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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Executive branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Legislative branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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href="#Political_pressure_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Political pressure groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_pressure_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guerrilla_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guerrilla_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Guerrilla groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guerrilla_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organization_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organization_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>International organization participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organization_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Honduras</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="710" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Honduras" title="Constitution of Honduras">Constitution</a></li><li>Law</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_constitutional_crisis" title="2009 Honduran constitutional crisis">2009 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2009 Honduran coup d'état">2009 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun politics in Honduras">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Honduras" title="Human rights in Honduras">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Honduras">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_government_of_Honduras" title="Executive branch of the government of Honduras">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xiomara_Castro" title="Xiomara Castro">Xiomara Castro</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Honduras" title="Vice President of Honduras">Vice Presidents</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Doris_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Doris Gutiérrez">Doris Gutiérrez</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Renato_Florentino" title="Renato Florentino">Renato Florentino</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_government_of_Honduras" title="Executive branch of the government of Honduras">Ministries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legislative</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras" title="National Congress of Honduras">National Congress</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras#President" title="National Congress of Honduras">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Redondo" title="Luis Redondo">Luis Redondo</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Honduras" title="Supreme Court of Honduras">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Honduras)" title="National Electoral Council (Honduras)">National Electoral Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Honduras#Administrative_divisions" title="Honduras">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Honduras" title="Departments of Honduras">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Honduras" title="Municipalities of Honduras">Municipalities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Honduras" title="Elections in Honduras">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ley_de_Lemas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ley de Lemas"><i>Ley de Lemas</i> voting system</a></li> <li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2017_Honduran_general_election" title="2017 Honduran general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Honduran_general_election" title="2021 Honduran general election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2025_Honduran_general_election" title="2025 Honduran general election"><i>2025</i></a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Honduras" title="List of political parties in Honduras">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Honduras" title="National Party of Honduras">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Honduras" title="Liberal Party of Honduras">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unification_Party" title="Democratic Unification Party">Democratic Unification Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_of_Honduras" title="Christian Democratic Party of Honduras">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_and_Unity_Party" title="Innovation and Unity Party">Innovation and Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAPER" class="mw-redirect" title="FAPER">FAPER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_and_Refoundation" title="Liberty and Refoundation">Liberty and Refoundation ("Libre")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Patriotic_Alliance" title="Honduran Patriotic Alliance">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Party" title="Anti-Corruption Party">Anti-Corruption Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Honduras" title="Foreign relations of Honduras">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Ministry of Foreign Affairs <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Honduras)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Honduras)">Minister</a>: Eduardo Enrique Reina</dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Honduras" title="List of diplomatic missions of Honduras">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Honduras" title="List of diplomatic missions in Honduras">in Honduras</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_passport" title="Honduran passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Honduran_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Honduran citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Honduras" title="Visa policy of Honduras">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Honduras" title="Template:Politics of Honduras"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Honduras" title="Template talk:Politics of Honduras"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Honduras" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Honduras"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Politics of Honduras</b> takes place in a framework of a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">President of Honduras</a> is both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the government. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras" title="National Congress of Honduras">National Congress of Honduras</a>. The party system is dominated by the conservative <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Honduras" title="National Party of Honduras">National Party of Honduras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Honduras" title="Liberal Party of Honduras">Liberal Party of Honduras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberty_and_Refoundation" title="Liberty and Refoundation">Liberty and Refoundation</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a> is independent of the executive and the legislature. </p><p>The 1981 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Honduras" title="Constitution of Honduras">Constitution of Honduras</a> provides for a fairly strong executive in some ways, but many powers conceded to the executive elsewhere are designated duties of the unicameral <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras" title="National Congress of Honduras">National Congress</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is appointed by the National Congress. </p><p>That <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> delineates mechanisms for amending it, but it also declares eight articles immutable and unalterable and not subject to change, which include a guarantee of a republican form of government, and an explicit prohibition against presidential candidacy of anyone who has been president previously at any time or for any reason. The National Party unconstitutionally amended the latter prior to the 2017 elections, enabling the President to be re-elected for the position. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> also provides for an independent organ to supervise and implement elections, the Superior Electoral Tribunal. Another organ similarly independent of the three main branches of government a Special Court for Resolution of Conflicts Between Branches of Government. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> rated Honduras a "<a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index#Definitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">hybrid regime</a>" in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-democracy-index_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracy-index-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (July 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Executive branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_government_of_Honduras" title="Executive branch of the government of Honduras">Executive branch of the government of Honduras</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption>Main office-holders </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Office </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Party </th> <th scope="col">Since </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">President</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiomara_Castro" title="Xiomara Castro">Xiomara Castro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberty_and_Refoundation" title="Liberty and Refoundation">Liberty and Refoundation</a> </td> <td>27 January 2022 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The president is both the chief of state and head of government and is elected by popular vote for a four-year term with no possibility of re-election. In the <a href="/wiki/2017_Honduran_general_election" title="2017 Honduran general election">2017 election</a>, however, President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Orlando_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan Orlando Hernández">Juan Orlando Hernández</a> was reelected despite national protest and dispute over ballots, after The Supreme court voided a single-term limit for the country's presidency in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the most recent <a href="/wiki/2021_Honduran_general_election" title="2021 Honduran general election">election</a>, in November 2021, the former first lady <a href="/wiki/Xiomara_Castro" title="Xiomara Castro">Xiomara Castro</a>, leftist presidential candidate of opposition <a href="/wiki/Liberty_and_Refoundation" title="Liberty and Refoundation">Liberty and Refoundation Party</a>, won 53% of the votes in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Honduran_general_election" title="2021 Honduran general election">presidential election</a> to become the first female president of Honduras.