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(PDF) Scaled-YOLOv4: Scaling Cross Stage Partial Network
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We propose a network scaling approach that modifies not only the depth, width, resolution, but also structure of the network. YOLOv4large model achieves state-of-the-art results: 55.4% AP (73.3% AP50) for the MS COCO dataset at a speed of 15 FPS on Tesla V100, while with the test time augmentation, YOLOv4-large achieves 55.8% AP (73.2 AP50). To the best of our knowledge, this is currently the highest accuracy on the COCO dataset among any published work. The YOLOv4-tiny model achieves 22.0% AP (42.0% AP50) at a speed of ∼443 FPS on RTX 2080Ti, while by using Ten-sorRT, batch size = 4 and FP16-precision the YOLOv4-tiny achieves 1774 FPS.","publication_name":"2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"75430154"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Scaled-YOLOv4: Scaling Cross Stage Partial Network","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [8971336]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":75430154,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Scaled-YOLOv4: Scaling Cross Stage Partial Network”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/75430154/mini_magick20211130-25212-pv6v95.png?1638315664" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Scaled-YOLOv4: Scaling Cross Stage Partial Network</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8971336" href="https://independent.academia.edu/alexeyab84"><img alt="Profile image of Alexey Bochkovskiy" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/61ebf62562ce4432667b8be2f713f707?s=65" />Alexey Bochkovskiy</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">10 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 62764217; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">We show that the YOLOv4 object detection neural network based on the CSP approach, scales both up and down and is applicable to small and large networks while maintaining optimal speed and accuracy. We propose a network scaling approach that modifies not only the depth, width, resolution, but also structure of the network. YOLOv4large model achieves state-of-the-art results: 55.4% AP (73.3% AP50) for the MS COCO dataset at a speed of 15 FPS on Tesla V100, while with the test time augmentation, YOLOv4-large achieves 55.8% AP (73.2 AP50). To the best of our knowledge, this is currently the highest accuracy on the COCO dataset among any published work. The YOLOv4-tiny model achieves 22.0% AP (42.0% AP50) at a speed of ∼443 FPS on RTX 2080Ti, while by using Ten-sorRT, batch size = 4 and FP16-precision the YOLOv4-tiny achieves 1774 FPS.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":75430154,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/62764217/Scaled_YOLOv4_Scaling_Cross_Stage_Partial_Network"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":75430154,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/62764217/Scaled_YOLOv4_Scaling_Cross_Stage_Partial_Network"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Practical testing of combinations of such features on large datasets, and theoretical justification of the result, is required. Some features operate on certain models exclusively and for certain problems exclusively, or only for small-scale datasets; while some features, such as batch-normalization and residual-connections, are applicable to the majority of models, tasks, and datasets. We assume that such universal features include Weighted-Residual-Connections (WRC), Cross-Stage-Partial-connections (CSP), Cross mini-Batch Normalization (CmBN), Self-adversarial-training (SAT) and Mish-activation. We use new features: WRC, CSP, CmBN, SAT, Mish activation, Mosaic data augmentation, CmBN, DropBlock regularization, and CIoU loss, and combine some of them to achieve state-of-the-art results: 43.5% AP (65.7% AP50) for the MS COCO dataset at a realtime speed of ~65 FPS on Tesla V100....</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YOLOv4: Optimal Speed and Accuracy of Object Detection","attachmentId":81459848,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72590795/YOLOv4_Optimal_Speed_and_Accuracy_of_Object_Detection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72590795/YOLOv4_Optimal_Speed_and_Accuracy_of_Object_Detection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="71217276" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71217276/YOLO_Z_Improving_small_object_detection_in_YOLOv5_for_autonomous_vehicles">YOLO-Z: Improving small object detection in YOLOv5 for autonomous vehicles</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="366407" href="https://oxfordbrookes.academia.edu/FabioCuzzolin">Fabio Cuzzolin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">ICCV 2021 Workshop: The ROAD challenge: Event Detection for Situation Awareness in Autonomous Driving</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">As autonomous vehicles and autonomous racing rise in popularity, so does the need for faster and more accurate detectors. While our naked eyes are able to extract contextual information almost instantly, even from far away, image resolution and computational resources limitations make detecting smaller objects (that is, objects that occupy a small pixel area in the input image) a truly challenging task for machines and a wide open research field. This study explores ways in which the popular YOLOv5 object detector can be modified to improve its performance in detecting smaller objects, with a particular focus on its application to autonomous racing. To achieve this, we investigate how replacing certain structural elements of the model (as well as their connections and other parameters) can affect performance and inference time. In doing so, we propose a series of models at different scales, which we name ‘YOLO-Z’, and which display an improvement of up to 6.9% in mAP when detecting smaller objects at 50% IOU, at a cost of just a 3ms increase in inference time compared to the original YOLOv5. Our objective is not only to inform future research on the potential of adjusting a popular detector such as YOLOv5 to address specific tasks, but also to provide insights on how specific changes can impact small object detection. Such findings, applied to the wider context of autonomous vehicles, could increase the amount of contextual information available to such systems.