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<li id="toc-Invention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Invention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_fortepiano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_fortepiano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early fortepiano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_fortepiano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_piano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_piano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Modern piano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_piano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_in_shape_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_in_shape_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Variations in shape and design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_in_shape_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Grand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Upright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Specialized</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric,_electronic,_and_digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric,_electronic,_and_digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Electric, electronic, and digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric,_electronic,_and_digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Hybrid instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_and_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_and_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Construction and components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction_and_components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction and components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keyboard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Keyboard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pedals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Maintenance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tuning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tuning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Playing_and_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Playing_and_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Playing and technique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Playing_and_technique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Playing and technique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Playing_and_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performance_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Performance styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_Burmese_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Burmese_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Traditional Burmese style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Burmese_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Piano</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavier" title="Klavier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klavier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavier" title="Klavier – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Klavier" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%92%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%96" title="ፒያኖ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፒያኖ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clafer" title="Clafer – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Clafer" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="بيانو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيانو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Դաշնամուր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Դաշնամուր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phianu" title="Phianu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Phianu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianu" title="Pianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C3%A3ytas%C3%A3" title="Kuãytasã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuãytasã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianino" title="Pianino – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pianino" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="پیانو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیانو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B" title="পিয়ানো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিয়ানো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C7%B9g-kh%C3%AEm" title="Kǹg-khîm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kǹg-khîm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Фортепиано – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фортепиано" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Фартэпіяна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фартэпіяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Фартэпіяна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фартэпіяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Пиано – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиано" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="རྣོ་སྦྲེང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྣོ་སྦྲེང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavir" title="Klavir – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Klavir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyano" title="Pyano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pyano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klav%C3%ADr" title="Klavír – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klavír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaver" title="Klaver – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klaver" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="پيانو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پيانو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavier" title="Klavier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klavier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaver" title="Klaver – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klaver" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Πιάνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πιάνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="پیانو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیانو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pian%C3%B3" title="Pianó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pianó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianney" title="Pianney – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pianney" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B" title="પિયાનો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પિયાનો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4ng-kh%C3%ACm" title="Kông-khìm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kông-khìm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8" title="피아노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피아노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Դաշնամուր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դաշնամուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B" title="पियानो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पियानो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasovir" title="Glasovir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glasovir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiQumuqumu" title="IsiQumuqumu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiQumuqumu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADan%C3%B3" title="Píanó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Píanó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianoforte" title="Pianoforte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pianoforte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%A8" title="פסנתר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסנתר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyaanoo" title="Piyaanoo – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Piyaanoo" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8B" title="ಪಿಯಾನೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಿಯಾನೋ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="ფორტეპიანო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფორტეპიანო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Фортепиано – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фортепиано" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A7" title="Зонгорӧ – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Зонгорӧ" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyano" title="Piyano – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Piyano" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Фортепиано – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фортепиано" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavile" title="Clavile – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Clavile" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavieres" title="Klavieres – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klavieres" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepijonas" title="Fortepijonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fortepijonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likemb%C3%A9_lya_mp%C3%B3t%C3%B3" title="Likembé lya mpótó – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Likembé lya mpótó" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/pipno" title="pipno – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="pipno" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongora" title="Zongora – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zongora" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Пијано – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пијано" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pian%C3%B4" title="Pianô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pianô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B" title="പിയാനോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിയാനോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B" title="पियानो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पियानो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="بيانو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيانو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="پیانو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پیانو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1ung-k%C3%ACng" title="Gáung-kìng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáung-kìng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80" title="Төгөлдөр хуур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төгөлдөр хуур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="စန္ဒရား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စန္ဒရား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_(instrument)" title="Piano (instrument) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Piano (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B" title="पियानो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पियानो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8E" title="ピアノ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピアノ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fortepiano" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B" title="ਪਿਆਨੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਆਨੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="پیانو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیانو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaveer" title="Klaveer – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Klaveer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepian" title="Fortepian – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fortepian" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Fortepiano" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pian" title="Pian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavazin" title="Clavazin – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Clavazin" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatana_qallwa" title="Yatana qallwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yatana qallwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80" title="Клавір – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Клавір" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Фортепиано – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фортепиано" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavier" title="Klavier – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Klavier" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianoja" title="Pianoja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pianoja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianuforti" title="Chianuforti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chianuforti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="پيانو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پيانو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klav%C3%ADr" title="Klavír – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Klavír" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavir" title="Klavir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Klavir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyaano" title="Biyaano – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Biyaano" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86" title="پیانۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیانۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Клавир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клавир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavir" title="Klavir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klavir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyano" title="Piyano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Piyano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="கின்னரப்பெட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கின்னரப்பெட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B" title="పియానో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పియానో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="เปียโน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เปียโน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Фортепиано – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фортепиано" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%85_%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyano" title="Piyano – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Piyano" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Фортепіано – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фортепіано" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="پیانو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیانو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%89%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%86%D9%88" title="پىئانىنو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پىئانىنو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianoforte" title="Pianoforte – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pianoforte" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_c%E1%BA%A7m" title="Dương cầm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dương cầm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavv%C3%B5r" title="Klavvõr – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Klavvõr" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano" title="Piano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Piano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%A2%E7%90%B4" title="钢琴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钢琴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="פיאנע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פיאנע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Keyboard instrument</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the musical instrument. For the musical dynamic, see <a href="/wiki/Piano_(dynamic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano (dynamic)">Piano (dynamic)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Piano_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Piano (disambiguation)">Piano (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pianoforte" redirects here. For earliest versions of the instrument only, see <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">Fortepiano</a>. For the 1984 film, see <a href="/wiki/Pianoforte_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pianoforte (film)"><i>Pianoforte</i> (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Piano</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div style="height:247px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steinway_Vienna_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Steinway_Vienna_002.JPG/208px-Steinway_Vienna_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="208" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Steinway_Vienna_002.JPG/312px-Steinway_Vienna_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Steinway_Vienna_002.JPG/416px-Steinway_Vienna_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2561" data-file-height="3044" /></a></span></div><div>Grand piano</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piano_droit_Weinbach_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Piano_droit_Weinbach_%282%29.jpg/208px-Piano_droit_Weinbach_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Piano_droit_Weinbach_%282%29.jpg/312px-Piano_droit_Weinbach_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Piano_droit_Weinbach_%282%29.jpg/416px-Piano_droit_Weinbach_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="1746" /></a></span></div><div>Upright piano</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">Keyboard instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">314.122-4-8<br />(Simple <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophone</a> with <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keyboard</a> sounded by hammers)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Cristofori" title="Bartolomeo Cristofori">Bartolomeo Cristofori</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Early 18th century</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PianoRange.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PianoRange.tif/lossy-page1-170px-PianoRange.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PianoRange.tif/lossy-page1-255px-PianoRange.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PianoRange.tif/lossy-page1-340px-PianoRange.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Kimiko_Ishizaka_-_Bach_-_Well-Tempered_Clavier,_Book_1_-_01_Prelude_No._1_in_C_major,_BWV_846.ogg" title="File:Kimiko Ishizaka - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 - 01 Prelude No. 1 in C major, BWV 846.ogg"><i>The Well-Tempered Clavier</i>, first prelude of Book I</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="163" data-mwtitle="Kimiko_Ishizaka_-_Bach_-_Well-Tempered_Clavier,_Book_1_-_01_Prelude_No._1_in_C_major,_BWV_846.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Kimiko_Ishizaka_-_Bach_-_Well-Tempered_Clavier%2C_Book_1_-_01_Prelude_No._1_in_C_major%2C_BWV_846.ogg/Kimiko_Ishizaka_-_Bach_-_Well-Tempered_Clavier%2C_Book_1_-_01_Prelude_No._1_in_C_major%2C_BWV_846.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Kimiko_Ishizaka_-_Bach_-_Well-Tempered_Clavier%2C_Book_1_-_01_Prelude_No._1_in_C_major%2C_BWV_846.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Played by <a href="/wiki/Kimiko_Douglass-Ishizaka" title="Kimiko Douglass-Ishizaka">Kimiko Douglass-Ishizaka</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>A <b>piano</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instrument</a> that produces sound when its keys are depressed, activating an <a href="/wiki/Action_(music)" title="Action (music)">action</a> mechanism where hammers strike <a href="/wiki/String_(music)" title="String (music)">strings</a>. Modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, tuned to a <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic scale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal temperament</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musician</a> who specializes in piano is called a <a href="/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianist</a>. </p><p>There are two main types of piano: the <a href="#Grand">grand piano</a> and the <a href="#Upright">upright piano</a>. The grand piano offers better sound and more precise key control, making it the preferred choice when space and budget allow. The grand piano is also considered a necessity in venues hosting skilled pianists. The upright piano is more commonly used because of its smaller size and lower cost. </p><p>When a key is depressed, the strings inside are struck by felt-coated wooden hammers. The vibrations are transmitted through a <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">bridge</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Soundboard_(music)" title="Soundboard (music)">soundboard</a> that amplifies the sound by <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(physics)" title="Coupling (physics)">coupling</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">acoustic energy</a> to the air. When the key is released, a damper stops the string's vibration, ending the sound. Most notes have three strings, except for the bass, which graduates from one to two. <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">Notes</a> can be <a href="/wiki/Envelope_(music)" title="Envelope (music)">sustained</a> when the keys are released by the use of <a href="/wiki/Piano_pedals" title="Piano pedals">pedals</a> at the base of the instrument, which lift the dampers off the strings. The sustain pedal allows pianists to connect and overlay sound, and achieve expressive and colorful sonority. </p><p>In the 19th century, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a> trends, the <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a> underwent changes such as the use of a <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> frame (which allowed much greater string tensions) and <a href="/wiki/Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">aliquot stringing</a> which gave grand pianos a more powerful sound, a longer sustain, and a richer tone. Later in the century, as the piano became more common it allowed families to listen to a newly published musical piece by having a family member play a <a href="/wiki/Reduction_(music)" title="Reduction (music)">simplified version</a>. </p><p>The piano is widely employed in <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular</a> music for <a href="/wiki/Piano_concerto" title="Piano concerto">solo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">ensemble</a> performances, accompaniment, and for <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">composing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songwriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Songwriting">songwriting</a> and rehearsals. Despite its weight and cost, the piano's versatility, the extensive training of musicians, and its availability in venues, schools, and rehearsal spaces have made it a familiar instrument in the Western world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The piano was based on earlier technological innovations in <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instruments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organs</a> had been used since antiquity, and as such the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a> with struck strings were the <a href="/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer" title="Hammered dulcimer">hammered dulcimers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in Europe. During the Middle Ages, there were several attempts at creating stringed keyboard instruments with struck strings.