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_News_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras" title="National Congress of Honduras">National Congress of Honduras</a> <i>(Congreso Nacional)</i> has 128 members <i>(diputados)</i>, elected for a four-year term by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>; congressional seats are assigned the parties' candidates on a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Honduras" title="Departments of Honduras">departmental</a> basis in proportion to the number of votes each party receives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Judicial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The judiciary includes a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">Supreme Court</a> of Justice - the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Honduras" title="Supreme Court of Honduras">Supreme Court of Honduras</a>, courts of appeal, and several courts of original jurisdiction – such as labor, tax, and criminal courts. The judges of the Supreme Court of Justice or (<i>Corte Suprema de Justicia</i>), are elected for seven-year terms by the National Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For administrative purposes, Honduras is divided into <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Honduras" title="Departments of Honduras">18 departments</a>, with departmental and municipal officials selected for four-year terms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other political parties, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Honduras" title="List of political parties in Honduras">List of political parties in Honduras</a>. An overview on elections and election results is included in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Honduras" title="Elections in Honduras">Elections in Honduras</a>.</div> <p>Honduras has eight political parties with representatives in the National Congress: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Honduras" title="National Party of Honduras">National Party of Honduras</a> (<i>Partido Nacional de Honduras, PNH</i>), founded 1918. Dominated Honduran politics from 1933 to 1957.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_and_Refoundation" title="Liberty and Refoundation">Liberty and Refoundation</a> (<i>Libertad y Refundación</i>, LIBRE), founded 2011 by a coalition of leftist organizations opposed to the <a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2009 Honduran coup d'état">2009 coup</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Honduras" title="Liberal Party of Honduras">Liberal Party of Honduras</a> (<i>Partido Liberal de Honduras, PLH</i>), founded 1891.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_and_Unity_Party" title="Innovation and Unity Party">Innovation and Unity Party</a> (<i>Partido Innovación Nacional y Social Demócrata, PINU-SD</i>), moderate leftist, social democratic, founded 1970.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Patriotic_Alliance" title="Honduran Patriotic Alliance">Honduran Patriotic Alliance</a> (<small><i>Alianza Patriótica Hondureña</i></small>) founded in 2017.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unification_Party" title="Democratic Unification Party">Democratic Unification Party</a> (<i>Partido Unificación Democrática, UD</i> or <i>PUD</i>), founded in 1992 at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war">Cold war</a> when formerly clandestine leftist political parties were permitted to function openly. Four merged to form the <i>PUD</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_of_Honduras" title="Christian Democratic Party of Honduras">Christian Democratic Party of Honduras</a> (<i>Partido Demócrata Cristiano, DC</i>), founded 1968.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Party" title="Anti-Corruption Party">Anti-Corruption Party</a> (<small><i>Partido Anticorrupción, PAC</i></small>), founded in 2012.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since about 1920 Honduras has had essentially a two-party system, with the Liberal Party and the National Party dominating electoral politics. The early 1980s were a relatively peaceful period compared to other countries in Central America buffeted by left-wing guerrillas. The Honduran government provided bases for U.S. backed counter-revolutionary armies operating in Nicaragua. </p><p>Between 1981 and 1984, several <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearances</a> were carried out by the military, as proved before the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the Report of the National Commissioner for the Protection of Human Rights in Honduras.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, armed-forces chief General <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_%C3%81lvarez_Mart%C3%ADnez" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavo Adolfo Álvarez Martínez">Gustavo Alvarez</a> was deposed amid anti-US demonstrations in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Tegucigalpa" title="Tegucigalpa">Tegucigalpa</a>; this marked a decrease in counter-revolutionary activity, and the government continued to assist the United States' anti-<a href="/wiki/Sandinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> activities in Nicaragua in return for economic aid. </p><p>In 1986, the Liberal Party's <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Azcona_del_Hoyo" title="José Azcona del Hoyo">José Azcona del Hoyo</a> was elected president. Allegations of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Guatemala" title="Human rights in Guatemala">human rights abuses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> by police—especially of street gangs—have diminished steadily in recent years, while political violence has been a constant. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Callejas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Callejas">Rafael Callejas</a> became president in 1990 and introduced <a href="/wiki/Neo-liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-liberal">neo-liberal</a> economic reforms and austerity measures. He is credited with a major push to improve the country's transportation <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>. He implemented a policy of requiring cabinet member nominees to first pass appropriate examinations, unique among politicians anywhere. </p><p>In 1993, the Liberal Party's <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Roberto_Reina" title="Carlos Roberto Reina">Carlos Reina</a> was elected president, promising to reform the judicial system and limit the power of the armed forces. In April 1995 compulsory military service was abolished. The Liberal Party's <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Roberto_Flores" title="Carlos Roberto Flores">Carlos Roberto Flores</a> Facussé was elected in 1997, also promising to restructure the armed forces; in 1999 the armed forces were brought under civilian control. </p><p>In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Maduro" title="Ricardo Maduro">Ricardo Maduro</a> was elected president on a platform that promised to stop rampant <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> afflicting the nation, and to put a stop to the brutal trademark violence of street gangs. At the time, the abuse of child-protection laws by gangs recruiting minors, and aggressive recruitment of members under threat of violence, lent broad popular support for Maduro's enlistment of the armed forces for a greater role in fighting crime during this time, as the police were seen as overwhelmed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gang_violence">Gang violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gang violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major political issue in Honduras since about 1990 has been the high level of violent crime associated with the <i>maras</i> (Spanish for gangs, predominantly of young people), and drug trafficking organizations involved in the transport of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> from South America to the United States. Although gangs existed in Tegucigalpa in the 1980s, the phenomenon exploded around 1990. The range of criminal activities that street gangs carry out is broad, from kidnapping and <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> to drug, auto and weapons smuggling, as well as domestic <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seelke_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seelke-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2006 estimate by the FBI and Honduran National Security Office put the number of gang members in Honduras at 36,000.