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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kray_von_Krajowa" title="Paul Kray von Krajowa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Kray von Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Kray" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kray" title="Pál Kray – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pál Kray" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kray" title="Pál Kray – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pál Kray" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kray_von_Krajowa" title="Paul Kray von Krajowa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Kray von Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kray_P%C3%A1l" title="Kray Pál – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kray Pál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%89" title="پول كراى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پول كراى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kray_von_Krajowa" title="Paul Kray von Krajowa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Kray von Krajowa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kray" title="Pál Kray – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pál Kray" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paul Kray" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Край, Пауль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Край, Пауль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kray" title="Pál Kray – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pál Kray" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soldier, and general in Habsburg service</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Paul Kray</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pal_Kray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pal_Kray.jpg/220px-Pal_Kray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pal_Kray.jpg/330px-Pal_Kray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Pal_Kray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="425" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Baron Paul Kray</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">5 February 1735<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1735-02-05</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4smark" class="mw-redirect" title="Käsmark">Käsmark</a> (Késmárk), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 January 1804<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1804-01-20</span>)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pest,_Hungary" title="Pest, Hungary">Pest, Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietor_(Inhaber)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietor (Inhaber)">Colonel and Proprietor</a>,</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Feldzeugmeister" class="mw-redirect" title="Feldzeugmeister">Feldzeugmeister</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Bavarian_Succession" title="War of the Bavarian Succession">War of the Bavarian Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1788%E2%80%931791)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)">Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Baron Paul Kray of <a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Krajova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topolya" class="mw-redirect" title="Topolya">Topolya</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Paul Freiherr Kray von Krajova und <a href="/wiki/Topolya" class="mw-redirect" title="Topolya">Topola</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Krajovai</a> és <a href="/wiki/Topolya" class="mw-redirect" title="Topolya">Topolyai</a> báró Kray Pál</i>; 5 February 1735 – 19 January 1804), was a soldier, and general in <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> service during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Bavarian_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Bavarian Succession">War of Bavarian Succession</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931791)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Turkish War (1787–1791)">Austro–Turkish War (1787–1791)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%BEmarok" title="Kežmarok">Késmárk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hungary" title="Upper Hungary">Upper Hungary</a> (today: Kežmarok, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>). </p><p>He withdrew from military service temporarily in 1792 because of poor health, but in 1793, he was recalled to the Habsburg military in the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Netherlands</a> at the request of Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Coburg</a> and fought in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders Campaign</a>. </p><p>In 1799 he was appointed commander of the Austrian forces in Italy and <a href="/wiki/Inhaber" title="Inhaber">Colonel-Proprietor</a> of the Infantry Regiment N.34, a ceremonial position he held until his death. On 18 April 1799, Kray was promoted to Feldzeugmeister. In the 1800 campaign, Kray commanded the Austrian force on the Upper Rhine, charged with the defense of all approaches to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> through the German states. After being out-maneuvered by the French, he was disastrously defeated in five consecutive battles. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuburg_(1800)" title="Battle of Neuburg (1800)">Battle of Neuburg</a>, the French acquired both shores of the river, and commanded access to the Danube waterway as far east as <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>. During the subsequent armistice, Emperor Francis II replaced Kray with his brother, <a href="/wiki/Archduke_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke John">Archduke John</a>; Kray was discharged on 28 August 1800 and retired to <a href="/wiki/Pest,_Hungary" title="Pest, Hungary">Pest, Hungary</a>. He died there on 19 January 1804. For all his victories, for his fierce competitiveness on the battlefield, the French soldiers referred to him as <i>Le terrible Kray, le fils cher de la victoire</i> and men from both sides attended his funeral in 1804. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kray&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kray&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kray was born in <a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%BEmarok" title="Kežmarok">Késmárk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hungary" title="Upper Hungary">Upper Hungary</a> (today: Kežmarok, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>). He was educated in mathematical and other military sciences in <a href="/wiki/Bansk%C3%A1_%C5%A0tiavnica" title="Banská Štiavnica">Schemnitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Entering the Austrian army at the age of nineteen in 1754 in the Infantry Regiment 31 "Hallerstein" and fought in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. In 1778, he was promoted from grenadier captain to major and transferred to Infantry Regiment "Preysach" 39. After the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Bavarian_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Bavarian Succession">War of Bavarian Succession</a>, he transferred to the 2nd Szeckler Grenz (border) Infantry Regiment as lieutenant colonel. In 1784 he suppressed a Romanian peasants' uprising in Transylvania. Kray served in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%9391)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Turkish War (1787–91)">Turkish wars</a> of 1787-91. On 10 May 1788, he defeated a superior Turkish force of 5,000 men commanded by <a href="/wiki/Osman_Pazvanto%C4%9Flu" title="Osman Pazvantoğlu">Osman Pazvantoğlu</a> and Kara Mustapha Pasha on the borders of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>. He later led the capture of the <a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Krajova</a> fortress; for this, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Maria_Theresa" title="Military Order of Maria Theresa">Military Order of Maria Theresa</a> on 21 December 1789, in May of the following year, Kray was promoted Generalmajor and subsequently ennobled by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Victory_title" title="Victory title">title</a> of <a href="/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr">Freiherr</a> "von Krajow und Topolya".