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Zero-Offset Frequency Locking of Lasers At Low Optical Powers With an Optical Phase Locked Loop
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Usually, when locking a laser to an optical reference wave, it is imperative that locking can be maintained in spite of low reference powers. Previous solutions to frequency locking involve injection locking and/or optical phase locked loops. While previous works have shown locking to weak waves, we extend the lowest demonstrated optical power locked to by approximately 20 dB, realizing locking down to -90 dBm, using a novel digital dither optical phase-locked loop. Measurements of the locked laser phase error verify the performance. The loop design circumvents the presence of a dither on the locked laser light, hence avoiding dither penalties, and low-power locking is realized via coherent detection gain without any optical amplifiers. Low phase noise standard deviations of less than 20°at -80 dBm optical power and Allan deviation of $3\cdot 10^{-16}$ at 1 s averaging time indicate great potential for a variety of applications within optical sensing, communications, and metrology." /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Optical receivers, Optical phase-locked loop, sensing, Optical fiber sensors, Optical amplifiers, Optical pumping, Optical noise, Communications, phase noise, Low power, metrology, Optical fibers, Adaptive optics, laser frequency locking" /> <meta name="citation_language" content="en" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="11/27/2023 5:36:40 AM" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Lightwave Technology" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="42" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1183" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1190" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1109/JLT.2023.3330707" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://research.chalmers.se/publication/538485/file/538485_Fulltext.pdf" /> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/538485" /> <!-- Dublin Core --> <meta name="DC.title" content="Zero-Offset Frequency Locking of Lasers At Low Optical Powers With an Optical Phase Locked Loop" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="Rasmus Larsson" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="Kovendhan Vijayan" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="Peter Andrekson" /> <meta name="DC.issued" content="2024" /> <meta name="DC.ispartof" content="Journal of Lightwave Technology" /> <meta name="DC.identifier" content="doi:10.1109/JLT.2023.3330707" /> <meta name="DC.citation.volume" content="42" /> <meta name="DC.citation.issue" content="3" /> <meta name="DC.citation.spage" content="1183" /> <meta name="DC.citation.epage" content="1190" /> <meta name="DC.language" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.format" content="text" /> <!-- JSON+LD (structured data, only for Chalmers theses for now)--> <!-- Twitter --> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Zero-Offset Frequency Locking of Lasers At Low Optical Powers With an Optical Phase Locked Loop" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/538485" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Frequency locking of lasers is fundamental to a vast number of applications within the field of optics. Usually, when locking a laser to an optical reference wave, it is imperative that locking can be maintained in spite of low reference powers. Previous solutions to frequency locking involve injection locking and/or optical phase locked loops. While previous works have shown locking to weak waves, we extend the lowest demonstrated optical power locked to by approximately 20 dB, realizing locking down to -90 dBm, using a novel digital dither optical phase-locked loop. Measurements of the locked laser phase error verify the performance. The loop design circumvents the presence of a dither on the locked laser light, hence avoiding dither penalties, and low-power locking is realized via coherent detection gain without any optical amplifiers. Low phase noise standard deviations of less than 20°at -80 dBm optical power and Allan deviation of $3\cdot 10^{-16}$ at 1 s averaging time indicate great potential for a variety of applications within optical sensing, communications, and metrology." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://research.chalmers.se/Images/avancez_small.png" /> <!