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gang membership is partly attributable to population movement between Honduras and the United States. During the 1980s, many Hondurans fled to the US to avoid civil war and strife, and <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> continued for economic reasons after that. Other than civil war, high rates of poverty and unemployment and lack of education make at-risk youth more vulnerable to gangs. In Honduras, close to 30% of the population is aged 15–24.<sup id="cite_ref-Seelke_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seelke-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immigrant children who formed or joined urban gangs in cities such as Los Angeles began to have an impact in Honduras around 1990 because gang members completing prison sentences were deported. Deportees brought the two main gangs in Honduras, <a href="/wiki/MS-13" title="MS-13">MS-13</a> and the <a href="/wiki/18th_Street_gang" title="18th Street gang">18th Street gang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USAID_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAID-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">U.S. Department of Homeland Security</a>'s Office of Immigration and Enforcement reported that Honduras received 2,345 total criminal deportations. However, it is unclear how many were gang-affiliated. </p><p>Almost a third of Hondurans feel a sense of insecurity related to crime.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> The report listed as causes and risk factors, "Lack of opportunities and alternatives for youth and adolescents, family breakdown, movement of Hondurans to and from the United States, and abuse of drugs and alcohol, and presence of weapons".<sup id="cite_ref-USAID_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAID-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The report adds however, that the "overwhelming attention given to gang violence by the media and the government" is partly responsible. Gang members often compete to see which crime receives the most coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been recently contended though that the media tends to exaggerate the gang problem, thus making Hondurans believe their communities less secure than they really are,<sup id="cite_ref-Seelke_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seelke-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of the extreme violence that accompanies the crimes perpetrated by these gangs. Another reason for the attention is that they most affect the lower-income population disproportionately, and almost all areas of public activities were affected.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The murder rate in 1999 was 154 murders per 100,000; around 2005 this had fallen to 49 per 100,000. (The death rate from all causes is roughly 1000 per 100,000 population.)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the crime in Honduras takes place in the big cities of Tegucigalpa and <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Sula" title="San Pedro Sula">San Pedro Sula</a>. A survey by <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_A._Seligson" title="Mitchell A. Seligson">Mitchell A. Seligson</a> in 2004 found that 18% of the population thought public security and violence – delinquency, crime, violence, drug trafficking, and gangs – were the most serious problem facing the country.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Honduras has been not only a transit point for cocaine running between <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and the United States, a pattern broken substantially after the arrest and exile of the ex-president <a href="/wiki/Mel_Zelaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mel Zelaya">Mel Zelaya</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but also has an internal market, creating all sorts of inner-city problems. Gangs sell <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">crack</a>, commit other crimes, and hire themselves out to organised drug smugglers. Those engaged in international trafficking are better resourced than the state authorities combating them. Although gang members have been arrested for selling drugs at the street level, it is still unclear how much interaction they have with the larger drug cartels and their operations within Honduras.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> would use this argument to justify increasing US <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> aid to Honduras to help fight the organised drug gangs, while others<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> claim that Honduras would be better off legalizing drugs, thus avoiding military solutions to Honduran security problems. A recent form of U.S. aid that addresses the gang problem was the creation of the Central American Regional Security Initiative (CARSI), originally seen as a part of the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_Initiative" title="Mérida Initiative">U.S.- Mexico Mérida Initiative</a>. In 2010 the U.S. Congress separated funding for Central America totaling $83 million. Although some of the aid came in the form of military hardware, some components focused on strengthening the receiving country's judicial system.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Maduro" title="Ricardo Maduro">Ricardo Maduro</a>, a former chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Honduras" title="Central Bank of Honduras">Central Bank of Honduras</a>, ran on an anti-crime platform after his only son was murdered on 28 April 1999. During his tenure at the Central Bank of Honduras, a banking license was given to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banco_de_Producci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banco de Producción (page does not exist)">Banco de Producción</a>. After leaving the Central Bank he became chairman and majority stockholder of Banco de Producción, and the general manager of the Central Bank, Ana Cristina Mejia de Pereira, became general manager of Banco de la Producción. </p><p>Maduro came into power in January 2002 with a wave of measures against gangs and delinquency, the most noticeable, soldiers patrolling the streets. Many gang members were jailed for illicit association. His "Mano Duro" policy (name used to describe Central American leaders taking a hard stance against crime) led to the creation of a penal code in 2003 which made street gangs like MS-13 and M-18 illegal and established jail sentences up to 12 years for proven membership.<sup id="cite_ref-Seelke_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seelke-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Violent crime dipped noticeably under Maduro. These "mano duro" policies had significant downsides as well. For example, many youth are wrongly arrested for membership but later become recruited into gangs while in jail. Also, these gang round-ups led to the overcrowding in the prison system. Regardless of the initial signs of success, gangs learned to adapt and continued to carry out their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Seelke_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seelke-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some reports say that gang leaders from El Salvador come into Honduras to help stop their decline. </p><p>Under President Zelaya's term, the government attempted to create dialog with gang members to sway them to renounce their violence and re-integrate into society. However, this program relied mainly on private groups to implement the actual re-entry programs. Zelaya also created a specialized anti-gang unit within the police force which he used to coordinate patrols with the Honduran military. Although these patrols led to the arrests of 1,200 gang members, the rate of violence in Honduras did not subside.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> desperation resulted in a "declaration of war" against the government, and three major events over the last few years brought this tiny country to the attention of the world <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">media</a>: a massacre of 68 prisoners at the prison farm just outside <a href="/wiki/La_Ceiba" title="La Ceiba">La Ceiba</a> on 5 March 2003, a fire in the prison at <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Sula" title="San Pedro Sula">San Pedro Sula</a> that killed 107 prisoners on 18 May 2004, and the massacre of 27 innocent men, women and children in San Pedro Sula, on 23 December 2004. </p><p>A massacre in the San Pedro Sula suburb of <a href="/wiki/Chamelec%C3%B3n" title="Chamelecón">Chamelecón</a> left 27 dead and 29 injured. The murderers left behind a message, claiming to come from the <a href="/wiki/Cinchoneros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinchoneros">Cinchoneros</a>, railing against Maduro, Lobo, Álvarez and the death penalty. The Cinchoneros are believed to be defunct, however. The attackers promised another massacre before the new year. However one suspect was detained very shortly afterwards in another part of San Pedro Sula, and further arrests were later made. Local police said that the gunmen were members of the street gang Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), and the supposed mastermind of the attack, Ebner Anibal Rivera-Paz, was later arrested in <a href="/wiki/Falfurrias" class="mw-redirect" title="Falfurrias">Falfurrias</a>, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Maduro left office gang resurgence was felt and their presence continued, although less than before, but now using the cover of anti-government demonstrations for their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections">Elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Honduras" title="Elections in Honduras">Elections in Honduras</a></div> <p>The PNH and PLH have ruled the country for decades. In the last years, Honduras has had five Liberal presidents: <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Suazo_C%C3%B3rdova" title="Roberto