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IB Knowledge Health | Imperial College Business School

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tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <div class="region__outer"> <div class="region__inner"> <div id="block-icbs-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block block--"> <article class="node node--type-listing-page node--view-mode-full node--no-sidebar"> <div class="node__content"> <div class="node__content-top"> <div class="text-formatted field--name-introduction"> <p>Let our world-class experts provide future-focused thought leadership on healthcare. From specific technology to transformational projects, economics and public health have a big effect on each other. How will COVID-19 push the digital transformation of businesses? Its economic impact changes day-to-day, but could we have foreseen it? Make better decisions with our forward-thinking thought leadership hub.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-content-top field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--listing paragraph--view-mode--default paragraph--margin"> <div class="paragraph--content"> <div class="field field--name-field-knowledge-listings field--type-viewsreference field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-knowledge-listings view-id-knowledge_listings view-display-id-listing_stacked js-view-dom-id-9507a13cd4c9c1e3fda4817819936b02765b2673043292309d448ec78304c8b0"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="listing-blocks listing-blocks--grid knowledge"> <div> <article class="c-card c-card--horizontal-wide "> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/why-professional-networks-are-vital-healthcare-innovation/" class="c-card__media " tabindex="-1"> <picture> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2025-01/GettyImages-1137422797-2.webp?h=af5ef61d&amp;itok=ZU2IxhOM 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2025-01/GettyImages-1137422797-2.webp?h=af5ef61d&amp;itok=DzfrtIMv 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="315"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2025-01/GettyImages-1137422797-2.jpg?h=af5ef61d&amp;itok=ZU2IxhOM 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2025-01/GettyImages-1137422797-2.jpg?h=af5ef61d&amp;itok=DzfrtIMv 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="315"/> <img loading="eager" src="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2025-01/GettyImages-1137422797-2.jpg?h=af5ef61d&amp;itok=ZU2IxhOM" width="560" height="448" alt="Illustration of doctors examining a patient using a medical app" /> </picture> </a> <div class="c-card__content "> <div class="c-card__pretitle"> Health </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/why-professional-networks-are-vital-healthcare-innovation/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Why professional networks are vital to healthcare innovation" class="button button--default c-card__title"> <h2>Why professional networks are vital to healthcare innovation</h2> </a> <div class="text-formatted c-card__copy"> <div class="field field--name-summary field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Developing innovative healthcare practices is a big challenge, but getting doctors to adopt them once they exist is yet another barrier to improving patient healthcare.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__details"> <div class="c-card__detail c-card__detail-no-icon"> <span class="c-card__detail-value"><div class="key-info key-info--knowledge"> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Written by</h4> <div> <span><a href="/business-school/authors/mmarildo">Marisa Miraldo</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Published</h4> <div><time datetime="2025-01-21T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">21 January 2025</time> </div> </div> </div> </span> </div> </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/why-professional-networks-are-vital-healthcare-innovation/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Why professional networks are vital to healthcare innovation" class="link c-card__cta"> Read more </a> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article class="c-card c-card--horizontal-wide "> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/does-the-internet-put-people-vaccines/" class="c-card__media " tabindex="-1"> <picture> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-12/vaccine-hesitancy.webp?h=4dc892f8&amp;itok=ychyDfu8 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2024-12/vaccine-hesitancy.webp?h=4dc892f8&amp;itok=_muSUEt8 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="315"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-12/vaccine-hesitancy.jpg?h=4dc892f8&amp;itok=ychyDfu8 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2024-12/vaccine-hesitancy.jpg?h=4dc892f8&amp;itok=_muSUEt8 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="315"/> <img loading="eager" src="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-12/vaccine-hesitancy.jpg?h=4dc892f8&amp;itok=ychyDfu8" width="560" height="448" alt="A vaccine vile held up by a gloved hand" /> </picture> </a> <div class="c-card__content "> <div class="c-card__pretitle"> Health </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/does-the-internet-put-people-vaccines/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Does the internet put people off vaccines?" class="button button--default c-card__title"> <h2>Does the internet put people off vaccines?</h2> </a> <div class="text-formatted c-card__copy"> <div class="field field--name-summary field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Vaccines have saved millions of lives, but how has the rise of the internet affected their uptake? And what does this mean for society?