"><a href="#design">Instrument Design</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="row d-flex w-100 m-0 align-items-stretch" style="background-color: rgb(148, 85, 76);"> <div class="col-xl-6 p-0 position-relative"> <a href="#docsntools"> <img class="w-100" src="https://cdn.eso.org/images/banner1920/instruments-mosaic-documents.jpg" /> </a> <span class="position-absolute internal-menu-title" ><a href="#docsntools">Tools and Documents</a></span> </div> <div class="col-xl-6 pb-3 pt-3 pt-xl-0 d-flex align-items-center position-relative"> <div class="internal-menu-text" > <p><a href="http://websim-compass.obspm.fr/">Simulator</a></p> <p><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.04726">Science Case</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.eso.org/sci/facilities/eelt/docs/ESO-204696_1_Top_Level_Requirements_for_ELT-MOS.pdf">Top Level Requirements</a></p> </div> <div class="h-100 w-100 position-absolute d-flex align-items-end internal-menu-shape" > <div class="w-100 d-none d-xl-block"> <svg class="instrument-trapezoid internal-menu-trapezoid" viewBox="0 0 945 75" preserveAspectRatio="none" style="/* height: 75px; */"> <a href="/instrument/MOSAIC/#docsntools"> <polygon points="0,0 260,0 340,67 945,67 945,75 0,75" /> </a> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="position-absolute d-none d-xl-flex align-items-center justify-content-center internal-menu-link internal-menu-trapezoid-link"> <a href="#docsntools" class="internal-menu-link" style="color: rgb(79, 143, 176);"> Read more </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row d-flex w-100 m-0 align-items-stretch" style="background-color: rgb(73, 91, 129);"> <div class="col-xl-6 pb-3 pt-3 pt-xl-0 d-flex align-items-center position-relative order-2 order-xl-1"> <div class="internal-menu-text"> <p style="text-align: left;">The MOSAIC project is managed by an <a href="http://www.mosaic-elt.eu/index.php/consortium">international consortium</a> composed of research institutes from European and overseas countries.</p> </div> <div class="h-100 w-100 position-absolute d-flex align-items-end internal-menu-shape" > <div class="w-100 d-none d-xl-block"> <svg class="instrument-trapezoid internal-menu-trapezoid" viewBox="0 0 945 75" preserveAspectRatio="none" style="/* height: 75px; */"> <a href="/instrument/MOSAIC/#consortium"> <polygon points="0,0 260,0 340,67 945,67 945,75 0,75" /> </a> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="position-absolute d-none d-xl-flex align-items-center justify-content-center internal-menu-link internal-menu-trapezoid-link"> <a href="#consortium" class="internal-menu-link" style="color: rgb(73, 91, 129);"> Read more </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xl-6 p-0 position-relative order-1 order-xl-2"> <a href="#consortium"> <img class="w-100" src="https://cdn.eso.org/images/banner1920/instruments-mosaic-consortium.jpg" /> </a> <span class="position-absolute internal-menu-title"><a href="#consortium">Instrument Consortium and Contacts</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <a id="science" class="anchor"></a> <div id="science_" class="container-fluid container-light page-section"> <div class="container-paragraph section-title-paragraph">Science with MOSAIC</div>  <div class="m-0 " style="padding-bottom: 1vw;"> <div class="row w-100 m-0"> <div class="col-lg-12 p-0 position-relative d-flex align-items-center order-lg-1 order-1" > <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/MOSAIC4-cc/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center w-100" > <img class="" style="width: 100%; " src="https://cdn.eso.org/images/original/instruments-mosaic-banner1.jpg" /> </a> </div> </div> </div>    <div class="container-heading"> <span class="section-heading-paragraph"><p>MOSAIC will conduct the first exhaustive inventory of matter in the early Universe. This will lift the veil on how matter is distributed in and between galaxies, resulting in a tremendous leap forward in our understanding of how present-day galaxies formed and evolved.