The Large Hadron Collider and The Experiments for Run 3

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">     <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"> <head> <title>The Large Hadron Collider and The Experiments for Run 3 - CERN Document Server</title> <link href='https://framework.web.cern.ch/framework/2.0/fonts/PTSansWeb/PTSansWeb.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/invenio.css?v=20141127" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_theme/css/cern_theme.css?v=20141127" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet"href="/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_toolbar/css/toolbar.css" type="text/css" />    <link rel="canonical" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="el" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=el" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=fr" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="bg" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=bg" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-TW" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=zh_TW" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=pt" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="no" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=no" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="hr" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=hr" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ca" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=ca" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=de" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=it" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-CN" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=zh_CN" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sv" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=sv" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sk" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=sk" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=en" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pl" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=pl" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=ru" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ka" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=ka" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=ja" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=es" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="CERN Document Server RSS" href="/rss?ln=en" /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cds.cern.ch/opensearchdescription" title="CERN Document Server" /> <link rel="unapi-server" type="application/xml" title="unAPI" href="https://cds.cern.ch/unapi" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en" /> <meta name="description" content=" " /> <meta name="keywords" content="CERN Document Server, WebSearch, ALICE Preprints" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/jquery.min.js"></script>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/webnews.css" type="text/css" />  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/webnews.js?v=20131009"></script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="137353533001720"/>  <meta content="The Large Hadron Collider and The Experiments for Run 3 : Special issue" name="citation_title" /> <meta content="IOP" name="citation_publisher" /> <meta content="JINST" name="citation_journal_title" /> <meta content="19" name="citation_volume" /> <meta content="2024" name="citation_publication_date" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/07/03">  <meta content="The Large Hadron Collider and The Experiments for Run 3" property="og:title" /> <meta content="Special issue" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107" property="og:url" /> <meta content="CERN Document Server" property="og:site_name" />  <meta content="summary" name="twitter:card" /> <style></style> </head> <body class="ALICE32Preprints search" lang="en">  <div id="cern-toolbar"> <h1><a href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN">CERN <span>Accelerating science</span></a></h1> <ul> <li class="cern-accountlinks"><a class="cern-account" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/login?ln=en&referer=https%3A//cds.cern.ch/record/2903107/export/hx%3Fln%3Den" title="Sign in to your CERN account">Sign in</a></li> <li><a class="cern-directory" href="http://cern.ch/directory" title="Search CERN resources and browse the directory">Directory</a></li> </ul> </div>   <div role="banner" class="clearfix" id="header"> <div class="header-inner inner"> <hgroup class="clearfix"> <h2 id="site-name"> <a rel="home" title="Home" href="/"><span>CERN Document Server</span></a> </h2> <h3 id="site-slogan">Access articles, reports and multimedia content in HEP</h3> </hgroup> <div role="navigation" id="main-navigation" class="cdsmenu"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Main menu</h2><ul class="links inline clearfix"> <li class="menu-386 first active-trail"><a class="active-trail" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=en">Search</a></li> <li class="menu-444 "><a class="" title="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=en">Submit</a></li> <li class="menu-426 "><a class="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=en">Help</a></li> <li class="leaf hassubcdsmenu"> <a hreflang="en" class="header" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=en">Personalize</a> <ul class="subsubcdsmenu"><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/list?ln=en">Your alerts</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourbaskets/display?ln=en">Your baskets</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourcomments?ln=en">Your comments</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/display?ln=en">Your searches</a></li></ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  <table class="navtrailbox"> <tr> <td class="navtrailboxbody"> <a