</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__details"> <div class="c-card__detail c-card__detail-no-icon"> <span class="c-card__detail-value"><div class="key-info key-info--knowledge"> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Written by</h4> <div> <span><a href="/business-school/authors/cpropper">Carol Propper</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Published</h4> <div><time datetime="2024-12-11T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">11 December 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </span> </div> </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/does-the-internet-put-people-vaccines/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Does the internet put people off vaccines?" class="link c-card__cta"> Read more </a> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article class="c-card c-card--horizontal-wide "> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/profile-professor-anita-patel-goes-behind-the-scenes-health-economics/" class="c-card__media " tabindex="-1"> <picture> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-10/241015_Patel_Anita%20_7053.webp?h=827fea8d&amp;itok=CQAXb9sZ 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2024-10/241015_Patel_Anita%20_7053.webp?h=827fea8d&amp;itok=zhc-L03b 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="315"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-10/241015_Patel_Anita%20_7053.jpg?h=827fea8d&amp;itok=CQAXb9sZ 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2024-10/241015_Patel_Anita%20_7053.jpg?h=827fea8d&amp;itok=zhc-L03b 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="315"/> <img loading="eager" src="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-10/241015_Patel_Anita%20_7053.jpg?h=827fea8d&amp;itok=CQAXb9sZ" width="560" height="448" alt="Anita Patel headshot " /> </picture> </a> <div class="c-card__content "> <div class="c-card__pretitle"> Health </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/profile-professor-anita-patel-goes-behind-the-scenes-health-economics/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Profile: Professor Anita Patel goes behind-the-scenes of health economics" class="button button--default c-card__title"> <h2>Profile: Professor Anita Patel goes behind-the-scenes of health economics</h2> </a> <div class="text-formatted c-card__copy"> <div class="field field--name-summary field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Recently appointed Provost&#039;s Visiting Professor of Health Economics, Anita Patel explains the &quot;quiet&quot; but significant impact of health economists.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__details"> <div class="c-card__detail c-card__detail-no-icon"> <span class="c-card__detail-value"><div class="key-info key-info--knowledge"> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Written by</h4> <div> <span><a href="/business-school/authors/eburrows">Evie Burrows-Taylor</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Published</h4> <div><time datetime="2024-10-29T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">29 October 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </span> </div> </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/profile-professor-anita-patel-goes-behind-the-scenes-health-economics/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Profile: Professor Anita Patel goes behind-the-scenes of health economics" class="link c-card__cta"> Read more </a> </div> </article> </div> <div class="block-cta-block listing-block"> <div class="block block-block-content block-block-contentb5659187-bf3a-41ba-8dc1-3f85113e3ab6 block--"> <div class="field field--name-field-cta-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Monthly newsletter</div> <div class="field field--name-field-subtitle field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Receive the latest insights from Imperial College Business School</div> <a href="/business-school/sign-ib-knowledge/" class="button button--primary "> Sign up now </a> </div> </div> <div> <article class="c-card c-card--horizontal-wide "> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/lessons-leaders-what-has-long-covid-done-personal-finances/" class="c-card__media " tabindex="-1"> <picture> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-09/Long%20covid%20and%20personal%20finances.webp?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=xZyoPDKW 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2024-09/Long%20covid%20and%20personal%20finances.webp?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=r039P3qt 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="315"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-09/Long%20covid%20and%20personal%20finances.jpg?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=xZyoPDKW 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2024-09/Long%20covid%20and%20personal%20finances.jpg?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=r039P3qt 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="315"/> <img loading="eager" src="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-09/Long%20covid%20and%20personal%20finances.jpg?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=xZyoPDKW" width="560" height="448" alt="Illustration of covid virus smashing into a pile of coins " /> </picture> </a> <div class="c-card__content "> <div class="c-card__pretitle"> Health </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/lessons-leaders-what-has-long-covid-done-personal-finances/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Lessons for leaders: what has long COVID done to personal finances?" class="button button--default c-card__title"> <h2>Lessons for leaders: what has long COVID done to personal finances?