</p></span> </div> <div class="container-paragraph section-text-paragraph"> <p>After the Big Bang, the Universe cooled down and grew dark. Only once dark matter and gas had clumped together did stars and galaxies begin to shine. Energetic radiation from those stars reionised (ripped electrons from the atomic nuclei) the remaining neutral gas, but exactly when and how this all occurred remains a mystery that MOSAIC will contribute to solving. Identifying the main — and elusive — ionising sources requires detailed observations of a specific hydrogen emission line (the Lyman-alpha line) of very distant objects. </p> <p>Using MOSAIC to make these observations will enable astronomers to find out the ionisation state of the intergalactic medium (IGM), in the first few billion years of the universe (from redshift 5 to 13), allowing them to reconstruct the timeline of reionisation. MOSAIC will provide the largest observational sample of the very first galaxies at sufficient spectral resolving power to determine the properties of their stellar populations, as well as of the interstellar medium (ISM), the matter that exists in between the stars. The instrument will also be used to search for the presence of gas flowing out from these galaxies. </p> </div>  <div class="m-0 " style="padding-bottom: 1vw;"> <div class="row w-100 m-0"> <div class="col-lg-12 p-0 position-relative d-flex align-items-center order-lg-1 order-1" > <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/MOSAIC6/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center w-100" > <img class="" style="width: 100%; " src="https://cdn.eso.org/images/original/instruments-mosaic-banner2.jpg" /> </a> </div> </div> </div>    <div class="container-paragraph section-text-paragraph"> <p>Furthermore, MOSAIC will be used to identify the "missing" baryons in the circumgalactic medium (CGM), the gas surrounding galaxies. Taking advantage of pairs of galaxies where one is in front of the other from our perspective, astronomers will observe light from the background galaxy passing through gas surrounding the foreground galaxy. This foreground gas leaves absorption lines features in the spectrum of the background galaxy that will allow astronomers to find out what elements are present in the gas, and what their ionisation states are. Such studies have already been conducted on 8-metre telescopes using quasars as the background object. With the ELT, astronomers will be able to conduct the same analysis using dimmer and more widespread Lyman break galaxies as background sources instead of quasars, which will provide many more galaxy pairs to be studied, giving statistics at an epoch which remains out of reach of current facilities. </p> </div> </div> <a id="design" class="anchor"></a> <div id="design_" class="container-fluid container-light page-section"> <div class="m-0 container-paragraph"> <div style="width: 40%;" class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-column align-items-center justify-content-between float-right ml-5 mb-3 image-title-paragraph"> <div data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-offset="300" > <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/MOSAIC3/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img class="w-100 d-block " style="" src="https://cdn.eso.org/images/screen/instruments-mosaic-image1.jpg" /></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-title float-text"> <div class="section-title-paragraph">Instrument Design</div> </div> <div class="m-0_ container-paragraph"> <div class="d-flex d-lg-none flex-column align-items-center justify-content-between w-100 mb-3"> <div data-aos="fade-right" data-aos-offset="300" > <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/MOSAIC3/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img class="w-100 d-block " style="" src="https://cdn.eso.org/images/screen/instruments-mosaic-image1.jpg" /></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-subtitle float-text"> <span class="section-subtitle-paragraph"><p>To satisfy MOSAIC's science cases and requirements, the Phase A design includes three observation modes:</p></span> </div> <div class="container-paragraph section-text-paragraph"> <ul> <li><strong>High multiplex mode in the visible (HMM-VIS)</strong>: Simultaneous integrated-light observations of almost 200 objects, with the possibility of using both medium and high spectral resolving power (R~5000 and R~20,000).</li> <li><strong>High multiplex mode in the near-infrared (HMM-NIR)</strong>: Simultaneous integrated-light observations of 80 objects (goal: 100) each of them with dedicated sky fibres to subtract the strong sky background present in the near-infrared. This mode will cover simultaneously the wavelength range 0.8–1.8 µm with the possibility to observe in medium and high spectral resolving power.</li> <li><strong>High-definition mode (HDM)</strong>: Simultaneous observations of eight integral field units (IFUs) (goal: 10 IFUs) deployed within a ~40 arcmin patrol field. Each IFU will cover a 2.5 arcsec hexagon with ~200 milliarcseconds spaxels, sharing the same spectrograph as for the HMM-NIR, with same wavelength coverage and spectral resolving power.</li> </ul> <p>MOSAIC has just completed the initial project stage known as Phase A.