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YOLO-Z: Improving small object detection in YOLOv5 for autonomous vehicles","attachmentId":80658600,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71217276/YOLO_Z_Improving_small_object_detection_in_YOLOv5_for_autonomous_vehicles","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71217276/YOLO_Z_Improving_small_object_detection_in_YOLOv5_for_autonomous_vehicles"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="43122456" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43122456/Augmentation_for_small_object_detection">Augmentation for small object detection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15689241" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ComputerScienceInformationTechnologyCSIT">Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) Computer Science Conference Proceedings (CSCP)</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the recent years, object detection has experienced impressive progress. Despite these improvements, there is still a significant gap in the performance between the detection of small and large objects. We analyze the current state-of-the-art model, Mask-RCNN, on a challenging dataset, MS COCO. We show that the overlap between small ground-truth objects and the predicted anchors is much lower than the expected IoU threshold. We conjecture this is due to two factors; (1) only a few images are containing small objects, and (2) small objects do not appear enough even within each image containing them. We thus propose to oversample those images with small objects and augment each of those images by copy-pasting small objects many times. It allows us to trade off the quality of the detector on large objects with that on small objects. We evaluate different pasting augmentation strategies, and ultimately, we achieve 9.7% relative improvement on the instance segmentation and 7.1% on the object detection of small objects, compared to the current state of the art method on MS COCO.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Augmentation for small object detection","attachmentId":63380025,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43122456/Augmentation_for_small_object_detection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43122456/Augmentation_for_small_object_detection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="103273943" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103273943/Object_Classification_and_Tracking_Using_Scaled_P8_YOLOv4_Lite_Model">Object Classification and Tracking Using Scaled P8 YOLOv4 Lite Model</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="159895757" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JayantChopade">Jayant Chopade</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">One of the most difficult tasks in the area of computer vision is object detection, which combines object categorization and object location within a scene. In terms of object detection, Deep Neural Networks have been recently demonstrated to outperform alterna-tive approaches. The issues related deep learning neural network is its complexity and huge computation, so it is not possible to detect and track the objects in image of high resolution in real time. We proposed scaled YOLOv4 lite model as Single Stage Detector Neural Network for object detection, tracking and it is trained using COCO 2017 dataset. To create the YOLOv4-CSP- P5- P6- P7- P8 networks, the Scaled YOLOv4 applied efficient network scaling strategies. The additional layer in YOLOv4 lite model is added as P8 layer which improves accuracy. Cross-stage-partial (CSP) connections and Mish activation are used in improved network design, such as backbone optimization and Neck (PAN). In the case of YOLOv4, however, it can ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Object Classification and Tracking Using Scaled P8 YOLOv4 Lite Model","attachmentId":103325132,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/103273943/Object_Classification_and_Tracking_Using_Scaled_P8_YOLOv4_Lite_Model","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/103273943/Object_Classification_and_Tracking_Using_Scaled_P8_YOLOv4_Lite_Model"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="91413498" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91413498/Speed_Accuracy_Trade_Offs_for_Modern_Convolutional_Object_Detectors">Speed/Accuracy Trade-Offs for Modern Convolutional Object Detectors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21244904" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MenglongZhu">Menglong Zhu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The goal of this paper is to serve as a guide for selecting a detection architecture that achieves the right speed/memory/accuracy balance for a given application and platform. To this end, we investigate various ways to trade accuracy for speed and memory usage in modern convolutional object detection systems. A number of successful systems have been proposed in recent years, but apples-toapples comparisons are difficult due to different base feature extractors (e.g., VGG, Residual Networks), different default image resolutions, as well as different hardware and software platforms. We present a unified implementation of the Faster R-CNN [31], R-FCN [6] and SSD [26] systems, which we view as "meta-architectures" and trace out the speed/accuracy trade-off curve created by using alternative feature extractors and varying other critical parameters such as image size within each of these meta-architectures. On one extreme end of this spectrum where speed and memory are critical, we present a detector that achieves real time speeds and can be deployed on a mobile device. On the opposite end in which accuracy is critical, we present a detector that achieves state-of-the-art performance measured on the COCO detection task.