Suazo Córdova">Roberto Suazo Córdova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Azcona_del_Hoyo" title="José Azcona del Hoyo">José Azcona del Hoyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Roberto_Reina" title="Carlos Roberto Reina">Carlos Roberto Reina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Roberto_Flores" title="Carlos Roberto Flores">Carlos Roberto Flores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Zelaya" title="Manuel Zelaya">Manuel Zelaya</a>, and three Nationalists: <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Leonardo_Callejas_Romero" title="Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero">Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_Lobo_Sosa" title="Porfirio Lobo Sosa">Porfirio Lobo Sosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Maduro" title="Ricardo Maduro">Ricardo Maduro</a>. The elections have been full of controversies, including questions about whether Azcona was born in Honduras or Spain, and whether Maduro should have been able to stand given he was born in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>. </p><p>On February 20, 2005, the PNH and the PLH held internal party elections (primaries) to decide who would represent them in the forthcoming presidential elections in November. <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_Pepe_Lobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Porfirio Pepe Lobo">Porfirio Pepe Lobo</a> became the PNH candidate. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Zelaya" title="Manuel Zelaya">Manuel Zelaya</a> became the Liberal Party candidate. Forty-five percent of the electorate voted in the primaries: 24% for the Liberals and 21% for the National Party. According to the Country Report quoted in the U.C. San Diego Library <i>Latin American election results</i>, "The low participation rate in the primaries . . . is a reflection of the lack of public faith in Honduras's political institutions and leaders."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Presidential and general election was held on November 27, 2005. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Zelaya" title="Manuel Zelaya">Manuel Zelaya</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Honduras" title="Liberal Party of Honduras">Liberal Party of Honduras</a> (Partido Liberal de Honduras: PLH) won, with <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_Pepe_Lobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Porfirio Pepe Lobo">Porfirio Pepe Lobo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Honduras" title="National Party of Honduras">National Party of Honduras</a> (Partido Nacional de Honduras: PNH) coming in second. Voter turnout was 55% of the 3.9 million eligible. The PNH challenged the election results, and Lobo Sosa did not concede until December 7. Towards the end of December the government finally released the total ballot count, giving Zelaya the official victory. Zelaya was inaugurated as Honduras' new president on January 27, 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zelaya_presidency">Zelaya presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Zelaya presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 December 2007, the National Congress, at the urging of the leaders of both of the dominant parties, passed a set of electoral reforms. The reforms were opposed by President Manuel Zelaya, who indicated that he would veto them, citing constitutional objections. The reforms would move the date of the presidential primaries ahead from February 2009 to November 2008, change the location of vote-counting from a central one to the individual municipalities, and radically increase public funding of political parties, from about US$3.2 million every election cycle to about US$52 million every election cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ouster_of_President_Zelaya_on_June_28,_2009"><span id="Ouster_of_President_Zelaya_on_June_28.2C_2009"></span>Ouster of President Zelaya on June 28, 2009</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ouster of President Zelaya on June 28, 2009"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_constitutional_crisis" title="2009 Honduran constitutional crisis">2009 Honduran constitutional crisis</a></div> <p>The President Manuel Zelaya's affiliation in 2008 with the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas</a> ALBA sparked controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was further controversy when he refused to submit the government budget for Congressional approval. </p><p>In April and May 2009 Zelaya announced plans for a non-binding poll on whether to hold a <a href="/wiki/Honduran_fourth_ballot_box_referendum" title="Honduran fourth ballot box referendum">referendum</a> about whether to convene a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">constituent assembly</a> that would rewrite the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Honduras" title="Constitution of Honduras">constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters_1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters_1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Honduran Supreme Court had upheld a lower court injunction against the 28 June poll,<sup id="cite_ref-CongressCommuniqué20090709_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CongressCommuniqué20090709-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 26 June – while Zelaya ignored the injunction – it issued a secret order for his detention. </p><p>On June 28 <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Honduras">Honduran soldiers</a> entered the presidential palace and arrested Zelaya,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preempting the poll.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They put him on a military airplane which flew him to Costa Rica. </p><p>Subsequently, on June 28, the Honduran Congress, in an extraordinary session, voted to remove Zelaya from office and appoint his constitutional successor, Speaker of Congress <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Micheletti" title="Roberto Micheletti">Roberto Micheletti</a>, in his place as interim President<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a term that ended on 27 January 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/International_reaction_to_the_2009_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="International reaction to the 2009 Honduran coup d'état">International reaction</a> was universally negative with widespread condemnation of the events as a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Juan_Orlando_Hernandez_(2014-2022)"><span id="Presidency_of_Juan_Orlando_Hernandez_.282014-2022.29"></span>Presidency of Juan Orlando Hernandez (2014-2022)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Presidency of Juan Orlando Hernandez (2014-2022)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the presidential period of <a href="/wiki/Pepe_Lobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepe Lobo">Porfirio "Pepe" Lobo Sosa</a> 2010–2014, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Orlando_Hernandez" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Orlando Hernandez">Juan Orlando Hernandez</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Xiomara_Castro" title="Xiomara Castro">Xiomara Castro</a>, wife of ousted former president Manuel Zelaya, in the general <a href="/wiki/2013_Honduran_general_election" title="2013 Honduran general election">elections</a> in November 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first years of his presidency the economic growth helped to improve the infrastructure of the main cities. However, unemployment and social unrest increased during his first term. He opened the possibility of changing the constitution, enraging a considerable part of the population. In 2015, the supreme court of Honduras removed a single-term limit for the country's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Juan Orlando Hernandez was re-elected in 2017, winning the <a href="/wiki/2017_Honduran_general_election" title="2017 Honduran general election">election</a> through an alleged electoral fraud that produced constant protests and violence in the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Juan Orlando Hernández's younger brother Juan Antonio “Tony” Hernández was brought to trial in New York for drug trafficking. He was convicted of all four charges against him, including drug trafficking and lying to authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2020, Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernandez announced that Honduras will relocate its embassy to Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. Honduras became the third country in the world after the United States and Guatemala to establish embassies to Israel in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2021, Honduras changed the country's constitution to make it almost impossible to legalize abortion in the future. Before that, Honduras was already one of few countries with a complete ban on abortion. The constitutional reform was supported by Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernandez's ruling <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Honduras" title="National Party of Honduras">National Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then-president, Juan Orlando Hernandez, was considered to be a divisive figure with political support within the country as well as vocal opposition from the public. </p><p>On 28 November 2021, the former first lady <a href="/wiki/Xiomara_Castro" title="Xiomara Castro">Xiomara Castro</a>, leftist presidential candidate of opposition <a href="/wiki/Liberty_and_Refoundation" title="Liberty and Refoundation">Liberty and Refoundation Party</a>, won 53% of the votes in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Honduran_general_election" title="2021 Honduran general election">presidential election</a> to become the first female president of Honduras.