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 17th century, the mechanisms of keyboard instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> were well developed. In a clavichord the strings are struck by tangents, while in a harpsichord they are mechanically plucked by quills when the performer depresses the key. Centuries of work on the mechanism of the harpsichord in particular had shown instrument builders the most effective ways to construct the case, soundboard, bridge, and mechanical action for a keyboard intended to sound strings. </p><p>The English word <i>piano</i> is a shortened form of the Italian <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">pianoforte</i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derived from <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">gravecembalo col piano e forte</i></span></i> ("harpsichord with soft and loud").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERipinPollens2001¶2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERipinPollens2001¶2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations in volume (<a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a>) are produced in response to the pianist's <i>touch</i> (pressure on the keys): the greater the pressure, the greater the force of the hammer hitting the strings and the louder the sound produced and the stronger the <i>attack</i>. Invented in 1700, the <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a> was the second keyboard instrument (in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a> which predates it) to allow gradations of volume and <a href="/wiki/Musical_tone" title="Musical tone">tone</a> according to how forcefully or softly the player presses or strikes the keys, unlike the pipe organ and harpsichord.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invention">Invention</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CristoforiPiano1726LeipzigKeyboardView.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CristoforiPiano1726LeipzigKeyboardView.jpg/220px-CristoforiPiano1726LeipzigKeyboardView.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CristoforiPiano1726LeipzigKeyboardView.jpg/330px-CristoforiPiano1726LeipzigKeyboardView.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CristoforiPiano1726LeipzigKeyboardView.jpg/440px-CristoforiPiano1726LeipzigKeyboardView.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The 1726 Cristofori piano in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Musical_Instruments_of_the_University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Musical Instruments of the University of Leipzig">Musikinstrumenten-Museum</a> in Leipzig</figcaption></figure> <p>The invention of the piano is credited to <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Cristofori" title="Bartolomeo Cristofori">Bartolomeo Cristofori</a> of <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, Italy, who was employed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Prince_of_Tuscany" title="Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany">Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany</a>, as the Keeper of the Instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cristofori was an expert harpsichord maker and was well acquainted with the body of knowledge on stringed keyboard instruments. This knowledge of keyboard mechanisms and actions helped him to develop the first pianos. It is not known when Cristofori first built a piano. An inventory made by his employers, the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> family, indicates the existence of a piano by 1700. The three Cristofori pianos that survive today date from the 1720s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERipinPollens2001b¶1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERipinPollens2001b¶1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cristofori named the instrument <i>un cimbalo di cipresso di piano e forte</i> ("a keyboard of <a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">cypress</a> with soft and loud"), abbreviated over time as <i>pianoforte</i>, <i>fortepiano</i>, and later reduced to only <i>piano</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsacoff201223_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsacoff201223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cristofori's great success was designing a stringed keyboard instrument in which the notes are struck by a hammer. The hammer must strike the string but not remain in contact with it, because continued contact would <a href="/wiki/Damping_(music)" title="Damping (music)">damp</a> the sound and stop the string from vibrating and making sound. This means that after striking the string, the hammer must quickly fall from (or rebound from) the strings. Moreover, the hammer must return to its rest position without bouncing violently (thus preventing notes from being re-played by accidental rebound), and it must return to a position in which it is ready to play again almost immediately after its key is depressed, so the player can repeat the same note rapidly when desired. Cristofori's piano <a href="/wiki/Action_(piano)" title="Action (piano)">action</a> was a model for the many approaches to piano actions that followed in the next century. </p><p>Cristofori's early instruments were made with thin strings and were much quieter than the modern piano, though they were louder and had more <a href="/wiki/Sustain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustain">sustain</a> compared to the clavichord—the only previous keyboard instrument capable of dynamic nuance responding to the player's touch, the velocity with which the keys are pressed. While the clavichord allows expressive control of volume and sustain, it is relatively quiet even at its loudest. The harpsichord produces a sufficiently loud sound, especially when a coupler joins each key to both manuals of a two-manual harpsichord, but it offers no dynamic or expressive control over individual notes. The piano in some sense offers the best of both of the older instruments, combining the ability to play at least as loudly as a harpsichord with the ability to continuously vary dynamics by touch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_fortepiano">Early fortepiano</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">Fortepiano</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Piano_1781_France_-_Louis_Bas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grand_Piano_1781_France_-_Louis_Bas.jpg/220px-Grand_Piano_1781_France_-_Louis_Bas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grand_Piano_1781_France_-_Louis_Bas.jpg/330px-Grand_Piano_1781_France_-_Louis_Bas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Grand_Piano_1781_France_-_Louis_Bas.jpg/440px-Grand_Piano_1781_France_-_Louis_Bas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>Grand piano by Louis Bas of <a href="/wiki/Villeneuve-l%C3%A8s-Avignon" title="Villeneuve-lès-Avignon">Villeneuve-lès-Avignon</a>, 1781. Earliest French grand piano known to survive; includes an inverted wrestplank and action derived from the work of Bartolomeo Cristofori (ca. 1700) with ornately decorated soundboard.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cristofori's new instrument remained relatively unknown until an Italian writer, <a href="/wiki/Scipione_Maffei" class="mw-redirect" title="Scipione Maffei">Scipione Maffei</a>, wrote an enthusiastic article about it in 1711, including a diagram of the mechanism, that was translated into German and widely distributed.<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the next generation of piano builders started their work based on reading this article. One of these builders was <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Silbermann" title="Gottfried Silbermann">Gottfried Silbermann</a>, better known as an <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> builder. Silbermann's pianos were virtual copies of Cristofori's, with one important addition: Silbermann invented the forerunner of the modern <a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">sustain pedal</a>, which lifts all the dampers from the strings simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-Badura-Skoda_2000_1–16_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badura-Skoda_2000_1–16-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This innovation allows the pianist to sustain the notes that they have depressed even after their fingers are no longer pressing down the keys. As such, by holding a chord with the sustain pedal, pianists can relocate their hands to a different register of the keyboard in preparation for a subsequent section. </p><p>Silbermann showed <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> one of his early instruments in the 1730s, but Bach did not like the instrument at that time, saying that the higher notes were too soft to allow a full dynamic range. Although this earned him some animosity from Silbermann, the criticism was apparently heeded.<sup id="cite_ref-Badura-Skoda_2000_1–16_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badura-Skoda_2000_1–16-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach did approve of a later instrument he saw in 1747 and even served as an agent in selling Silbermann's pianos. "Instrument: piano et forte genandt"—a reference to the instrument's ability to play soft and loud—was an expression that Bach used to help sell the instrument when he was acting as Silbermann's agent in 1749.<sup id="cite_ref-palmieri_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmieri-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piano making flourished during the late 18th century in the <a href="/wiki/First_Viennese_School" title="First Viennese School">Viennese school</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Stein" title="Johann Andreas Stein">Johann Andreas Stein</a> (who worked in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, Germany) and the Viennese makers <a href="/wiki/Nannette_Streicher" title="Nannette Streicher">Nannette Streicher</a> (daughter of Stein) and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Walter" title="Anton Walter">Anton Walter</a>. Viennese-style pianos were built with wood frames, two strings per note, and leather-covered hammers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998b23_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998b23-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these Viennese pianos had the opposite coloring of modern-day pianos; the natural keys were black and the accidental keys white.<sup id="cite_ref-vienna_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vienna-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was for such instruments that <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> composed his <a href="/wiki/Piano_concerto" title="Piano concerto">concertos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piano_sonata" title="Piano sonata">sonatas</a>, and replicas of them are built in the 21st century for use in <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">authentic-instrument performance</a> of his music. The pianos of Mozart's day had a softer tone than 21st century pianos or English pianos, with less sustaining power. The term <i>fortepiano</i> now distinguishes these early instruments (and modern re-creations) from later pianos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy_et_al.2012"Fortepiano"_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy_et_al.2012"Fortepiano"-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_piano">Modern piano</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Innovations_in_the_piano" title="Innovations in the piano">Innovations in the piano</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132" /><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><b>Comparison of piano sound</b></div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic_Chopin_-_Opus_25_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_c_minor.ogg" title="File:Frederic Chopin - Opus 25 - Twelve Grand Etudes - c minor.ogg">19th century piano sound</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="154" data-mwtitle="Frederic_Chopin_-_Opus_25_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_c_minor.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Frederic_Chopin_-_Opus_25_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_c_minor.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Frederic_Chopin_-_Opus_25_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_c_minor.ogg/Frederic_Chopin_-_Opus_25_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_c_minor.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFrederic_Chopin_-_Opus_25_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_c_minor.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_Op._25,_No._12_(Chopin)" title="Étude Op. 25, No. 12 (Chopin)">Étude Op. 25, No. 12</a>, on an <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_%C3%89rard" title="Sébastien Érard">Erard</a> piano made in 1851</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic_Chopin_-_etude_no._12_in_c_minor,_op._25.ogg" title="File:Frederic Chopin - etude no. 12 in c minor, op. 25.ogg">Modern piano sound</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="193" data-mwtitle="Frederic_Chopin_-_etude_no._12_in_c_minor,_op._25.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Frederic_Chopin_-_etude_no._12_in_c_minor%2C_op._25.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Frederic_Chopin_-_etude_no._12_in_c_minor%2C_op._25.ogg/Frederic_Chopin_-_etude_no._12_in_c_minor%2C_op._25.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFrederic_Chopin_-_etude_no._12_in_c_minor%2C_op._25.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFrederic_Chopin_-_etude_no._12_in_c_minor%2C_op._25.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The same piece, on a modern piano</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>In the period from about 1790 to 1860, the Mozart-era piano underwent significant changes that led to the modern structure of the instrument. This revolution was in response to a preference by composers and pianists for a more powerful, sustained piano sound,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton199862_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton199862-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was made possible by the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> with resources such as high-quality <a href="/wiki/Piano_wire" title="Piano wire">piano wire</a> for strings and precision <a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">casting</a> for the production of massive <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">iron frames</a> that could withstand the tremendous tension of the strings.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the tonal range of the piano was also increased from the five <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a> of Mozart's day to the seven octave (or more) range found on today's pianos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiordano2010118_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiordano2010118-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early technological progress in the late 18th century owed much to the firm of <a href="/wiki/Broadwood_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadwood and Sons">Broadwood</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Broadwood" title="John Broadwood">John Broadwood</a> joined with another Scot, Robert Stodart, and a Dutchman, <a href="/wiki/Americus_Backers" title="Americus Backers">Americus Backers</a>, to design a piano in the harpsichord case—the origin of the "grand".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole2001¶8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole2001¶8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was achieved by about 1777. They quickly gained a reputation for the splendour and powerful tone of their instruments, with Broadwood constructing pianos that were progressively larger, louder, and more robustly constructed. They sent pianos to both <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, and were the first firm to build pianos with a range of more than five octaves: five octaves and a <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">fifth</a> during the 1790s, six octaves by 1810 (Beethoven used the extra notes in his later works), and seven octaves by 1820. The <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Viennese</a> makers similarly followed these trends; however the two schools used different piano actions: Broadwoods used a more robust action, whereas Viennese instruments were more sensitive. </p><p> By the 1820s, the center of piano innovation had shifted to Paris, where the <a href="/wiki/Pleyel_et_Cie" title="Pleyel et Cie">Pleyel</a> firm manufactured pianos used by <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>, and the Érard firm manufactured those used by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>. In 1821, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_%C3%89rard" title="Sébastien Érard">Sébastien Érard</a> invented the double escapement action, which incorporated a <i>repetition lever</i> (also called the <i>balancier</i>) that permitted repeating a note even if the key had not return to its resting position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c45_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998c45-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This facilitated rapid playing of repeated notes, a musical device exploited by Liszt. When the invention became public, as revised by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Herz" title="Henri Herz">Henri Herz</a>, the double escapement action gradually became standard in grand pianos and is still incorporated into all grand pianos currently produced in the 2000s. Other improvements of the mechanism included the use of firm felt hammer coverings instead of layered leather or cotton. Felt, which <a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Pape" title="Jean-Henri Pape">Jean-Henri Pape</a> was the first to use in pianos in 1826, was a more consistent material, permitting wider dynamic ranges as hammer weights and string tension increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c44_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998c44-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sostenuto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sostenuto">sostenuto pedal</a> (<a href="#Pedals">see below</a>), invented in 1844 by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Boisselot" title="Jean-Louis Boisselot">Jean-Louis Boisselot</a> and copied by the <a href="/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons" title="Steinway & Sons">Steinway</a> firm in 1874,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c47_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998c47-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowed for a wider range of effects.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 401.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 399.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Broadwood_grand_square_action.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Broadwood square action"><img alt="Broadwood square action" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Broadwood_grand_square_action.svg/599px-Broadwood_grand_square_action.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Broadwood_grand_square_action.svg/898px-Broadwood_grand_square_action.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Broadwood_grand_square_action.svg/1197px-Broadwood_grand_square_action.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Broadwood square action</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 328.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 326.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erard_double_pilot_action.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erard square action"><img alt="Erard square action" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Erard_double_pilot_action.svg/490px-Erard_double_pilot_action.svg.png" decoding="async" width="327" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Erard_double_pilot_action.svg/735px-Erard_double_pilot_action.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Erard_double_pilot_action.svg/980px-Erard_double_pilot_action.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Erard square action</div> </li> </ul><p>One innovation that helped create the powerful sound of the modern piano was the use of a massive, strong, cast iron frame.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson199899_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson199899-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also called the "plate", the iron frame sits atop the <a href="/wiki/Sound_board_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound board (music)">soundboard</a>, and serves as the primary bulwark against the force of string <a href="/wiki/Tension_(physics)" title="Tension (physics)">tension</a> that can exceed 20 tons (180 kilonewtons) in total for a modern grand piano.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998353_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998353-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The single piece cast iron frame for square piano was patented in 1825 in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Babcock" title="Alpheus Babcock">Alpheus Babcock</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsacoff201274_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsacoff201274-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c43_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998c43-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combining the metal hitch pin plate (1821, claimed by Broadwood on behalf of Samuel Hervé) and resisting bars (Thom and Allen, 1820, but also claimed by Broadwood and Érard). Babcock later worked for the <a href="/wiki/Chickering_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickering and Sons">Chickering & Mackays</a> firm who patented the first full iron frame for grand pianos in 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c43_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998c43-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composite forged metal frames were preferred by many European makers until the American system was fully adopted by the early 20th century. The increased structural integrity of the iron frame allowed the use of thicker, tenser, and more numerous strings. In 1834, the Webster & Horsfal firm of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> brought out a form of piano wire made from <a href="/wiki/Cast_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cast steel">cast steel</a>; it was "so superior to the iron wire that the English firm soon had a monopoly."