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Speed/Accuracy Trade-Offs for Modern Convolutional Object Detectors","attachmentId":94708457,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91413498/Speed_Accuracy_Trade_Offs_for_Modern_Convolutional_Object_Detectors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91413498/Speed_Accuracy_Trade_Offs_for_Modern_Convolutional_Object_Detectors"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="41940771" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41940771/A_Unified_Multi_scale_Deep_Convolutional_Neural_Network_for_Fast_Object_Detection">A Unified Multi-scale Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Fast Object Detection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="145422313" href="https://riphah.academia.edu/SofTechSolutions">SofTech Solutions</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A unified deep neural network, denoted the multi-scale CNN (MS-CNN), is proposed for fast multi-scale object detection. The MS-CNN consists of a proposal sub-network and a detection sub-network. In the proposal sub-network, detection is performed at multiple output layers, so that receptive fields match objects of different scales. These complementary scale-specific detectors are combined to produce a strong multi-scale object detector. The unified network is learned end-to-end, by optimizing a multi-task loss. Feature upsampling by deconvolution is also explored, as an alternative to input upsampling, to reduce the memory and computation costs. State-of-the-art object detection performance, at up to 15 fps, is reported on datasets, such as KITTI and Caltech, containing a substantial number of small objects.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Unified Multi-scale Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Fast Object Detection","attachmentId":62063994,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41940771/A_Unified_Multi_scale_Deep_Convolutional_Neural_Network_for_Fast_Object_Detection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41940771/A_Unified_Multi_scale_Deep_Convolutional_Neural_Network_for_Fast_Object_Detection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="102481199" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102481199/MatrixNets_A_New_Scale_and_Aspect_Ratio_Aware_Architecture_for_Object_Detection">MatrixNets: A New Scale and Aspect Ratio Aware Architecture for Object Detection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="271537024" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RishavAgarwal39">Rishav Agarwal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">arXiv (Cornell University), 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We present MatrixNets (xNets), a new deep architecture for object detection. xNets map objects with similar sizes and aspect ratios into many specialized layers, allowing xNets to provide a scale and aspect ratio aware architecture. We leverage xNets to enhance single-stage object detection frameworks. First, we apply xN ets on anchor-based object detection, for which we predict object centers and regress the top-left and bottom-right corners. Second, we use MatrixNets for corner-based object detection by predicting top-left and bottom-right corners. Each corner predicts the center location of the object. We also enhance corner-based detection by replacing the embedding layer with center regression. Our final architecture achieves mAP of 47.8 on MS COCO, which is higher than its CornerNet [9] counterpart by +5.6 mAP while also closing the gap between single-stage and two-stage detectors. The code is available at https://github.com/ arashwan/matrixnet.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"MatrixNets: A New Scale and Aspect Ratio Aware Architecture for Object Detection","attachmentId":102740117,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102481199/MatrixNets_A_New_Scale_and_Aspect_Ratio_Aware_Architecture_for_Object_Detection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/102481199/MatrixNets_A_New_Scale_and_Aspect_Ratio_Aware_Architecture_for_Object_Detection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="124044681" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124044681/SFPN_Synthetic_FPN_for_Object_Detection">SFPN: Synthetic FPN for Object Detection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59501057" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KuochinFan">Kuo-chin Fan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2022 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">FPN (Feature Pyramid Network) has become a basic component of most SoTA one stage object detectors. Many previous studies have repeatedly proved that FPN can caputre better multi-scale feature maps to more precisely describe objects if they are with different sizes. However, for most backbones such VGG, ResNet, or DenseNet, the feature maps at each layer are downsized to their quarters due to the pooling operation or convolutions with stride 2. The gap of downscaling-by-2 is large and makes its FPN not fuse the features smoothly. This paper proposes a new SFPN (Synthetic Fusion Pyramid Network) arichtecture which creates various synthetic layers between layers of the original FPN to enhance the accuracy of lightweight CNN backones to extract objects' visual features more accurately. Finally, experiments prove the SFPN architecture outperforms either the large backbone VGG16, ResNet50 or lightweight backbones such as MobilenetV2 based on AP score.