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(PDF) Theory and Society Renewal and Critique in Social Theory Beyond dialogue and antagonism: a Bakhtinian perspective on the controversy in political theory | Leszek Koczanowicz - Academia.edu
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Democracy is necessarily a political concept, but this paper suggests a different way of understanding democracy, as a principle of social interaction. This comes out of a particular definition of politics, as the dynamics of power in relationships, as they pertain to the process of decision-making and its effects, under conditions of inequality. A paradox then arises, since, if democracy is understood as a kind of political equality, a definition of politics that relies on conditions of inequality makes political equality an oxymoron, and democracy an apolitical or even antipolitical practice. The way around this paradox is found by shifting the focus from the process of decision-making itself to a consideration of the nature of the relationships involved. Because inequality is an inescapable condition, because of the inescapably plural character of society, this addresses the paradox. Further, by understanding democracy as a principle, then it is understood not as a rule for decision-making, but as a guide and a basis for judgments about the means by which decisions are made and the ways that institutions structure social relationships. This then points to a kind of democratic ethic that can act as a guide for personal interactions in all spheres of life.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Democracy as a Principle of Social Interaction","attachmentId":34139656,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7586261/Democracy_as_a_Principle_of_Social_Interaction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7586261/Democracy_as_a_Principle_of_Social_Interaction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="43765394" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43765394/Democracy_Individuality_and_Conflict_Re_evaluating_The_Political_in_the_light_of_democratic_possibility">Democracy, Individuality and Conflict: Re-evaluating 'The Political' in the light of democratic possibility</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="94982497" href="https://unipv.academia.edu/FelixWach">Felix Wach</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Thesis work at the Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The aim of this work is to challenge the concept of radical, agonistic democracy brought forward by Chantal Mouffe and to show why her positions, while being of high original value, are for the most part not compatible with the demands that an egalitarian and liberal democracy places on its citizens. It is argued that, while Mouffe’s warnings about a potential depoliticisation of society in favour of neo-liberal policies and the rise of right-populism which she attributes to the political parties’ failing in generating meaningful political identities are justified, she does not pay sufficient attention to democracy’s need for responsible human individuality and some of the limitations to how democracy can and must be understood. By showing just how much Mouffe draws on the ideas of Carl Schmitt and Sigmund Freud, the incompatibility of her theory with a contemporary understanding of the individual as one whose value in society is recognised by his dignity and his ability to come to terms with his individual character in a democratic setting. The highly influential work of Carl Schmitt on the political, with a focus on its critique of liberalism, as well as Ulrich Beck’s theory of cosmopolitanism are explored in an attempt to fathom their attempts to explain conflict in society and to make sense of the anti-liberal mind set which dominates much of the political discourse today. Democracy, as it is shown, cannot function on grounds of hegemonic struggle since its fundamental ethos rests on the assumption that citizens can feel responsible for their actions and build towards establishing a common framework of values, norms and goals. Establishing contingency as the central democratic feature cannot substitute for the need for deliberative decision making processes. Collective choice theory has provided the insight that egalitarian liberal democracy, which relies on reason to arrive at collective decisions, can only work if citizens do not act as rational individuals pursuing their own interests but instead accept the validity of the notion of some common good. The key task for democracy is therefore that to guarantee for freely accessible institutions which provide the foundation for open debate and decision making processes which are based on giving reasons. Furthermore, the conceptual distinction between separability and separateness shows why society is still struggling to find the right balance between allowing enough space for character development and establishing firm collective identities. If one wants to challenge the populist rise in Western democracies one needs to foster once again the role of the individual in such way that he knows what democracy can and cannot be and will be able to deeply care about it. Populism, as we will see, thrives on discord, fear and appeals to an imaginary ‘will of the people’ which should be confronted with the insight that democracy is based on character formation, individual sacrifice and responsibility and the belief in something larger than decision by majority rule. Therefore, the question is raised how democracy shall be understood if it is to preserve its commitment to individual responsibility, personal development and a notion of the common good but nevertheless addresses the serious and highly topical problems that neo-liberalism, globalism, and post-structuralism pose for society on a socio-political level.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Democracy, Individuality and Conflict: Re-evaluating 'The Political' in the light of democratic possibility","attachmentId":64077615,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43765394/Democracy_Individuality_and_Conflict_Re_evaluating_The_Political_in_the_light_of_democratic_possibility","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43765394/Democracy_Individuality_and_Conflict_Re_evaluating_The_Political_in_the_light_of_democratic_possibility"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="11098732" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11098732/Kautzer_Review_of_Axel_Honneth_Freedoms_Right_The_Social_Foundations_of_Democratic_Life_Theoria_A_Journal_of_Social_and_Political_Theory_Vol_61_Issue_140_September_2014_102_106">Kautzer Review of Axel Honneth, Freedom's Right: The Social Foundations of Democratic Life, Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, Vol. 61, Issue 140 (September 2014): 102-106</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26818412" href="https://lehigh.academia.edu/ChadKautzer">Chad Kautzer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Kautzer Review of Axel Honneth, Freedom's Right: The Social Foundations of Democratic Life, Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, Vol. 61, Issue 140 (September 2014): 102-106","attachmentId":36932955,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11098732/Kautzer_Review_of_Axel_Honneth_Freedoms_Right_The_Social_Foundations_of_Democratic_Life_Theoria_A_Journal_of_Social_and_Political_Theory_Vol_61_Issue_140_September_2014_102_106","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11098732/Kautzer_Review_of_Axel_Honneth_Freedoms_Right_The_Social_Foundations_of_Democratic_Life_Theoria_A_Journal_of_Social_and_Political_Theory_Vol_61_Issue_140_September_2014_102_106"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="657238" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/657238/REASON_FREEDOM_AND_MODERNITY_vol_8_Political_Structures">REASON, FREEDOM AND MODERNITY vol 8 Political Structures</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="473994" href="https://mmu.academia.edu/PeterCritchley">Peter Critchley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">These final two volumes (8 and 9) seek to tie together the themes of true democracy, social control and self-mediation, affirmative materialism, community and communist individuality within a conception of commune democracy. This volume defends Marx’s early definition of ‘true democracy’ as entailing the dissolution of the state and of (capitalistically organised, inegalitarian, unpluralist) civil society as a single process. The argument delineates Marx's definition of democratisation, seeking its realisation outside of and against the abstract form of the state. This is where the conception of the proletarian public sphere (or spheres) becomes important and its absence in socialist theory and practice becomes evident. Such a notion entails not the end of politics but its realisation in the everyday affairs of the demos within a conception of self-government. Making a distinction between the state and government, it is possible to develop the anti-statist character of democracy without thereby being committed to an antipolitical stance. By recognising plural identities and enabling participation the notion of the communist public sphere comes into its own as a political society.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"REASON, FREEDOM AND MODERNITY vol 8 Political Structures","attachmentId":33981561,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/657238/REASON_FREEDOM_AND_MODERNITY_vol_8_Political_Structures","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/657238/REASON_FREEDOM_AND_MODERNITY_vol_8_Political_Structures"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":51071182,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":51071182,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_51071182" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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