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolge1911124_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolge1911124-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A better steel wire was developed in 1840 by the Viennese firm Martin Miller,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolge1911124_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolge1911124-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a period of innovation and intense competition ensued, with rival brands of piano wire being tested against one another at international competitions, leading ultimately to the modern form of piano wire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolge1911125–126_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolge1911125–126-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several important advances included changes to the way the piano was strung. There are one string for each note in the bass, two for each note in the tenor, and three for each note in the tenor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERipinPollens2001a¶4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERipinPollens2001a¶4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of a Capo d’Astro bar instead of agraffes in the uppermost treble allowed the hammers to strike the strings in their optimal position, greatly increasing that area's power. The implementation of over-stringing (also called <a href="/wiki/Cross-stringing" title="Cross-stringing">cross-stringing</a>), in which the strings are placed in two separate planes, each with its own bridge height,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c44_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998c44-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowed greater length to the bass strings and optimized the transition from unwound tenor strings to the iron or copper-wound bass strings. Over-stringing was invented by Pape during the 1820s and first patented for use in grand pianos in the United States by Henry Steinway Jr. in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c44_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998c44-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DuplexScale.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/DuplexScale.JPG/250px-DuplexScale.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/DuplexScale.JPG/330px-DuplexScale.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/DuplexScale.JPG/500px-DuplexScale.JPG 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Duplex scaling of an 1883 <a href="/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons" title="Steinway & Sons">Steinway</a> Model 'A'. From lower left to upper right: main sounding length of strings, treble bridge, duplex string length, duplex bar (nickel-plated bar parallel to bridge), hitchpins, plate strut with bearing bolt, plate hole</figcaption></figure> <p>Some piano makers added variations to enhance the tone of each note, such as <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Taskin" title="Pascal Taskin">Pascal Taskin</a> (1788),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Collard_%26_Collard" class="mw-redirect" title="Collard & Collard">Collard & Collard</a> (1821), and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Bl%C3%BCthner" title="Julius Blüthner">Julius Blüthner</a>, who developed <a href="/wiki/Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">Aliquot stringing</a> in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrlichGood2001¶4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrlichGood2001¶4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These systems were used to strengthen the tone of the highest register of notes on the piano, which up until this time were viewed as being too weak-sounding. Each used more distinctly ringing, undamped vibrations of sympathetically vibrating strings to add to the tone, except the Blüthner <a href="/wiki/Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">Aliquot stringing</a>, which uses an additional fourth string in the upper two treble sections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrlichGood2001¶4_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrlichGood2001¶4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the hitchpins of these separately suspended Aliquot strings are raised slightly above the level of the usual tri-choir strings, they are not struck by the hammers but rather are damped by attachments of the usual dampers. Eager to copy these effects, Theodore Steinway invented <i>duplex scaling</i>, which used short lengths of non-speaking wire bridged by the "aliquot" throughout much of the upper range of the piano, always in locations that caused them to vibrate sympathetically in conformity with their respective overtones—typically in doubled octaves and twelfths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiordano2010143–144_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiordano2010143–144-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations_in_shape_and_design">Variations in shape and design</h3></div> <p>Some early pianos had shapes and designs that are no longer in use. The <a href="/wiki/Square_piano" title="Square piano">square piano</a> (not truly square, but rectangular) was cross strung at an extremely acute angle above the hammers, with the keyboard set along the long side. This design is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Christian_Ernst_Friderici" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Ernst Friderici">Christian Ernst Friderici</a> (a pupil of Gottfried Silbermann) in Germany and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zumpe" title="Johannes Zumpe">Johannes Zumpe</a> in England,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolge191148_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolge191148-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was improved by changes first introduced by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Lebrecht_Petzold" title="Guillaume-Lebrecht Petzold">Guillaume-Lebrecht Petzold</a> in France and <a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Babcock" title="Alpheus Babcock">Alpheus Babcock</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Square pianos were built in great numbers through the 1840s in Europe and the 1890s in the United States, and saw the most visible change of any type of piano: the iron-framed, over-strung squares manufactured by Steinway & Sons were more than two-and-a-half times the size of Zumpe's wood-framed instruments from a century before. Their overwhelming popularity was the result of inexpensive construction and price, although their tone and performance were limited by narrow soundboards, simple actions and string spacing that made proper hammer alignment difficult. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upright_piano_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Upright_piano_inside.jpg/250px-Upright_piano_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Upright_piano_inside.jpg/330px-Upright_piano_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Upright_piano_inside.jpg/500px-Upright_piano_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The mechanism and strings in upright pianos are perpendicular to the keys. The cover for the strings is removed for this photo.</figcaption></figure> <p>The tall, vertically strung upright grand was arranged like a grand set on end, with the soundboard and bridges above the keys and tuning pins below them. "<a href="/wiki/Giraffe_piano" title="Giraffe piano">Giraffe pianos</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Pyramid_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid piano">pyramid pianos</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Lyre_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyre piano">lyre pianos</a>" were arranged in a somewhat similar fashion, using evocatively shaped cases. The very tall cabinet piano was introduced about 1805 and was built through the 1840s. It had strings arranged vertically on a continuous frame with bridges extended nearly to the floor, behind the keyboard and very large <i>sticker action</i>. The short cottage upright or <i>pianino</i> with vertical stringing—made popular by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wornum" title="Robert Wornum">Robert Wornum</a> around 1815—was built into the 20th century. They are informally called <i>birdcage pianos</i> because of their prominent damper mechanism. The oblique upright, popularized in France by <a href="/wiki/Blanchet_(harpsichord_makers)" title="Blanchet (harpsichord makers)">Roller & Blanchet</a> during the late 1820s, was diagonally strung throughout its compass. The tiny <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">spinet</a> upright was manufactured from the mid-1930s until recent times. The low position of the hammers required the use of a "drop action" to preserve a reasonable keyboard height. Modern upright and grand pianos attained their present, 2000-era forms by the end of the 19th century. While improvements have been made in manufacturing processes, and many individual details of the instrument continue to receive attention, and a small number of acoustic pianos in the 2010s are produced with <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> recording and digital <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">sound module</a>-triggering capabilities, the 19th century was the era of the most dramatic innovations and modifications of the instrument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <p>Modern pianos have two basic configurations, the grand piano and the upright piano, with various styles of each. There are also specialized and novelty pianos, <a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">electric pianos</a> based on electromechanical designs, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_piano" title="Electronic piano">electronic pianos</a> that synthesize piano-like tones using oscillators, and <a href="/wiki/Digital_piano" title="Digital piano">digital pianos</a> using <a href="/wiki/Digital_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital sample">digital samples</a> of acoustic piano sounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand"><span class="anchor" id="grand_piano"></span><span class="anchor" id="concert_grand_piano"></span><span class="anchor" id="parlor_grand_piano"></span><span class="anchor" id="boudoir_grand_piano"></span><span class="anchor" id="baby_grand_piano"></span>Grand</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Grand piano" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grand_Piano_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grand Piano (disambiguation)">Grand Piano (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piano_in_Entrance_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Piano_in_Entrance_Hall.jpg/220px-Piano_in_Entrance_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Piano_in_Entrance_Hall.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons" title="Steinway & Sons">Steinway & Sons</a> grand piano in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In a <b>grand piano</b>, the frame and strings are horizontal, with the strings extending away from the keyboard. The action lies beneath the strings and uses gravity as its means of return to a state of rest. Grand pianos range in length from approximately 1.5–3 m (4 ft 11 in – 9 ft 10 in). Some of the lengths have been given more-or-less customary names, which vary from time to time and place to place, but might include: </p> <ul><li>Baby grand – around 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998352_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998352-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Parlor grand or boudoir grand – 1.7–2.2 m (5 ft 7 in – 7 ft 3 in)</li> <li>Concert grand – between 2.2–3 m (7 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998352_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998352-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>All else being equal, longer pianos with longer strings have larger, richer sound and lower <a href="/wiki/Inharmonicity" title="Inharmonicity">inharmonicity</a> of the strings. Inharmonicity is the degree to which the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">overtones</a> (known as partials or <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonics</a>) sound <a href="/wiki/Sharp_(music)" title="Sharp (music)">sharp</a> relative to whole multiples of the fundamental frequency. This results from the piano's considerable string stiffness; as a struck string decays, its harmonics vibrate from a point very slightly from its termination toward the center (or more flexible part) of the string. The inharmonicity may also result from imperfections within the string, such as rust on plain strings and dirt in the windings of bass strings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1998106_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1998106-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The higher the partial, the further sharp it runs. Pianos with shorter and thicker string (i.e., small pianos with short string scales) have more inharmonicity. The greater the inharmonicity, the more the ear perceives it as harshness of tone. </p><p>The inharmonicity of piano strings requires that octaves be <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-octave" title="Pseudo-octave">stretched</a>,</i> or tuned to a lower octave's corresponding sharp overtone rather than to a theoretically correct octave. If octaves are not stretched, single octaves sound in tune, but double—and notably triple—octaves are unacceptably narrow. Stretching a small piano's octaves to match its inherent inharmonicity level creates an imbalance among all the instrument's intervallic relationships. In a concert grand, however, the octave "stretch" retains harmonic balance, even when aligning treble notes to a harmonic produced from three octaves below. This lets close and widespread octaves sound pure, and produces virtually beatless <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">perfect fifths</a>. This gives the concert grand a brilliant, singing and sustaining tone quality—one of the principal reasons that full-size grands are used in the concert hall. Smaller grands satisfy the space and cost needs of domestic use; as well, they are used in some small teaching studios and smaller performance venues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upright">Upright</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klavier_nah_offen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Klavier_nah_offen.jpg/220px-Klavier_nah_offen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Klavier_nah_offen.jpg/330px-Klavier_nah_offen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Klavier_nah_offen.jpg/440px-Klavier_nah_offen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/August_F%C3%B6rster" title="August Förster">August Förster</a> upright piano</figcaption></figure> <p>Upright pianos, also called vertical pianos, are more compact with a vertical structure of the frame and strings. The mechanical action structure of the upright piano was invented in London in 1826 by Robert Wornum, and upright models became the most popular model for domestic use.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upright pianos take up less space than a grand piano and as such are a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making and practice. The hammers move horizontally and return to their resting position via springs, which are susceptible to degradation. Upright pianos with unusually tall frames and long strings were sometimes marketed as <i>upright grand</i> pianos, but that label is misleading. Some authors classify modern pianos according to their height and to modifications of the action that are necessary to accommodate the height. Upright pianos are generally less expensive than grand pianos. Upright pianos are widely used in churches, community centers, schools, music conservatories and university music programs as rehearsal and practice instruments, and they are popular models for in-home purchase. </p> <ul><li>The top of a <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">spinet</a> model barely rises above the keyboard. Unlike all other pianos, the spinet action is located below the keys, operated by vertical wires that are attached to the backs of the keys.</li> <li>Console pianos, which have a compact action (shorter hammers than a large upright has), but because the console's action is above the keys rather than below them as in a spinet, a console almost always plays better than a spinet does. Console pianos are a few inches shorter than studio models.</li> <li>Studio pianos are around 107 to 114 cm (42–45 in) tall. This is the shortest cabinet that can accommodate a full-sized action located above the keyboard.</li> <li>Anything taller than a studio piano is called an upright. (Technically, any piano with a vertically oriented soundboard could be called an upright, but that word is often reserved for the full-size models.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized">Specialized</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv/220px-seek%3D150-Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="207" data-mwtitle="Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv/Steinway_piano_-_Duo-Art.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Player piano from 1920 (<a href="/wiki/Steinway" class="mw-redirect" title="Steinway">Steinway</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Toy_piano" title="Toy piano">toy piano</a>, introduced in the 19th century, is a small piano-like instrument that generally uses round metal rods to produce sound, rather than strings. The US <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> recognizes the toy piano as a unique instrument with the subject designation, Toy Piano Scores: M175 T69.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1863, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Fourneaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Fourneaux (page does not exist)">Henri Fourneaux</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">player piano</a>, which plays itself from a <a href="/wiki/Piano_roll" title="Piano roll">piano roll</a>. A machine perforates a performance recording into rolls of paper, and the player piano replays the performance using pneumatic devices. Modern equivalents of the player piano include the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6sendorfer" title="Bösendorfer">Bösendorfer</a> CEUS, <a href="/wiki/Disklavier" title="Disklavier">Yamaha Disklavier</a> and QRS Pianomation,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using solenoids and MIDI rather than pneumatics and rolls. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Silent_piano" title="Silent piano">silent piano</a> is an acoustic piano having an option to silence the strings by means of an interposing hammer bar. They are designed for private silent practice, to avoid disturbing others. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Ryley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Ryley (page does not exist)">Edward Ryley</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Transposing_piano" title="Transposing piano">transposing piano</a> in 1801. This rare instrument has a lever under the keyboard to move the keyboard relative to the strings, so a pianist can play in a familiar key while the music sounds in a different key. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minipiano_%27Pianette%27_model_with_matching_stool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Minipiano_%27Pianette%27_model_with_matching_stool.jpg/220px-Minipiano_%27Pianette%27_model_with_matching_stool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Minipiano_%27Pianette%27_model_with_matching_stool.jpg/330px-Minipiano_%27Pianette%27_model_with_matching_stool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Minipiano_%27Pianette%27_model_with_matching_stool.jpg/440px-Minipiano_%27Pianette%27_model_with_matching_stool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>The minipiano 'Pianette' model viewed with its original matching stool: the wooden flap at the front of the instrument has been dropped revealing the tuning pins at the front.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Minipiano" title="Minipiano">minipiano</a> is an instrument patented by the Brasted brothers of the Eavestaff Ltd. piano company in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This instrument has a braceless back and a soundboard positioned below the keys—long metal rods pull on the levers to make the hammers strike the strings. The first model, known as the <i>Pianette</i>, was unique in that the tuning pins extended through the instrument, so it could be tuned at the front. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">prepared piano</a>, present in some contemporary art music from the 20th and 21st century is a piano which has objects placed inside it to alter its sound, or has had its mechanism changed in some other way. The scores for music for prepared piano specify the modifications, for example, instructing the pianist to insert pieces of rubber, paper, metal screws, or washers in between the strings. These objects mute the strings or alter their timbre. </p><p>Some Viennese fortepianos incorporated percussion effects, brought into action by levers. These would be used in pieces such as Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._11_(Mozart)" title="Piano Sonata No. 11 (Mozart)"><i>Rondo alla Turca</i></a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pedal_piano" title="Pedal piano">pedal piano</a> is a rare type of piano that has a <a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">pedal keyboard</a> at the base, designed to be played by the feet. The pedals may play the existing bass strings on the piano, or rarely, the pedals may have their own set of bass strings and hammer mechanisms. While the typical intended use for pedal pianos is to enable a keyboardist to practice <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> music at home, a few players of pedal piano use it as a performance instrument. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wadia_Sabra" title="Wadia Sabra">Wadia Sabra</a> had a microtone piano manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Pleyel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleyel">Pleyel</a> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Chahine" title="Abdallah Chahine">Abdallah Chahine</a> later constructed his quartertone "Oriental piano" with the help of Austrian <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hoffmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Hoffmann">Hofmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric,_electronic,_and_digital"><span id="Electric.2C_electronic.2C_and_digital"></span>Electric, electronic, and digital</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wurlitzer210.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wurlitzer210.png/240px-Wurlitzer210.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wurlitzer210.png/360px-Wurlitzer210.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wurlitzer210.png/480px-Wurlitzer210.png 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>Wurlitzer 210 electric piano</figcaption></figure> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">technological advances</a>, amplified <a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">electric pianos</a> (1929), <a href="/wiki/Electronic_piano" title="Electronic piano">electronic pianos</a> (1970s), and <a href="/wiki/Digital_piano" title="Digital piano">digital pianos</a> (1980s) have been developed. The first electric pianos from the late 1920s used metal strings with a <a href="/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)" title="Pickup (music technology)">magnetic pickup</a>, an amplifier and a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a>. The electric pianos that became most popular in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_piano" title="Rhodes piano">Fender Rhodes</a> use metal tines in place of strings and use electromagnetic pickups similar to those on an <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a>. The resulting electrical, analogue signal can then be amplified with a <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">keyboard amplifier</a> or electronically manipulated with <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a>. In classical music, electric pianos are mainly used as inexpensive rehearsal or practice instruments. Electric pianos, particularly the Fender Rhodes, became important instruments in 1970s <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">jazz fusion</a> and in some <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> genres. </p><p>Electronic pianos are non-acoustic; they do not have strings, tines or hammers, but are a type of analog <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> that simulates or imitates piano sounds using <a href="/wiki/Oscillators" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillators">oscillators</a> and filters that synthesize the sound of an acoustic piano.