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</nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> <span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Combination_reaction&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination reaction">Combination reaction</a>)</span> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chemical_synthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Chemical synthesis">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522Chemical%2Bsynthesis%2522">"Chemical synthesis"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522Chemical%2Bsynthesis%2522%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522Chemical%2Bsynthesis%2522%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522Chemical%2Bsynthesis%2522%2B-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q%3D%2522Chemical%2Bsynthesis%2522">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query%3D%2522Chemical%2Bsynthesis%2522%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Chemical synthesis</b> (<b>chemical combination</b>) is the artificial execution of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemical_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a> to obtain one or several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Product_(chemistry)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Product (chemistry)">products</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-vogel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurs by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physics">physical</a> and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> uses, the process is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reproducible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproducible">reproducible</a> and reliable.</p> <p>A chemical synthesis involves one or more <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemical_compound?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> (known as <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reagent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reagent">reagents</a></i> or <i>reactants</i>) that will experience a transformation under certain conditions. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_reactions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of reactions">Various reaction types</a> can be applied to formulate a desired product. This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel, such as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemical_reactor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemical reactor">chemical reactor</a> or a simple <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Round-bottom_flask?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Round-bottom flask">round-bottom flask</a>. Many reactions require some form of processing ("<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Work-up_(chemistry)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Work-up (chemistry)">work-up</a>") or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_purification_methods_in_chemistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of purification methods in chemistry">purification procedure</a> to isolate the final product.<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-vogel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The amount produced by chemical synthesis is known as the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yield_(chemistry)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yield (chemistry)">reaction yield</a></i>. Typically, yields are expressed as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mass">mass</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gram">grams</a> (in a laboratory setting) or as a percentage of the total theoretical quantity that could be produced based on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limiting_reagent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limiting reagent">limiting reagent</a>. A <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Side_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Side reaction">side reaction</a></i> is an unwanted chemical reaction that can reduce the desired yield. The word <i>synthesis</i> was used first in a chemical context by the chemist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann Kolbe">Hermann Kolbe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Strategies"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Strategies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Organic_synthesis"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Organic synthesis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inorganic_synthesis"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Inorganic synthesis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Strategies">Strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chemical_synthesis&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Strategies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Many strategies exist in chemical synthesis that are more complicated than simply converting a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reactant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactant">reactant</a> A to a reaction product B directly. For <b>multistep synthesis</b>, a chemical compound is synthesized by a series of individual chemical reactions, each with its own work-up.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a laboratory synthesis of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paracetamol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Synthesis" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a> can consist of three sequential parts. For <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cascade_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cascade reaction">cascade reactions</a>, multiple chemical transformations occur within a single reactant, for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multi-component_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multi-component reaction">multi-component reactions</a> as many as 11 different reactants form a single reaction product and for a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telescopic_synthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Telescopic synthesis">telescopic synthesis</a>" one reactant experiences multiple transformations without isolation of intermediates.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Organic_synthesis">Organic synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chemical_synthesis&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Organic synthesis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organic_synthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biochemistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> </div> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organic_synthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a> is a special type of chemical synthesis dealing with the synthesis of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organic_compound?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>. For the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Total_synthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Total synthesis">total synthesis</a> of a complex product, multiple procedures in sequence may be required to synthesize the product of interest, needing a lot of time. A purely synthetic chemical synthesis begins with basic lab compounds. A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semisynthetic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Semisynthetic">semisynthetic</a> process starts with natural products from plants or animals and then modifies them into new compounds.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Inorganic_synthesis">Inorganic synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chemical_synthesis&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Inorganic synthesis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Inorganic synthesis and organometallic synthesis are used to prepare compounds with significant non-organic content. An illustrative example is the preparation of the anti-cancer drug <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cisplatin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potassium_tetrachloroplatinate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potassium tetrachloroplatinate">potassium tetrachloroplatinate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alderden_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Alderden-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cisplatin_synthesis.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cisplatin_synthesis.svg/600px-Cisplatin_synthesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="353"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 600px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cisplatin_synthesis.svg/600px-Cisplatin_synthesis.svg.png" data-width="600" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cisplatin_synthesis.svg/900px-Cisplatin_synthesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cisplatin_synthesis.svg/1200px-Cisplatin_synthesis.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chemical_synthesis&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beilstein_database?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beilstein database">Beilstein database</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biosynthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemical_engineering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Click_chemistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electrosynthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electrosynthesis">Electrosynthesis</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methods_in_Organic_Synthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods in Organic Synthesis">Methods in Organic Synthesis</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organic_synthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peptide_synthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peptide synthesis">Peptide synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Total_synthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Automated_synthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Automated synthesis">Automated synthesis</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chemical_synthesis&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vogel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-vogel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-vogel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVogelTatchellFurnisHannaford1996" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, A.I.; Tatchell, A.R.; Furnis, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G. (1996). <i>Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry</i> (5th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-46236-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-46236-3"><bdi>0-582-46236-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vogel%27s+Textbook+of+Practical+Organic+Chemistry&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-582-46236-3&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=A.I.&rft.au=Tatchell%2C+A.R.&rft.au=Furnis%2C+B.S.