</h2> </a> <div class="text-formatted c-card__copy"> <div class="field field--name-summary field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Millions of people around the world have been hit by long COVID. And, in addition to the negative health effects, patients also suffer a financial hit that could impact future generations, a new study reveals.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__details"> <div class="c-card__detail c-card__detail-no-icon"> <span class="c-card__detail-value"><div class="key-info key-info--knowledge"> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Written by</h4> <div> <span><a href="/business-school/authors/jzhu">Jingmin Zhu</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Published</h4> <div><time datetime="2024-09-05T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">5 September 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </span> </div> </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/lessons-leaders-what-has-long-covid-done-personal-finances/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Lessons for leaders: what has long COVID done to personal finances?" class="link c-card__cta"> Read more </a> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article class="c-card c-card--horizontal-wide "> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/teenagers-and-healthcare-inequality-lessons-policymakers/" class="c-card__media " tabindex="-1"> <picture> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-08/Teenage%20health%20inequality.webp?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=MltCKIgC 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2024-08/Teenage%20health%20inequality.webp?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=R3Kh8rJ7 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="315"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-08/Teenage%20health%20inequality.jpg?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=MltCKIgC 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2024-08/Teenage%20health%20inequality.jpg?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=R3Kh8rJ7 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="315"/> <img loading="eager" src="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-08/Teenage%20health%20inequality.jpg?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=MltCKIgC" width="560" height="448" alt="Head sign with tangle and untangle doodle symbol " /> </picture> </a> <div class="c-card__content "> <div class="c-card__pretitle"> Health </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/teenagers-and-healthcare-inequality-lessons-policymakers/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Teenagers and healthcare inequality: lessons for policymakers " class="button button--default c-card__title"> <h2>Teenagers and healthcare inequality: lessons for policymakers </h2> </a> <div class="text-formatted c-card__copy"> <div class="field field--name-summary field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Our adolescent experience can shape our health throughout our lifetime. Here, our academics look at how data on Millennial adolescents should impact healthcare policy. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__details"> <div class="c-card__detail c-card__detail-no-icon"> <span class="c-card__detail-value"><div class="key-info key-info--knowledge"> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Written by</h4> <div> <span><a href="/business-school/authors/mmart%C3%ADnezjim%C3%A9nez">Mario Martínez-Jiménez</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Published</h4> <div><time datetime="2024-08-08T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">8 August 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </span> </div> </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/teenagers-and-healthcare-inequality-lessons-policymakers/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Teenagers and healthcare inequality: lessons for policymakers " class="link c-card__cta"> Read more </a> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article class="c-card c-card--horizontal-wide "> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/obesity-how-can-governments-best-combat-rising-rates/" class="c-card__media " tabindex="-1"> <picture> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-06/GettyImages-1490601287%20%281%29.webp?h=197483aa&amp;itok=k4vafi81 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2024-06/GettyImages-1490601287%20%281%29.webp?h=197483aa&amp;itok=wKLp8XQy 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="315"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-06/GettyImages-1490601287%20%281%29.jpg?h=197483aa&amp;itok=k4vafi81 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2024-06/GettyImages-1490601287%20%281%29.jpg?h=197483aa&amp;itok=wKLp8XQy 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="315"/> <img loading="eager" src="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-06/GettyImages-1490601287%20%281%29.jpg?h=197483aa&amp;itok=k4vafi81" width="560" height="448" alt="White sugar cubes and a teaspoon on pastel pink background" /> </picture> </a> <div class="c-card__content "> <div class="c-card__pretitle"> Health </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/obesity-how-can-governments-best-combat-rising-rates/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Obesity: How can governments best combat rising rates? " class="button button--default c-card__title"> <h2>Obesity: How can governments best combat rising rates? </h2> </a> <div class="text-formatted c-card__copy"> <div class="field field--name-summary field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Could authorities draw on the success of the UK’s tax on sweetened drinks – known as the sugar tax – and rethink consumption taxes across all foods to encourage people towards healthier diets?