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2001_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2001-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They must be connected to a keyboard amplifier and speaker to produce sound (however, some electronic keyboards have a built-in amp and speaker). Alternatively, a person can play an electronic piano with headphones in quieter settings. </p><p>Digital pianos are also non-acoustic and do not have strings or hammers. They use <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">digital audio sampling</a> technology to reproduce the acoustic sound of each piano note accurately. They also must be connected to a power amplifier and speaker to produce sound (however, most digital pianos have a built-in amp and speaker). Alternatively, a person can practise with headphones to avoid disturbing others. Digital pianos can include sustain pedals, weighted or semi-weighted keys, multiple voice options (e.g., sampled or synthesized imitations of electric piano, <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, etc.), and <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> interfaces. MIDI inputs and outputs connect a digital piano to other electronic instruments or musical devices. For example, a digital piano's MIDI out signal could be connected by a <a href="/wiki/Patch_cable" title="Patch cable">patch cord</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">synth module</a>, which would allow the performer to use the keyboard of the digital piano to play modern <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> sounds. Early digital pianos tended to lack a full set of pedals, but the synthesis software of later models such as the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Clavinova" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaha Clavinova">Yamaha Clavinova</a> series <a href="/wiki/Physical_modelling_synthesis" title="Physical modelling synthesis">synthesised</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_strings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathetic strings">sympathetic vibration</a> of the other strings (such as when the sustain pedal is depressed) and full pedal sets can now be replicated. The processing power of digital pianos has enabled highly realistic pianos using multi-gigabyte piano sample sets with as many as ninety recordings, each lasting many seconds, for each key under different conditions (e.g., there are samples of each note being struck softly, loudly, with a sharp attack, etc.). Additional samples emulate sympathetic resonance of the strings when the sustain pedal is depressed, key release, the drop of the dampers, and simulations of techniques such as re-pedalling. </p><p>Digital, MIDI-equipped pianos can output a stream of MIDI data, or record and play MIDI format files on digital storage media, similar in concept to a pianola. The MIDI file records the physics of a note rather than its resulting sound and recreates the sounds from its physical properties (e.g., which note was struck and with what velocity). Computer based software, such as Modartt's 2006 <a href="/wiki/Pianoteq" title="Pianoteq">Pianoteq</a>, can be used to manipulate the MIDI stream in real time or subsequently to edit it. This type of software may use no samples but synthesize a sound based on aspects of the physics that went into the creation of a played note. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_instruments">Hybrid instruments</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DisklavierPlayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DisklavierPlayer.jpg/250px-DisklavierPlayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DisklavierPlayer.jpg/330px-DisklavierPlayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DisklavierPlayer.jpg/400px-DisklavierPlayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Yamaha Disklavier player piano. The unit mounted under the keyboard of the piano can play MIDI or audio software on its CD.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 2000s, some pianos included an acoustic grand piano or upright piano combined with MIDI electronic features. Such a piano can be played acoustically, or the keyboard can be used as a MIDI controller, which can trigger a synthesizer module or <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">music sampler</a>. Some electronic feature-equipped pianos such as the Yamaha Disklavier electronic player piano, introduced in 1987, are outfitted with electronic sensors for recording and electromechanical solenoids for player piano-style playback. Sensors record the movements of the keys, hammers, and pedals during a performance, and the system saves the performance data as a Standard MIDI File (SMF). On playback, the solenoids move the keys and pedals and thus reproduce the original performance. Modern Disklaviers typically include an array of electronic features, such as a built-in tone generator for playing back MIDI accompaniment tracks, speakers, MIDI connectivity that supports communication with computing devices and external MIDI instruments, additional ports for audio and <a href="/wiki/SMPTE" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE">SMPTE</a> <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> (I/O), and Internet connectivity. Disklaviers have been manufactured in the form of upright, baby grand, and grand piano styles (including a nine-foot concert grand). Reproducing systems have ranged from relatively simple, playback-only models to professional models that can record performance data at resolutions that exceed the limits of normal MIDI data. The unit mounted under the keyboard of the piano can play MIDI or audio software on its CD.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_and_components">Construction and components</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortepian_-_schemat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fortepian_-_schemat.svg/500px-Fortepian_-_schemat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fortepian_-_schemat.svg/750px-Fortepian_-_schemat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fortepian_-_schemat.svg/1000px-Fortepian_-_schemat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>(1) frame (2) lid, front part (3) capo bar (4) damper (5) lid, back part (6) damper mechanism (7) sostenuto rail (8) pedal mechanism, rods (9, 10, 11) pedals: right (sustain/damper), middle (sostenuto), left (soft/una-corda) (12) bridge (13) hitch pin (14) frame (15) sound board (16) string</figcaption></figure> <p>Pianos can have over 12,000 individual parts,<sup id="cite_ref-steinwayfacts_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steinwayfacts-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supporting six functional features: keyboard, hammers, dampers, bridge, soundboard, and strings.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many parts of a piano are made of materials selected for strength and longevity. This is especially true of the outer rim, which is most commonly made of <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a>, typically <a href="/wiki/Maple#Timber" title="Maple">hard maple</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, and its massiveness serves as an essentially immobile object from which the flexible soundboard can best vibrate. According to Harold A. Conklin,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the purpose of a sturdy rim is so that, "... the vibrational energy will stay as much as possible in the soundboard instead of dissipating uselessly in the case parts, which are inefficient radiators of sound." </p><p>Hardwood rims are commonly made by laminating thin (hence flexible) strips of hardwood, bending them to the desired shape immediately after the application of glue.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bent plywood system was developed by <a href="/wiki/C.F._Theodore_Steinway" class="mw-redirect" title="C.F. Theodore Steinway">C.F. Theodore Steinway</a> in 1880 to reduce manufacturing time and costs. Previously, the rim was constructed from several pieces of solid wood, joined and veneered, and European makers used this method well into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A modern exception, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6sendorfer" title="Bösendorfer">Bösendorfer</a> (an Austrian manufacturer of high-quality pianos) constructs their inner rims from solid spruce,<sup id="cite_ref-Fine,_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine,-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same wood that the soundboard is made from, which is notched to allow it to bend; rather than isolating the rim from vibration, their "resonance case principle" allows the framework to resonate more freely with the soundboard, creating additional coloration and complexity of the overall sound.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The thick wooden posts on the underside (grands) or back (uprights) of the piano stabilize the rim structure and are made of <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a> for stability. The requirement of structural strength, fulfilled by stout hardwood and thick metal, makes a piano heavy. Even a small upright can weigh 136 kg (300 lb), and the <a href="/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons" title="Steinway & Sons">Steinway</a> concert grand (Model D) weighs 480 kg (1,060 lb). The largest piano available on the general market, the <a href="/wiki/Fazioli" title="Fazioli">Fazioli</a> F308, weighs 570 kg (1,260 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Fazioli_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fazioli-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-F308_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F308-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pinblock, which holds the tuning pins in place, is another area where toughness is important. It is made of hardwood (typically hard maple or beech) and is laminated for strength, stability and longevity. Piano strings (also called <a href="/wiki/Piano_wire" title="Piano wire">piano wire</a>), which must endure years of extreme tension and hard blows, are made of high carbon steel. They are manufactured to vary as little as possible in diameter, since all deviations from uniformity introduce tonal distortion. The bass strings of a piano are made of a steel core wrapped with one or two layers of copper wire, to increase their mass whilst retaining flexibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson199897_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson199897-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If all strings throughout the piano's compass were individual (monochord), the massive bass strings would overpower the upper ranges. Makers compensate for this with the use of double (bichord) strings in the tenor and triple (trichord) strings throughout the treble. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluegel-Rahmen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fluegel-Rahmen.jpg/170px-Fluegel-Rahmen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fluegel-Rahmen.jpg/255px-Fluegel-Rahmen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fluegel-Rahmen.jpg/340px-Fluegel-Rahmen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a> plate of a grand piano</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="piano_plate"></span>The plate (harp), or metal frame, of a piano is usually made of cast iron. A massive plate is advantageous. Since the strings vibrate from the plate at both ends, an insufficiently massive plate would absorb too much of the vibrational energy that should go through the bridge to the soundboard. While some manufacturers use cast steel in their plates, most prefer cast iron. Cast iron is easy to cast and machine, has flexibility sufficient for piano use, is much more resistant to deformation than steel, and is especially tolerant of compression. Plate casting is an art, since dimensions are crucial and the iron shrinks about one percent during cooling. Including an extremely large piece of metal in a piano is potentially an aesthetic handicap. Piano makers overcome this by polishing, painting, and decorating the plate. Plates often include the manufacturer's ornamental medallion. </p><p>In an effort to make pianos lighter, <a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a> worked with Winter and Company piano manufacturers to make pianos using an <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_piano_plate" title="Aluminum piano plate">aluminum plate</a> during the 1940s. Aluminum piano plates were not widely accepted and were discontinued. Prior to this, a piano made almost entirely of aluminum was placed aboard the airship <a href="/wiki/LZ_129_Hindenburg" title="LZ 129 Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The numerous parts of a piano action are generally made from hardwood, such as maple, beech, or <a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">hornbeam</a>; however, since World War II, makers have also incorporated plastics. Early plastics used in some pianos in the late 1940s and 1950s, proved problematic when they lost strength after a few decades of use. Beginning in 1961, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> branch of the Steinway firm incorporated <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Teflon</a>, a synthetic material developed by <a href="/wiki/DuPont_(1802%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont (1802–2017)">DuPont</a>, for some parts of its Permafree grand action in place of cloth bushings, but abandoned the experiment in 1982 due to excessive friction and a "clicking" that developed over time; Teflon is "humidity stable" whereas the wood adjacent to the Teflon swells and shrinks with humidity changes, causing problems. More recently, the <a href="/wiki/Kawai_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawai (company)">Kawai</a> firm built pianos with action parts made of more modern materials such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber_reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber reinforced plastic">carbon fiber reinforced plastic</a>, and the piano parts manufacturer Wessell, Nickel and Gross has launched a new line of carefully engineered composite parts. Thus far these parts have performed reasonably, but it will take decades to know if they equal the longevity of wood. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steinway_Grand_Piano_Iron_Plates_and_Strings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Steinway_Grand_Piano_Iron_Plates_and_Strings.jpg/220px-Steinway_Grand_Piano_Iron_Plates_and_Strings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Steinway_Grand_Piano_Iron_Plates_and_Strings.jpg/330px-Steinway_Grand_Piano_Iron_Plates_and_Strings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Steinway_Grand_Piano_Iron_Plates_and_Strings.jpg/440px-Steinway_Grand_Piano_Iron_Plates_and_Strings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Strings of a grand piano</figcaption></figure> <p>In all but the lowest quality pianos, the soundboard is made of <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> boards glued together along the side grain. Spruce's high ratio of strength to weight minimizes <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_impedance" title="Acoustic impedance">acoustic impedance</a> while offering strength sufficient to withstand the downward force of the strings. The best piano makers use <a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">quarter-sawn</a>, defect-free spruce of close annular grain, carefully seasoning it over a long period before fabricating the soundboards. This is the same material that is used in quality acoustic guitar soundboards. Low-cost pianos often have <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a> soundboards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998374_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998374-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The design of the piano hammers requires having the hammer felt be soft enough so that it will not create loud, very high harmonics that a hard hammer will cause. The hammer must be lightweight enough to move swiftly when a key is pressed; yet at the same time, it must be strong enough so that it can hit strings hard when the player strikes the keys forcefully for fortissimo playing or <a href="/wiki/Sforzando_(musical_direction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sforzando (musical direction)">sforzando</a> accents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolge191197_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolge191197-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboard">Keyboard</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">Musical keyboard</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D274.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/D274.jpg/220px-D274.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/D274.jpg/330px-D274.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/D274.jpg/440px-D274.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Keyboard of a grand piano</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early years of piano construction, keys were commonly made from <a href="/wiki/Pinus_lambertiana" title="Pinus lambertiana">sugar pine</a>. In the 2010s, they are usually made of spruce or <a href="/wiki/Basswood" class="mw-redirect" title="Basswood">basswood</a>. Spruce is typically used in high-quality pianos. Black keys were traditionally made of <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>, and the white keys were covered with strips of <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>. However, since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, or are illegal in some countries, makers use plastics almost exclusively. Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic. Legal ivory can still be obtained in limited quantities. <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> developed a plastic called <i>Ivorite</i> intended to mimic the look and feel of ivory; other manufacturers have done likewise. </p><p>Almost every modern piano has 52 white keys and 36 black keys for a total of 88 keys (seven octaves plus a minor third, from A<sub>0</sub> to C<sub>8</sub>). Many older pianos only have 85 keys (seven octaves from A<sub>0</sub> to A<sub>7</sub>). Some piano manufacturers have extended the range further in one or both directions. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_B%C3%B6sendorfer" title="Imperial Bösendorfer">Imperial Bösendorfer</a> has nine extra keys at the bass end, giving a total of 97 keys and an eight octave range. These extra keys are sometimes hidden under a small hinged lid that can cover the keys to prevent visual disorientation for pianists unfamiliar with the extra keys, or the colours of the extra white keys are reversed (black instead of white). More recently, Australian manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Stuart_%26_Sons" title="Stuart & Sons">Stuart & Sons</a> created a piano with 108 keys, going from C<sub>0</sub> to B<sub>8</sub>, covering nine full octaves.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extra keys are the same as the other keys in appearance. The extra keys are added primarily for increased resonance from the associated strings; that is, they vibrate sympathetically with other strings whenever the damper pedal is depressed and thus give a fuller tone. Only a very small number of works composed for piano actually use these notes. Toy piano company <a href="/wiki/Schoenhut_Piano_Company" title="Schoenhut Piano Company">Schoenhut</a> manufactures grands and uprights with only 44 or 49 keys and a shorter distance between the keyboard and the pedals. These are true pianos with working mechanisms and strings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIM_Double_Manual_Piano_CN5266.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MIM_Double_Manual_Piano_CN5266.jpg/220px-MIM_Double_Manual_Piano_CN5266.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MIM_Double_Manual_Piano_CN5266.jpg/330px-MIM_Double_Manual_Piano_CN5266.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MIM_Double_Manual_Piano_CN5266.jpg/440px-MIM_Double_Manual_Piano_CN5266.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><i>Emánuel Moór Pianoforte</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A rare variant of the piano called the <i>Emánuel Moór Pianoforte</i> has double keyboards, one lying above the other. It was invented by Hungarian composer and pianist <a href="/wiki/Em%C3%A1nuel_Mo%C3%B3r" title="Emánuel Moór">Emánuel Moór</a>. The lower keyboard has the usual 88 keys, whilst the upper keyboard has 76 keys. When the upper keyboard is played, an internal mechanism pulls down the corresponding key on the lower keyboard, but an octave higher. This lets a pianist reach two octaves with one hand, impossible on a conventional piano. Due to its double keyboard, musical works that were originally created for double-manual harpsichord, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_Variations" title="Goldberg Variations">Goldberg Variations</a></i> by Bach, become much easier to play, since playing on a conventional single keyboard piano involves complex and hand-tangling cross-hand movements. The design also features a special fourth pedal that couples the lower and upper keyboard, so when playing on the lower keyboard the note one octave higher also plays. Only about 60 Emánuel Moór Pianofortes were made, mostly by <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6sendorfer" title="Bösendorfer">Bösendorfer</a>. Other piano manufacturers, such as <a href="/wiki/C._Bechstein_Pianofortefabrik" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Bechstein Pianofortefabrik">Bechstein</a>, Chickering, and <a href="/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons" title="Steinway & Sons">Steinway & Sons</a>, also manufactured a few.