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_News_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC_News-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Xiomara_Castro_(2022-)"><span id="Presidency_of_Xiomara_Castro_.282022-.29"></span>Presidency of Xiomara Castro (2022-)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Presidency of Xiomara Castro (2022-)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 January 2022, <a href="/wiki/Xiomara_Castro" title="Xiomara Castro">Xiomara Castro</a> was sworn in as Honduras' president. Her husband, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Zelaya" title="Manuel Zelaya">Manuel Zelaya</a>, held the same office from 2006 until 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_pressure_groups">Political pressure groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political pressure groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the main political pressure groups are the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Defense_of_Human_Rights_in_Honduras" title="Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras">Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras</a> (CODEH); <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Honduran_Workers" title="Confederation of Honduran Workers">Confederation of Honduran Workers</a> (CTH); Coordinating Committee of Popular Organizations or CCOP; General Workers Confederation or CGT; <a href="/wiki/Honduran_Council_of_Private_Enterprise" title="Honduran Council of Private Enterprise">Honduran Council of Private Enterprise</a> (COHEP); National Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH; National Union of Campesinos or UNC; United Federation of Honduran Workers or FUTH </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guerrilla_groups">Guerrilla groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Guerrilla groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Popular_Forces_Lorenzo_Zelaya" title="Revolutionary Popular Forces Lorenzo Zelaya">Revolutionary Popular Forces Lorenzo Zelaya</a> was in resistance to the government, and is now defunct.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cinchoneros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinchoneros">Cinchoneros</a> were a leftist guerrilla group active in the 1980s, targeting foreign and corporate interests in the country, but are now defunct.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_organization_participation">International organization participation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International organization participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Bank_for_Economic_Integration" title="Central American Bank for Economic Integration">Central American Bank for Economic Integration</a> (BCIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Common_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Common Market">Central American Common Market</a> (CACM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean">United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean</a> (ECLAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a> (G-77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a> (IADB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (IBRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unions" title="International Confederation of Free Trade Unions">International Confederation of Free Trade Unions</a> (ICFTU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies</a> (ICRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a> (IFAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a> (IFC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (ILO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpol_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpol (organization)">Interpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> (IOM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Economic_System" title="Latin American Economic System">Latin American Economic System</a> (LAES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin American Integration Association</a>(LAIA) (observer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara</a> (MINURSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> (NAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS)</li> <li>Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (<a href="/wiki/OPANAL" title="OPANAL">OPANAL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a> (OPCW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a> (PCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a> (UNCTAD)</li> <li>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">United Nations Industrial Development Organization</a> (UNIDO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a> (UPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a> (WFTU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Honduras" title="Elections in Honduras">Elections in Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Honduras" title="Supreme Court of Honduras">Supreme Court of Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras" title="National Congress of Honduras">National congress of Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Economy of Honduras</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/32px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/48px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/64px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Honduras" title="Portal:Honduras">Honduras portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Honduras&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy-Index-2023-Final-report.pdf">Democracy Index 2023: Age of Conflict</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a></i> (Report). 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240609152810/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy-Index-2023-Final-report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 June 2024<span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Democracy+Index+2023%3A+Age+of+Conflict&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.eiu.com%2Frs%2F753-RIQ-438%2Fimages%2FDemocracy-Index-2023-Final-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/24/honduran-judges-throw-out-single-term-limit-on-presidency">"Honduran judges throw out single-term limit on presidency"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 24 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Honduran+judges+throw+out+single-term+limit+on+presidency&rft.date=2015-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fapr%2F24%2Fhonduran-judges-throw-out-single-term-limit-on-presidency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBC_News-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBC_News_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBC_News_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/honduras-elected-first-female-president-xiomara-castro-rcna7218">"Honduras elected its first female president, Xiomara Castro"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 1 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Honduras+elected+its+first+female+president%2C+Xiomara+Castro&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Flatino%2Fhonduras-elected-first-female-president-xiomara-castro-rcna7218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/honduras/87.htm">Honduras Judiciary</a>. Country Studies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/iachr/C/4-ing.html">Velásquez Rodríguez Case</a>, Judgment of July 29, 1988, Inter-Am Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No. 4 (1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808160850/http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/1994/07/01/facts-speak-themselves">"The Facts Speak for Themselves: The Preliminary Report on Disappearances of the National Commissioner for the Protection of Human Rights in Honduras"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 1 July 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/1994/07/01/facts-speak-themselves">the original</a> on 8 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Facts+Speak+for+Themselves%3A+The+Preliminary+Report+on+Disappearances+of+the+National+Commissioner+for+the+Protection+of+Human+Rights+in+Honduras&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1994-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Freports%2F1994%2F07%2F01%2Ffacts-speak-themselves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1225471.stm">"Timeline: Honduras"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Honduras&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1225471.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seelke-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seelke_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seelke_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seelke_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seelke_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seelke_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelke2016" class="citation web cs1">Seelke, Clare Robando (29 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL34112/25">"Gangs in Central America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gangs+in+Central+America&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2016-08-29&rft.aulast=Seelke&rft.aufirst=Clare+Robando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fpdf%2FRL%2FRL34112%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060512142158/http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/democracy/gangs_cam.pdf">"Central America and Mexico Gang Assessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/democracy/gangs_cam.