</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__details"> <div class="c-card__detail c-card__detail-no-icon"> <span class="c-card__detail-value"><div class="key-info key-info--knowledge"> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Written by</h4> <div> <span><a href="/business-school/authors/fsassi">Franco Sassi</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Published</h4> <div><time datetime="2024-06-26T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">26 June 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </span> </div> </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/obesity-how-can-governments-best-combat-rising-rates/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Obesity: How can governments best combat rising rates? " class="link c-card__cta"> Read more </a> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article class="c-card c-card--horizontal-wide "> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health-marketing/social-media-anxiety-what-doctors-can-do-help/" class="c-card__media " tabindex="-1"> <picture> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-05/GettyImages-2001580195-2.webp?h=6c122d1d&amp;itok=K3fsbeef 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2024-05/GettyImages-2001580195-2.webp?h=6c122d1d&amp;itok=x338-0MN 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="315"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-05/GettyImages-2001580195-2.jpg?h=6c122d1d&amp;itok=K3fsbeef 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2024-05/GettyImages-2001580195-2.jpg?h=6c122d1d&amp;itok=x338-0MN 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="315"/> <img loading="eager" src="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2024-05/GettyImages-2001580195-2.jpg?h=6c122d1d&amp;itok=K3fsbeef" width="560" height="448" alt="Sad businessman sitting on negative hand sign" /> </picture> </a> <div class="c-card__content "> <div class="c-card__pretitle"> Health, Marketing </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health-marketing/social-media-anxiety-what-doctors-can-do-help/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Social media anxiety: what doctors can do to help" class="button button--default c-card__title"> <h2>Social media anxiety: what doctors can do to help</h2> </a> <div class="text-formatted c-card__copy"> <div class="field field--name-summary field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>An interdisciplinary team from Imperial College London has developed a new framework that addresses how primary healthcare can play a key role in solving social media-related anxiety. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__details"> <div class="c-card__detail c-card__detail-no-icon"> <span class="c-card__detail-value"><div class="key-info key-info--knowledge"> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Written by</h4> <div> <span><a href="/business-school/authors/aanto">Ailin Anto</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Published</h4> <div><time datetime="2024-05-16T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">16 May 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </span> </div> </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health-marketing/social-media-anxiety-what-doctors-can-do-help/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Social media anxiety: what doctors can do to help" class="link c-card__cta"> Read more </a> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article class="c-card c-card--horizontal-wide "> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/how-parental-unemployment-impacts-childrens-health-the-long-run/" class="c-card__media " tabindex="-1"> <picture> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2023-05/GettyImages-1408254758.webp?h=8b31135d&amp;itok=gy-TYKa4 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2023-05/GettyImages-1408254758.webp?h=8b31135d&amp;itok=RsG1q99J 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="315"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2023-05/GettyImages-1408254758.jpg?h=8b31135d&amp;itok=gy-TYKa4 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2023-05/GettyImages-1408254758.jpg?h=8b31135d&amp;itok=RsG1q99J 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="315"/> <img loading="eager" src="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2023-05/GettyImages-1408254758.jpg?h=8b31135d&amp;itok=gy-TYKa4" width="560" height="448" alt="A jigsaw picture of men and women with four pieces missing" /> </picture> </a> <div class="c-card__content "> <div class="c-card__pretitle"> Health </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/how-parental-unemployment-impacts-childrens-health-the-long-run/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about How parental unemployment impacts children’s health in the long run" class="button button--default c-card__title"> <h2>How parental unemployment impacts children’s health in the long run</h2> </a> <div class="text-formatted c-card__copy"> <div class="field field--name-summary field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Children with jobless parents are likelier to experience ill health when they become adults. Understanding how children are affected at different ages and how gender and education affect outcomes can help policymakers improve lives and cut spending.