-- OG (Facebook) --> <meta property="og:url" content="https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/538485" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="research.chalmers.se" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Zero-Offset Frequency Locking of Lasers At Low Optical Powers With an Optical Phase Locked Loop" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Frequency locking of lasers is fundamental to a vast number of applications within the field of optics. Usually, when locking a laser to an optical reference wave, it is imperative that locking can be maintained in spite of low reference powers. Previous solutions to frequency locking involve injection locking and/or optical phase locked loops. While previous works have shown locking to weak waves, we extend the lowest demonstrated optical power locked to by approximately 20 dB, realizing locking down to -90 dBm, using a novel digital dither optical phase-locked loop. Measurements of the locked laser phase error verify the performance. The loop design circumvents the presence of a dither on the locked laser light, hence avoiding dither penalties, and low-power locking is realized via coherent detection gain without any optical amplifiers. Low phase noise standard deviations of less than 20°at -80 dBm optical power and Allan deviation of $3\cdot 10^{-16}$ at 1 s averaging time indicate great potential for a variety of applications within optical sensing, communications, and metrology." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://research.chalmers.se/Images/avancez_small.png" /> <!-- General content metatags --> <!-- Description --> <meta name="description" content="Frequency locking of lasers is fundamental to a vast number of applications within the field of optics. Usually, when locking a laser to an optical reference wave, it is imperative that locking can be maintained in spite of low reference powers. Previous solutions to frequency locking involve injection locking and/or optical phase locked loops. While previous works have shown locking to weak waves, we extend the lowest demonstrated optical power locked to by approximately 20 dB, realizing locking down to -90 dBm, using a novel digital dither optical phase-locked loop. Measurements of the locked laser phase error verify the performance. The loop design circumvents the presence of a dither on the locked laser light, hence avoiding dither penalties, and low-power locking is realized via coherent detection gain without any optical amplifiers. Low phase noise standard deviations of less than 20°at -80 dBm optical power and Allan deviation of $3\cdot 10^{-16}$ at 1 s averaging time indicate great potential for a variety of applications within optical sensing, communications, and metrology." /> <!-- Keywords --> <meta name="keywords" content="Optical receivers, Optical phase-locked loop, sensing, Optical fiber sensors, Optical amplifiers, Optical pumping, Optical noise, Communications, phase noise, Low power, metrology, Optical fibers, Adaptive optics, laser frequency locking" /> <!-- Favicon --> <link rel="icon" href="/Images/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <!-- Bootstrap styles --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.1.1/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <!--<link rel="stylesheet" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0-alpha.6/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-rwoIResjU2yc3z8GV/NPeZWAv56rSmLldC3R/AZzGRnGxQQKnKkoFVhFQhNUwEyJ" crossorigin="anonymous"> b-9ft0zrx8l3--> <!-- Local fonts and styles --> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,300,600,700|Merriweather:400,300,700" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/styles.css?magic=40E27840A4AA3B20BB0A79C5D6F45DD46E3D5537179AC360CDCC82F9E278FF9B"> <!-- jQuery (necessary for Bootstrap's JavaScript plugins) --> <!-- <script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.0/jquery.min.js"></script> --> <script src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-1.11.0.min.js"></script> <!-- Bootstrap, latest compiled and minified JavaScript --> <script src="//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.1.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <!-- TinyMCE WYSIWYG HTML editor --> <script type="text/javascript" src="/scripts/tinymce/tinymce.min.js"></script> <!-- Select2 --> <link href="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/select2/4.0.1/css/select2.min.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/select2/4.0.1/js/select2.min.js"></script> <!-- Morris: http://www.oesmith.co.uk/morris.js/ --> <!--<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://cdn.oesmith.co.uk/morris-0.4.3.min.css"> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/raphael/2.1.0/raphael-min.js"></script> <script src="http://cdn.oesmith.co.uk/morris-0.4.3.min.js"></script> b-9ft0zrx8l3--> <!-- jQuery Tablesorter on CDN --> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery.tablesorter/2.16.4/jquery.tablesorter.min.js"></script> <!-- Moment with langs, used by DateTimePicker? 