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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1871 rebellion in Nice by the Niçard Italians against the French government</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Niçard Vespers</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg/240px-Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg/360px-Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg/480px-Les_manifestations_pro-italiennes_%C3%A0_Nice_du_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="545" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pro-Italian protests in Nice, 1871, during the Niçard Vespers</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">8–10 February 1871</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">annexation of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a> to France and consequent policy of <a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a> of the territory and its inhabitants</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;">Local ethnic <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a>).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;">Protests suppressed</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Niçard Vespers</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Vespri nizzardi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈvɛspri<span class="wrap"> </span>nitˈtsardi]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Vêpres niçoises</i>) were three days of popular uprising of the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, in 1871, in support of the union of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ni%C3%A7ard_Vespers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">Treaty of Turin</a> was signed in 1860 between the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a>, the county of Nice was ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a> against <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, which saw <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> united with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>. </p><p>King Victor-Emmanuel II, on 1 April 1860, solemnly asked the population to accept the change of sovereignty, in the name of Italian unity, and the cession was ratified by a regional <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Italophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Italophile">Italophile</a> manifestations and the acclamation of an "Italian Nice" by the crowd were reported on this occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A referendum was voted on 15 April and 16 April 1860. The opponents of annexation called for abstention, hence the very high abstention rate. The "yes" vote won 83% of registered voters throughout the county of Nice, and 86% in Nice, partly due to pressure from the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the result of a masterful operation of information control by the French and Piedmontese governments, in order to influence the outcome of the vote in relation to the decisions already taken.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The irregularities in the referendum voting operations were evident. The case of Levens is emblematic: the same official sources recorded, faced with only 407 voters, 481 votes cast, naturally almost all in favor of joining France.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan-Nice-1624.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Plan-Nice-1624.jpg/300px-Plan-Nice-1624.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Plan-Nice-1624.jpg/450px-Plan-Nice-1624.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Plan-Nice-1624.jpg/600px-Plan-Nice-1624.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> in 1624, when it was called <i>Nizza</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian language was the official language of the County, used by the Church, the town hall, taught in schools, used in theaters and at the Opera; though it was immediately abolished and replaced by French.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discontent over annexation to France led to the emigration of a large part of the Italophile population, also accelerated by Italian unification after 1861. A quarter of the population of Nice, around 11,000 people from Nice, decided to voluntarily exile to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emigration of a quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a> to Italy was known as the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French government implemented a policy of <a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a> of society, language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The toponyms of the communes of the ancient County were francized, with the obligation to use French in Nice,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as certain surnames (for example the Italian surname "Bianchi" was francized into "Leblanc", and the Italian surname "Del Ponte" was francized into "Dupont").<sup id="cite_ref-limesonline_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limesonline-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ni%C3%A7ard_Vespers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The part of the Niçard Italians who decided to stay was subjected to a strong attempt at <a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a> - rejected in those years by the Niçard Italians - which caused much resentment against the French. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Nice" title="Italian irredentism in Nice">Italian irredentists in Nice</a> made themselves the spokesman for this rejection through their leader, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> from Nice. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[...] The professor Angelo Fenochio, former editor of the newspaper <i>Il Nizzardo</i> published an indignant pamphlet, <i>I Nizzardi e l'Italia</i>, which stated that "the whole history of Nice is a protest against our separation from Italy, against our incorporation into France" and underlined the numerous manifestations of Italianness from Nice following the transfer. [...]<sup id="cite_ref-slideshare_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slideshare-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1871, with the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/1871_French_legislative_election" title="1871 French legislative election">legislative elections held on 8 February</a>, Giuseppe Garibaldi was elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(1871)" title="National Assembly (1871)">National Assembly at Bordeaux</a>, together with Luigi Piccon and Costantino Bergondi from Nice, with the specific mandate to abrogate the Treaty of Turin of 1860 with which the County of Nice had been ceded to Napoleon III. </p><p>In the political elections, the pro-Italian lists received 26,534 votes out of 29,428 votes cast. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[...] As soon as the result of the vote was known, an immense crowd left the town hall and with the cry of Viva Nizza, Viva Garibaldi, crossed the Ponte Nuovo, stopped in Piazza Massena, took Via Gioffredo, and stayed for a while in front of the Italian consulate and, retracing her steps, stood under the windows of the candidates who harangued the people, and were enthusiastically applauded. Around half past midnight the multitude, drunk with joy and enthusiasm for the victory obtained, was still walking the streets. [...]<sup id="cite_ref-slideshare_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slideshare-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:County_of_nice.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/County_of_nice.svg/220px-County_of_nice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/County_of_nice.svg/330px-County_of_nice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/County_of_nice.svg/440px-County_of_nice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a> showing the area of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> annexed in 1860 to France (light brown). The red area was already part of France before 1860.</figcaption></figure> <p>In response, the French Republican government sent an army of 10,000 soldiers to Nice. They shut down the pro-Italian newspaper <i>Il Diritto di Nizza</i> and jailed many Italian irredentists in Nice. </p><p>Immediately the population of Nice reacted and from 8 to 10 February they rose up, but had the worst against the French army which appeased the revolt in blood. Many were imprisoned and wounded, according to the historian Giulio Vignoli. On February 13, 1871, the deputy Garibaldi was prevented from speaking before the National Assembly and presented his resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of the Niçard Vespers of 1871 was told by Enrico Sappia in his book <i>Nizza contemporanea</i>, published in London and banned in France.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[...] Enrico Sappia will remember that among the immense crowd that sang and praised Italy, there were those who carried a flag with the inscription INRI which meant "The Niçards will return Italians". While the crowd continued to shout: "Down with France! Long live Italy!", the gendarmes arrived and were unable to disperse it. The crowd shouting "Long live Italy" and "Long live Garibaldi" also tried to storm the prefecture whose windows were broken with stone throwing. Many arrests were made that same evening and the following morning. The publication of the newspaper <i>La Voce di Nizza</i> which had taken the place of <i>Il Diritto di Nizza</i>, suppressed by the French authorities, was prohibited. On February 19, a new newspaper <i>Il Pensiero di Nizza</i> came out which took over the political legacy of the first two. The riots of 8, 9 and 10 February, the three bellicose days, provided valid arguments and solid reasons for those who advocated a return of Nice to Italy, because they had good game in supporting the arbitrariness of French power . The Italian separatists took risks in the squares and streets of Nice to assert their ideas, taking many risks in the riots and challenging the authorities. [...]<sup id="cite_ref-slideshare_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slideshare-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the Niçard Vespers of 1871, the irredentists who supported the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> were expelled from Nice, completing the Niçard exodus. The most illustrious was Luciano Mereu, who was expelled from Nice with three other renowned Garibaldini from Nice: Adriano Gilli, Carlo Perino, and Alberto Cougnet.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the famous writer and art critic Giuseppe Bres was exiled by the French for a few years because of his participation at Niçard Vespers. </p><p>Subsequently and until the end of the century, in addition to the expulsion of various citizens of Nice who were moderately favorable to Italy and its unification, there was a further strong strengthening of the process of Frenchisation in all of the former County of Nice, with the closure of all the newspapers in Italian (such as the renowned <i>La Voce di Nizza</i>) and with the complete Frenchization of the toponyms of the County of Nice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ni%C3%A7ard_Vespers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ni%C3%A7ard_Vespers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=24ouAAAAYAAJ&dq=%C2%ABI+vespri+nizzardi%C2%BB&pg=PA11">Vespri Nizzardi, di Giuseppe Andre'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRuggiero2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ruggiero, Alain (2006). <i>Nouvelle Histoire de Nice</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouvelle+Histoire+de+Nice&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ruggiero&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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(2006). <i>Nouvelle histoire de Nice</i>. Toulouse: Privat. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7089-8335-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7089-8335-9"><bdi>978-2-7089-8335-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouvelle+histoire+de+Nice&rft.place=Toulouse&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Privat&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-7089-8335-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall_Adams1873" class="citation journal cs1">Kendall Adams, Charles (1873). "Universal Suffrage under Napoleon III". <i>The North American Review</i>. <b>0117</b>: 360–370.