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pianos have been built with alternative keyboard systems, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Jank%C3%B3_keyboard" title="Jankó keyboard">Jankó keyboard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedals">Pedals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Piano_pedals" title="Piano pedals">Piano pedals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steinway_grand_piano_-_pedals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Steinway_grand_piano_-_pedals.jpg/220px-Steinway_grand_piano_-_pedals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Steinway_grand_piano_-_pedals.jpg/330px-Steinway_grand_piano_-_pedals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Steinway_grand_piano_-_pedals.jpg/440px-Steinway_grand_piano_-_pedals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piano_pedals" title="Piano pedals">Piano pedals</a> from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Una_corda" class="mw-redirect" title="Una corda">una corda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sostenuto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sostenuto">sostenuto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">sustain pedal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pianos have had pedals, or some close equivalent, since the earliest days. (In the 18th century, some pianos used levers pressed upward by the player's knee instead of pedals.) Most grand pianos in the US have three pedals: the <a href="/wiki/Soft_pedal" title="Soft pedal">soft pedal</a> (una corda), sostenuto, and <a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">sustain pedal</a> (from left to right, respectively), while in Europe, the standard is two pedals: the soft pedal and the sustain pedal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c47_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998c47-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most modern upright pianos also have three pedals: soft pedal, practice pedal and sustain pedal, though older or cheaper models may lack the practice pedal. In Europe the standard for upright pianos is two pedals: the soft and the sustain pedals. </p><p>The sustain pedal (or damper pedal) is often simply called "the pedal", since it is the most frequently used. It is the rightmost pedal in the group. It lifts the dampers from all strings, sustaining played notes. In addition, it broadens the overall tone by allowing all strings, including those not directly played, to reverberate sympathetically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1998101_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1998101-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_resonance" title="Sympathetic resonance">Sympathetic vibration</a> of strings is strongest among notes that are harmonically related to the sounded pitches, i.e., a played 440 Hz "A" note would evoke the higher octave "A" notes, but since piano strings vibrate with a great complexity of overtones, the harmonic and inharmonic interaction is among all notes is enormous. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:79px;max-width:79px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedal_Mark_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pedal_Mark_1.svg/77px-Pedal_Mark_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pedal_Mark_1.svg/116px-Pedal_Mark_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pedal_Mark_1.svg/154px-Pedal_Mark_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="26" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:52px;max-width:52px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedal_Mark_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pedal_Mark_2.svg/50px-Pedal_Mark_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pedal_Mark_2.svg/75px-Pedal_Mark_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pedal_Mark_2.svg/100px-Pedal_Mark_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="22" data-file-height="22" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Notations used for the sustain pedal in sheet music</div></div></div></div> <p>The soft pedal or <i>una corda</i> pedal is placed leftmost in the row of pedals. In grand pianos it shifts the entire action/keyboard assembly to the right (a very few instruments have shifted left) so that the hammers hit two of the three strings for each note. In the earliest pianos whose unisons were bichords rather than trichords, the action shifted so that hammers hit a single string, hence the name <i>una corda</i>, or 'one string'. The effect is to soften the note as well as change the tone. In upright pianos, depressing the pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings, allowing the hammers to strike with less force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998362_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998362-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This produces a slightly softer sound but no change in <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>. </p><p>On grand pianos, the middle pedal is a sostenuto pedal. This pedal keeps raised any damper already raised at the moment the pedal is depressed. This makes it possible to sustain selected notes (by depressing the sostenuto pedal before those notes are released) while the player's hands are free to play additional notes (which do not sustain).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c47_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998c47-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be useful for musical passages with low bass <a href="/wiki/Pedal_point" title="Pedal point">pedal points</a>, in which a bass note is sustained while a series of chords changes over top of it, and other otherwise tricky parts. On many upright pianos, the middle pedal is called the "practice" or <i>celeste</i> pedal. This drops a piece of felt between the hammers and strings, greatly muting the sound of the instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1998101_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1998101-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pedal can be shifted while depressed, into a "locking" position. </p><p>There are also non-standard variants. On some pianos (grands and verticals), the middle pedal can be a bass sustain pedal: that is, when it is depressed, the dampers lift off the strings only in the bass section. Players use this pedal to sustain a single bass note or chord over many measures, while playing the melody in the treble section. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedal_piano_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pedal_piano_1.JPG/220px-Pedal_piano_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pedal_piano_1.JPG/330px-Pedal_piano_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pedal_piano_1.JPG/440px-Pedal_piano_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>An upright pedal piano by <a href="/wiki/Challen" title="Challen">Challen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The rare <a href="/wiki/Transposing_piano" title="Transposing piano">transposing piano</a> (an example of which was owned by <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a>) has a middle pedal that functions as a <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">clutch</a> that disengages the keyboard from the mechanism, so the player can move the keyboard to the left or right with a lever. This shifts the entire piano action so the pianist can play music written in one key so that it sounds in a different key. </p><p>Some piano companies have included extra pedals other than the standard two or three. On the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_%26_Sons" title="Stuart & Sons">Stuart and Sons</a> pianos as well as the largest <a href="/wiki/Fazioli" title="Fazioli">Fazioli</a> piano, there is a fourth pedal to the left of the principal three. This fourth pedal works in the same way as the soft pedal of an upright piano, moving the hammers closer to the strings.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crown and Schubert Piano Company also produced a four-pedal piano. </p><p>Wing and Son of New York offered a five-pedal piano from approximately 1893 through the 1920s. There is no mention of the company past the 1930s. Labeled left to right, the pedals are Mandolin, Orchestra, Expression, Soft, and Forte (Sustain). The Orchestral pedal produced a sound similar to a tremolo feel by bouncing a set of small beads dangling against the strings, enabling the piano to mimic a mandolin, guitar, banjo, zither and harp, thus the name Orchestral. The Mandolin pedal used a similar approach, lowering a set of felt strips with metal rings in between the hammers and the strings (aka rinky-tink effect). This extended the life of the hammers when the Orch pedal was used, a good idea for practicing, and created an echo-like sound that mimicked playing in an orchestral hall.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>pedalier</i> piano, or <a href="/wiki/Pedal_piano" title="Pedal piano">pedal piano</a>, is a rare type of piano that includes a <a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">pedalboard</a> so players can use their feet to play bass register notes, as on an <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organ</a>. There are two types of pedal piano. On one, the pedal board is an integral part of the instrument, using the same strings and mechanism as the manual keyboard. The other, rarer type, consists of two independent pianos (each with separate mechanics and strings) placed one above the other—one for the hands and one for the feet. This was developed primarily as a practice instrument for organists, though there is a small repertoire written specifically for the instrument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Samuelpost-BachBMajor.ogv/220px--Samuelpost-BachBMajor.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="125" data-durationhint="159" data-mwtitle="Samuelpost-BachBMajor.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Samuelpost-BachBMajor.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Samuelpost-BachBMajor.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Samuelpost-BachBMajor.ogv/Samuelpost-BachBMajor.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Samuelpost-BachBMajor.ogv/Samuelpost-BachBMajor.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="254" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Samuelpost-BachBMajor.ogv/Samuelpost-BachBMajor.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="424" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>A pianist playing Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B major (BWV 868) from <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tempered_Clavier" title="The Well-Tempered Clavier">The Well-Tempered Clavier</a></i> on a grand piano</figcaption></figure> <p>When the key is struck, a chain reaction occurs to produce the sound. First, the key raises the "wippen" mechanism, which forces the jack against the hammer roller (or <i>knuckle</i>). The hammer roller then lifts the lever carrying the hammer. The key also raises the damper; and immediately after the hammer strikes the wire it falls back, allowing the wire to resonate and thus produce sound. When the key is released the damper falls back onto the strings, stopping the wire from vibrating, and thus stopping the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vibrating piano strings themselves are not very loud, but their vibrations are transmitted to a large soundboard that moves air and thus converts the energy to sound.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson199896_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson199896-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The irregular shape and off-center placement of the bridge ensure that the soundboard vibrates strongly at all frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-physics.odu.edu_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physics.odu.edu-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The raised damper allows the note to sound until the key (or sustain pedal) is released. </p><p>There are three factors that influence the pitch of a vibrating wire. </p> <ul><li>Length: All other factors the same, the shorter the wire, the higher the pitch.</li> <li>Mass per unit length: All other factors the same, the thinner the wire, the higher the pitch.</li> <li>Tension: All other factors the same, the tighter the wire, the higher the pitch.</li></ul> <p>A vibrating wire subdivides itself into many parts vibrating at the same time. Each part produces a pitch of its own, called a partial. A vibrating string has one fundamental and a series of partials. The purest combination of two pitches is when one is double the frequency of the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReblitz1993206_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReblitz1993206-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a repeating wave, the <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> <span class="texhtml"><i>v</i></span> equals the <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> <span class="texhtml"><i>λ</i></span> times the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> <span class="texhtml"><i>f</i></span>, </p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml"><i>v</i> = <i>λf</i></span></dd></dl> <p>On the piano string, waves reflect from both ends. The <a href="/wiki/Superposition_principle" title="Superposition principle">superposition</a> of reflecting waves results in a standing wave pattern, but only for wavelengths <span class="texhtml"><i>λ</i> = 2<i>L</i>, <i>L</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">2<i>L</i></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035" /><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><i>L</i></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span>, ... = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035" /><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">2<i>L</i></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den"><i>n</i></span></span>⁠</span></span>, where <span class="texhtml"><i>L</i></span> is the length of the string. Therefore, the only frequencies produced on a single string are <span class="texhtml"><i>f</i> = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035" /><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><i>nv</i></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2<i>L</i></span></span>⁠</span></span>. Timbre is largely determined by the content of these harmonics. Different instruments have different harmonic content for the same pitch. A real string vibrates at harmonics that are not perfect multiples of the fundamental. This results in a little inharmonicity, which gives richness to the tone but causes significant tuning challenges throughout the compass of the instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-physics.odu.edu_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physics.odu.edu-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Striking the piano key with greater velocity increases the amplitude of the waves and therefore the volume. From <i>pianissimo</i> (<span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><i><b>pp</b></i></span>) to <i>fortissimo</i> (<span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><i><b>ff</b></i></span>) the hammer velocity changes by almost a factor of a hundred. The hammer contact time with the string shortens from 4 milliseconds at <span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><i><b>pp</b></i></span> to less than 2 ms at <span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><i><b>ff</b></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-physics.odu.edu_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physics.odu.edu-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If two wires adjusted to the same pitch are struck at the same time, the sound produced by one reinforces the other, and a louder combined sound of shorter duration is produced. If one wire vibrates out of synchronization with the other, they subtract from each other and produce a softer tone of longer duration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReblitz1993205_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReblitz1993205-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Piano_maintenance" title="Piano maintenance">Piano maintenance</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuning">Tuning</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Piano_key_frequencies" title="Piano key frequencies">Piano key frequencies</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piano_tuner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Piano_tuner.jpg/220px-Piano_tuner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Piano_tuner.jpg/330px-Piano_tuner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Piano_tuner.jpg/440px-Piano_tuner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Piano_tuning" title="Piano tuning">piano tuner</a></figcaption></figure><p>Pianos are heavy and powerful, yet delicate instruments. Over the years, professional piano movers have developed special techniques for transporting both grands and uprights, which prevent damage to the case and to the piano's mechanical elements. Pianos need regular tuning to keep them on correct pitch. The hammers of pianos are voiced to compensate for gradual hardening of the felt, and other parts also need periodic regulation. Pianos need regular maintenance to ensure the felt hammers and key mechanisms are functioning properly. Aged and worn pianos can be rebuilt or reconditioned by piano rebuilders. Strings eventually must be replaced. Often, by replacing a great number of their parts and adjusting them, old instruments can perform as well as new pianos. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuning" title="Piano tuning">Piano tuning</a> involves adjusting the tensions of the piano's strings with a specialized wrench, thereby aligning the intervals among their tones so that the instrument is <a href="/wiki/Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">in tune</a>. While guitar and violin players tune their own instruments, pianists usually hire a piano tuner, a specialized technician, to tune their pianos. The piano tuner uses special tools. The meaning of the term <i>in tune</i> in the context of piano tuning is not simply a particular fixed set of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a>. Fine piano tuning carefully assesses the interaction among all notes of the chromatic scale, different for every piano, and thus requires slightly different pitches from any theoretical standard. Pianos are usually tuned to a modified version of the system called <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal temperament</a>. In all systems of tuning, each pitch is derived from its relationship to a chosen fixed pitch, usually the internationally recognized standard concert pitch of A<sub>4</sub> (the A above <a href="/wiki/Middle_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle C">middle C</a>). The term <a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">A440</a> refers to a widely accepted frequency of this pitch: 440 Hz. </p><p>The relationship between two pitches, called an <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">interval</a>, is the ratio of their absolute frequencies. Two different intervals are perceived as the same when the pairs of pitches involved share the same frequency ratio. The easiest intervals to identify, and the easiest intervals to tune, are those that are <a href="/wiki/Just_intonation" title="Just intonation">just</a>, meaning they have a simple whole-number ratio. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Musical_temperament" title="Musical temperament">temperament</a></i> refers to a tuning system that tempers the <a href="/wiki/Just_intonation" title="Just intonation">just intervals</a> (usually the perfect fifth, which has the ratio 3:2) to satisfy another mathematical property; in equal temperament, a fifth is tempered by narrowing it slightly, achieved by flattening its upper pitch slightly, or raising its lower pitch slightly. A temperament system is also known as a set of "bearings". Tempering an interval causes it to <a href="/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)" title="Beat (acoustics)">beat</a>, which is a fluctuation in perceived sound intensity due to interference between close (but unequal) pitches. The rate of beating is equal to the frequency differences of any harmonics that are present for both pitches and that coincide or nearly coincide. Piano tuners have to use their ear to "<a href="/wiki/Stretched_tuning" title="Stretched tuning">stretch</a>" the tuning of a piano to make it sound in tune. This involves tuning the highest-pitched strings slightly higher and the lowest-pitched strings slightly lower than what a mathematical frequency table (in which octaves are derived by doubling the frequency) would suggest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Playing_and_technique">Playing and technique</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Piano_history_and_musical_performance" title="Piano history and musical performance">Piano history and musical performance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piano_player.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Piano_player.jpg/250px-Piano_player.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Piano_player.jpg/500px-Piano_player.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5494" data-file-height="3666" /></a><figcaption>A Prague piano player.</figcaption></figure> <p>As with any other musical instrument, the piano may be played from <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">written music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playing_by_ear" title="Playing by ear">by ear</a>, or through <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">improvisation</a>. While some <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> pianists were <a href="/wiki/Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">self-taught</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, there are well-established piano teaching systems and institutions, including pre-college graded examinations, university, college and music conservatory diplomas and degrees, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor degree">B.Mus.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Master degree">M.Mus.</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a> in piano. Piano technique evolved during the transition from harpsichord and clavichord to fortepiano playing and continued through the development of the modern piano. Changes in musical styles and audience preferences over the 19th and 20th century, as well as the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso" title="Virtuoso">virtuoso</a> performers, contributed to this evolution and to the growth of distinct approaches or schools of piano playing. Although technique is often viewed as only the physical execution of a musical idea, many pedagogues and performers stress the interrelatedness of the physical and mental or emotional aspects of piano playing.