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__details"> <div class="c-card__detail c-card__detail-no-icon"> <span class="c-card__detail-value"><div class="key-info key-info--knowledge"> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Written by</h4> <div> <span><a href="/business-school/authors/mmart%C3%ADnezjim%C3%A9nez">Mario Martínez-Jiménez</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Published</h4> <div><time datetime="2023-05-15T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">15 May 2023</time> </div> </div> </div> </span> </div> </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/how-parental-unemployment-impacts-childrens-health-the-long-run/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about How parental unemployment impacts children’s health in the long run" class="link c-card__cta"> Read more </a> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article class="c-card c-card--horizontal-wide "> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/5-facts-will-change-the-way-you-think-about-global-health/" class="c-card__media " tabindex="-1"> <picture> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2021-01/Advisory%20Board%20image.webp?h=27a93da2&amp;itok=hHgvn6kL 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2021-01/Advisory%20Board%20image.webp?h=27a93da2&amp;itok=B8KJdjk6 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="315"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2021-01/Advisory%20Board%20image.jpg?h=27a93da2&amp;itok=hHgvn6kL 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2021-01/Advisory%20Board%20image.jpg?h=27a93da2&amp;itok=B8KJdjk6 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="315"/> <img loading="eager" src="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2021-01/Advisory%20Board%20image.jpg?h=27a93da2&amp;itok=hHgvn6kL" width="560" height="448" alt="Imperial College London" /> </picture> </a> <div class="c-card__content "> <div class="c-card__pretitle"> Health </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/5-facts-will-change-the-way-you-think-about-global-health/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about 5 facts that will change the way you think about global health " class="button button--default c-card__title"> <h2>5 facts that will change the way you think about global health </h2> </a> <div class="text-formatted c-card__copy"> <div class="field field--name-summary field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>How can we make the world a healthier place? Learn how to improve global health with these five findings.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__details"> <div class="c-card__detail c-card__detail-no-icon"> <span class="c-card__detail-value"><div class="key-info key-info--knowledge"> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Published</h4> <div><time datetime="2023-04-03T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">3 April 2023</time> </div> </div> </div> </span> </div> </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/5-facts-will-change-the-way-you-think-about-global-health/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about 5 facts that will change the way you think about global health " class="link c-card__cta"> Read more </a> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article class="c-card c-card--horizontal-wide "> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/post-brexit-medicine-approvals-what-we-know/" class="c-card__media " tabindex="-1"> <picture> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2023-03/Brexit_medicine_IB%20Knowledge.webp?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=E1iiYEE9 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2023-03/Brexit_medicine_IB%20Knowledge.webp?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=J9n6yn6X 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="315"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2023-03/Brexit_medicine_IB%20Knowledge.jpg?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=E1iiYEE9 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2023-03/Brexit_medicine_IB%20Knowledge.jpg?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=J9n6yn6X 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="315"/> <img loading="eager" src="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2023-03/Brexit_medicine_IB%20Knowledge.jpg?h=aa81dfca&amp;itok=E1iiYEE9" width="560" height="448" alt="Post-Brexit medicine approvals " /> </picture> </a> <div class="c-card__content "> <div class="c-card__pretitle"> Health </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/post-brexit-medicine-approvals-what-we-know/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Post-Brexit medicine approvals: what we know " class="button button--default c-card__title"> <h2>Post-Brexit medicine approvals: what we know </h2> </a> <div class="text-formatted c-card__copy"> <div class="field field--name-summary field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Has the UK fulfilled its ambition to break free from Brussels and give patients faster access to new drugs as they emerge? Or has Brexit only increased red tape and made the UK a less attractive market for innovation?