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.atitle=Universal+Suffrage+under+Napoleon+III&rft.volume=0117&rft.pages=360-370&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Kendall+Adams&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDotto_De'_Dauli1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dotto De' Dauli, Carlo (1873). <i>Nizza, o Il confine d'Italia ad Occidente</i> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nizza%2C+o+Il+confine+d%27Italia+ad+Occidente&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Dotto+De%27+Dauli&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarge1996" class="citation journal cs1">Large, Didier (1996). "La situation linguistique dans le comté de Nice avant le rattachement à la France". <i>Recherches régionales Côte d'Azur et contrées limitrophes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recherches+r%C3%A9gionales+C%C3%B4te+d%27Azur+et+contr%C3%A9es+limitrophes&rft.atitle=La+situation+linguistique+dans+le+comt%C3%A9+de+Nice+avant+le+rattachement+%C3%A0+la+France&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=Didier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Gubbins_and_Mike_Holt2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul Gubbins and Mike Holt (2002). <i>Beyond Boundaries: Language and Identity in Contemporary Europe</i>. pp. 91–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Boundaries%3A+Language+and+Identity+in+Contemporary+Europe&rft.pages=91-100&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Paul+Gubbins+and+Mike+Holt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirone2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peirone, Fulvio (2011). <i>Per Torino da Nizza e Savoia. Le opzioni del 1860 per la cittadinanza torinese, da un fondo dell'archivio storico della città di Torino</i> (in Italian). Turin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Per+Torino+da+Nizza+e+Savoia.+Le+opzioni+del+1860+per+la+cittadinanza+torinese%2C+da+un+fondo+dell%27archivio+storico+della+citt%C3%A0+di+Torino&rft.place=Turin&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Peirone&rft.aufirst=Fulvio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi"</a> (in Italian). 28 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219165302/http://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Un+nizzardo+su+quattro+prese+la+via+dell%27esilio%22+in+seguito+all%27unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia%2C+dice+lo+scrittore+Casalino+Pierluigi&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.montecarlonews.it%2F2017%2F08%2F28%2Fnotizie%2Fargomenti%2Faltre-notizie-1%2Farticolo%2Fun-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi"</a> (in Italian). 28 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Un+nizzardo+su+quattro+prese+la+via+dell%27esilio%22+in+seguito+all%27unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia%2C+dice+lo+scrittore+Casalino+Pierluigi&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.montecarlonews.it%2F2017%2F08%2F28%2Fnotizie%2Fargomenti%2Faltre-notizie-1%2Farticolo%2Fun-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Gubbins_and_Mine_Holt2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul Gubbins and Mine Holt (2002). <i>Beyond Boundaries: Language and Identity in Contemporary Europe</i>. pp. 91–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Boundaries%3A+Language+and+Identity+in+Contemporary+Europe&rft.pages=91-100&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Paul+Gubbins+and+Mine+Holt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiig.altervista.org/Nizzardo/IL%20NIZZARDO%20NEI%20SUOI%20ASPETTI%20GEOGRAFICI.pdf">"Il Nizzardo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Nizzardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiig.altervista.org%2FNizzardo%2FIL%2520NIZZARDO%2520NEI%2520SUOI%2520ASPETTI%2520GEOGRAFICI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-limesonline-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-limesonline_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.limesonline.com/unitalia-sconfinata/2845">"Un'Italia sconfinata"</a> (in Italian). 20 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Un%27Italia+sconfinata&rft.date=2009-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.limesonline.com%2Funitalia-sconfinata%2F2845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slideshare-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slideshare_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slideshare_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slideshare_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/movimentoirredentistaitaliano/giulio-vignoli-storie-di-nizza-e-del-nizzardo-storie-di-nizza-e-del-nizzardo">"Storie e letterature italiane di Nizza e del Nizzardo"</a> (in Italian). 15 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storie+e+letterature+italiane+di+Nizza+e+del+Nizzardo&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fmovimentoirredentistaitaliano%2Fgiulio-vignoli-storie-di-nizza-e-del-nizzardo-storie-di-nizza-e-del-nizzardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourrière2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Courrière, Henri (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdlm.revues.org/index2693.html">"Les troubles de fevrier 1871 à Nice"</a>. <i>Cahiers de la Méditerranée</i> (in French) (74): 179–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcdlm.2693">10.4000/cdlm.2693</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Les+troubles+de+fevrier+1871+%C3%A0+Nice&rft.issue=74&rft.pages=179-208&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fcdlm.2693&rft.aulast=Courri%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdlm.revues.org%2Findex2693.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xf4u4n_nizza-terra-garibaldina_news">"Video with references to the Niçard Vespers and Enrico Sappia"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video+with+references+to+the+Ni%C3%A7ard+Vespers+and+Enrico+Sappia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymotion.com%2Fvideo%2Fxf4u4n_nizza-terra-garibaldina_news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANi%C3%A7ard+Vespers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Alberto Cougnet to Giuseppe Garibaldi, Genoa, December 7, 1867, Garibaldi Archive, Milan, C 2582</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niçard_Vespers&oldid=1254826303">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niçard_Vespers&oldid=1254826303</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:February_1871_events" title="Category:February 1871 events">February 1871 events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1871_in_France" title="Category:1871 in France">1871 in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protests_in_France" title="Category:Protests in France">Protests in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Nice" title="Category:History of Nice">History of Nice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_irredentism" title="Category:Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Italian IPA">Pages with Italian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 21:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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