href="/?ln=en" class="navtrail">Home</a> > <a href="/collection/CERN%20Experiments?ln=en" class="navtrail">CERN Experiments</a> > <a href="/collection/LHC%20Experiments?ln=en" class="navtrail">LHC Experiments</a> > <a href="/collection/ALICE?ln=en" class="navtrail">ALICE</a> > <a href="/collection/ALICE%20Preprints?ln=en" class="navtrail">ALICE Preprints</a> > <a class="navtrail" href="/record/2903107">The Large Hadron Collider and The Experiments for Run 3</a> > BibTeX </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="pagebody"><div class="pagebodystripemiddle"> <pre> @book{Experiments:2903107, title = "{The Large Hadron Collider and The Experiments for Run 3: Special issue}", publisher = "IOP", volume = "19", year = "2024", url = "https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903107", note = "After the successful operation and exploitation of LHC Runs 1 and 2, the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) was used for major upgrades of the accelerator complex, upgrades of the existing detectors, and the addition of new experiments. The LHC Injector chain has undergone a significant upgrade in view of delivering the high brightness beams required for High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) operation. LS2 has also included activities aimed at consolidation of the LHC machine components to increase the beam energy beyond 6.5 TeV and initial upgrades in the framework of the HL-LHC Project to allow exceeding the nominal proton bunch population and to achieve HL-LHC targets for ion operation during Run 3 (2022--2025). During Run 2, an instantaneous luminosity of 2 × 1034 cm-2s-1, which is double the design luminosity of the LHC for pp collisions, was routinely achieved at the start of fills. In run 3, the LHC plans to operate at higher bunch intensities, which allow longer luminosity levelling at similar values. The ALICE detector has undergone a major upgrade to allow the efficient operation with Pb-Pb collision rates of 50 kHz. The upgrade comprises the installation of a new Inner Tracking System, Muon Forward Tracker, and Fast Interaction Trigger system, significant upgrades of the Time Projection Chamber and the muon detectors, as well as upgrades of the readout and consolidation work for most other detectors. An integrated online-offline computing model is based on a completely new software stack and computing farms making extensive use of GPUs. The ATLAS detector has been upgraded in order to recover Run 1 single-lepton trigger thresholds while operating comfortably under the Run 3 running conditions of ≈50 interactions per bunch crossing. A fourth pixel layer 3.3 cm from the beam axis was already added before the start of Run 2 in order to improve vertex reconstruction and b-tagging performance. New Liquid Argon Calorimeter digital trigger electronics, which along with corresponding upgrades to the Trigger and Data Acquisition system, take advantage of a factor of 10 finer granularity to improve triggering on electrons, photons, taus, and hadronic signatures through increased pileup rejection. The innermost muon endcap wheels, covering 1.3 < |η| < 2.7, were replaced by New Small Wheels featuring Micromegas and small-strip Thin Gap Chamber detectors, providing both precision tracking and Level-1 Muon trigger functionality. Tile Calorimeter scintillation counters were also added to improve lepton energy resolution and background rejection. Upgrades to Minimum Bias Trigger Scintillators and Forward Detectors improve luminosity monitoring and enable total proton-proton cross section, diffractive physics, and heavy ion measurements. These upgrades are all compatible with operation in the much harsher environment after the High-Luminosity upgrade of the LHC and represent the first steps towards preparing ATLAS for the HL-LHC. CMS was extensively improved to operate efficiently at the higher luminosities expected in Run 3 and beyond. A new beam pipe was installed that is compatible with the future Tracker upgrade for HL-LHC, and a completely new barrel inner layer was installed in the Pixel detector. The superconducting solenoid received a new powering system that will limit the number of full power cycles, to ensure a longer life time of the system. A new generation of beam monitors and luminosity detectors have been installed and electronics for the Cathode Strip Chamber and Hadron Calorimeter systems were upgraded. A new Muon sub-system, based on Gas Electron Multiplier detectors, which is the first HL-LHC detector upgrade in CMS, was installed and is currently undergoing commissioning. Substantial improvements to the Trigger and Data Acquisition systems have also been implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the High Level Trigger. The LHCb detector has been almost fully renewed to allow running at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than that of the previous experiment. In addition an all-software trigger will allow to fully reconstruct the events at the proton-proton collision rate of 40MHz, and select the physics signals in real time. The experiment's tracking system has been completely upgraded with a new pixel vertex detector, a silicon tracker upstream the dipole magnet and three scintillating fibre tracking stations downstream the magnet. The whole photon detection system of the RICH detectors has been renewed and the readout electronics of the Calorimeter and Muon systems has been fully overhauled. The first stage of the all-software trigger is fully implemented on a GPU farm. The output of the trigger provides a combination of fully reconstructed physics objects ready for the final analysis and of full events which need further offline reprocessing. This model required a complete revision of the computing model and rewriting of the software stack. FASER, the ForwArd Search ExpeRiment, is a completely new experiment installed into the LHC complex during LS2. It is dedicated to searching for light, extremely weakly-interacting