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"SFPN: Synthetic FPN for Object Detection","attachmentId":118342884,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124044681/SFPN_Synthetic_FPN_for_Object_Detection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124044681/SFPN_Synthetic_FPN_for_Object_Detection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="59106736" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59106736/SINet_A_Scale_Insensitive_Convolutional_Neural_Network_for_Fast_Vehicle_Detection">SINet: A Scale-Insensitive Convolutional Neural Network for Fast Vehicle Detection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="112344772" href="https://scut.academia.edu/ShengfengHe">Shengfeng He</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Vision-based vehicle detection approaches achieve incredible success in recent years with the development of deep convolutional neural network (CNN). However, existing CNNbased algorithms suffer from the problem that the convolutional features are scale-sensitive in object detection task but it is common that traffic images and videos contain vehicles with a large variance of scales. In this paper, we delve into the source of scale sensitivity, and reveal two key issues: 1) existing RoI pooling destroys the structure of small scale objects; 2) the large intra-class distance for a large variance of scales exceeds the representation capability of a single network. Based on these findings, we present a scale-insensitive convolutional neural network (SINet) for fast detecting vehicles with a large variance of scales. First, we present a context-aware RoI pooling to maintain the contextual information and original structure of small scale objects. Second, we present a multi-branch decision network to minimize the intra-class distance of features. These lightweight techniques bring zero extra time complexity but prominent detection accuracy improvement. The proposed techniques can be equipped with any deep network architectures and keep them trained end-to-end. Our SINet achieves stateof-the-art performance in terms of accuracy and speed (up to 37 FPS) on the KITTI benchmark and a new highway dataset, which contains a large variance of scales and extremely small objects.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"SINet: A Scale-Insensitive Convolutional Neural Network for Fast Vehicle Detection","attachmentId":73198777,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59106736/SINet_A_Scale_Insensitive_Convolutional_Neural_Network_for_Fast_Vehicle_Detection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59106736/SINet_A_Scale_Insensitive_Convolutional_Neural_Network_for_Fast_Vehicle_Detection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="45661590" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45661590/IJERT_Object_Detection_and_Classification_using_YOLOv3">IJERT-Object Detection and Classification using YOLOv3</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="109571315" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IJERTORG">IJERT Journal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">https://www.ijert.org/object-detection-and-classification-using-yolov3 https://www.ijert.org/research/object-detection-and-classification-using-yolov3-IJERTV10IS020078.pdf Autonomous driving will increasingly require more and more dependable network-based mechanisms, requiring redundant, real-time implementations. Object detection is a growing field of research in the field of computer vision. The ability to identify and classify objects, either in a single scene or in more than one frame, has gained huge importance in a variety of ways, as while operating a vehicle, the operator could even lack attention that could lead to disastrous collisions. In attempt to improve these perceivable problems, the Autonomous Vehicles and ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) have considered to handle the task of identifying and classifying objects, which in turn use deep learning techniques such as the Faster Regional Convoluted Neural Network (F-RCNN), the You Only Look Once Model (YOLO), the Single Shot Detector (SSD) etc. to improve the precision of object detection. YOLO is a powerful technique as it achieves high precision whilst being able to manage in real time. This paper explains the architecture and working of YOLO algorithm for the purpose of detecting and classifying objects, trained on the classes from COCO dataset.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"IJERT-Object Detection and Classification using YOLOv3","attachmentId":66162765,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45661590/IJERT_Object_Detection_and_Classification_using_YOLOv3","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45661590/IJERT_Object_Detection_and_Classification_using_YOLOv3"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":75430154,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":75430154,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_75430154" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="93030308" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93030308/ReSTiNet_On_Improving_the_Performance_of_Tiny_YOLO_Based_CNN_Architecture_for_Applications_in_Human_Detection">ReSTiNet: On Improving the Performance of Tiny-YOLO-Based CNN Architecture for Applications in Human Detection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5711463" href="https://aiub.academia.edu/MdSaefUllahMiah">Md. 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