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well-known approaches to piano technique include those by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Taubman" title="Dorothy Taubman">Dorothy Taubman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edna_Golandsky" title="Edna Golandsky">Edna Golandsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Karpoff" title="Fred Karpoff">Fred Karpoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis_Hanon" title="Charles-Louis Hanon">Charles-Louis Hanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ortmann" title="Otto Ortmann">Otto Ortmann</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_styles">Performance styles</h3></div> <p>Many classical music composers, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, composed for the fortepiano, a rather different instrument than the modern piano. Even composers of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic movement">Romantic movement</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, wrote for pianos substantially different from 2010-era modern pianos. Contemporary musicians may <a href="/wiki/Piano_history_and_musical_performance" title="Piano history and musical performance">adjust their interpretation of historical compositions</a> from the 17th century to the 19th century to account for sound quality differences between old and new instruments or to changing <a href="/wiki/Performance_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance practice">performance practice</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravel_Gershwin_Leide-Tedesco002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ravel_Gershwin_Leide-Tedesco002.jpg/220px-Ravel_Gershwin_Leide-Tedesco002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ravel_Gershwin_Leide-Tedesco002.jpg/330px-Ravel_Gershwin_Leide-Tedesco002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ravel_Gershwin_Leide-Tedesco002.jpg/440px-Ravel_Gershwin_Leide-Tedesco002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2902" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>Birthday party honoring French pianist <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a> in 1928. From left to right: conductor <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Fried" title="Oskar Fried">Oskar Fried</a>, singer <a href="/wiki/%C3%89va_Gauthier" title="Éva Gauthier">Éva Gauthier</a>, Ravel (at piano), composer-conductor <a href="/wiki/Manoah_Leide-Tedesco" title="Manoah Leide-Tedesco">Manoah Leide-Tedesco</a>, and composer <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in Beethoven's later career, the fortepiano evolved into an instrument more like the modern piano. Modern pianos were in wide use by the late 19th century. They featured an octave range larger than the earlier fortepiano instrument, adding around 30 more keys to the instrument, which extended the deep bass range and the high treble range. Factory mass production of upright pianos made them more affordable for a larger number of middle-class people. They appeared in music halls and pubs during the 19th century, providing entertainment through a piano soloist, or in combination with a small dance band. Just as harpsichordists had accompanied singers or dancers performing on stage, or playing for dances, pianists took up this role in the late 18th and following centuries. </p><p>During the 19th century, American musicians playing for working-class audiences in small pubs and bars, particularly <a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_composers" title="Category:African-American composers">African-American composers</a>, developed new musical genres based on the modern piano. <a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a> music, popularized by composers such as <a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Scott Joplin</a>, reached a broader audience by 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriestley1998210_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriestley1998210-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of ragtime music was quickly succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Jazz_piano" title="Jazz piano">Jazz piano</a>. New techniques and rhythms were invented for the piano, including <a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">ostinato</a> for <a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">boogie-woogie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shearing_voicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shearing voicing">Shearing voicing</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Blue" title="Rhapsody in Blue">Rhapsody in Blue</a></i> broke new musical ground by combining American jazz piano with symphonic sounds. <a href="/wiki/Comping_(jazz)" title="Comping (jazz)">Comping</a>, a technique for accompanying jazz vocalists on piano, was exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>'s technique. <a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk" title="Honky-tonk">Honky-tonk</a> music, featuring yet another style of piano rhythm, became popular during the same era. <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a> techniques grew out of jazz, with leading composer-pianists such as <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bud_Powell" title="Bud Powell">Bud Powell</a>. In the late 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Evans" title="Bill Evans">Bill Evans</a> composed pieces combining classical techniques with his jazz experimentation. In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a> was one of the first jazz composer-pianists to find mainstream popularity working with newer urban music techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Jazz-funk" title="Jazz-funk">jazz-funk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz-rock">jazz-rock</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_piano_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Yamaha_piano_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Yamaha_piano_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Yamaha_piano_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Yamaha_piano_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Yamaha_piano_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Yamaha_piano_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> grand piano</figcaption></figure> <p>Pianos have also been used prominently in rock and roll and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> by performers such as <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Emerson" title="Keith Emerson">Keith Emerson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer" title="Emerson, Lake & Palmer">Emerson, Lake & Palmer</a>), <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Folds" title="Ben Folds">Ben Folds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Hopkins" title="Nicky Hopkins">Nicky Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Wakeman" title="Rick Wakeman">Rick Wakeman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tori_Amos" title="Tori Amos">Tori Amos</a>, to name a few. At a 2023 auction in <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> in London, Mercury's <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> baby grand piano, which he used to compose "<a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody" title="Bohemian Rhapsody">Bohemian Rhapsody</a>" among other Queen songs, sold for £1.7 million ($2.1 million), which Sotheby's state is a record for a composer's piano.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernist</a> styles of music have also appealed to composers writing for the modern grand piano, including <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_Burmese_style">Traditional Burmese style</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta#Piano_(Sandaya)" title="Mahāgīta">Sandaya</a></div> <p>Introduced to Burma during the mid-19th century, the piano was quickly indigenized by court musicians and uses a novel "technique of interlocked fingering with both hands extending a single melodic line allowed for agogic embellishment, fleeting grace notes in syncopated spirals around a steady underlying beat found in the bell and clapper time keepers", adapted to play <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Mahāgīta</a> compositions. Many Burmese pianists (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sandayar_Hla_Htut" title="Sandayar Hla Htut">Sandayar Hla Htut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandayar_Chit_Swe" title="Sandayar Chit Swe">Sandayar Chit Swe</a>) adopt a title from the word for piano, <i>sandaya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:စန္ဒရား">စန္ဒရား</a></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role">Role</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_piano" title="Social history of the piano">Social history of the piano</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moritz_von_Schwind_Schubertiade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Moritz_von_Schwind_Schubertiade.jpg/250px-Moritz_von_Schwind_Schubertiade.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Moritz_von_Schwind_Schubertiade.jpg/500px-Moritz_von_Schwind_Schubertiade.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>The piano was the centrepiece of social life in the 19th-century upper-middle-class home (<a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Schwind" title="Moritz von Schwind">Moritz von Schwind</a>, 1868). The man at the piano is composer <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a> (1797–1828).</figcaption></figure> <p>The piano is a crucial instrument in many Western musical genres. Pianos are used in soloing or melodic roles and as <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> instruments. Pianos can be played alone, with a voice or other instrument, in small groups (bands and chamber music ensembles) and large ensembles (big band or orchestra). A large number of <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">songwriters</a> are proficient pianists because the piano keyboard offers an effective means of experimenting with complex melodic and harmonic interplay of chords and trying out <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">multiple, independent melody lines that are played at the same time</a>. Pianos are used by composers doing <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">film</a> and television scoring, as the large range permits composers to try out melodies and bass lines, even if the music will be orchestrated for other instruments. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bandleader" title="Bandleader">Bandleaders</a> and choir conductors often learn the piano, as it is an excellent instrument for learning new pieces and songs to lead in performance. Many <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductors</a> are trained in piano, because it allows them to play parts of the symphonies they are conducting (using a <a href="/wiki/Piano_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano reduction">piano reduction</a> or doing a reduction from the full score), so that they can develop their interpretation. The piano is an essential tool in <a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">music education</a> in elementary and secondary schools, and universities and colleges. Most music classrooms and many practice rooms have a piano. Pianos are used to help teach music theory, music history and <a href="/wiki/Music_appreciation" title="Music appreciation">music appreciation</a> classes, and even non-pianist music professors or instructors may have a piano in their office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_extended_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano extended technique">Piano extended technique</a> – Unconventional method of playing piano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_trio" title="Piano trio">Piano trio</a> – Musical group of piano and two other instruments</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_stool" title="Piano stool">Piano stool</a>, a height-adjustable bench used designed to be used while playing the piano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_piano" title="Street piano">Street piano</a> – Piano placed in a public area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agraffe" title="Agraffe">Agraffe</a> – Internal part of a grand piano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiroplast" title="Chiroplast">Chiroplast</a> – instrument to guide the hands and fingers of pupils in playing on the piano<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_pianists" title="List of classical pianists">List of classical pianists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_pianists" title="List of films about pianists">List of films about pianists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_piano_manufacturers" title="List of piano manufacturers">List of piano manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_piano_brand_names" title="List of piano brand names">List of piano brand names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_piano_makers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of piano makers">List of piano makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_piano_composers" title="List of piano composers">List of piano composers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Peterson (1994), "Acoustics of the hammered dulcimer, its history, and recent developments", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Acoustical_Society_of_America" title="Journal of the Acoustical Society of America">Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</a></i> <b>95</b> (5), p. 3002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollens (1995, Ch.1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScholes,_Percy_A.John_Owen_Ward1970" class="citation book cs1">Scholes, Percy A.; John Owen Ward (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00scho"><i>The Oxford Companion to Music (10th ed.)</i></a></span>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. lvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-311306-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-311306-0"><bdi>978-0-19-311306-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Music+%2810th+ed.%29&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=lvi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-19-311306-0&rft.au=Scholes%2C+Percy+A.&rft.au=John+Owen+Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERipinPollens2001¶2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERipinPollens2001¶2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRipinPollens2001">Ripin & Pollens 2001</a>, ¶2.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRipinPollens2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWraight2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wraight, Denzil (2006). "Recent Approaches in Understanding Cristofori's Fortepiano". <i>Early Music</i>. <b>34</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">635–</span>644. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fem%2Fcal050">10.1093/em/cal050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-1078">0306-1078</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4137311">4137311</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191481821">191481821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Music&rft.atitle=Recent+Approaches+in+Understanding+Cristofori%27s+Fortepiano&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E644&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0306-1078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191481821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4137311%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fem%2Fcal050&rft.aulast=Wraight&rft.aufirst=Denzil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollens2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pollens, Stewart (2013). "Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence". <i>The Galpin Society Journal</i>. <b>66</b>: <span class="nowrap">7–</span>245. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0072-0127">0072-0127</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44083109">44083109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galpin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Bartolomeo+Cristofori+in+Florence&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44083109%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0072-0127&rft.aulast=Pollens&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERipinPollens2001b¶1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERipinPollens2001b¶1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRipinPollens2001b">Ripin & Pollens 2001b</a>, ¶1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metmuseum-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowers,_Wendy2003" class="citation web cs1">Powers, Wendy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cris/hd_cris.htm">"The Piano: The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017032640/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cris/hd_cris.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Piano%3A+The+Pianofortes+of+Bartolomeo+Cristofori+%281655%E2%80%931731%29+%26%23124%3B+Thematic+Essay+%26%23124%3B+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History+%26%23124%3B+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.pub=New+York%3A+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Powers%2C+Wendy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fcris%2Fhd_cris.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsacoff201223-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsacoff201223_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsacoff2012">Isacoff 2012</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badura-Skoda_2000_1–16-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badura-Skoda_2000_1–16_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badura-Skoda_2000_1–16_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBadura-Skoda2000" class="citation journal cs1">Badura-Skoda, Eva (2000). "Did J. S. Bach Compose "Pianoforte Concertos"?". <i>Bach</i>. <b>31</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0005-3600">0005-3600</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41640462">41640462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bach&rft.atitle=Did+J.+S.+Bach+Compose+%22Pianoforte+Concertos%22%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41640462%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0005-3600&rft.aulast=Badura-Skoda&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmieri-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palmieri_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmieri2003" class="citation book cs1">Palmieri, Bob & Meg (2003). <i>The Piano: An Encyclopedia</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93796-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93796-2"><bdi>978-0-415-93796-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piano%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93796-2&rft.aulast=Palmieri&rft.aufirst=Bob+%26+Meg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span>. "Instrument: piano et forte genandt" [was] an expression Bach also used when acting as Silbermann's agent in 1749."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998b23-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998b23_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowland1998b">Rowland 1998b</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vienna-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vienna_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011233347/http://www.ptg.org/resources-historyOfPianos-viennese.php">"The Viennese Piano"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ptg.org/resources-historyOfPianos-viennese.php">the original</a> on 11 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Viennese+Piano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ptg.org%2Fresources-historyOfPianos-viennese.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy_et_al.2012"Fortepiano"-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy_et_al.2012"Fortepiano"_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy_et_al.2012">Kennedy et al. 2012</a>, "Fortepiano".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton199862-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton199862_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton1998">Hamilton 1998</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen, Sonja (2013). "Craftsmen-Turned-Scientists? The Circulation of Explicit and Working Knowledge in Musical-Instrument Making, 1880–1960". <i>Osiris</i>. <b>28</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">212–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F671378">10.1086/671378</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0369-7827">0369-7827</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/671378">10.1086/671378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143443333">143443333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osiris&rft.atitle=Craftsmen-Turned-Scientists%3F+The+Circulation+of+Explicit+and+Working+Knowledge+in+Musical-Instrument+Making%2C+1880%E2%80%931960&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0369-7827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143443333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F671378%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F671378&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Sonja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiordano2010118-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiordano2010118_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiordano2010">Giordano 2010</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole2001¶8-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole2001¶8_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole2001">Cole 2001</a>, ¶8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998c45-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c45_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowland1998c">Rowland 1998c</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998c44-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c44_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c44_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c44_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowland1998c">Rowland 1998c</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998c47-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c47_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c47_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c47_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowland1998c">Rowland 1998c</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson199899-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson199899_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1998">Richardson 1998</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998353-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998353_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFletcherRossing1998">Fletcher & Rossing 1998</a>, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsacoff201274-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsacoff201274_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsacoff2012">Isacoff 2012</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1998c43-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c43_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1998c43_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowland1998c">Rowland 1998c</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolge1911124-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolge1911124_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolge1911124_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDolge1911">Dolge 1911</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolge1911125–126-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolge1911125–126_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDolge1911">Dolge 1911</a>, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERipinPollens2001a¶4-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERipinPollens2001a¶4_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRipinPollens2001a">Ripin & Pollens 2001a</a>, ¶4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediatheque.cite-musique.fr/masc/?INSTANCE=CITEMUSIQUE&URL=/ClientBookLineCIMU/recherche/NoticeDetailleByID.asp">"Piano à queue"</a> (in French). Médiathèque de la Cité de la musique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419124012/http://mediatheque.cite-musique.fr/masc/?INSTANCE=CITEMUSIQUE&URL=%2Fclientbooklinecimu%2Frecherche%2FNoticeDetailleByID.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Piano+%C3%A0+queue&rft.pub=M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que+de+la+Cit%C3%A9+de+la+musique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmediatheque.cite-musique.fr%2Fmasc%2F%3FINSTANCE%3DCITEMUSIQUE%26URL%3D%2FClientBookLineCIMU%2Frecherche%2FNoticeDetailleByID.