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1787-1791)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Turkish War (1787-1791)">Austro-Turkish War of 1787 to 1791</a> he saw active service at <a href="/wiki/Petro%C8%99ani" title="Petroșani">Petrozsény</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Pass" title="Vulcan Pass">Vulcan Pass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_the_First_Coalition">War of the First Coalition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kray&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War of the First Coalition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Promoted <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a> in 1790, three years later Kray commanded the advance guard of the <a href="/wiki/First_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Coalition">Allies</a> under Prince Coburg, operating in Flanders and the Austrian Netherlands. He distinguished himself at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Famars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Menin_(1793)" title="Battle of Menin (1793)">Menin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wissembourg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Battle of Wissembourg (disambiguation)">Wissembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Fleurus</a>, and, indeed, at almost every encounter in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders Campaign</a> with the armies of the <a href="/wiki/French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republic">French Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promoted to Feldmarschalleutnant on 5 March 1796 Kray served in <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a>'s Army of the Lower Rhine. On 19 June, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wetzlar_(1796)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Wetzlar (1796)">Battle of Wetzlar</a>, he forced General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a> to withdraw from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uckerath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uckerath (page does not exist)">Uckerath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also defeated French General of Division <a href="/wiki/Jourdan" title="Jourdan">Jourdan</a> in the clash at Limburg on 16 September. He then fought in various actions, including the victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Amberg</a> on 24 August, and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> as a divisional commander, when he was largely responsible for the victory of <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Charles of Austria">Archduke Charles of Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 September, he captured the mortally wounded General of Division <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau-Desgraviers" class="mw-redirect" title="François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers">François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers</a>, one of the ablest and bravest French commanders of the day; he returned the corpse to French lines with a guard of honor of the Bethlen Hussars N.35.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 March 1796 he received promotion to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">lieutenant general</a> (<i>Feldmarschal-Leutnant</i>). In the celebrated campaign of 1796, on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, he performed conspicuous service as a <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">corps</a> commander. In the following year, he was less successful, being defeated on the <a href="/wiki/Lahn" title="Lahn">Lahn</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worse, his command was surprised and defeated by the French General <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Louis-Lazarre Hoche</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied of 1797</a>. Kray was accused of negligence; a <a href="/wiki/Courts-martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts-martial">courts-martial</a> found him guilty and sentenced him to two weeks arrest. He requested to resign in protest but this was denied.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_the_Second_Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kray&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War of the Second Coalition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kray commanded in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in 1799, and reconquered the plain of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> from the French. He won a sharp action at <a href="/wiki/Legnago" title="Legnago">Legnago</a> on 26 March. For his victory over the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> on 5 April, he was promoted <a href="/wiki/Feldzeugmeister" class="mw-redirect" title="Feldzeugmeister">Feldzeugmeister</a> (artillery lieutenant general).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This victory caused the French army to withdraw to the <a href="/wiki/Adda_River,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adda River, Italy">Adda River</a>. Nevertheless, Kray was replaced when <a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Melas" title="Michael von Melas">Michael von Melas</a> arrived to take command of the Austrian forces. While the field army won two more major battles, Kray conducted the successful sieges of <a href="/wiki/Peschiera_del_Garda" title="Peschiera del Garda">Peschiera del Garda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mantua_(1799)" title="Siege of Mantua (1799)">Mantua</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a>, he commanded the divisions of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Karl_Ott_von_Batorkez" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Karl Ott von Batorkez">Peter Ott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_Heinrich_von_Bellegarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Heinrich von Bellegarde">Heinrich Bellegarde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 November, he was defeated by the French in a second clash at <a href="/wiki/Novi_Ligure" title="Novi Ligure">Novi Ligure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year he commanded on the Rhine against <a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Moreau</a>. As