</p> </div> </div> <div class="container-fluid container-light page-section" style="padding-top: 2rem; padding-bottom: 1rem;"> <div class="row d-flex w-100 mr-0 ml-0 mt-2 mb-2 align-items-stretch no-gutters" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: 0px 2px 4px 0px #ccc;"> <div class="col-md-4 d-flex align-items-center position-relative"> <svg width="100%" height="100%" viewBox="0 0 30 4" preserveAspectRatio="none"> <polygon fill="rgb(240, 90, 67)" stroke-width=0 points="0,0 20,0 30,2 20,4 0,4" /> </svg> <div class="position-absolute d-flex align-items-center instrument-technical-table-cell" style="left: 10%;"> <p>Wavelength</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-8 d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="w-100 text-center instrument-technical-table-cell"> <p style="text-align: center;">0.47 − 1.80 µm (baseline)</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row d-flex w-100 mr-0 ml-0 mt-2 mb-2 align-items-stretch no-gutters" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: 0px 2px 4px 0px #ccc;"> <div class="col-md-4 d-flex align-items-center position-relative"> <svg width="100%" height="100%" viewBox="0 0 30 4" preserveAspectRatio="none"> <polygon fill="rgb(251, 159, 2)" stroke-width=0 points="0,0 20,0 30,2 20,4 0,4" /> </svg> <div class="position-absolute d-flex align-items-center instrument-technical-table-cell" style="left: 10%;"> <p>Spectral resolution</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-8 d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="w-100 text-center instrument-technical-table-cell"> <p style="text-align: center;"> 5,000 − 20,000</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row d-flex w-100 mr-0 ml-0 mt-2 mb-2 align-items-stretch no-gutters" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: 0px 2px 4px 0px #ccc;"> <div class="col-md-4 d-flex align-items-center position-relative"> <svg width="100%" height="100%" viewBox="0 0 30 4" preserveAspectRatio="none"> <polygon fill="rgb(42, 187, 119)" stroke-width=0 points="0,0 20,0 30,2 20,4 0,4" /> </svg> <div class="position-absolute d-flex align-items-center instrument-technical-table-cell" style="left: 10%;"> <p>Field-of-view</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-8 d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="w-100 text-center instrument-technical-table-cell"> <p style="text-align: center;">40 square arcmin</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row d-flex w-100 mr-0 ml-0 mt-2 mb-2 align-items-stretch no-gutters" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: 0px 2px 4px 0px #ccc;"> <div class="col-md-4 d-flex align-items-center position-relative"> <svg width="100%" height="100%" viewBox="0 0 30 4" preserveAspectRatio="none"> <polygon fill="rgb(251, 193, 3)" stroke-width=0 points="0,0 20,0 30,2 20,4 0,4" /> </svg> <div class="position-absolute d-flex align-items-center instrument-technical-table-cell" style="left: 10%;"> <p>High Multiplex Mode</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-8 d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="w-100 text-center instrument-technical-table-cell"> <p style="text-align: center;">200 in VIS and 80+80 in NIR (baseline)</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row d-flex w-100 mr-0 ml-0 mt-2 mb-2 align-items-stretch no-gutters" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: 0px 2px 4px 0px #ccc;"> <div class="col-md-4 d-flex align-items-center position-relative"> <svg width="100%" height="100%" viewBox="0 0 30 4" preserveAspectRatio="none"> <polygon fill="rgb(56, 205, 228)" stroke-width=0 points="0,0 20,0 30,2 20,4 0,4" /> </svg> <div class="position-absolute d-flex align-items-center instrument-technical-table-cell" style="left: 10%;"> <p>High Definition Mode</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-8 d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="w-100 text-center instrument-technical-table-cell"> <p style="text-align: center;">8 (baseline)</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a id="docsntools" class="anchor"></a> <div id="docsntools_" class="container-fluid container-light page-section"> <div class="container-paragraph section-title-paragraph">Tools and Documents</div> <div class="container-paragraph section-text-paragraph"> <p><a href="http://websim-compass.obspm.fr/">Simulator</a></p> <p>Tool to simulate instrument observations</p> <p><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.04726">Science Case</a></p> <p>Description of the scientific motivations for the instrument, as initially submitted by the Instrument Consortium</p> <p><a href="https://www.eso.org/sci/facilities/eelt/docs/ESO-204696_1_Top_Level_Requirements_for_ELT-MOS.pdf">Top Level Requirements</a></p> <p>Description