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrlichGood2001¶4-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrlichGood2001¶4_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrlichGood2001¶4_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrlichGood2001">Ehrlich & Good 2001</a>, ¶4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiordano2010143–144-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiordano2010143–144_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiordano2010">Giordano 2010</a>, p. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolge191148-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolge191148_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDolge1911">Dolge 1911</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrafing1974" class="citation journal cs1">Grafing, Keith (1974). "Alpheus Babcock's Cast-Iron Piano Frames". <i>The Galpin Society Journal</i>. <b>27</b>: <span class="nowrap">118–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F841758">10.2307/841758</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0072-0127">0072-0127</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/841758">841758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galpin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Alpheus+Babcock%27s+Cast-Iron+Piano+Frames&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0072-0127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F841758%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F841758&rft.aulast=Grafing&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998352-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998352_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcherRossing1998352_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFletcherRossing1998">Fletcher & Rossing 1998</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1998106-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1998106_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1998">Richardson 1998</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmieri2003" class="citation book cs1">Palmieri, Robert, ed. (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of keyboard instruments, Volume 2</i>. Routledge. p. 437. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93796-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93796-2"><bdi>978-0-415-93796-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+keyboard+instruments%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=437&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93796-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-AW2CfjJ0vQC"><i>Library of Congress Subject Headings</i></a>. Library of Congress. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Library+of+Congress+Subject+Headings&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-AW2CfjJ0vQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qrsmusic.com/PMII.asp">"PNOmation II"</a>. QRS Music Technologies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205014/https://www.qrsmusic.com/PMII.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PNOmation+II&rft.pub=QRS+Music+Technologies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qrsmusic.com%2FPMII.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piano-tuners.org/history/eavestaff.html">"History of the Eavestaff Pianette Minipiano"</a>. Piano-tuners.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141001051139/http://www.piano-tuners.org/history/eavestaff.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Eavestaff+Pianette+Minipiano&rft.pub=Piano-tuners.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piano-tuners.org%2Fhistory%2Feavestaff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Les Cahiers de l'Oronte</i>. 1969. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Cahiers+de+l%27Oronte&rft.pages=82&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francemusique.fr/emissions/open-jazz/stephane-tsapis-le-piano-oriental-77501">"Stéphane Tsapis, le piano oriental"</a> (in French). 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St%C3%A9phane+Tsapis%2C+le+piano+oriental&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francemusique.fr%2Femissions%2Fopen-jazz%2Fstephane-tsapis-le-piano-oriental-77501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Burkhalter2014" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Burkhalter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4ccfrBTVGkC"><i>Local Music Scenes and Globalization: Transnational Platforms in Beirut</i></a>. Routledge. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135073695" title="Special:BookSources/9781135073695"><bdi>9781135073695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+Music+Scenes+and+Globalization%3A+Transnational+Platforms+in+Beirut&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781135073695&rft.au=Thomas+Burkhalter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH4ccfrBTVGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2001-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2001_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2001">Davies 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usa.yamaha.com/products/musical_instruments/pianos/disklavier/index.html">"Disklavier Pianos - Yamaha - United States"</a>. <i>usa.yamaha.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usa.yamaha.com&rft.atitle=Disklavier+Pianos+-+Yamaha+-+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusa.yamaha.com%2Fproducts%2Fmusical_instruments%2Fpianos%2Fdisklavier%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steinwayfacts-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-steinwayfacts_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141116183623/http://www.steinwaypianos.com/159-facts-about-steinway-and-the-pianos-they-build">"161 Facts About Steinway & Sons and the Pianos They Build"</a>. Steinway & Sons. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steinwaypianos.com/159-facts-about-steinway-and-the-pianos-they-build">the original</a> on 16 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=161+Facts+About+Steinway+%26+Sons+and+the+Pianos+They+Build&rft.pub=Steinway+%26+Sons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steinwaypianos.com%2F159-facts-about-steinway-and-the-pianos-they-build&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNave,_Carl_R." class="citation web cs1">Nave, Carl R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/music/pianof.html">"The Piano"</a>. HyperPhysics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141124230450/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/music/pianof.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Piano&rft.pub=HyperPhysics&rft.au=Nave%2C+Carl+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2Fhbase%2Fmusic%2Fpianof.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speech.kth.se/music/5_lectures/conklin/thepianocase.html">"The Piano Case"</a>. <i>Five Lectures on the Acoustics of the Piano</i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Music">Royal Swedish Academy of Music</a>. 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100719172113/http://www.speech.kth.se/music/5_lectures/conklin/thepianocase.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Five+Lectures+on+the+Acoustics+of+the+Piano&rft.atitle=The+Piano+Case&rft.date=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speech.kth.se%2Fmusic%2F5_lectures%2Fconklin%2Fthepianocase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNavi,_ParvisSandberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Navi, Parvis; Sandberg, Dick (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1439860424"><i>Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Wood Processing</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-6042-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-6042-7"><bdi>978-1-4398-6042-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical+Wood+Processing&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-6042-7&rft.au=Navi%2C+Parvis&rft.au=Sandberg%2C+Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1439860424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine,-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fine,_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFine2007" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Larry (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20072008annualsu0000fine/page/31"><i>2007–2008 Annual Supplement to The Piano Book</i></a>. Brookside Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20072008annualsu0000fine/page/31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929145-21-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929145-21-8"><bdi>978-1-929145-21-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2007%E2%80%932008+Annual+Supplement+to+The+Piano+Book&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Brookside+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-929145-21-8&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F20072008annualsu0000fine%2Fpage%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "resonance case principle" is described by Bösendorfer in terms of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boesendorfer.com/en/shaping-boesendorfer.html">manufacturing technique</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114850/http://www.boesendorfer.com/en/shaping-boesendorfer.html">Archived</a> 2015-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boesendorfer.com/en/standard-models.html">description of effect</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411071334/http://www.boesendorfer.com/en/standard-models.html">Archived</a> 2015-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fazioli-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fazioli_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarbieri2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barbieri, Patrizio (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000042578">"Fazioli, Paolo"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online</i>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.42578">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.42578</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fazioli%2C+Paolo&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.42578&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Barbieri&rft.aufirst=Patrizio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000042578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F308-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-F308_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fazioli.com/en/pianoforti/model/f308">"Model F308"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316000156/http://www.fazioli.com/en/pianoforti/model/f308">Archived</a> 2015-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Official Fazioli Website</i>. Accessed 6 March 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson199897-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson199897_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1998">Richardson 1998</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airships.net/blog/hindenburg-piano/">"The Hindenburg's Aluminum Piano"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Piano+with+instrumental+attachments&rft.pub=Musica+Viva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusicaviva.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fdisplay.html%3Fphrase%3Dpiano-with-instrumental-attachments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquepianoshop.com/online-museum/wing-son/">"Wing & Son"</a>. 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Houghton Mifflin Company, United States. 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-93847-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-93847-3">0-395-93847-3</a>. pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson199896-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson199896_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1998">Richardson 1998</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physics.odu.edu-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-physics.odu.edu_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-physics.odu.edu_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-physics.odu.edu_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030309230556/http://www.physics.odu.edu/~hyde/Teaching/Phys332_Wk13.ppt">"Physics of the Piano : Piano Tuners Guild, June 5, 2000"</a>. 9 March 2003. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physics+of+the+Piano+%3A+Piano+Tuners+Guild%2C+June+5%2C+2000&rft.date=2003-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.odu.edu%2F~hyde%2FTeaching%2FPhys332_Wk13.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReblitz1993206-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReblitz1993206_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReblitz1993">Reblitz 1993</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReblitz1993205-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReblitz1993205_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReblitz1993">Reblitz 1993</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthay,_Tobias1947" class="citation book cs1">Matthay, Tobias (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QxxMAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Visible and Invisible in Pianoforte Technique : Being a Digest of the Author's Technical Teachings Up to Date</i></a>. London: Oxford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-318412-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-318412-1"><bdi>978-0-19-318412-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visible+and+Invisible+in+Pianoforte+Technique+%3A+Being+a+Digest+of+the+Author%27s+Technical+Teachings+Up+to+Date&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=978-0-19-318412-1&rft.au=Matthay%2C+Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxxMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrison,_Sidney1953" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Sidney (1953). <i>Piano Technique</i>. 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Winter 1958–1959: 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Piano+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sayings+of+Great+Teachers&rft.volume=Winter+1958%E2%80%931959&rft.pages=26&rft.au=Boulanger%2C+Nadia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriestley1998210-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriestley1998210_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPriestley1998">Priestley 1998</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-66729573">"Freddie Mercury: Queen star's piano and other items fetch high prices at auction"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.08697">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08697</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electronic+piano&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.08697&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000008697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDolge1911" class="citation book cs1">Dolge, Alfred (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pianosandtheirm00dolggoog"><i>Pianos and Their Makers: A Comprehensive History of the Development of the Piano from the Monochord to the Concert Grand Player Piano</i></a>. California: Covina Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pianos+and+Their+Makers%3A+A+Comprehensive+History+of+the+Development+of+the+Piano+from+the+Monochord+to+the+Concert+Grand+Player+Piano&rft.place=California&rft.pub=Covina+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Dolge&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpianosandtheirm00dolggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich1990" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, Cyril (1990). <i>The Piano: A History</i>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-816171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piano%3A+A+History&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816171-4&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiordano2010" class="citation book cs1">Giordano, Nicholas J. Sr. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Physics_of_the_Piano/MiWQDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&kptab=overview"><i>Physics of the Piano</i></a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954602-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954602-2"><bdi>978-0-19-954602-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+of+the+Piano&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954602-2&rft.aulast=Giordano&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.+Sr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FPhysics_of_the_Piano%2FMiWQDwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0%26kptab%3Doverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrove_Music_Online2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Grove Music Online (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21631"><i>Pianoforte</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.21631">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pianoforte&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.21631&rft.au=Grove+Music+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.21631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFRipinPollens2001a" class="citation">Ripin, Edwin M.; Pollens, Stewart (2001a). "I. History of the Instrument; 1. Introduction". In <a href="#CITEREFGrove_Music_Online2001">Grove Music Online (2001)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFRipinPollens2001b" class="citation">Ripin, Edwin M.; Pollens, Stewart (2001b). "I. History of the instrument; 2. Origins to 1750". In <a href="#CITEREFGrove_Music_Online2001">Grove Music Online (2001)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFCole2001" class="citation">Cole, Michael (2001). "I. History of the instrument; 4. England and France to 1800.". In <a href="#CITEREFGrove_Music_Online2001">Grove Music Online (2001)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFEhrlichGood2001" class="citation">Ehrlich, Cyril; Good, Edwin M. "I. History of the instrument; 9. 1860–1915.". In <a href="#CITEREFGrove_Music_Online2001">Grove Music Online (2001)</a>.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFletcherRossing1998" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Neville H.; Rossing, Thomas D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21603-4"><i>The Physics of Musical Instruments</i></a> (2 ed.). New York, NY: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-21603-4">10.1007/978-0-387-21603-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98374-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98374-5"><bdi>978-0-387-98374-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physics+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-21603-4&rft.isbn=978-0-387-98374-5&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Neville+H.&rft.au=Rossing%2C+Thomas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-21603-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsacoff2012" class="citation book cs1">Isacoff, Stuart (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OFvYzQahgWsC"><i>A Natural History of the Piano: The Instrument, the Music, the Musicians – From Mozart to Modern Jazz and Everything in Between</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307279330" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307279330"><bdi>978-0307279330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+the+Piano%3A+The+Instrument%2C+the+Music%2C+the+Musicians+%E2%80%93+From+Mozart+to+Modern+Jazz+and+Everything+in+Between&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0307279330&rft.aulast=Isacoff&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOFvYzQahgWsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy_et_al.2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a>; Kennedy, Joyce; Rutherford-Johnson, Tim, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199578108.001.0001"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Music</i></a> (6 ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199578108.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199578108.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-57810-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-57810-8"><bdi>978-0-199-57810-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199578108.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-199-57810-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199578108.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFineGilbert,_Douglas_R2001" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Larry; Gilbert, Douglas R (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN1929145012"><i>The Piano Book: Buying and Owning a New or Used Piano (4th ed.)</i></a>. Jamaica Plain, MA: Brookside Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929145-01-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-929145-01-2"><bdi>1-929145-01-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piano+Book%3A+Buying+and+Owning+a+New+or+Used+Piano+%284th+ed.%29&rft.place=Jamaica+Plain%2C+MA&rft.pub=Brookside+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-929145-01-2&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Douglas+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISBN1929145012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGood2001" class="citation book cs1">Good, Edwin M. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giraffesblackdra00good"><i>Giraffes, black dragons, and other pianos: a technological history from Cristofori to the modern concert grand (2nd ed.)</i></a></span>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4549-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4549-8"><bdi>0-8047-4549-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giraffes%2C+black+dragons%2C+and+other+pianos%3A+a+technological+history+from+Cristofori+to+the+modern+concert+grand+%282nd+ed.%29&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8047-4549-8&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Edwin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiraffesblackdra00good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollens1995" class="citation book cs1">Pollens, Stewart (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzY9AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Early Pianoforte</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-41729-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-41729-5"><bdi>0-521-41729-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Pianoforte&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-41729-5&rft.aulast=Pollens&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzY9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReblitz1993" class="citation book cs1">Reblitz, Arthur A. (1993). <i>Piano Servicing, Tuning and Rebuilding: For the Professional, the Student, and the Hobbyist</i>. Vestal, NY: Vestal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-879511-03-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-879511-03-7"><bdi>1-879511-03-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piano+Servicing%2C+Tuning+and+Rebuilding%3A+For+the+Professional%2C+the+Student%2C+and+the+Hobbyist&rft.place=Vestal%2C+NY&rft.pub=Vestal+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-879511-03-7&rft.aulast=Reblitz&rft.aufirst=Arthur+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRowland1998" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, David, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL9780521474702"><i>The Cambridge Companion to the Piano</i></a> (1 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL9780521474702">10.1017/CCOL9780521474702</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47986-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47986-8"><bdi>978-0-521-47986-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Piano&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL9780521474702&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47986-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCCOL9780521474702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFRowland1998a" class="citation">Rowland, David (1998a). "The piano to c.1770". In <a href="#CITEREFRowland1998">Rowland (1998)</a>, pp. 5–21.