a consequence of his defeats at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1800)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Stockach (1800)">Stockach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messkirch" title="Battle of Messkirch">Messkirch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Biberach_(1800)" title="Battle of Biberach (1800)">Biberach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iller" title="Iller">Iller River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%B6chst%C3%A4dt_(1800)" title="Battle of Höchstädt (1800)">Höchstädt</a>, Kray was driven into <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>. However, by a skillful march round Moreau's flank he succeeded in escaping to <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a 15 July truce became effective he was relieved of his command by <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis II of Austria">Emperor Francis II</a> and dismissed from the service. Kray's successor, <a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a> was disastrously defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> in December.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thoroughly discredited and personally demoralized, the once respected general retired to his estates to live out his life in exile. Austrian society could be cruel to its losers. When the Habsburg officer corps shunned him, he was left almost friendless, the memories of his fine service during the Seven Years' War vanished. Later Archduke Charles would write Kray a flattering letter explaining that the boorish behavior directed toward him stemmed from envy over his previous victories.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Kray died in Pest, Hungary on 19 January 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentary">Commentary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kray&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kray was one of the best representatives of the old Austrian army. Tied to an obsolete system, and unable, from habit, to realize the changed conditions of warfare, he failed, but his enemies held him in the highest respect as a brave, skillful, and chivalrous opponent. It was he who, at <a href="/wiki/Altenkirchen" title="Altenkirchen">Altenkirchen</a>, cared for the dying <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau-Desgraviers" class="mw-redirect" title="François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers">Marceau</a> (1796), and the white uniforms of Kray and his staff mingled with the blue of the French in the funeral procession of the young general of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911925_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911925-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kray&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Digby. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/Austria/AustrianGenerals/c_AustrianGeneralsK.html#K73"><i>Paul Kray.</i></a> Napoleon Series Research Biographies, Compiled by Leopold Kudrna.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/Austria/AustrianGenerals/c_AustrianGeneralsK.html#K73"><i>Paul Kray.</i></a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kray_von_Krajova,_Paul,_Freiherr" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kray von Krajova, Paul, Freiherr">Kray von Krajova, Paul, Freiherr</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 925.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kray+von+Krajova%2C+Paul%2C+Freiherr&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=925&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRickard2009" class="citation web cs1">Rickard, J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/combat_uckerath.html">"Combat of Uckerath, 19 June 1796"</a>. historyofwar.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 Oct</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Combat+of+Uckerath%2C+19+June+1796&rft.pub=historyofwar.org&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rickard&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Farticles%2Fcombat_uckerath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kray" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/Austria/AustrianGenerals/c_AustrianGeneralsK.html#K73"><i>Paul Kray.</i></a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/Austria/AustrianGenerals/c_AustrianGeneralsK.html#K73"><i>Paul Kray.</i></a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/Austria/AustrianGenerals/c_AustrianGeneralsK.html#K73"><i>Paul Kray.</i></a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Arnold, <i>Marengo & Hohenlinden.</i> Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK:p 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/Austria/AustrianGenerals/c_AustrianGeneralsK.html#K73"><i>Paul Kray.</i></a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911925-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911925_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 925.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kray&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arnold, James R. <i>Marengo & Hohenlinden.</i> Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: <a href="/wiki/Pen_%26_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen & Sword">Pen & Sword</a>, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84415-279-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84415-279-0">1-84415-279-0</a></li> <li>Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). <i>Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.</i> Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3025-7">978-0-7006-3025-7</a></li> <li>Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). <i>The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.</i> Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3034-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3034-9">978-0-7006-3034-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRickard2009" class="citation web cs1">Rickard, J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/combat_uckerath.html">"Combat of Uckerath, 19 June 1796"</a>. historyofwar.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 Oct</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Combat+of+Uckerath%2C+19+June+1796&rft.pub=historyofwar.org&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rickard&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Farticles%2Fcombat_uckerath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kray" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digby_Smith" title="Digby Smith">Smith, Digby</a>. <i>The Napoleonic Wars Data Book.</i> London: Greenhill, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9">1-85367-276-9</a></li> <li>Smith, Digby. <i>Paul Kray,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/Austria/AustrianGenerals/c_AustrianGeneralsK.html#K73">Kray</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kray&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060828065432/http://www.epoche-napoleon.net/pages/bio/kray.htm">Longer biography in German</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ferenczygen.tripod.com">Hungarian Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/Austria/AustrianGenerals/c_AustrianGeneralsK.html#K73"><i>Kray</i> by Digby Smith, compiled by Leopold Kudrna</a></li></ul> <div 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