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Usually, when locking a laser to an optical reference wave, it is imperative that locking can be maintained in spite of low reference powers. Previous solutions to frequency locking involve injection locking and/or optical phase locked loops. While previous works have shown locking to weak waves, we extend the lowest demonstrated optical power locked to by approximately 20聽dB, realizing locking down to -90聽dBm, using a novel digital dither optical phase-locked loop. Measurements of the locked laser phase error verify the performance. The loop design circumvents the presence of a dither on the locked laser light, hence avoiding dither penalties, and low-power locking is realized via coherent detection gain without any optical amplifiers. Low phase noise standard deviations of less than 20掳at -80聽dBm optical power and Allan deviation of $3\cdot 10^{-16}$ at 1聽s averaging time indicate great potential for a variety of applications within optical sensing, communications, and metrology. </div> <div class="keywords"> <p class="alert alert-info"> Optical receivers </p> <p class="alert alert-info"> Optical phase-locked loop </p> <p class="alert alert-info"> sensing </p> <p class="alert alert-info"> Optical fiber sensors </p> <p class="alert alert-info"> Optical amplifiers </p> <p class="alert alert-info"> Optical pumping </p> <p class="alert alert-info"> Optical noise </p> <p class="alert alert-info"> Communications </p> <p class="alert alert-info"> phase noise </p> <p class="alert alert-info"> Low power </p> <p class="alert alert-info"> metrology </p> <p class="alert alert-info"> Optical fibers </p> <p class="alert alert-info"> Adaptive optics </p> <p class="alert alert-info"> laser frequency locking </p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="alert alert-info"> <div class="fulltexturl"> <a target="_blank" href="/publication/538485/file/538485_Fulltext.pdf"> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-save"></span> <span data-bind="html: translations.downloadMainFulltext"></span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="alert alert-info"> <div class="fulltexturl"> <a target="_blank" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2023.3330707"> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-file"></span> <span data-bind="html: translations.showExternFullText"></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 col-md-12" data-bind=""> <!--<h2 data-bind="text: translations.authorHeading"></h2>--> <h2> Author </h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4" style="margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 28px;"> <h3 class="personName list-group-item-heading">Rasmus Larsson</h3> <p class="organizationName list-group-item-text"> Chalmers, Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Photonics </p> <div class="button-bar"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="All publications where Rasmus Larsson participates" href="/en/organization/?f_person=5e399b6c-3b33-4c78-a755-b523eadbe854|Rasmus+Larsson&tab=publications">Other publications</a> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Research Profile for Rasmus Larsson" href="/en/person/raslar">Research</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4" style="margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 28px;"> <h3 class="personName list-group-item-heading">Kovendhan Vijayan</h3> <p class="organizationName list-group-item-text"> Chalmers, Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Photonics </p> <div class="button-bar"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="All publications where Kovendhan Vijayan participates" href="/en/organization/?f_person=451916bd-f68c-4741-9c23-a294a466b5b1|Kovendhan+Vijayan&tab=publications">Other publications</a> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Research Profile for Kovendhan Vijayan" href="/en/person/vijayan">Research</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4" style="margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 28px;"> <h3 class="personName list-group-item-heading">Peter Andrekson</h3> <p class="organizationName list-group-item-text"> Chalmers, Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Photonics </p> <div class="button-bar"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="All publications where Peter Andrekson participates" href="/en/organization/?f_person=ef0dd41a-d3c2-4d93-adc2-e403521cca4b|Peter+Andrekson&tab=publications">Other publications</a> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Research Profile for Peter Andrekson" href="/en/person/andrekso">Research</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <h2 data-bind="text: translations.sourceHeading"></h2> <h4>Journal of Lightwave Technology</h4> <p> 0733-8724 (ISSN) 1558-2213 (eISSN) </p> Vol. 42<!-- ko text: translations.publicationSerialIssue --><!-- /ko --> 3<!-- ko text: translations.pages --><!-- /ko --> 1183-1190 </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <h2 style="margin-top: 40px;" data-bind="text: translations.categoriesHeading"></h2> </div> </div> <div class="row categories"> <div class="col-md-4 clearfix" style="margin-bottom: 28px;"> <h3 class="categoryName list-group-item-heading">Subject Categories</h3> <p class="list-group-item-text alert alert-info">Applied Mechanics</p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <h2 data-bind="text: translations.identifiers"></h2> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4" style="margin-bottom: 20px;"> <h3 class="categoryName list-group-item-heading">DOI</h3> <p class="list-group-item-text">10.1109/JLT.2023.3330707</p> <div class="button-bar"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Show publication data connected to DOI" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2023.3330707">Publication data connected to 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