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFRowland1998b" class="citation">Rowland, David (1998b). "Pianos and pianists c.1770–c.1825". In <a href="#CITEREFRowland1998">Rowland (1998)</a>, pp. 22–39.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFRowland1998c" class="citation">Rowland, David (1998c). "The piano since c.1825". In <a href="#CITEREFRowland1998">Rowland (1998)</a>, pp. 40–56.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFHamilton1998" class="citation">Hamilton, Kenneth. "The virtuoso tradition". In <a href="#CITEREFRowland1998">Rowland (1998)</a>, pp. 57–74.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFRichardson1998" class="citation">Richardson, Bernard. "The acoustics of the piano". In <a href="#CITEREFRowland1998">Rowland (1998)</a>, pp. 96–114.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFPriestley1998" class="citation">Priestley, Brian. "Ragtime, blues, jazz and popular music". In <a href="#CITEREFRowland1998">Rowland (1998)</a>, pp. 209–244.</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanowetzElder,_Dean1985" class="citation book cs1">Banowetz, Joseph; Elder, Dean (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pianistsguidetop00jose"><i>The pianist's guide to pedaling</i></a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34494-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34494-8"><bdi>0-253-34494-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pianist%27s+guide+to+pedaling&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-253-34494-8&rft.aulast=Banowetz&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Elder%2C+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpianistsguidetop00jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarhart2002" class="citation book cs1">Carhart, Thad (2002) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pianoshoponlef000carh"><i>The Piano Shop on the Left Bank</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75862-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-75862-3"><bdi>0-375-75862-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piano+Shop+on+the+Left+Bank&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-375-75862-3&rft.aulast=Carhart&rft.aufirst=Thad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpianoshoponlef000carh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChiantore2019" class="citation book cs1">Chiantore, Luca (2019). <i>Tone Moves: A History of Piano Technique</i>. Catalonia: Musikeon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788494511738" title="Special:BookSources/9788494511738"><bdi>9788494511738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tone+Moves%3A+A+History+of+Piano+Technique&rft.place=Catalonia&rft.pub=Musikeon+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788494511738&rft.aulast=Chiantore&rft.aufirst=Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLelie1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lelie, Christo (1995). <i>Van Piano tot Forte (The History of the Early Piano)</i> (in Dutch). Kampen: Kok-Lyra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Van+Piano+tot+Forte+%28The+History+of+the+Early+Piano%29&rft.place=Kampen&rft.pub=Kok-Lyra&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Lelie&rft.aufirst=Christo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoesser1991" class="citation book cs1">Loesser, Arthur (1991) [1954]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menwomenpianosso00loes_0"><i>Men, Women, and Pianos: A Social History</i></a></span>. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486265438" title="Special:BookSources/9780486265438"><bdi>9780486265438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men%2C+Women%2C+and+Pianos%3A+A+Social+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780486265438&rft.aulast=Loesser&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmenwomenpianosso00loes_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParakilas1999" class="citation book cs1">Parakilas, James (1999). <i>Piano Roles: Three Hundred Years of Life with the Piano</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08055-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08055-7"><bdi>0-300-08055-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piano+Roles%3A+Three+Hundred+Years+of+Life+with+the+Piano&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-300-08055-7&rft.aulast=Parakilas&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchejtman2008" class="citation book cs1">Schejtman, Rod (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831041144/http://pianoencyclopedia.com/"><i>Music Fundamentals</i></a>. The Piano Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-987-25216-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-987-25216-2-2"><bdi>978-987-25216-2-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pianoencyclopedia.com">the original</a> on 31 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Fundamentals&rft.pub=The+Piano+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-987-25216-2-2&rft.aulast=Schejtman&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pianoencyclopedia.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite1909" class="citation book cs1">White, William H. (1909). <i>Theory and Practice of Pianoforte-Building</i>. New York: E. Lyman Bill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+Pianoforte-Building&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=E.+Lyman+Bill&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>piano</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/piano" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/piano">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" 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title="q:Piano">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/piano" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/piano">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Piano" class="extiw" title="v:Piano">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earlypianos.org">Early Pianos Online</a> A searchable, interactive database of over 9000 pianos built before 1860.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uk-piano.org/history/history.html">History of the Piano Forte</a>, Association of Blind Piano Tuners, UK</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/appendix/pitch/pitch.html">Section <i>Table of Music Pitches</i> of the Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frederickcollection.org/collection.html">The Frederick Historical Piano Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cris/hd_cris.htm">The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speech.kth.se/music/5_lectures/contents.html">Five lectures on the Acoustics of the piano</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002165547/http://www.fortepian.instrumenty.edu.pl/en">The Piano in Polish Collections</a></i> (historical instruments)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minneapolispianoworks.com/piano-plates">Gallery of Piano Plates and Medallions</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pianoforte"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pianoforte">"Pianoforte" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">559–</span>574.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pianoforte&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E559-%3C%2Fspan%3E574&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiano" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_keyboards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_and_keyboard_instruments207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">Musical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_clavier" title="Bowed clavier">Bowed clavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliope_(music)" title="Calliope (music)">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicytherium" title="Clavicytherium">Clavicytherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claviharp" title="Claviharp">Claviharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">Fortepiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonichord" title="Harmonichord">Harmonichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keytar" title="Keytar">Keytar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodica" title="Melodica">Melodica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed organ">Reed organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">Theatre organ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphica" title="Orphica">Orphica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_piano" title="Digital piano">Digital piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">Electric piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Piano accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">Virginal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enharmonic_keyboard" title="Enharmonic keyboard">Enharmonic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_keyboard" title="Generalized keyboard">Generalized keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphic_keyboard" title="Isomorphic keyboard">Isomorphic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jank%C3%B3_keyboard" title="Jankó keyboard">Jankó keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">Short octave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_(instrument)" title="Key (instrument)">Keys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_key_frequencies" title="Piano key frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">Manual keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sharp" title="Split sharp">Split sharp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_pedals" title="Piano pedals">Pedals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_pedal" title="Soft pedal">Soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">Sustain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedal keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_piano" title="Pedal piano">Pedal piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_acoustics" title="Piano acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovations_in_the_piano" title="Innovations in the piano">Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_wire" title="Piano wire">Wiring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">Aliquot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-stringing" title="Cross-stringing">Cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_maintenance" title="Piano maintenance">Maintenance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(piano)" title="Action (piano)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Technicians_Guild" title="Piano Technicians Guild">Piano Technicians Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuning" title="Piano tuning">Tuning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_wrench" title="Tuning wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amplifiers, speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_techniques310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_techniques" title="Template:Musical techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_techniques" title="Template talk:Musical techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_techniques310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Musical techniques</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">Articulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damping_(music)" title="Damping (music)">Damping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_stop" title="Double stop">Double stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(music)" title="Fingering (music)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_substitution" title="Finger substitution">Finger substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_vibrato" title="Finger vibrato">Finger vibrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">Glissando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">Harmonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intonation_(music)" title="Intonation (music)">Intonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiphonic" title="Multiphonic">Multiphonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_phrasing" title="Musical phrasing">Phrasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">Pizzicato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_(music)" title="Position (music)">Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapping_(music)" title="Slapping (music)">Slapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopped_note" title="Stopped note">Stopped note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb_position" title="Thumb position">Thumb position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">Wind instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxophone_technique" title="Saxophone technique">Saxophone technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_breathing" title="Circular breathing">Circular breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embouchure" title="Embouchure">Embouchure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutter-tonguing" title="Flutter-tonguing">Flutter-tonguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growling_(wind_instruments)" title="Growling (wind instruments)">Growling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonica_techniques" title="Harmonica techniques">Harmonica technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overblowing" title="Overblowing">Overblowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slap_tonguing" title="Slap tonguing">Slap tonguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_tone" title="Split tone">Split tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonguing" title="Tonguing">Tonguing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_extended_techniques" title="Piano extended techniques">Piano extended techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tapping_(piano)" title="Finger tapping (piano)">Finger tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luth%C3%A9al" title="Luthéal">Luthéal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-hand_effect" title="Three-hand effect">Three-hand technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_piano" title="String piano">String piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tack_piano" title="Tack piano">Tack piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument" title="Bowed string instrument">Bowed string instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument_extended_technique" title="Bowed string instrument extended technique">Bowed string instrument extended technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_technique" title="Violin technique">Violin technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_technique" title="Cello technique">Cello technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariolage" title="Bariolage">Bariolage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">Pizzicato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bart%C3%B3k_pizzicato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartók pizzicato">Bartók pizz.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_legno" title="Col legno">Col legno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_bowing" title="Free bowing">Free bowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martel%C3%A9_(bowstroke)" title="Martelé (bowstroke)">Martelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiccato" title="Spiccato">Spiccato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances-Marie_Uitti" title="Frances-Marie Uitti">Two bows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downpicking" title="Downpicking">Downpicking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerstyle_guitar" title="Fingerstyle guitar">Fingerstyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatpicking" title="Flatpicking">Flatpicking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_picking" title="Guitar picking">Picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_picking" title="Hybrid picking">Hybrid picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bending" title="String bending">String bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambour_(guitar_technique)" title="Tambour (guitar technique)">Tambour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_bridge" title="3rd bridge">Third bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_guitar" title="Prepared guitar">Prepared guitar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_harp" title="Prepared harp">Prepared harp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum_technique" title="Snare drum technique">Snare drum technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_grip" title="Burton grip">Burton grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbal_choke" title="Cymbal choke">Cymbal choke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_roll" title="Drum roll">Drum roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_grip" title="Stevens grip">Stevens grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimshot" title="Rimshot">Rimshot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy" title="Vocal pedagogy">Human voice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_vocal_technique" title="Extended vocal technique">Extended vocal technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">Beatboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Overtone singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">Screaming</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude" title="Étude">Étude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Musical_performance_techniques" title="Category:Musical performance techniques">Category:Musical performance techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Accompaniment80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Accompaniment" title="Template:Accompaniment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Accompaniment" title="Template talk:Accompaniment"><abbr 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href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">Electric piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organ</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FClef.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="F (bass) clef symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/FClef.svg/30px-FClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/FClef.svg/45px-FClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/FClef.svg/60px-FClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques and styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberti_bass" title="Alberti bass">Alberti bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">Arpeggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjo_roll" title="Banjo roll">Banjo roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">Bassline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Basso continuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">Chord</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triad_(music)" title="Triad (music)">Triadic chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">Power chord</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comping_(jazz)" title="Comping (jazz)">Comping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-melody" title="Counter-melody">Counter-melody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Piano"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932961n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Piano"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932961n">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569107">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="klavír"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121605&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Piano"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX530015">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007546006305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/b3eac5f9-7859-4416-ac39-7154e2e8d348">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFHarrison,_Sidney1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsacoff2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy_et_al.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLelie1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoesser1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthay,_Tobias1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNave,_Carl_R.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavi,_ParvisSandberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmieri2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFParakilas1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollens1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollens2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowers,_Wendy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriestley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReblitz1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRipinPollens2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRipinPollens2001b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland1998b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland1998c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchejtman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScholes,_Percy_A.John_Owen_Ward1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Burkhalter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWraight2006\"] = 1,\n [\"baby_grand_piano\"] = 1,\n [\"boudoir_grand_piano\"] = 1,\n [\"concert_grand_piano\"] = 1,\n [\"grand_piano\"] = 1,\n [\"parlor_grand_piano\"] = 1,\n [\"piano_plate\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"=\"] = 4,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Accompaniment\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 5,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 4,\n [\"Details\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 10,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox instrument\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Math\"] = 7,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Musical keyboards\"] = 1,\n [\"Musical techniques\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Prone to spam\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Serif\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 42,\n [\"Sfrac\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sisterlinks\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\nno target: CITEREFRipinPollens2001\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-8669bc5c8-dx9jr","timestamp":"20250318155041","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Piano","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piano","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5994","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5994","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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