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Agency+for+International+Development&rft.atitle=Central+America+and+Mexico+Gang+Assessment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Flocations%2Flatin_america_caribbean%2Fdemocracy%2Fgangs_cam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAID-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USAID_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAID_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">USAID, <i>Central America and Mexico Gang Assessment, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/democracy/honduras_profile.pdf">Annex 3: Honduras Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727171214/http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/democracy/honduras_profile.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-07-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 2006; especially page 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFispiseo2019" class="citation news cs1">ispiseo (22 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/honduras-state-turmoil-24237">"Honduras: A State in Turmoil"</a>. <i>ISPI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISPI&rft.atitle=Honduras%3A+A+State+in+Turmoil&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft.au=ispiseo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ispionline.it%2Fen%2Fpubblicazione%2Fhonduras-state-turmoil-24237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiudadPaz_Mazariegos2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ciudad, Juan Manuel; Paz Mazariegos, Grevil Armando (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325180018_Percepcion_sobre_la_seguridad_ciudadana_de_los_estudiantes_de_la_Universidad_Nacional_Autonoma_De_Honduras_en_el_Valle_de_Sula&prev=search">"Percepción sobre la seguridad ciudadana de los estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras en el Valle de Sula"</a>. <i>Portal de la Ciencia</i>: 105–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5377%2Fpc.v13i0.5970">10.5377/pc.v13i0.5970</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portal+de+la+Ciencia&rft.atitle=Percepci%C3%B3n+sobre+la+seguridad+ciudadana+de+los+estudiantes+de+la+Universidad+Nacional+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+Honduras+en+el+Valle+de+Sula&rft.pages=105-122&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5377%2Fpc.v13i0.5970&rft.aulast=Ciudad&rft.aufirst=Juan+Manuel&rft.au=Paz+Mazariegos%2C+Grevil+Armando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Des%26u%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F325180018_Percepcion_sobre_la_seguridad_ciudadana_de_los_estudiantes_de_la_Universidad_Nacional_Autonoma_De_Honduras_en_el_Valle_de_Sula%26prev%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6qzwEACAAJ"><i>Honduras Country Study Guide</i></a>. International Business Publications, USA. February 2003. pp. 92–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7397-9525-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7397-9525-5"><bdi>978-0-7397-9525-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honduras+Country+Study+Guide&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications%2C+USA&rft.date=2003-02&rft.isbn=978-0-7397-9525-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-h6qzwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1000 per 100,000 population is a very rough estimate based on 1.2% annual population growth and a life expectancy of 70 years. Although street gangs do play a significant role in this high rate, organized crime, drug trafficking and social violence are other factors that contribute as well. The local police have been suspected in extrajudicial killings of street children as a form of social cleansing, to combat the growing gang numbers. The USAID quote and murder rate are from USAID, <i>Honduras Profile</i>, op cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seligson survey cited in USAID, <i>Honduras Profile</i>, op cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowellMoore2010" class="citation web cs1">Howell, James C.; Moore, John P. (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Content/Documents/History-of-Street-Gangs.pdf">"HISTORY OF STREET GANGS IN THE UNITED STATES"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Gang_Center" title="National Gang Center">National Gang Center</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240210111136/https://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Content/Documents/History-of-Street-Gangs.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Gang+Center&rft.atitle=HISTORY+OF+STREET+GANGS+IN+THE+UNITED+STATES&rft.date=2010-05&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft.au=Moore%2C+John+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgangcenter.gov%2FContent%2FDocuments%2FHistory-of-Street-Gangs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41215.pdf">"Latin America and the Caribbean: Illicit Drug Trafficking and U.S. Counterdrug Programs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. 12 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326081428/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R41215.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 March 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean%3A+Illicit+Drug+Trafficking+and+U.S.+Counterdrug+Programs&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Frow%2FR41215.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ribando 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArana2005" class="citation news cs1">Arana, Ana (1 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/central-america-caribbean/2005-05-01/how-street-gangs-took-central-america">"How the Street Gangs Took Central America"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. No. May/June 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=How+the+Street+Gangs+Took+Central+America&rft.issue=May%2FJune+2005&rft.date=2005-05-01&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft.aulast=Arana&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fcentral-america-caribbean%2F2005-05-01%2Fhow-street-gangs-took-central-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Honduras A Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments</i>. International Business Publications, USA. 2012. pp. 92–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739795255" title="Special:BookSources/9780739795255"><bdi>9780739795255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honduras+A+Country+Study+Guide+Volume+1+Strategic+Information+and+Developments&rft.pages=92-94&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications%2C+USA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780739795255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090717061207/http://libraries.ucsd.edu/locations/sshl/resources/featured-collections/latin-american-elections-statistics/honduras/19982007.html">"1998-2007"</a>. <i>UC San Diego Libraries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraries.ucsd.edu/locations/sshl/resources/featured-collections/latin-american-elections-statistics/honduras/19982007.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+San+Diego+Libraries&rft.atitle=1998-2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibraries.ucsd.edu%2Flocations%2Fsshl%2Fresources%2Ffeatured-collections%2Flatin-american-elections-statistics%2Fhonduras%2F19982007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Central America report</i> (Guatemala), 18 January 2008, excerpted in University of California at San Diego libraries, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraries.ucsd.edu/locations/sshl/resources/featured-collections/latin-american-elections-statistics/honduras/19982007.html">Latin American elections statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090717061207/http://libraries.ucsd.edu/locations/sshl/resources/featured-collections/latin-american-elections-statistics/honduras/19982007.html">Archived</a> 2009-07-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americasquarterly.org/blog/honduran-congress-approves-withdrawal-from-alba/">"Honduran Congress Approves Withdrawal from ALBA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honduran+Congress+Approves+Withdrawal+from+ALBA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americasquarterly.org%2Fblog%2Fhonduran-congress-approves-withdrawal-from-alba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002051403/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1926383,00.html">"Honduras Quagmire: An Interview with Zelaya"</a>. Time Inc. 26 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1926383,00.html">the original</a> on 2 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Honduras+Quagmire%3A+An+Interview+with+Zelaya&rft.date=2009-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1926383%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters_1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reuters_1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2009" class="citation news cs1">Rosenberg, Mica (28 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE55R0US20090628">"Army overthrows Honduras president in vote dispute"</a>. <i>www.reuters.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.reuters.com&rft.atitle=Army+overthrows+Honduras+president+in+vote+dispute&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Mica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidUSTRE55R0US20090628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CongressCommuniqué20090709-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CongressCommuniqué20090709_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/12639">"Honduras Congress Communiqué explaining why ex President Zelaya was removed"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Honduras+Congress+Communiqu%C3%A9+explaining+why+ex+President+Zelaya+was+removed.