of the characteristics of the instrument required by the science case</p> </div> </div> <a id="consortium" class="anchor"></a> <div id="consortium_" class="container-fluid container-light page-section"> <div class="container-paragraph section-title-paragraph">Instrument Consortium and Contacts</div> <div class="container-paragraph section-text-paragraph"> <p><strong>The MOSAIC project is managed by an <a href="http://www.mosaic-elt.eu/index.php/consortium">international consortium</a> composed of research institutes from European and overseas countries. </strong></p> <p>MOSAIC is being designed and built under the leadership of the National Institute for Earth Sciences and Astronomy at the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS-INSU, France) by a consortium of partners in France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Brazil, Germany, Austria, Finland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland. In addition to CNRS-INSU, the MOSAIC consortium consists of Durham University (United Kingdom), the Galaxies, Stars, Physics and Instrumentation Department at Paris Observatory (France), the Institute for Research in Astrophysics and Planetology at the University of Toulouse (France), the Marseille Astrophysics Laboratory (France), the National Physics Laboratory (Brazil), the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (Germany), the LESIA Space and Astrophysics Instrumentation Research Laboratory at Paris Observatory (France), the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (Netherlands), the University of São Paulo (Brazil), the University of Amsterdam (Netherlands), the University of Oxford / RAL Space (United Kingdom), the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (United Kingdom), University of Helsinki (Finland), the University of Michigan (US), Stockholm University (Sweden), LSW Heidelberg (Germany), the University of Geneva (Switzerland), the University of Vienna (Austria), IACE – Universidade de Lisboa (Portugal), Space Telescope Science Institute (US), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain), INAF Roma (Italy). ESO also contributes to the project development. </p> </div> <div class="container-paragraph"> <p><strong>Principal Investigator</strong></p> <p><a href="mailto:roser.pello@lam.fr">Roser Pello</a> (LAM, France) </p> <p><a href="mailto:mathieu.puech@obspm.fr">Mathieu Puech</a> (GEPI – Observatoire de Paris-PSL, France) </p> <p><strong>Project Scientist</strong></p> <p><a href="mailto:ruben.sanchez-janssen@stfc.ac.uk">Ruben Sanchez-Janssen</a> (UK Astronomy Technology Centre, UK) </p> <p><strong>Project Manager</strong></p> <p><a href="mailto:eric.prieto@lam.fr">Eric Prieto</a> (LAM, France) </p> <p><strong>ESO Project Engineer</strong></p> <p><a href="mailto:amanesca@eso.org">Antonio Manescau</a> </p> <p><strong>ESO Project Scientist</strong></p> <p><a href="mailto:vmainier@eso.org">Vincenzo Mainieri</a> </p> <p><strong>ESO Project Manager</strong></p> <p><a href="mailto:Patrick.Caillier@eso.org">Patrick Cailler</a> </p> </div> </div> <footer class="container-fluid container-footer"> <div class="row d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between w-100"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-3 pb-3 pb-lg-0 d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center medium-light footer-item"> <a href="https:///www.eso.org/"><span class="esoblue">ESO</span></a> | ELT ©  <div id="current-year"> </div> <script> //Get Current year var today = new Date(); var year = today.getFullYear(); document.getElementById('current-year').innerHTML = `${year}`; </script> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-9 d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center medium-light footer-item"> <div class="text-center"> <a class="w-100" href="/credits/"><span class="medium-light footer-item">Credits</span></a>   |   <a class="w-100" href="mailto:information@eso.org"><span class="medium-light footer-item">Contact us</span></a>   |   <a class="w-100" href="https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/newsletters/"><span class="medium-light footer-item">Subscribe to ESO news</span></a>   |   <a class="w-100" href="https://www.cdn77.com/"><span class="medium-light footer-item">Accelerated by CDN77</span></a>   |   <a class="w-100" href="https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/privacy/"><span class="medium-light footer-item">Terms & Conditions</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <input type='hidden' name='csrfmiddlewaretoken' value='NYLVu2xIA060dwAsTSkswF3QC4lUz8cmVkukyFFYM6e61xr6d8KyWGtqYAxWGD5C' /> </body> </html>

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