particles at the LHC. Such particles may be produced in the very forward direction of the LHC's high-energy collisions and then decay to visible particles inside the FASER detector, which is placed 480 m downstream of the ATLAS interaction point, aligned with the beam collisions axis. FASER also includes the FASER ν sub-detector, designed to detect neutrinos produced in the LHC collisions and to study their properties. SND@LHC, Scattering and Neutrino Detector at the LHC, is a compact and stand-alone experiment designed to perform measurements with neutrinos produced at the LHC in the pseudo-rapidity region of 7.2 < η < 8.4. The experiment was constructed and installed during LS2 and it is now taking data in the TI18 tunnel, 480 m downstream of the ATLAS interaction point. The detector is based on a hybrid technology, using emulsion and electronic detectors. The target region consists of an 830 kg target made of tungsten plates, interleaved with emulsion films and electronic trackers. This is followed downstream by a hadronic calorimeter and a muon identification system. The detector is able to identify all three neutrino flavours, which allows probing the physics of heavy flavour production at the LHC in the very forward region and testing lepton flavour universality with neutrino interactions. The detector is also able to search for Feebly Interacting Particles scattering off the target nuclei. In this special issue, we present the upgraded and newly installed instrumentation as well as first results of detector commissioning and the preparation for physics in LHC Run 3.", } </pre></div></div> <footer id="footer" class="pagefooter clearfix">  <div class="pagefooterstripeleft"> CERN Document Server :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=en">Search</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=en">Submit</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=en">Personalize</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=en">Help</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=privacy_policy&se=CDS-Service" target="_blank">Privacy Notice</a> <br /> Powered by <a class="footer" href="http://invenio-software.org/">Invenio</a> <br /> Maintained by <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Service</a> - Need help? Contact <a href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Support</a>. <br /> </div> <div class="pagefooterstriperight"> <div class="cern-logo"> <a id="logo" href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN" rel="CERN" ><img src="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_theme/img/cern-logo-large.png" alt="CERN" /></a> </div> <div class="cern-languagebox"> This site is also available in the following languages:<br /><a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=bg" class="langinfo">Български</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=ca" class="langinfo">Català</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=de" class="langinfo">Deutsch</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=el" class="langinfo">Ελληνικά</a>  <span class="langinfo">English</span>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=es" class="langinfo">Español</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=fr" class="langinfo">Français</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=hr" class="langinfo">Hrvatski</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=it" class="langinfo">Italiano</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=ja" class="langinfo">日本語</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=ka" class="langinfo">ქართული</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=no" class="langinfo">Norsk/Bokmål</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=pl" class="langinfo">Polski</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=pt" class="langinfo">Português</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=ru" class="langinfo">Русский</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=sk" class="langinfo">Slovensky</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=sv" class="langinfo">Svenska</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=zh_CN" class="langinfo">中文(简)</a>  <a href="/record/2903107/export/hx?ln=zh_TW" class="langinfo">中文(繁)</a> </div> </div>  </footer> <script type="text/javascript"> var SyndeticsBookCovers = (function() { var SMALL_SIZE = "sc.gif", MEDIUM_SIZE = "mc.gif", RAW_URL = "https://secure.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=THEISBN/THESIZE&client=cernlibrary"; replaceCover = function(imgElement, isbns, hdFormat) { var img = new Image(), size = hdFormat ? MEDIUM_SIZE : SMALL_SIZE; var _isbns = isbns.sort(function(a, b) { // sort from shortest to longest ISBN (more modern) return a.length > b.length ? 1 : -1; }); function next() { var isbn = _isbns.pop(); if (isbn) { var url = RAW_URL.replace("THEISBN", isbn).replace("THESIZE", size); img.src = url; } } function done() { imgElement.src = img.src; } img.onload = function() { if (this.width > 1) { done(); } else { next(); } }; next(); }; return { replaceCover: replaceCover }; })(); $(document).ready(function() { // get book covers $("img.book-cover").each(function() { var $this = $(this), strIsbns = $this.data("isbns") || "", isbnsArray = String(strIsbns).split(","), hdFormat = $this.hasClass("hd"); SyndeticsBookCovers.replaceCover(this, isbnsArray, hdFormat); }); // WebNews tooltips $.ajax({ url: "/news/tooltips", success: function(data) { create_tooltips(data); }, dataType: "json", cache: false }); }); </script>  <script src="//cds.cern.ch/js/feedback.js"></script>   <script> var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://webanalytics.web.cern.ch/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '756']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script>  </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

The Large Hadron Collider and The Experiments for Run 3 - CERN Document Server