</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__details"> <div class="c-card__detail c-card__detail-no-icon"> <span class="c-card__detail-value"><div class="key-info key-info--knowledge"> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Written by</h4> <div> <span><a href="/business-school/authors/mhofer">Matthias Hofer</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Published</h4> <div><time datetime="2023-03-13T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">13 March 2023</time> </div> </div> </div> </span> </div> </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/post-brexit-medicine-approvals-what-we-know/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about Post-Brexit medicine approvals: what we know " class="link c-card__cta"> Read more </a> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article class="c-card c-card--horizontal-wide "> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/2022-in-business/" class="c-card__media " tabindex="-1"> <picture> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2022-12/Business%20in%20London.webp?h=96dfc06c&amp;itok=4o77SHcq 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2022-12/Business%20in%20London.webp?h=96dfc06c&amp;itok=_9H__C0D 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="315"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2022-12/Business%20in%20London.jpg?h=96dfc06c&amp;itok=4o77SHcq 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2022-12/Business%20in%20London.jpg?h=96dfc06c&amp;itok=_9H__C0D 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="315"/> <img loading="eager" src="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2022-12/Business%20in%20London.jpg?h=96dfc06c&amp;itok=4o77SHcq" width="560" height="448" alt="Commuters in London&#039;s financial district" /> </picture> </a> <div class="c-card__content "> <div class="c-card__pretitle"> Entrepreneurship &amp; Innovation, Finance, Health, Management, Marketing, Strategy &amp; Leadership, Technology </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/2022-in-business/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about 2022 in business: 10 of the top IB Knowledge articles of the year" class="button button--default c-card__title"> <h2>2022 in business: 10 of the top IB Knowledge articles of the year</h2> </a> <div class="text-formatted c-card__copy"> <div class="field field--name-summary field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>We take a look at some of this year&#039;s most popular IB Knowledge articles</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__details"> <div class="c-card__detail c-card__detail-no-icon"> <span class="c-card__detail-value"><div class="key-info key-info--knowledge"> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Published</h4> <div><time datetime="2022-12-22T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">22 December 2022</time> </div> </div> </div> </span> </div> </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/2022-in-business/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about 2022 in business: 10 of the top IB Knowledge articles of the year" class="link c-card__cta"> Read more </a> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article class="c-card c-card--horizontal-wide "> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/how-create-effective-health-taxes-and-change-human-behaviour/" class="c-card__media " tabindex="-1"> <picture> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2019-08/Franco_Sassi8_EDIT%20960x576.webp?h=27a93da2&amp;itok=NRwM-QcK 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2019-08/Franco_Sassi8_EDIT%20960x576.webp?h=27a93da2&amp;itok=5AOl1V_p 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="315"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2019-08/Franco_Sassi8_EDIT%20960x576.jpg?h=27a93da2&amp;itok=NRwM-QcK 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="448"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_16x9_560/public/2019-08/Franco_Sassi8_EDIT%20960x576.jpg?h=27a93da2&amp;itok=5AOl1V_p 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="315"/> <img loading="eager" src="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x4_560/public/2019-08/Franco_Sassi8_EDIT%20960x576.jpg?h=27a93da2&amp;itok=NRwM-QcK" width="560" height="448" alt="Franco Sassi Imperial College" /> </picture> </a> <div class="c-card__content "> <div class="c-card__pretitle"> Health </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/how-create-effective-health-taxes-and-change-human-behaviour/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about How to create effective health taxes and change human behaviour " class="button button--default c-card__title"> <h2>How to create effective health taxes and change human behaviour </h2> </a> <div class="text-formatted c-card__copy"> <div class="field field--name-summary field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>A new book from Imperial College Business School&#039;s Centre for Health Economics &amp; Policy Innovation and the World Health Organization proposes a new role for health taxes tells us exactly why policymakers should care about health taxes</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__details"> <div class="c-card__detail c-card__detail-no-icon"> <span class="c-card__detail-value"><div class="key-info key-info--knowledge"> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Written by</h4> <div> <span><a href="/business-school/authors/fsassi">Franco Sassi</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="key-info__item"> <h4>Published</h4> <div><time datetime="2022-06-20T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">20 June 2022</time> </div> </div> </div> </span> </div> </div> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/how-create-effective-health-taxes-and-change-human-behaviour/" rel="bookmark" aria-label="Read more about How to create effective health taxes and change human behaviour " class="link c-card__cta"> Read more </a> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="c-pagination" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading"> <ul class="c-pagination__list c-pagination__list--prev js-pager__items"> </ul> <ul class="c-pagination__list js-pager__items"> <li class="c-pagination__item is-active"> <a href="?page=0" title="Current page" aria-current="page" aria-label="Current page">1</a> </li> <li class="c-pagination__item"> <a 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