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanadafreepress.com%2Findex.php%2Farticle%2F12639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8123126.stm">"Honduran leader forced into exile"</a>, BBC, 28 June 2009; One hundred soldiers: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternet.org/world/141026/honduran_leader's_populism_is_what_provoked_military_violence/?page=entire">"Honduran Leader's Populism is what Provoked Military Violence"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090723034750/http://www.alternet.org/world/141026/honduran_leader%27s_populism_is_what_provoked_military_violence/?page=entire">Archived</a> 2009-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Benjamin Dangl, Alternet, 1 July 2009. Ten guards: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/honduras/5677026/Honduras-supreme-court-ordered-army-coup.html">"Honduras supreme court 'ordered arm coup'"</a> Telegraph, 28 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8124154.stm">"Q&A: Crisis in Honduras"</a>. <i>news.bbc.co.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Crisis+in+Honduras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F8124154.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongman" class="citation news cs1">Longman, Jeré. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/m/roberto_micheletti/index.html">"The New York Times - Search"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times+-+Search&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=Jer%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftopics%2Freference%2Ftimestopics%2Fpeople%2Fm%2Froberto_micheletti%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516044515/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/28/AR2009062801569.html">Archived</a> 16 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez2009" class="citation news cs1">Fernandez, Ana (29 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/congress-names-new-interim-honduran-president-20090629-d1fb.html">"Honduran president overthrown, new leader voted in"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Honduran+president+overthrown%2C+new+leader+voted+in&rft.date=2009-06-29&rft.aulast=Fernandez&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.smh.com.au%2Fbreaking-news-world%2Fcongress-names-new-interim-honduran-president-20090629-d1fb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2009" class="citation news cs1">Romero, Simon (28 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/29/world/americas/29venez.html">"Rare Hemisphere Unity in Assailing Honduran Coup"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rare+Hemisphere+Unity+in+Assailing+Honduran+Coup&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F06%2F29%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F29venez.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-25346676">"Honduras: Juan Orlando Hernandez confirmed as president"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Honduras%3A+Juan+Orlando+Hernandez+confirmed+as+president&rft.date=2013-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-25346676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/22/us-recognizes-re-election-of-honduras-president-despite-calls-for-a-new-vote">"US recognizes re-election of Honduras president despite fraud allegations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 22 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=US+recognizes+re-election+of+Honduras+president+despite+fraud+allegations&rft.date=2017-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fdec%2F22%2Fus-recognizes-re-election-of-honduras-president-despite-calls-for-a-new-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/tony-hernandez-conviction-honduras/">"Will Tony Hernández Conviction Upend Narco-Politics in Honduras?"</a>. 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+Tony+Hern%C3%A1ndez+Conviction+Upend+Narco-Politics+in+Honduras%3F&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsightcrime.org%2Fnews%2Fanalysis%2Ftony-hernandez-conviction-honduras%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/21/honduras-to-move-its-israel-embassy-to-jerusalem-by-end-of-year">"Honduras to move its Israel embassy to Jerusalem by end of year"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honduras+to+move+its+Israel+embassy+to+Jerusalem+by+end+of+year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F9%2F21%2Fhonduras-to-move-its-israel-embassy-to-jerusalem-by-end-of-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArias2021" class="citation news cs1">Arias, Tatiana (31 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/31/americas/honduras-abortion-ban-ratified-intl/index.html">"How lawmakers made it nearly impossible to legalize abortion in Honduras"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=How+lawmakers+made+it+nearly+impossible+to+legalize+abortion+in+Honduras&rft.date=2021-01-31&rft.aulast=Arias&rft.aufirst=Tatiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2021%2F01%2F31%2Famericas%2Fhonduras-abortion-ban-ratified-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-60155634">"Xiomara Castro: Honduras' first female president sworn in"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Xiomara+Castro%3A+Honduras%27+first+female+president+sworn+in&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-60155634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Honduras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Political_parties_in_Honduras" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Honduran_political_parties" title="Template:Honduran political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Honduran_political_parties" title="Template talk:Honduran political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Honduran_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Honduran political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Political_parties_in_Honduras" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Honduras" title="List of political parties in Honduras">Political parties in Honduras</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras" title="National Congress of Honduras">National Congress</a><br /><span class="nobold">(128 seats)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_and_Refoundation" title="Liberty and Refoundation">Liberty and Refoundation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(50)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Honduras" title="National Party of Honduras">National Party of Honduras</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Honduras" title="Liberal Party of Honduras">Liberal Party of Honduras</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savior_Party_of_Honduras" title="Savior Party of Honduras">Savior Party of Honduras</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_of_Honduras" title="Christian Democratic Party of Honduras">Christian Democratic Party of Honduras</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Party" title="Anti-Corruption Party">Anti-Corruption Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrepresented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Front_(Honduras)" title="Broad Front (Honduras)">Broad Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Honduras" title="Communist Party of Honduras">Communist Party of Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unification_Party" title="Democratic Unification Party">Democratic Unification Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Patriotic_Alliance" title="Honduran Patriotic Alliance">Honduran Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_and_Unity_Party" title="Innovation and Unity Party">Innovation and Unity Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comando_Revolucionario_Social_Cristiano" title="Comando Revolucionario Social Cristiano">Christian Social Revolutionary Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Patriotic_Front" title="Honduran Patriotic Front">Honduran Patriotic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Revolutionary_Party" title="Honduran Revolutionary Party">Honduran Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morazanista_National_Liberation_Party" title="Morazanista National Liberation Party">Morazanista National Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_al_Socialismo_(Honduras)" title="Movimiento al Socialismo (Honduras)">Movement for Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unified_Leadership_of_the_Honduran_Revolutionary_Movement" title="National Unified Leadership of the Honduran Revolutionary Movement">National Unified Leadership of the Honduran Revolutionary Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Transformation_of_Honduras" title="Party for the Transformation of Honduras">Party for the Transformation of Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Renewal_Party" title="Patriotic Renewal Party">Patriotic Renewal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Movement-Cinchoneros" title="People's Liberation Movement-Cinchoneros">People's Liberation Movement-Cinchoneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Democratic_Party_of_Honduras" title="Revolutionary Democratic Party of Honduras">Revolutionary Democratic Party of Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Nationalist_Movement_(Honduras)" title="Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (Honduras)">Revolutionary Nationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Party_of_Central_American_Workers" title="Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers">Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Popular_Forces_Lorenzo_Zelaya" title="Revolutionary Popular Forces Lorenzo Zelaya">Revolutionary Popular Forces Lorenzo Zelaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Honduras" title="Socialist Party of Honduras">Socialist Party of Honduras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties by country">Lists of political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Honduras_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Honduras_topics" title="Template:Honduras topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Honduras_topics" title="Template talk:Honduras topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Honduras_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Honduras topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Honduras_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Honduras-related_articles" title="Index of Honduras-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras" title="History of Honduras">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" title="Copán">Pre-Columbian history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Spanish conquest of Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General <span style="font-size:85%;">(Guatemalan)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras_(to_1838)" title="History of Honduras (to 1838)">History to 1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras_(1838%E2%80%931932)" title="History of Honduras (1838–1932)">1838–1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras_(1932%E2%80%931982)" title="History of Honduras (1932–1982)">1932–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Honduras (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_constitutional_crisis" title="2009 Honduran constitutional crisis">2009 constitutional crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras" title="Coat of arms of Honduras"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="710" /></a></span> <div style="padding-top:1.0em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Honduras" title="Flag of Honduras"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/70px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/105px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/140px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Honduras" title="Geography of Honduras">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Honduras">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Honduras" title="List of ecoregions in Honduras">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Honduras" title="Category:Fauna of Honduras">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Honduras" title="Category:Flora of Honduras">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Honduras" title="List of islands of Honduras">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Honduras" title="Category:Mountains of Honduras">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Honduras" title="List of national parks of Honduras">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Honduras" title="List of rivers of Honduras">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Honduras" title="List of volcanoes in Honduras">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Honduras" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Honduras">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Honduras">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Honduras" title="Constitution of Honduras">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Honduras" title="Elections in Honduras">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Honduras" title="Foreign relations of Honduras">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Honduras" title="Human rights in Honduras">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Honduras" title="Law enforcement in Honduras">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Honduras">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras" title="National Congress of Honduras">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Honduras" title="List of political parties in Honduras">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Honduras" title="List of presidents of Honduras">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Honduras" title="Supreme Court of Honduras">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Honduras" title="Central Bank of Honduras">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_lempira" title="Honduran lempira">Lempira <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Honduras" title="Electricity sector in Honduras">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Honduras" title="Telecommunications in Honduras">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Honduras" title="Tourism in Honduras">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Honduras" title="Transport in Honduras">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Honduras" title="Category:Society of Honduras">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Honduras" title="Crime in Honduras">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Honduras" title="Demographics of Honduras">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Honduras" title="Education in Honduras">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Honduras" title="Health in Honduras">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Honduras" title="Languages of Honduras">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Honduras">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Honduras" title="Water supply and sanitation in Honduras">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Honduras" title="Culture of Honduras">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Honduras" title="National Anthem of Honduras">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Honduras" title="Coat of arms of Honduras">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Honduras" title="Flag of Honduras">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_Honduras" title="Libraries in Honduras">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_literature" title="Honduran literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Honduras" title="Mass media in Honduras">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Honduras" title="Public holidays in Honduras">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Honduras" title="Sport in Honduras">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Honduras" title="Outline of Honduras">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Honduras-related_articles" title="Index of Honduras-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honduras" title="Category:Honduras">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Honduras" title="Portal:Honduras">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics of the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Politics of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Argentina" title="Politics of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Bahamas" title="Politics of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Barbados" title="Politics of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belize" title="Politics of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bolivia" title="Politics of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chile" title="Politics of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Colombia" title="Politics of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Costa_Rica" title="Politics of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba" title="Politics of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Dominica" title="Politics of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Politics of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ecuador" title="Politics of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_El_Salvador" title="Politics of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Grenada" title="Politics of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guatemala" title="Politics of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guyana" title="Politics of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti" title="Politics of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jamaica" title="Politics of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Panama" title="Politics of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Paraguay" title="Politics of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Politics of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Politics of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Politics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Suriname" title="Politics of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Politics of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uruguay" title="Politics of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Politics of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Anguilla" title="Politics of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Aruba" title="Politics of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bermuda" title="Politics of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Politics of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Politics of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Politics of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_French_Guiana" title="Politics of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greenland" title="Politics of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Montserrat" title="Politics of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Politics of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Politics of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Politics of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sint_Maarten" title="Politics of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Politics of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Politics of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of North America">North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Central_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South America">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" 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