&rft.au=Hannaford%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+P.W.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+synthesis" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolbe1845" class="citation journal cs1">Kolbe, H. (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zenodo.org/record/1426998">"Beiträge zur Kenntniss der gepaarten Verbindungen"</a>. <i>Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie</i>. <b>54</b> (2): 145–188. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252Fjlac.18450540202">10.1002/jlac.18450540202</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4617">0075-4617</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630091714/https://zenodo.org/record/1426998">Archived</a> from the original on Jun 30, 2023 – via Zenodo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Chemie+und+Pharmacie&rft.atitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Kenntniss+der+gepaarten+Verbindungen&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-188&rft.date=1845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjlac.18450540202&rft.issn=0075-4617&rft.aulast=Kolbe&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1426998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+synthesis" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCareySundberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J. (2013). <i>Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B: Reactions and Synthesis</i>. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Organic+Chemistry+Part+B%3A+Reactions+and+Synthesis&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Francis+A.&rft.au=Sundberg%2C+Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+synthesis" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Alderden-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combination_reaction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Alderden_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlderdenHallHambley2006" class="citation journal cs1">Alderden, Rebecca A.; Hall, Matthew D.; Hambley, Trevor W. (1 May 2006). "The Discovery and Development of Cisplatin". <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._Chem._Educ.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Chem. Educ.">J. Chem. Educ.</a></i> <b>83</b> (5): 728. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JChEd..83..728A">2006JChEd..83..728A</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1021%252Fed083p728">10.1021/ed083p728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Educ.&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+and+Development+of+Cisplatin&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=728&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed083p728&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JChEd..83..728A&rft.aulast=Alderden&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+A.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Matthew+D.&rft.au=Hambley%2C+Trevor+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+synthesis" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chemical_synthesis&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9_%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%258A" title="اصطناع كيميائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اصطناع كيميائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25ADntesis_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Síntesis química – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Síntesis química" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%25C3%25A1_synt%25C3%25A9za" title="Chemická syntéza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemická syntéza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesis_cemegol" title="Synthesis cemegol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Synthesis cemegol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntese_(kemi)" title="Syntese (kemi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syntese (kemi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthese_(Chemie)" title="Synthese (Chemie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Synthese (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiline_s%25C3%25BCntees" title="Keemiline süntees – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiline süntees" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B4%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7_%25CF%2583%25CF%258D%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B8%25CE%25B5%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7%25CF%2582" title="Αντίδραση σύνθεσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντίδραση σύνθεσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25ADntesis_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Síntesis química – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Síntesis química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintesi_kimiko" title="Sintesi kimiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sintesi kimiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B2_%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C" title="سنتز شیمیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنتز شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth%25C3%25A8se_chimique" title="Synthèse chimique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Synthèse chimique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint%25C3%25A9is_cheimiceach" title="Sintéis cheimiceach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sintéis cheimiceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25ADntese" title="Síntese – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Síntese" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2599%2594%25ED%2595%2599_%25ED%2595%25A9%25EC%2584%25B1" title="화학 합성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학 합성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2594%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B4%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25BD%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A9%25D5%25A5%25D5%25A6" title="Քիմիական սինթեզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիական սինթեզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25A3" title="रासायनिक संश्लेषण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक संश्लेषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintesis_kimia" title="Sintesis kimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sintesis kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthese_chimic" title="Synthese chimic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Synthese chimic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintesi_chimica" title="Sintesi chimica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sintesi chimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A1%25D7%2599%25D7%25A0%25D7%25AA%25D7%2596%25D7%2594_(%25D7%259B%25D7%2599%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%2594)" title="סינתזה (כימיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סינתזה (כימיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintesis_kimia" title="Sintesis kimia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sintesis kimia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyaksyon_sent%25C3%25A8z" title="Reyaksyon sentèz – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Reyaksyon sentèz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0" title="Хемиска синтеза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хемиска синтеза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintesis_kimia" title="Sintesis kimia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sintesis kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_synthese" title="Chemische synthese – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chemische synthese" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E5%2590%2588%25E6%2588%2590" title="化学合成 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学合成" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_syntese" title="Kjemisk syntese – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemisk syntese" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyoviy_sintez" title="Kimyoviy sintez – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyoviy sintez" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A9%25B0%25E0%25A8%25AF%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%259C%25E0%25A8%25A8_%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2586%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%2582" title="ਸੰਯੋਜਨ ਕਿਰਿਆਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਯੋਜਨ ਕਿਰਿਆਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reakcja_syntezy" title="Reakcja syntezy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reakcja syntezy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25ADntese_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Síntese química – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Síntese química" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintez%25C4%2583_chimic%25C4%2583" title="Sinteză chimică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sinteză chimică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7" title="Химический синтез – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химический синтез" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemical synthesis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinteza" title="Sinteza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sinteza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25DB%258E%25DA%25A9%25DA%25BE%25DB%258E%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C" title="پێکھێنانی کیمیایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێکھێنانی کیمیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_sinteza" title="Hemijska sinteza – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hemijska sinteza" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_sinteza" title="Hemijska sinteza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemijska sinteza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiallinen_synteesi" title="Kemiallinen synteesi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemiallinen synteesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_syntes" title="Kemisk syntes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemisk syntes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AF%2587%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258A%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581" title="வேதித் தொகுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேதித் தொகுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA_%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7" title="Химик синтез – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Химик синтез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyasal_sentez" title="Kimyasal sentez – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimyasal sentez" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7" title="Хімічний синтез – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімічний синтез" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25E1%25BB%2595ng_h%25E1%25BB%25A3p_h%25C3%25B3a_h%25E1%25BB%258Dc" title="Tổng hợp hóa học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tổng hợp hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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